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1
Harrison, Peter. "Do Animals Feel Pain?" Philosophy 66, no. 255 (January 1991): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100052827.
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In an oft-quoted passage fromThe Principles of Morals and Legislation(1789), Jeremy Bentham addresses the issue of our treatment of animals with the following words: ‘the question is not, Can theyreason? nor, can theytalk? but, Can theysuffer?’ The point is well taken, for surely if animals suffer, they are legitimate objects of our moral concern. It is curious therefore, given the current interest in the moral status of animals, that Bentham's question has been assumed to be merely rhetorical. No-one has seriously examined the claim, central to arguments for animal liberation and animal rights, that animals actually feel pain. Peter Singer'sAnimal Liberationis perhaps typical in this regard. His treatment of the issue covers a scant seven pages, after which he summarily announces that ‘there are no good reasons, scientific or philosophical, for denying that animals feel pain’. In this paper I shall suggest that the issue of animal pain is not so easily dispensed with, and that the evidence brought forward to demonstrate that animals feel pain is far from conclusive.
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Honoré, Per Hartvig, Anna Basnet, Pernille Kristensen, Lene Munkholm Andersen, Signe Neustrup, Pia Møllgaard, Laila Eljaja, and Ole J. Bjerrum. "Predictive validity of pharmacologic interventions in animal models of neuropathic pain." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2011.06.002.
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AbstractIntroductionThe pathophysiologic and neurochemical characteristics of neuropathic pain must be considered in the search for new treatment targets. Breakthroughs in the understanding of the structural and biochemical changes in neuropathy have opened up possibilities to explore new treatment paradigms. However, long term sequels from the damage are still difficult to treat.Aim of the studyTo examine the validity of pharmacological treatments in humans and animals for neuropathic pain.MethodAn overview from the literature and own experiences of pharmacological treatments employed to interfere in pain behavior in different animal models was performed.ResultsThe treatment principles tested in animal models of neuropathic pain may have predictive validity for treatment of human neuropathies. Opioids, neurotransmitter blockers, drugs interfering with the prostaglandin syntheses as well as voltage gated sodium channel blockers and calcium channel blockers are treatment principles having efficacy and similar potency in humans and in animals. Alternative targets have been identified and have shown promising results in the validated animal models. Modulators of the glutamate system with an increased expression of glutamate re-uptake transporters, inhibition of pain promoters as nitric oxide and prostaglandins need further exploration. Modulation of cytokines and neurotrophins in neuropathic pain implies new targets for study. Further, a combination of different analgesic treatments may as well improve management of neuropathic pain, changing the benefit/risk ratio.ImplicationsNot surprisingly most pharmacologic principles that are tested in animal models of neuropathic pain are also found to be active in humans. Whereas many candidate drugs that were promising in animal models of neuropathic pain turned out not to be effective or too toxic in humans, animal models for neuropathic pain are still the best tools available to learn more about mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Better understanding of pathogenesis is the most hopeful approach to improve treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Phillips, Mary T. "Savages, Drunks, and Lab Animals: The Researcher's Perception of Pain." Society & Animals 1, no. 1 (1993): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853093x00154.
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AbstractHistorically, treatment for pain relief has varied according to the social status of the sufferer. A similar tendency to make arbitrary distinctions affecting pain relief was found in an ethnographic study of animal research laboratories. The administration of pain-relieving drugs for animals in laboratories differed from standard practice for humans and, perhaps, for companion animals. Although anesthesia was used routinely for surgical procedures, its administration was sometimes haphazard. Analgesics, however, were rarely used. Most researchers had never thought about using analgesics and did not consider the subject worthy of serious attention. Scientists interviewed for this study agreed readily that animals are capable offeeling pain, but such assertions were muted by an overriding view of lab animals as creatures existing solely for the purposes of research. As a result, it was the exceptional scientist who was able to focus on anything about the animal's subjective experience that might lie outside the boundaries of the research protocol.
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AMANITI (Ε.Μ. ΑΜΑΝΙΤΗ), E. M., I. SAVVAS (Ι. ΣΑΒΒΑΣ), and N. DIAKAKIS (Ν. ΔΙΑΚΑΚΗΣ). "Pain assessment and treatment in equines." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 61, no. 2 (March 22, 2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14882.
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Current concepts in pain on animals suggest that -at least- mammals perceive and experience pain like humans do. Pain receptors are the free nerve endings. Qualitative analysis and interpretation is done in brain cortex (somatosensory area), while nociception may be done in lower centres. Pain may be physiological or clinical. In physiological pain, short acting noxious stimuli act on nociceptors and produce pain, but without any neurophysiological modification. In clinical pain, mostly intense noxious stimuli bring alterations in neuronal physiology, in central nervous system (central sensitization), as well as in peripheral nervous system (peripheral sensitization). Eventually, pain threshold is reduced and hyperalgesia is established. Clinical pain may be inflammatory or neuropathic. According to its origin, it may be somatic (skin, bones, joints, muscles), which is acute and may be accurately localized, or visceral (from the abdominal and thoracic organs), which is blunt and diffuse. Post-operative pain mayprolong hospitalization and increase morbidity. Pain management is mandatory for humane, legal and medical reasons. The latter include elimination of side effects of catecholamine production, facilitation of healing and restoration of the animal's normal functions (diet, self-care, etc.), which in general reduce the response to stress. Moreover, organ function is improved and morbidity is reduced. As a result, peri-operative analgesia may improve health, as long as most analgesic techniques improve organ function post-operatively. The first indication of pain in animals is behavioural alteration. In chronic pain, metabolic disturbances may alsooccur. In normal equines, it seems that there are variations among individuals. In general, it is easier to diagnose an acute abdominal pain than a chronic pain in joints, tendons or bones. In acute pain, the horse develops special facial expression. The animal looksbackwards and kicks the ground. Peripheral somatic pain may produce acute signs. Pain is definitely treated only after diagnosing itscause. However, it may also be treated symptomatically with analgesics and local denervations. Additionally, trans-cutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of peripheral nerves or other sights of central nervous system may alleviate pain (electroanalgesia). Finally,acupuncture maybe applied. Among the analgesic drugs, in equines, opioids (morphine, methadone, pethidine, butorphanile) produce very good analgesia and mild sedation. Respiratory and intestinal contractility depression is common side effect. Central nervous system excitations maybe seen, especially after morphine administration. Local anaesthetics produce excellent analgesia and maybe used pre- (pre-emptive analgesia), intra- (to reduce general anaesthetic dose rates) and post-operatively. a2-Adrenergic agonists produce analgesia, mainly visceral. They are very good analgesics in cases of colics, whereas their sedative effects reduce the incidence of self-trauma. Their major disadvantage is cardiovascular depression. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have very good anti-inflammatory properties. They are used in cases of acute pain, traumatic or surgical, as well as in chronic pain.
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Wright, Bonnie D. "Acupuncture for the Treatment of Animal Pain." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 49, no. 6 (November 2019): 1029–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.001.
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Steagall, Paulo V., Hedie Bustamante, Craig B. Johnson, and Patricia V. Turner. "Pain Management in Farm Animals: Focus on Cattle, Sheep and Pigs." Animals 11, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061483.
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Pain causes behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine changes and is a common cause of animal welfare compromise in farm animals. Current societal and ethical concerns demand better agricultural practices and improved welfare for food animals. These guidelines focus on cattle, sheep, and pigs, and present the implications of pain in terms of animal welfare and ethical perspectives, and its challenges and misconceptions. We provide an overview of pain management including assessment and treatment applied to the most common husbandry procedures, and recommendations to improve animal welfare in these species. A cost-benefit analysis of pain mitigation is discussed for food animals as well as the use of pain scoring systems for pain assessment in these species. Several recommendations are provided related to husbandry practices that could mitigate pain and improve farm animal welfare. This includes pain assessment as one of the indicators of animal welfare, the use of artificial intelligence for automated methods and research, and the need for better/appropriate legislation, regulations, and recommendations for pain relief during routine and husbandry procedures.
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Greene, Stephen A. "Chronic Pain: Pathophysiology and Treatment Implications." Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 25, no. 1 (February 2010): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.009.
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Nasirinezhad, Farinaz, and Jacqueline Sagen. "NMDA Antagonist Peptide Supplementation Enhances Pain Alleviation by Adrenal Medullary Transplants." Cell Transplantation 14, no. 4 (April 2005): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/000000005783983115.
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Spinal transplantation of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells has been shown to decrease pain responses in several animal models. Improved potency may be possible by engineering cells to produce greater levels of naturally derived analgesics. As an initial screen for potential candidates, adrenal medullary transplants were evaluated in combination with exogenously administered neuropeptides in rodent pain models. Histogranin is a 15-amino acid peptide that exhibits NMDA receptor antagonist activity. The stable derivative [Ser1]histogranin (SHG) can attenuate pain symptoms in some animal models. The formalin model for neurogenic inflammatory pain and the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model for neuropathic pain were used to evaluate the combined effects of chromaffin cell transplantation and intrathecal (IT) SHG injections. Animals were implanted with either adrenal medullary or control striated muscle tissue in the spinal subarachnoid space. For evaluation of formalin responses, animals were pretreated with SHG (0.5, 1.0, 3.0 μg) followed by an intraplantar injection of formalin, and flinching responses were quantified. Pretreatment with SHG had no significant effect on flinching behavior in control animals at lower doses, with incomplete attenuation only at the highest dose. In contrast, 0.5 μg SHG significantly reduced flinching responses in animals with adrenal medullary transplants, and 1.0 μg nearly completely eliminated flinching in these animals in the tonic phase. For evaluation of effects on neuropathic pain, animals received transplants 1 week following CCI, and were tested for thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and cold allodynia before and following SHG treatment. The addition of low doses of SHG nearly completely eliminated neuropathic pain symptoms in adrenal medullary transplanted animals, while in control transplanted animals only thermal hyperalgesia was attenuated, at the highest dose of SHG. These results suggest that SHG can augment adrenal medullary transplants, and the combination may result in improved effectiveness and range in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes.
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Frondelius, Lilli, Juha Hietaoja, Matti Pastell, Laura Hänninen, Paula Anttila, and Jaakko Mononen. "Influence of postoperative pain and use of NSAID on heart rate variability of dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Research 85, no. 1 (February 2018): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029917000760.
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This Research Communication describes the effect of post-operative pain and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment on heart rate variability (HRV) of dairy cows. Postoperative pain in farm animals is often left untreated, and HRV could be a promising tool for assessing pain. The aim of this study was to assess if postoperative state after subcutaneous surgery affects HRV in dairy cows and to determine whether this could be modulated by NSAID. Nine cows were inserted with an implantable electrocardiograph logger. Cows were divided into the NSAID treatment group and the control group. The cows in the NSAID group had higher HRV than the control group, indicating a higher sympathetic activity in control animals, most likely due to untreated post-operative pain. Besides the ethical need for treating pain in production animals, ongoing pain has an adverse effect on animal productivity. Thus post-operative pain alleviation is recommended.
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Karas, Alicia Z. "Barriers to assessment and treatment of pain in laboratory animals." Lab Animal 35, no. 7 (July 2006): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0706-38.
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Becker, Axel, Gisela Grecksch, and Helmut Schröder. "Pain sensitivity is altered in animals after subchronic ketamine treatment." Psychopharmacology 189, no. 2 (October 3, 2006): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0557-2.
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Zhou, Zhaoxiang, Wantong Shi, Kexin Fan, Man Xue, Sibo Zhou, Qi-Yu Chen, Jing-Shan Lu, Xu-Hui Li, and Min Zhuo. "Inhibition of calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1) for the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain in adult female mice." Molecular Pain 17 (January 2021): 174480692110216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17448069211021698.
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Cortical long-term potentiation (LTP) serves as a cellular model for chronic pain. As an important subtype of adenylyl cyclases (ACs), adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1) is critical for the induction of cortical LTP in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Genetic deletion of AC1 or pharmacological inhibition of AC1 blocked behavioral allodynia in animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Our previous experiments have identified a lead candidate AC1 inhibitor, NB001, which is highly selective for AC1 over other AC isoforms, and found that NB001 is effective in inhibiting behavioral allodynia in animal models of chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, previous experiments were carried out in adult male animals. Considering the potential gender difference as an important issue in researches of pain and analgesia, we investigated the effect of NB001 in female chronic pain animal models. We found that NB001, when administered orally, has an analgesic effect in female animal models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain without any observable side effect. Genetic deletion of AC1 also reduced allodynia responses in models of neuropathic pain and chronic inflammation pain in adult female mice. In brain slices of adult female mice, bath application of NB001(20 μM) blocked the induction of LTP in ACC. Our results indicate that calcium-stimulated AC1 is required for injury-related cortical LTP and behavioral allodynia in both sexes of adult animals, and NB001 can be used as a potential therapeutic drug for treating neuropathic and inflammatory pain in man and woman.
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Mert, Tufan. "Pulsed magnetic field treatment as antineuropathic pain therapy." Reviews in the Neurosciences 28, no. 7 (October 26, 2017): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2017-0003.
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AbstractNo satisfactory effective therapy is still available to treat trauma- or disease-induced neuropathic pain, and current available treatment options have several side effects. Pulsed magnetic field (PMF) treatments are receiving growing interest as a therapeutic approach for several neuronal diseases. Although the exact mechanism of action of PMF treatments is unknown, reported findings represent a promising alternative therapeutic choice for the management of neuropathic pain. PMF treatments can supply new strategies for the therapy of life-threatening neuropathic pain due to its antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperalgesic, antiallodynic, and neuroimmunomodulatory actions. In this review, I summarized the several recent findings about antineuropathic actions of PMF treatment in experimental animals with neuropathic pain induced by disease and/or damage.
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Rix, Anne, Natascha Drude, Anna Mrugalla, Felix M. Mottaghy, René H. Tolba, and Fabian Kiessling. "Performance of severity parameters to detect chemotherapy-induced pain and distress in mice." Laboratory Animals 54, no. 5 (October 29, 2019): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677219883327.
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According to European Union directive 2010/63/EU a severity classification of experimental procedures performed on laboratory animals is mandatory. This includes a prospective evaluation of all interventions performed within the experiment, as well as an assessment of the actual burden of each animal during the experiment. In this regard, the evaluation and scoring of defined criteria regarding the health state of animals could help to early identify deteriorations in animal health and facilitate the application of humane endpoints. This article discusses the applicability of an adapted score sheet in BALB/cAnNRj mice receiving either cisplatin, doxorubicin or busulfan, three chemotherapeutic agents with different toxicological profiles and longitudinal non-invasive molecular imaging. The health state was investigated by score sheets documenting general state, body weight, spontaneous behaviour and treatment specific parameters (e.g. anaemia, neurotoxicity, persistent diarrhoea). Although blood and serum analyses clearly indicated various organ damage, most scoring parameters except for body weight did not report on the deceasing animal health state. Thus, there is need for more sensitive observational parameters to judge the animal's health state and welfare.
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Mathews, Karol, Peter W. Kronen, Duncan Lascelles, Andrea Nolan, Sheilah Robertson, Paulo VM Steagall, Bonnie Wright, and Kazuto Yamashita. "Guidelines for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain." Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, no. 6 (May 20, 2014): E10—E68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12200.
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Ede, Thomas, Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk, and Daniel M. Weary. "Assessing the affective component of pain, and the efficacy of pain control, using conditioned place aversion in calves." Biology Letters 15, no. 10 (October 2019): 20190642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0642.
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Pain in animals is typically assessed using reflexive and physiological responses. These measures allow inferences regarding nociception but provide little basis for conclusions about the affective component of pain (i.e. how negatively the experience is perceived). Calves routinely undergo painful procedures on commercial farms, including hot-iron disbudding, providing a convenient model to study pain in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the affective component of post-procedural pain due to hot-iron disbudding, using conditioned place aversion. Calves ( n = 31) were subjected to two procedures (one bud at a time): one without post-procedural pain control and the other with the use of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (either meloxicam ( n = 16) or ketoprofen ( n = 15)). All procedures included the use of local anaesthesia (lidocaine). Place conditioning was tested 2 days after the last treatment by allowing calves to freely roam between the pens where they had previously been disbudded. Calves spent more time, and lay down more frequently, in the pen where they received meloxicam compared with the pen where they only received a local block. Surprisingly, calves avoided the pen where they received ketoprofen compared with the control treatment pen. We hypothesize that the shorter duration of action of ketoprofen resulted in increasing pain at the end of the conditioning period, explaining the increased aversion to this treatment. These results illustrate the value of place conditioning paradigms to assess the affective component of pain in animals, and suggest that the animal's evaluation of painful events depends upon the time course of when the pain is experienced.
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Kischkel, Sabine, Andreas Brietzke, Wolfram Schmidt, Thomas Eickner, Niels Grabow, and Claudia Matschegewski. "Application of 3R principles in small animal GLP testing of biomaterials." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2019-0084.
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AbstractOn the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, the EU Parliament adopted Directive 2010/63/EU. The essential factor is the 3R principle: Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. In 2013, the third amendment to the German Animal Welfare Act was revised and adapted to the European Directive. The majority of animals in science are used in basic research, as well as in translational and applied research. In medical research, animal experimentation is conducted to clarify previously unknown life processes and basic biological relationships, in order to improve diagnostics and treatment of human diseases. Before an animal experiment can be performed, it must be reported to and approved by the responsible authorities. The planned research project must be justified scientifically, and it must be demonstrated that the personnel and spatial/ technical prerequisites are in place to successfully complete the project. If all conditions are met, the approval can be granted, but may be subject to conditions. The guiding principle of essentiality also affects the procedure of the experiments: The number of animals used and the pain, suffering and damage caused to these animals must be limited to what is absolutely necessary. In this context, the 3R principle has to be applied. To obtain reliable results, it is essential that the laboratory animals are in normal physiological conditions and free of pain and fear. Scientific interest and animal welfare are therefore not in opposition, but rather mutually dependent. In our GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) laboratory we test new drug release systems for different biomedical applications in rabbits after careful selection of the animal model. Stress during animal experiments must be avoided as far as possible. Providing pain-killers and ensuring the best possible husbandry and care conditions are crucial for the animal’s wellbeing and absence of pain and anxiety. In the present work we report our different experience in a GLPcertified biomaterial test laboratory.
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Adams, David B. "An Approach to Pain in Research Animals." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 16, no. 2 (December 1988): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119298801600205.
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Pain can either signal the threat of tissue-damage (nociception) or can result from tissue damage itself. The physiology and “pathology” of pain, in the second instance, suggest that it can be diagnosed (not “measured”, “assessed”, etc.) on the basis of its association, but not equality, with tissue damage and by its coincidence with changes in behaviour. Pain will be present as part of a syndrome and cannot occur without cause or association. Pain may occur in experiments: a) coincidentally and unrelated to any experimental procedure, b) accidentally, when a procedure goes amiss, and c) as part of the experimental design. Where pain is intrinsic to the aims of an experiment (for example in the testing of analgesics), “escape routes” and “limits” must be formulated for the benefit of experimental subjects. In addition, the empirical value of the experiment must be assessed. There is insufficient information on the use and efficacy of analgesic drugs in animals. These drugs, however, are neither the only nor the most effective means of alleviating physical pain in animals. Other forms of treatment are considered. All depend on sound diagnosis and prognosis. Decisive action against the cause of pain is necessary.
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Cornish, Amelia, Bethany Wilson, David Raubenheimer, and Paul McGreevy. "Demographics Regarding Belief in Non-Human Animal Sentience and Emotional Empathy with Animals: A Pilot Study among Attendees of an Animal Welfare Symposium." Animals 8, no. 10 (October 4, 2018): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8100174.
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Attitudes to animals are linked to beliefs about their ability to experience pain and suffering, their cognition, and their sentience. Education and awareness-raising play a pivotal role in increasing society’s consideration of non-human animal welfare. The current pilot study explores the attitudes towards animal welfare among a unique population of people who attended an animal welfare symposium at the University of Sydney. It involved administration of a validated questionnaire that assessed attitudes to animals; specifically exploring participants’ (n = 41) beliefs about the sentience of animals and their emotional empathy with animals. The resultant data revealed significant associations between participants’ beliefs in animal sentience and their demographic variables (age, sex and occupation). Female attendees showed stronger beliefs in sentience than male attendees did. Concerning sentience in cows, pigs and cats, older attendees showed stronger beliefs than younger people in sentience relating to hunger and pain. Also, with regard to questions about sentience in dogs, older attendees showed stronger beliefs than younger people in pain-related sentience in dogs. When exploring emotional empathy with animals, the participants’ statements could be assigned to three clusters characterised by the internal emotional lives of animals and the treatment of animals by humans (Cluster 1), human interactions with animals (Cluster 2) and the keeping of companion and zoo animals (Cluster 3). To the authors’ knowledge, this pilot study is the first of its kind to investigate the attitudes towards animal welfare of an important group of people who work, study or have a special interest within the animal care and welfare domain.
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Briley, Mike, and Chantal Moret. "Treatment of Comorbid Pain with Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors." CNS Spectrums 13, S11 (July 2008): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900028285.
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AbstractComorbid chronic pain is common in depressed patients. It is predictive of a poor prognosis for depression and is a major risk factor for suicidal behavior. Depression and chronic pain may result from a common neurobiological dysfunction of monoamine cell bodies in the basal ganglia. Amitriptyline, which inhibits both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, is a preferred treatment of chronic pain although it is not officially indicated for this condition. Chronic pain can be modeled in animals where amitriptyline has been shown to be highly effective. Similar effects are obtained with the serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors milnacipran, duloxetine, and venlafaxine, whereas selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are only weakly active. Both animal and clinical studies of chronic pain show that dual-acting reuptake inhibitors are more active than selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, which are, in turn, more active than SSRIs. A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies confirmed that dual-action antidepressants, but not SSRIs, were effective in reducing chronic lower-back pain. Milnacipran, duloxetine, and venlafaxine, have all been reported to be effective in a number of chronic pain conditions, including the treatment of fibromyalgia where their analgesic effects are independent of comorbid depression.
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Nelson, Michael L. "Book Review: Animal Rights and Welfare: A Documentary and Reference Guide." Reference & User Services Quarterly 55, no. 2 (December 16, 2015): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.55n2.175a.
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Animal Rights and Welfare: A Documentary and Reference Guide is a collection of fifty-one primary source documents relating to the topics of animal rights and animal welfare. The preface states that these are separate and distinct philosophies: animal rights advocates such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and the Animal Liberation Front hold that humans and animals have the same rights (thereby precluding their use even as pets or assistive animals), whereas animal welfare adherents like the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Society endorse the use of animals for agriculture, work, biomedical research, etc., but in a manner that minimizes pain and suffering.
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Turner, Patricia V., Daniel SJ Pang, and Jennifer LS Lofgren. "A Review of Pain Assessment Methods in Laboratory Rodents." Comparative Medicine 69, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000042.
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Ensuring that laboratory rodent pain is well managed underpins the ethical acceptability of working with these animals in research. Appropriate treatment of pain in laboratory rodents requires accurate assessments of the presence or absence of pain to the extent possible. This can be challenging some situations because laboratory rodents are prey species that may show subtle signs of pain. Although a number of standard algesiometry assays have been used to assess evoked pain responses in rodents for many decades, these methods likely represent an oversimplification of pain assessment and many require animal handling during testing, which can result in stress-induced analgesia. More recent pain assessment methods, such as the use of ethograms, facial grimace scoring, burrowing, and nest-building, focus on evaluating changes in spontaneous behaviors or activities of rodents in their home environments. Many of these assessment methods are time-consuming to conduct. While many of these newer tests show promise for providing a more accurate assessment of pain, most require more study to determine their reliability and sensitivity across a broad range of experimental conditions, as well as between species and strains of animals. Regular observation of laboratory rodents before and after painful procedures with consistent use of 2 or more assessment methods is likely to improve pain detection and lead to improved treatment and care—a primary goal for improving overall animal welfare.
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Rocha, Natanni Cinthia Vitor da, Amanda Caroline Gomes Graboschii, Jackellyne Laís Ferreira Lins, Mylena Ferreira Rodrigues, Diogo Alexandre Tenório Mata, Yane Fernandes Moreira, Ticiano Gomes do Nascimento, Marcia Kikuyo Notomi, and Pierre Barnabé Escodro. "Effectiveness of red propolis and Mikania glomerata in bitches´s surgical analgesia." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 10 (October 4, 2020): e4879108733. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.8733.
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The aim of this research was to evaluate the analgesia provided by red propolis and Mikania glomerata oral administration in 40 female dogs submitted to ovariohysterectomy (OH) compared to standard treatment with no steroidal anti-inflammatory ketoprofen. Through of a doble-blind and randomized study, the animals were divided in four different groups with 10 animals of treatments: control treatment with ketofen (CT), propolis treatment (PT), Mikania glomerata treatment (MT), and propolis-Mikania glomerata treatment (PGT). All pacients received one of these treatments two hours before OH and the pain evaluation was performed 1 (T1), 6 (T6), 12 (T12), and 24 hours (T24) after OH using University of Melbourne Pain Scale and the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale. Glucose levels were also measured at the same times, except at 6 hours after OH (T6). All treatments achieved similar and satisfactory analgesia. During the experiment, only three animals were rescued, two belonging to the PT and another of the MT. Considering the lower rate of complications and no rescue necessity of in PGT and CT treatments, they were considered the most effective and safer. The combined treatment with propolis and Mikania glomerata could be a promising alternative method for OH surgery analgesia in bitches.
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Yousof, Shimaa Mohammad, Doaa Attia ElSayed, Amani A. El-Baz, Hanaa S. Sallam, and Faten Abbas. "Combined Treatment of Adipose Derived-Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Pregabalin Is Superior to Monotherapy for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Rats." Stem Cells International 2021 (February 15, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8847110.
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Aims. Neuropathic pain following nerve injury does not respond well to most available pharmacological remedies. We aimed to compare the outcome of the addition of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) to pregabalin for neuropathic pain treatment. Methods. Adult female albino rats ( n = 100 ) were randomized to receive traumatic sciatic nerve injury or sham. Animals were then randomized to ADMSC treatment with or without pregabalin. We conducted a battery of neurobehavioral and electrophysiological to assess neuropathic pain. Following sacrifice, we evaluated the histological changes and gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the sciatic nerve. Serum and sciatic nerve tissue pro- and inflammatory cytokine levels were also assessed. Results. (1) All treatments significantly improved thermal withdrawal latency, sciatic nerve conduction velocity, and proinflammatory cytokine levels in injured animals, with no significant effect of the combined treatments compared to pregabalin monotherapy ( p < 0.05 each). (2) Combined treatment significantly improved medial gastrocnemius electromyographic amplitude and sciatic function index compared to pregabalin monotherapy ( p < 0.05 each). (3) Combined treatment significantly increased the BDNF expression, decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine ( p < 0.05 each), and restored the structural nerve damage, compared to pregabalin monotherapy. Conclusions. Combined treatment is associated with greater improvement of the sciatic nerve structure and function. Further studies are warranted to study the mechanism of action of the combined treatment to improve neuropathic pain.
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Wilson, S., and D. Yeomans. "Genetic therapy for pain management." Neurology Bulletin XXXIII, no. 1-2 (May 15, 2001): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb79782.
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Wilson, Natalie M., Matthew S. Ripsch, and Fletcher A. White. "Impact of Opioid and Nonopioid Drugs on Postsurgical Pain Management in the Rat." Pain Research and Treatment 2016 (March 16, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8364762.
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Aim. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids are commonly used to control surgical pain following veterinary and clinical procedures. This study evaluated the efficacy of postoperative ketorolac or buprenorphine following abdominal surgery. Main Methods. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, animal activity, corticosterone levels, and a nociceptive sensitivity assay were used to evaluate 18 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats which underwent aortic artery occlusion for implantation of a radiotelemetry device. The animals were treated postoperatively with intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, ketorolac (10 mg/kg), or buprenorphine (0.06 mg/kg) every 8 hours for 3 days. Key Findings. There were no consistent significant changes in any of the telemetry parameters after treatment with ketorolac compared with no saline treatment with the exception of increased MAP in the buprenorphine group during the first 48 hours when compared with other treatment groups. There was a sustained increase in fecal corticosterone levels from baseline on days 2–7 with buprenorphine compared with vehicle- or ketorolac-treated animals. All treatment conditions displayed reduced paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs) from day 1 to day 21 following surgery. Compared with the vehicle treatment group, buprenorphine-treated animals exhibited significantly lower PWT levels from day 4 to 14 days. Significance. Given the prolonged increase in fecal corticosterone levels and pronounced changes in tactile hyperalgesia behavior in rodents subjected to buprenorphine treatment, these data suggest that ketorolac may be superior to buprenorphine for the treatment of postprocedure pain behavior in rodents.
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Llaniguez, Jeremy T., Morgan A. Szczepaniak, Barry H. Rickman, Juri G. Gelovani, Gerald A. Hish, and Tara M. Cotroneo. "Quantitative and Qualitative Behavioral Measurements to Assess Pain in Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum)." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000063.
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Effective pain relief in animals relies on the ability to discern pain and assess its severity. However, few objective measures exist to assess the presence and severity of pain in axolotls, and few resources are available regarding drugs and appropriate doses to provide pain relief in this species. This study evaluated behavioral tools for cageside pain assessment and validated a reproducible and reliable quantitative method to evaluate analgesic efficacy in axolotls. Animals were divided into control and treatment groups (n = 6 per group); treatment groups received buprenorphine through injection (50 mg/kg every 24 h for 48 h intracelomically) or butorphanol immersion (0.50 or 0.75 mg/L every 24 h for 48 h). Qualitative behavioral tests, adapted from other amphibian studies, included tapping on the home tank, directing water jets or physically touching specific anatomic points on the animal, and placing a novel object in the home tank. Quantitative methods used to produce noxious stimuli were the acetic acid test and von Frey aesthesiometers. Animals that were treated with analgesics did not demonstrate a significant difference compared with controls during behavioral assessment at 1, 6, 12, 25, 30, and 48 h after analgesia administration. The acetic acid test revealed a reproducible, concentration-dependent pain response. However, a significant difference in the AAT response was not observed between control and treated groups with the tested analgesics and doses.
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Rollin, Bernard E. "Ethical issues in geriatric feline medicine." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 9, no. 4 (August 2007): 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2007.01.011.
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Most veterinarians hold a ‘pediatric’ rather than ‘garage mechanic’ view of their function. In recent years, sophisticated medical modalities have allowed veterinarians to keep animals alive, and increased value of companion animals in society has increased demand for such treatment. But whereas humans can choose to trade current suffering for extended life, animals seem to lack the cognitive apparatus required to do so. Thus, veterinarians must guard against keeping a suffering animal alive for too long. Clients may be emotionally tied to the animal and blind to its suffering. Part of the veterinarian's role, therefore, is to lead the client to ‘recollect’ quality of life issues. A second major role for the veterinarian in treating geriatric or chronically ill animals is control of pain and distress. Unfortunately, pain and distress have historically been neglected in both human and veterinary medicine for ideological reasons. It is ethically necessary to transcend this ideology which leads to both bad medicine and bad ethics.
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MacFarlane, P. D., A. S. Tute, and B. Alderson. "Therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic pain in dogs." Journal of Small Animal Practice 55, no. 3 (January 28, 2014): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12176.
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Honoré, Per Hartvig, Anna Basnet, Laila Eljaja, Pernille Kristensen, Lene Munkholm Andersen, Signe Neustrup, Pia Møllgaard, and Ole J. Bjerrum. "Neuropathic pain models in the development of analgesic drugs." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2011.06.003.
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AbstractIntroductionAnimal disease models are predictive for signs seen in disease. They may rarely mimic all signs in a specific disease in humans with respect to etiology, cause or development. Several models have been developed for different pain states and the alteration of behavior has been interpreted as a response to external stimulus or expression of pain or discomfort. Considerable attention must be paid not to interpret other effects such as somnolence or motor impairment as a pain response and similarly not to misinterpret the response of analgesics.Neuropathic pain is caused by injury or disease of the somatosensory system. The clinical manifestations of neuropathic pain vary including both stimulus-evoked and non-stimulus evoked (spontaneous) symptoms. By pharmacological intervention, the threshold for allodynia and hyperalgesia in the various pain modalities can be modulated and measured in animals and humans. Animal models have been found most valuable in studies on neuropathic pain and its treatment.Aim of the studyWith these interpretation problems in mind, the present text aims to describe the most frequently used animal models of neuropathic pain induced by mechanical nerve injury.MethodsThe technical surgical performance of these models is described as well as pain behavior based on the authors own experience and from a literature survey.ResultsNerve injury in the hind limb of rats and mice is frequently used in neuropathic pain models and the different types of lesion may afford difference in the spread and quality of the pain provoked. The most frequently used models are presented, with special focus on the spared nerve injury (SNI) and the spinal nerve ligation/transection (SNL/SNT) models, which are extensively used and validated in rats and mice. Measures of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity with von Frey filaments and Hargreaves test, respectively, are described and shown in figures.ConclusionsA number of animal models have been developed and described for neuropathic pain showing predictive value in parallel for both humans and animals. On the other hand, there are still large knowledge gaps in the pathophysiologic mechanisms for the development, maintenance and progression of the neuropathic pain syndromeImplicationsBetter understanding of pathogenic mechanisms of neuropathic pain in animal models may support the search for new treatment paradigms in patients with complex neuropathic pain conditions
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YPSILANTIS (Π. ΥΨΗΛΑΝΤΗΣ), P. "Management of pain - humane endpoints - euthanasia of laboratory animals." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 60, no. 3 (November 20, 2017): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14932.
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The minimization of pain and distress of laboratory animals before, during and after the experiment is one of the basic principles for the humane treatment of animals used in biomedical research. Pain and distress is assessed based on careful observation of laboratory animals and the evaluation of a series of parameters related to clinical signs, natural behaviour and provoked behaviour. Scoring of these parameters makes possible their quantitative assessment and the calculation of distress score. Based on this score we can define the humane endpoints according to which the experimenter decides to relieve the animal from pain and distress by administering analgesics, terminating the experiment or performing euthanasia. The reasons for implementing humane endpoints are ethical, legal, practical and scientific. Analgesic agents can be divided into three: narcotic analgesics, antipyretic analgesics and nociceptive blockers. The choice drug will be determined by the degree of analgesic effect, its required duration of action, the experimental protocol and the experience of the experimenter. Euthanasia methods can be divided into physical and chemical ones. Physical methods include shooting, concussion, electrical stunning, cervical dislocation, decapacitation and microwave irradiation. Chemical methods include the administration of inhalation agents (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile inhalational anesthetics), agents absorbed through the skin and gills (benzocaine, tricaine methane sulphonate, etomidate, metomidate, quinaldine) and injectable agents (the barbiturates pentobarbitone and thiopental and the agent T-61). Euthanasia methods that can be applied to unconcious animals also incude pithing, rapid freezing, exsanguination, administration of nitrogen or argon, ethanol, chloral hydrate and potassium chloride and air embolism. Death should always be confirmed after performing an euthanasia method.
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Bree, Dara, and Dan Levy. "Development of CGRP-dependent pain and headache related behaviours in a rat model of concussion: Implications for mechanisms of post-traumatic headache." Cephalalgia 38, no. 2 (December 7, 2016): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102416681571.
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Background and objective Posttraumatic headache (PTH) is one of the most common, debilitating and difficult symptoms to manage after a mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion. However, the mechanisms underlying PTH remain elusive, in part due to the lack of a clinically relevant animal model. Here, we characterized for the first time, headache and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of concussion evoked by a mild closed head injury (mCHI) – the major type of military and civilian related trauma associated with PTH – and tested responses to current and novel headache therapies. Methods Concussion was induced in adult male rats using a weight-drop device. Characterization of headache and pain related behaviours included assessment of cutaneous tactile pain sensitivity, using von Frey monofilaments, and ongoing pain using the conditioned place preference or aversion (CPP/CPA) paradigms. Sensitivity to headache/migraine triggers was tested by exposing rats to low-dose glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Treatments included acute systemic administration of sumatriptan and chronic systemic administration of a mouse anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody. Results Concussed rats developed cephalic tactile pain hypersensitivity that was resolved by two weeks post-injury and was ameliorated by treatment with sumatriptan or anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody. Sumatriptan also produced CPP seven days post mCHI, but not in sham animals. Following the resolution of the concussion-evoked cephalic hypersensitivity, administration of GTN produced a renewed and pronounced cephalic pain hypersensitivity that was inhibited by sumatriptan or anti-CGRP antibody treatment as well as a CGRP-dependent CPA. GTN had no effect in sham animals. Conclusions Concussion leads to the development of headache and pain-related behaviours, in particular sustained enhanced responses to GTN, that are mediated through a CGRP-dependent mechanism. Treatment with anti-CGRP antibodies may be a useful approach to treat PTH.
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Ji, Weifeng, Haiying Huang, Ji Chao, Wuchao Lu, and Jianyou Guo. "Protective Effect ofAgaricus brasiliensison STZ-Induced Diabetic Neuropathic Pain in Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/679259.
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Objective. The present investigation examined the neuroprotective effect ofAgaricus brasiliensis(AbS) against STZ-induced diabetic neuropathic pain in laboratory rats. STZ-induced diabetic rats were administered orally with AbS. Body weight, serum glucose, and behavioral parameters were measured before and at the end of the experiment to see the effect of AbS on these parameters. After 6 weeks of treatments, all animals were sacrificed to study various biochemical parameters. Treatment with AbS 80 mg/kg in diabetic animals showed significant increase in body weight, pain threshold, and paw withdrawal threshold and significant decrease in serum glucose, LPO and NO level, Na-K-ATPase level, and TNF-αand IL-1βlevel as compared to vehicle treated diabetic animals in dose and time dependent manner. AbS can offer pain relief in PDN. This may be of potential benefit in clinical practice for the management of diabetic neuropathy.
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Wormser, Gary P., and Ira Schwartz. "Antibiotic Treatment of Animals Infected with Borrelia burgdorferi." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 22, no. 3 (July 2009): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00004-09.
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SUMMARY Despite resolution of the objective manifestations of Lyme disease after antibiotic treatment, a minority of patients have fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, and/or difficulties with concentration or short-term memory of uncertain etiology; these are called post-Lyme disease symptoms or, in more severe cases, post-Lyme disease syndrome or “chronic Lyme disease.” Several recent studies in which Borrelia burgdorferi-infected animals were treated with antibiotic therapy have demonstrated the presence of PCR positivity for B. burgdorferi DNA in the absence of culture positivity. In mice that were treated with antibiotic therapy, residual spirochetes could be taken up by ticks during a blood meal and could be transmitted to SCID mice. These spirochetes are attenuated; their presence is not associated with either inflammation or disease. In this review the methodology and findings of these studies are critically analyzed, and the significance of the results with regard to human Lyme disease is evaluated, with special emphasis on whether these studies provide useful insights into post-Lyme disease syndrome. A serious methodological concern is the failure to consider the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties of the antibiotic in choosing the dosage regimen used. We conclude that there is no scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that such spirochetes, should they exist in humans, are the cause of post-Lyme disease syndrome.
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Kononenko, A. V., S. M. Drogovoz, Ya O. Butko, and M. V. Zupanets. "EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF CARBOXYTHETERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF PAIN SYNDROME." Likarska sprava, no. 4 (June 16, 2019): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31640/jvd.4.2019(7).
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Almost every person can felt the pain syndrome; it has different mechanisms of formation, which must be taken into account when determining the principles of treatment. The causes of pain are inflammation, ischemia, hypoxia, oxidative stress, etc. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most common painkillers, but the problem of expected efficiency and their potential risks is not fully resolved despite their huge assortment. Therefore, the search for alternative effective and safer methods of anelgesia, one of which is carboxytherapy (treatment of CO2). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an inalienable component of the metabolism and pacemaker of the respiratory processes. The objective of the work was to study the analgesic effect of carboxytherapy (subcutaneous injections of carbon dioxide). For this purpose, we used a combined model of hyperalgesia (with a central component): carrageenan inflammation in combination with a modification of the tail immersion test. The animals (40 rats) used in the experiment were divided into five groups: I – control pathology; II – rats receiving injections of diclofenac sodium comparator at a dose of 8 mg / kg; III – animals that were subcutaneously injected with CO2 into the hind paw at a dose of 0.5 ml; IV – animals that were injected with CO2 into the hind paw at a dose of 1 ml; V – rats that received 4 mg/kg of diclofenac in combination with subcutaneous injection of CO2 into the hind paw at a dose of 1 ml. In the experiment on rats was found that subcutaneous injections of carboxytherapy at a dose of 0.5 ml and 1 ml have analgesic properties (at the level of 18.9 and 31.1 %), but the most perspective method is the complex purpose of analgesics (diclofenac sodium at a dose of 4 mg/kg) and injection of carboxytherapy (at a dose of 1 ml), which helps to reduce the degree of analgesia by 38.7 %, which correlates with the action of diclofenac sodium (at a dose of 8 mg/kg). Thus, the inclusion of carboxytherapy in conventional therapies will enhance the analgesic effect of a traditional drug and improve the safety profile of the latter.
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Rollin, Bernard E. "Toxicology and New Social Ethics for Animals." Toxicologic Pathology 31, no. 1_suppl (January 2003): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01926230390175011.
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The issue of animal treatment has emerged as a major social concern over the past three decades. This ramified in a new ethic for animal treatment that goes beyond concern about cruelty and attempts to eliminate animal pain and suffering, whatever its source. This is evidenced by laws governing animal research in many countries. Insofar as toxicology can entail significant and prolonged animal suffering, it is at loggerheads with this new ethic. Ways are suggested for the toxicological community to put itself in harmony with the ethic and thereby preserve its autonomy.
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Sherwood, J. Matthew, James K. Roush, Laura J. Armbrust, and Walter C. Renberg. "Prospective Evaluation of Intra-Articular Dextrose Prolotherapy for Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Dogs." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 53, no. 3 (May 1, 2017): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6508.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate intra-articular dextrose prolotherapy for osteoarthritis of the elbow or stifle in dogs in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective pilot study. Seventeen dogs were evaluated with 10 meeting inclusion criteria for this study. Evaluations included orthopedic exam, visual lameness scoring, Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), goniometry, kinetic gait analysis, and radiography. Initial lameness score, age, body weight, duration of lameness, and CBPI scores did not differ between groups. Change in CBPI pain severity score in the prolotherapy group from wk 6–12 was significantly less improved than in the placebo group, with no other significant differences in pain severity or pain interference scores between groups. Range of motion and radiographic scores did not differ between groups at any time. Mean kinetic forces improved in prolotherapy dogs but were not significantly different between treatment groups at any time. Although easily performed and well-tolerated, there were no statistically significant benefits of dextrose prolotherapy for treatment of osteoarthritis of the elbow and stifle in dogs. Post hoc power analysis of these sample means and standard deviations found that 29–106 animals per group would be necessary to demonstrate significant differences in kinetic forces, providing useful guidance for future studies.
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van Loon, Johannes P. A. M., and Lucia Macri. "Objective Assessment of Chronic Pain in Horses Using the Horse Chronic Pain Scale (HCPS): A Scale-Construction Study." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061826.
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The objective assessment of chronic pain is of utmost importance for improving welfare and quality of life in horses. Freedom from disease and pain is one of the ‘five freedoms’ that are necessary for animal welfare. The aim of this study was to develop a pain scale for the assessment of chronic pain in horses (Horse Chronic Pain Scale; HCPS), which is based on behavioural and facial expressions. The scale was used to assess 53 horses (26 horses diagnosed with chronic painful conditions by means of clinical examination and additional diagnostic procedures (consisting of osteoarthritis, chronic laminitis, chronic back and neck problems, chronic dental disorders) and 27 healthy control animals). Animals were assessed once daily for three consecutive days by two observers that were blinded to the condition of the animals and were unaware of any analgesic treatment regimens. The HCPS consists of two parts, the Horse Chronic Pain Composite Pain Scale (HCP CPS, with behavioural parameters) and the EQUUS-FAP (Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain). The HCP CPS had good inter-observer reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.84, p < 0.001), while the EQUUS-FAP component (with facial expression-based parameters) had poor inter-observer reliability (ICC = 0.45, p < 0.05). The inter-observer reliability of the combined HCPS was good (ICC = 0.78, p < 0.001). The HCPS revealed significant differences between horses with chronic painful conditions and control horses on 2 out of 3 days (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we tested a composite pain scale for the assessment of chronic pain in horses based on behavioural and facial expression-based parameters. Further studies are needed to validate this pain scale before it can be used in practice.
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Jones, Éamon, and Styliani Vlachou. "A Critical Review of the Role of the Cannabinoid Compounds Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) and their Combination in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 25, 2020): 4930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214930.
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Many people with MS (pwMS) use unregulated cannabis or cannabis products to treat the symptoms associated with the disease. In line with this, Sativex, a synthetic combination of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) has been approved to treat symptoms of spasticity. In animals, CBD is effective in reducing the amounts of T-cell infiltrates in the spinal cord, suggesting CBD has anti-inflammatory properties. By doing this, CBD has shown to delay symptom onset in animal models of multiple sclerosis and slow disease progression. Importantly, combinations of CBD and Δ9-THC appear more effective in treating animal models of multiple sclerosis. While CBD reduces the amounts of cell infiltrates in the spinal cord, Δ9-THC reduces scores of spasticity. In human studies, the results are less encouraging and conflict with the findings in animals. Drugs which deliver a combination of Δ9-THC and CBD in a 1:1 ratio appear to be only moderately effective in reducing spasticity scores, but appear to be almost as effective as current front-line treatments and cause less severe side effects than other treatments, such as baclofen (a GABA-B receptor agonist) and tizanidine (an α2 adrenergic receptor agonist). The findings of the studies reviewed suggest that cannabinoids may help treat neuropathic pain in pwMS as an add-on therapy to already established pain treatments. It is important to note that treatment with cannabinoid compounds may cause significant cognitive dysfunction. Long term double-blind placebo studies are greatly needed to further our understanding of the role of cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis treatment.
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Grubb, Tamara. "Where Do We Go from Here? Future Treatment Strategies for Chronic Pain." Topics in Companion Animal Medicine 25, no. 1 (February 2010): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2009.10.002.
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Alexsandra Аndreevna, Panasiuk. "The law about animal's protection from cruelty: historical and modern issues." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (August 2020): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-59.
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The article deals with the protection of animals from ill-treatment, generalizes the scientific approaches of the historical and legal aspect of the formation and development of responsibility, conducts a comparative analysis of the present with the historical past. The legal regulation of criminal liability for animal cruelty is characterized. The sanctions and the list of legislation governing this issue are outlined. Solve issues in the area oj the institution of responsibility for animal cruelty is extremely important. In today`s world, animals are considered not only as property of a person, but also as family members. People call for human treatment of animals, both domestic and wild. In addition, humane treatment is usually understood as actions of a person not related to self-defense, causing pain, torment, suffering to the animal. Violence can also be inaction, such as leaving in danger or violating the conditions of keeping animals, leaving without care, and so on. The history of development and regulation of relevant issues deserves special attention. At the level of international law, the issue of liability for animal cruelty has been regulated since the 1960s. The European Community has adopted five main conventions: the European Convention for the Protection of Animals in International Transport (1968), the European Convention for the Protection of Animals kept on Farms (1976), the European Convention for the Protection of Animals intended for Slaughter ), the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (1986), the European Convention for the Protection of Pets (1987). Key words: The provisions of international legal acts have become the basis for the settlement of relevant issues in Ukraine as well.
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SHRIVER, ADAM J. "The Asymmetrical Contributions of Pleasure and Pain to Animal Welfare." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 23, no. 2 (February 4, 2014): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180113000686.
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Abstract:Recent results from the neurosciences demonstrate that pleasure and pain are not two symmetrical poles of a single scale of experience but in fact two different types of experiences altogether, with dramatically different contributions to well-being. These differences between pleasure and pain and the general finding that “the bad is stronger than the good” have important implications for our treatment of nonhuman animals. In particular, whereas animal experimentation that causes suffering might be justified if it leads to the prevention of more suffering, it can never by justified merely by leading to increased levels of happiness.
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Puvača, Nikola, and Britt Chantal. "Welfare and legal aspects of making decisions on medical treatments of pet animals." Pravo - teorija i praksa 37, no. 4 (2020): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ptp2004055p.
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When it comes to humans and the necessity for their young ones' medical treatments, the parental responsibility is crucial. The decisions made by parents involve the legal aspects as well as welfare aspects, respectively. Pet animals are usually classified as property in the European Union, but pets are the same as kids regarding medical treatments and illnesses or diseases. In that case, the decisions are made by their owners, posing a legal challenge only if the proposed treatment can trigger damage or needless pain, as defined by the Law on pet animals' welfare. In this article, there will be discussed the best interests both in legal and welfare aspects of decisions being made in the medical treatments of the pets by their owners. Reaching the choice of pets' medical treatments will primarily be focused on pets protection and welfare avoiding unnecessary pain, which is in the pets` best overall welfare interests. While the Statute law is not a mandatory one considering the pets' best interests, this article might be a useful resource for professional veterinarians and practitioners. At the same time, this article regards of the best interests of the pets and it can be integrated into the existing ethical frameworks for making medical decisions and more humane treatment of pet animals.
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KANIA, BOGDAN FELIKS, URSZULA BRACHA, GRZEGORZ LONC, and TOMASZ WOJNAR. "Significance of metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists in experimental neuropathic pain in animals." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 10 (2020): 6460–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6460.
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Neuropathic pain is a serious therapeutic problem. Current therapy is often ineffective, and the available drugs have serious side effects. For these reasons, the search for alternative therapeutic solutions is underway. Recent research on metabotropic receptors for glutamic acid (mGluR) gives great hope for the development of a new type of drug in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Particularly promising are antagonists of mGluR group I receptors. There are many studies demonstrating the efficacy of non-competitive mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor antagonists in animal models of neuropathic pain. The purpose of this study was to gather information obtained from research on the role of mGluR antagonists in neuropathic pain. The blockade of intracellular glutamatergic receptor could represent a new strategy for the development of effective therapies for neuropathic pain.
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van Loon, Johannes, Nicole Verhaar, Els van den Berg, Sarah Ross, and Janny de Grauw. "Objective Assessment of Acute Pain in Foals Using a Facial Expression-Based Pain Scale." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091610.
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Pain assessment is very important for monitoring welfare and quality of life in horses. To date, no studies have described pain scales for objective assessment of pain in foals. Studies in other species have shown that facial expression can be used in neonatal animals for objective assessment of acute pain. The aim of the current study was to adapt a facial expression-based pain scale for assessment of acute pain in mature horses for valid pain assessment in foals. The scale was applied to fifty-nine foals (20 patients and 39 healthy controls); animals were assessed from video recordings (30–60 s) by 3 observers, who were blinded for the condition of the animals. Patients were diagnosed with acute health problems by means of clinical examination and additional diagnostic procedures. EQUUS-FAP FOAL (Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain in Foals) showed good inter- and intra-observer reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.95 and 0.98, p < 0.001). Patients had significantly higher pain scores compared to controls (p < 0.001) and the pain scores decreased after treatment with NSAIDs (meloxicam or flunixin meglumine IV) (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that a facial expression-based pain scale could be useful for the assessment of acute pain in foals. Further studies are needed to validate this pain scale.
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Suckow, Mark A., and Patricia V. Turner. "Pain as a Clinical Factor and Experimental Variable in Research Rodents." Comparative Medicine 69, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 441–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000039.
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It is broadly accepted that, as part of the humane care and use of animals in research, the pain experienced by animals should be minimized to the extent possible, consistent with the goals of the research. In some cases, pain may be the subject under study, whereas in other cases, the use of some types of analgesics may interfere with the experimental objectives of the work. This issue of Comparative Medicine provides reviews related to the recognition and treatment of pain, the interaction of pain and pain relief on experimental outcomes, and ethical perspectives on the need to reduce pain in research rodents, whenever possible.
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Hsieh, Yueh-Ling, Chen-Chia Yang, and Nian-Pu Yang. "Ultra-Low Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Pain Modulation in a Rat Model with Myogenous Temporomandibular Dysfunction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 9906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189906.
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Masticatory myofascial pain (MMP) is one of the most common causes of chronic orofacial pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders. To explore the antinociceptive effects of ultra-low frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULF-TENS) on alterations of pain-related biochemicals, electrophysiology and jaw-opening movement in an animal model with MMP, a total of 40 rats were randomly and equally assigned to four groups; i.e., animals with MMP receiving either ULF-TENS or sham treatment, as well as those with sham-MMP receiving either ULF-TENS or sham treatment. MMP was induced by electrically stimulated repetitive tetanic contraction of masticatory muscle for 14 days. ULF-TENS was then performed at myofascial trigger points of masticatory muscles for seven days. Measurable outcomes included maximum jaw-opening distance, prevalence of endplate noise (EPN), and immunohistochemistry for substance P (SP) and μ-opiate receptors (MOR) in parabrachial nucleus and c-Fos in rostral ventromedial medulla. There were significant improvements in maximum jaw-opening distance and EPN prevalence after ULF-TENS in animals with MMP. ULF-TENS also significantly reduced SP overexpression, increased MOR expression in parabrachial nucleus, and increased c-Fos expression in rostral ventromedial medulla. ULF-TENS may represent a novel and applicable therapeutic approach for improvement of orofacial pain induced by MMP.
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Buesing, Scott. "Vitamin B12 as a Treatment for Pain." Pain Physician 1, no. 22;1 (January 11, 2019): E45—E52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj/2019.22.e45.
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Background: First isolated as cyanocobalamin in 1948, vitamin B12 has been explored for pain treatment almost since its discovery. With the advent of the opioid epidemic, safer treatments for pain are needed. Objectives: Our objective was to compile the latest information on potential mechanisms from animal studies and clinical trial data on vitamin B12 for the treatment of pain conditions. Study Design: We conducted a narrative review. Methods: PubMed was searched using the terms “methylcobalamin pain”, “hydroxycobalamin pain”, “cyanocobalamin pain”, and “vitamin B12 pain.” Animal studies that identified mechanisms of action for the effects of pain were collected. Clinical trials utilizing larger, pharmaceutical doses of vitamin B12 (> 100 µg/dose) in pain treatment were identified and reviewed. Results: Animal studies support multiple beneficial effects of vitamin B12 including the regeneration of nerves and the inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes and other pain-signaling pathways. In addition, animal studies have demonstrated synergistic benefits of vitamin B12 combined with other pain medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opiates. Clinical trials provide evidence for the effectiveness of vitamin B12 for the treatment of low back pain and neuralgia, although data is still fairly limited and optimal treatment regimens have not been identified. Limitations: More large, double-blind placebo-controlled trials are needed to fully establish efficacy and best dosing parameters. Conclusion: Vitamin B12 may prove to be an adjunctive or integrative treatment for pain conditions. While more research is needed, considering the low incidence of side effects and overall safety, B12 may be an additional tool to consider for pain treatment. Key words: Vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxycobalamin, pain, chronic pain, neuropathy, low back pain
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Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S., J. M. Stookey, A. M. de Passillé, and J. Rushen. "Comparison of hot-iron and freeze branding on cortisol levels and pain sensitivity in beef cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-127.
Full textAbstract:
Thirty yearling (450–500 kg) heifers of mixed breeds (Hereford, Charolais, Angus and Shorthorn) were habituated to handling over a 14 ± 2 d period before branding and were fitted non-surgically with jugular catheters 1 before branding. On the day of branding, heifers were assigned to hot-iron brand (H), freeze brand (F), or control (C) treatments according to a predetermined randomized branding order (n = 10 per treatment). Blood samples were obtained at 20 and 0 min before and 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180 min after application of branding treatments. To detect stress-induced analgesia, each animal's sensitivity to pain was assessed by measuring the time it took them to respond to a thermal energy source (laser) applied to their hind legs. Foot-lift latencies were obtained 0, 10, 20, 60 and 120 min after the treatments were imposed. Sensitivity to touch also was assessed 1 and 7 d after branding by placing pressure on the brand site and measuring the amount of movement by the animals. Both H and F heifers had higher mean plasma cortisol concentrations than C animals 20 and 40 min after branding (P < 0.05). However, hot branding was found to cause a more pronounced cortisol response than freeze branding at 40 min (P < 0.05). No treatment differences in foot-lift latencies or sensitivity to touch were observed. Both branding methods cause discomfort in cattle; however, hot branding appears to cause a greater acute response than freeze branding. Key words: Branding, cattle, cortisol, stress-induced analgesia
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Adrian, Derek E., Mark Rishniw, Margie Scherk, and B. Duncan X. Lascelles. "Prescribing practices of veterinarians in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain in cats." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 21, no. 6 (July 23, 2018): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18787910.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives Despite the high prevalence and increasing awareness of chronic musculoskeletal pain in cats, approved treatment options are completely lacking in the USA, and few other options have sufficient safety and efficacy data. Knowledge of current prescribing practices should inform future research of putative therapies. We aimed to determine which drug and non-drug therapies were being used by general practitioners for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain in cats and to understand demographic influences on prescribing practices. Methods We distributed a survey to 36,676 veterinarians who were members of the Veterinary Information Network in January 2017. Within 3 weeks, 1056 practitioners completed the survey. The survey included demographic and background information, questions on prescribing frequency and dosing regimen of 13 drug and non-drug therapies and questions on preferred medication formulations and dosing frequencies. Descriptive statistics were used, as well as χ2 testing to evaluate relationships between demographic variables and prescription practices. Results Gabapentin was prescribed most frequently (71% of respondents), followed by joint supplements (67.8%), meloxicam (64.0%), opioids (62.6%), fish oil (62.1%) and polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (61.9%). Years in practice appeared to influence prescribing habits, with practitioners graduated for >20 years prescribing glucocorticoids more frequently than other age groups ( P = 0.0002), whereas recent graduates (<1 year) reported prescribing therapies less frequently across all categories. Conclusions and relevance These results show a contrast between therapies prescribed by practitioners and what is supported by evidenced-based literature. Future research evaluating the safety and efficacy of gabapentin should be prioritised.