Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pain aetiology

Academic literature on the topic 'Pain aetiology'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pain aetiology"

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Markos, A. R. "Genital pain of unknown aetiology." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462021924901.

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Evers, J. L. H., and Somers H. Sturgis. "Aetiology of pain with endometriotic implants." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 12, sup2 (January 1992): S29—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443619209045609.

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Dowle, C. S. "BREAST PAIN: CLASSIFICATION, AETIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT." ANZ Journal of Surgery 57, no. 7 (July 1987): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1987.tb01391.x.

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Chas, J., P. Mariot, M. Tassart, and G. Pialoux. "New aetiology of patellofemoral pain syndrome." Case Reports 2014, may23 1 (May 23, 2014): bcr2013200770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-200770.

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Farquhar, Cynthia, and Pallavi Latthe. "Chronic pelvic pain: Aetiology and therapy." Reviews in Gynaecological and Perinatal Practice 6, no. 3-4 (September 2006): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rigapp.2006.02.004.

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Henriksson, Karl G. "Chronic muscular pain: aetiology and pathogenesis." Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology 8, no. 4 (November 1994): 703–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-3579(05)80044-5.

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Cheong, Ying, and R. William Stones. "Chronic pelvic pain: aetiology and therapy." Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 20, no. 5 (October 2006): 695–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.04.004.

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Goebel, Andreas, David Andersson, Zsuzsanna Helyes, J. David Clark, Debra Dulake, and Camilla Svensson. "The autoimmune aetiology of unexplained chronic pain." Autoimmunity Reviews 21, no. 3 (March 2022): 103015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2021.103015.

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BAKER, P. N., R. J. MADELEY, and E. M. SYMONDS. "Abdominal Pain of Unknown Aetiology in Pregnancy." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 45, no. 11 (November 1990): 751–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-199011000-00010.

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Baker, Alexander D. L., and John G. Burke. "Back Pain: background, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment." Foundation Years 4, no. 8 (December 2008): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpfou.2008.10.002.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pain aetiology"

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Jones, Gareth Tudor. "The aetiology of low back pain in schoolchildren." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503587.

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Introduction: Lifetime prevalence of low back pain in the adult population has been estimated to be over 60% and the costs to society are huge. It has been calculated that the direct health care costs of the condition approach £2billion per annum in the UK alone, and further costs are associated with informal care and with lost productivity in the workplace. Prevalence of the condition increases with age from approximately 30% at age 25yrs and studies have shown that, in adults, the greatest predictor of low back pain is a previous history of similar symptoms. It is important, therefore, to examine the aetiology of low back pain in youth. In childhood low back pain is also reasonably common and some authors have published prevalence estimates approaching those in adults. A number of factors have been associated with the occurrence of low back pain in childhood and/or adolescence: physical factors, such as height and weight; mechanical factors, such as the carriage of heavy schoolbags; lifestyle factors, such as sports participation; psychosocial and psychological factors, such as behavioural conditions and a negative affect score; and familial factors, such as the presence of parental pain. However, the majority of published research in this field has been cross-sectional in nature and, therefore, cannot distinguish between cause and effect. To investigate the aetiology of low back pain it is clear that longitudinal studies that examine the onset of the condition are required. Aims: To identify the risk factors for the onset of low back pain in adolescents. Study Design: Population-based prospective cohort study. Methodology: Two cross-sectional surveys were carried out twelve months apart. At baseline, 1040 children aged 11-14yrs, from thirty-nine schools in the Northwest of England, were identified as being free of low back pain. In these children, average daily mechanical load was assessed using schoolbag weight, recorded over a five day period. Using a self-completion questionnaire, exposure to a number of other potential risk factors was assessed: lifestyle factors, psychosocial factors, and the occurrence of other common childhood (somatic) pain complaints. These children were then followed up twelve months subsequently to establish episodes of new onset low back pain. In addition, using a postal questionnaire, information was obtained from parents of the subjects regarding the occurrence of parental pain, and also, in girls, menstrual status. Results: 935 children (89.4%) participated at follow-up, of whom 168 (18.6%) reported low back pain - by definition, new onset low back pain. The occurrence of new onset low back pain increased with age and was more common in girls than boys but was unrelated to menstruation. The onset of low back pain was associated with neither average daily mechanical load, nor mechanical load relative to body weight. In general, lifestyle factors were not predictive of future pain, although sporting activity was significantly, but non-linearly, associated with an increased risk of pain. In contrast, adverse psychosocial factors were consistently and strongly associated with an increased risk of future pain; this was true for conduct problems in particular. Furthermore, the baseline occurrence of headache, abdominal pain and sore throats was associated with an increased risk of low back pain at follow-up. Children whose parents reported pain were no more likely to report low back pain (or indeed, any pain) than other children. Conclusions: This study has provided no evidence that mechanical factors are associated with an increased risk of future low back pain. Adverse psychosocial behaviour, and conduct problems in particular, are associated with an increased risk of new onset low back pain. In addition, the prior occurrence of other common pain conditions was strongly associated with an increased risk of future pain. Thus, this study concludes that low back pain in childhood may be a manifestation of somatisation.
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Ramchandani, Paul G. "An investigation of the aetiology of recurrent abdominal pain in children." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424870.

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Lewis, Grant. "Incidence, prevalence and aetiology of chronic exercise induced lower back pain in runners." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26924.

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The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) in the running population and any initiating or aggravating factors. The aetiology of low back pain in runners was also investigated. A random sample population of 225 roadrunners were interviewed following the completion of six local road races. A further subgroup (n = 52) (LBP group as well as control group) of these runners was evaluated to determine if there were any biomechanical; muscle strength, flexibility and stability measures; as well as any training protocols which were more commonly associated in those runners who complained of LBP. Questionnaires were completed by 225 runners and a detailed clinical evaluation was performed to identify the incidence and aetiology of running-related lower back pain. Attention was focussed on the lumbar-pelvic muscles in terms of their flexibility, strength and coordinating ability as well as static biomechanical measures of the lower limb. LBP in runners was found to be common with an injury risk of 1.42 injuries per 1000 running hours. This running-related LBP seldom forced the athlete to stop running yet did affect running performance. It was associated with any increase in the running load. Hip flexor inflexibility on the left (p = 0.07); short hip adductor muscle length (p = 0.055), hamstring inflexibility (p = 0.09) and iliotibial band inflexibility (p = 0.036) on the right were found to be more common in the LBP group. The abdominal muscles were weaker in the LBP group when assessed in the trunk curl-up test (p = 0.0085) and the stabilising ability (p = 0.032) for this group was judged to be poor. Biomechanically, only a marginal difference was found between those with and without LBP (p = 0.077) with regard to the hindfoot and forefoot postures which were valgus and varus respectively for the lower back pain group. Lumbar intervertebral joints were mostly hypomobile (p = 0.004) in the LBP group. Adherence to a poor training regime (excessive running distances and frequencies) was associated with the LBP group. Attention to correct training patterns and adequate muscle control (strength, coordination and flexibility) is suggested to protect from this running-related LBP. Further research into a comparison of rehabilitation protocols is required to validate these findings.
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Basson, Reneda A. "The significance of subthreshold symptoms of anxiety in the aetiology of bruxism." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8155_1248236519.

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Bruxism is an oral parafunctional habit involving clenching and grinding of the teeth that occurs mainly unconsciously, diurnally and nocturnally. It is considered an important contributory factor in the aetiology of myofascial pain (MFP) and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The aetiology of bruxism is considered to be multifactorial, involving physiological and psychological factors. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the subthreshold symptoms (subtle, prodromal, atypical and subclinical symptoms of which the severity precludes diagnosis as a disorder) of anxiety and bruxism in a sample of subjects using a spectrum model.

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Gris, Ormo Georgia. "Selective blockade of the sigma-1 receptor for the treatment of pain of different aetiology: Preclinical studies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/361398.

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The present Doctoral Thesis focuses on the study of the Sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) in the field of pain. This research has been a part of the preclinical σ1R project focusing on drug discovery of σ1R ligands for the treatment of pain of different aetiologies at the pharmaceutical company ESTEVE. The main goal of this Doctoral Thesis was to explore the therapeutic interest of σ1R blockade in the pharmacological management of neuropathic, inflammatory and postoperative pain. Neuropathic pain was the main indication at the beginning of this Doctoral Thesis, but inflammatory and postoperative pain had never been explored. The efficacy of the selective σ1R antagonist S1RA (E-58262) in these different types of pain was evaluated, and its potency and efficacy was compared to other marketed analgesic drugs. To this end, two species (rat and mouse), different pain-related behavioural endpoints (hind paw withdrawal response to thermal and mechanical stimulation), and different pharmacological strategies (systemic acute and repeated E-52862 administration), were evaluated. σ1R knockout mice were also used to study the in vivo specificity of E-52862 and the involvement of σ1R in the spinal modulation of several pain-related molecular markers in order to ascertain the mechanism of action of σ1R. Taken together, the results of this Doctoral Thesis provide new knowledge about σ1R and support the clinical development of selective σ1R antagonists as a suitable therapeutic intervention to achieve analgesia in pain conditions of different aetiology.
La presente Tesis Doctoral se centra en el estudio del receptor sigma-1 (σ1) en el campo del dolor. Esta investigación ha sido parte de un proyecto de la empresa farmacéutica ESTEVE centrado en el descubrimiento de fármacos con afinidad por el receptor σ1 para el tratamiento de dolor de diferente etiología. El objetivo principal de esta Tesis fue explorar el interés terapéutico del bloqueo del receptor σ1 para el manejo farmacológico del dolor neuropático, inflamatorio y postoperatorio. Se evaluó la potencia y eficacia del antagonista selectivo del receptor σ1, S1RA (E-52862) en estos diferentes tipos de dolor, y se comparó con otros fármacos analgésicos comercializados. Con este fin, se emplearon dos especies (rata y ratón), diferentes evaluaciones comportamentales relacionadas con el dolor (respuesta de retirada de la pata trasera a la estimulación térmica y mecánica), y diferentes estrategias farmacológicas (administración sistémica aguda y repetida del antagonista E-52862). También se utilizaron ratones knockout por el receptor σ1 para estudiar la especificidad in vivo del E-52862 y la participación del receptor σ1 en la modulación espinal de varios marcadores moleculares relacionados con el dolor con el fin de determinar el mecanismo de acción del receptor. En resumen, los resultados de esta Tesis Doctoral proporcionan nuevos conocimientos sobre el receptor σ1 y apoyan el desarrollo clínico de antagonistas selectivos por este receptor como una intervención terapéutica adecuada para lograr analgesia en condiciones de dolor de diferente etiología.
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Prins, Yolandi. "The aetiology of upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain in high school learners using desktop computers : a prospective study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1996.

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Thesis (MScPhysio (Physiotherapy))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
The Western Cape Education Department initiated a project that aims to provide all the learners from the province with computer access and to promote computer use in schools. Prolonged sitting in front of computers and psychosocial factors have been associated with musculoskeletal symptoms internationally. However, the impact of computer use on musculoskeletal pain among South African high school learners is yet to be determined. Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether sitting postural alignment and psychosocial factors contribute to the development of upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain in grade ten high school learners working on desktop computers. Study design An observational analytical study was performed on a sample of 104 asymptomatic high school learners. Methodology Six high schools in the Western Cape metropole were randomly selected 322 grade ten learners who are using desktop computers, were screened for upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain. Measurements at baseline were taken of the 104 asymptomatic learners, 49 girls and 55 boys. The sitting postural alignment was measured by using the Portable Posture Analysis Method (PPAM), which measured head tilt; cervical angle; shoulder pro- and retraction angle and thoracic angle in the sagittal plane. Depression and anxiety were described by using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) respectively. The exposure to computer use was described in terms of duration and frequency of daily and weekly computer use. At three and six months post baseline, the onset and area of upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain was determined by using the Computer Usage Questionnaire. Results After six months, 27 of the 104 learners developed upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain due to seated or computer-related activities. There was no difference in computer exposure between the learners who developed upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain symptoms and the learners who remained asymptomatic. An extreme cervical angle (<34.75° or >43.95°; OR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.0-6.7) and a combination of extreme cervical and thoracic angle (<63.1° or >71.1°; OR 2.19; 95% CI: 1.0-5.6) were significant postural risk factors for the development of upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain. There was a tendency for boys to be at a greater risk for upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain than the girls (OR 1.94; 95% CI: 0.9-4.9). Weight greater than 54.15kg and a depression score greater than 11 was found to be significantly associated with a poor posture (OR 3.1; 95% CI: 1.0-9.7; OR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.0-1.1). Discussion and conclusion The study concluded that poor posture, relating to extreme cervical and thoracic angles, is a risk factor for the development of upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain in high school learners working on desktop computers. South African boys were at a greater risk of developing upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain than the girls. However the study found no causal relationship between depression, anxiety and upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain among South African high school learners and computer usage.
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McGregor, Neil Roland. "An investigation of the association between toxin producing staphylococcus, biochemical changes and jaw muscle pain." University of Sydney. Prosthetic Dentistry, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/369.

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Objectives: To assess the expression of the symptoms of jaw muscle pain and its association with alterations in biochemistry, other symptoms and the carriage of staphylococci. Methods: Three different study populations were assessed. The first was selected and examined by the author and consisted of 43 pain and 41 age and sex matched controls. The second was a study of CFS patients who were blinded to the author and the author subsequently examined the associations between jaw muscle symptom reporting and the standardised biochemistry measures. The third study was also blinded to the author but included an investigation of staphylococci and certain cytokine and biochemistry measures. Results: The three studies clearly establish an association between the carriage of toxicogenic coagulase negative staphylococci and the expression of jaw muscle pain in both males and females. These associations were homogeneous and were found whether the patients were selected on the basis of having jaw muscle pain or selected from within a population of patients selected on the basis of having Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. The studies associated the changes with variations in biochemistry and these were in turn associated with symptom expression within the jaw muscle pain patients. These biochemical alterations included the dysregulation of immune cell counts, cytokines, electrolyte and protein metabolism. These symptoms and biochemical changes were associated with pain severity and illness duration and staphylococcal toxin production. From the data a model was developed which shows the mechanisms involved in the development of chronic pain in the jaw muscles. Conclusions: The carriage of toxicogenic coagulase-negative staphylococci were found to be associated with the expression of jaw muscle pain and the alterations in biochemistry associated with these symptoms.
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McGregor, Neil Roland. "An investigation of the association between toxin producing staphylococcus, biochemical changes and jaw muscle pain." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/369.

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Objectives: To assess the expression of the symptoms of jaw muscle pain and its association with alterations in biochemistry, other symptoms and the carriage of staphylococci. Methods: Three different study populations were assessed. The first was selected and examined by the author and consisted of 43 pain and 41 age and sex matched controls. The second was a study of CFS patients who were blinded to the author and the author subsequently examined the associations between jaw muscle symptom reporting and the standardised biochemistry measures. The third study was also blinded to the author but included an investigation of staphylococci and certain cytokine and biochemistry measures. Results: The three studies clearly establish an association between the carriage of toxicogenic coagulase negative staphylococci and the expression of jaw muscle pain in both males and females. These associations were homogeneous and were found whether the patients were selected on the basis of having jaw muscle pain or selected from within a population of patients selected on the basis of having Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. The studies associated the changes with variations in biochemistry and these were in turn associated with symptom expression within the jaw muscle pain patients. These biochemical alterations included the dysregulation of immune cell counts, cytokines, electrolyte and protein metabolism. These symptoms and biochemical changes were associated with pain severity and illness duration and staphylococcal toxin production. From the data a model was developed which shows the mechanisms involved in the development of chronic pain in the jaw muscles. Conclusions: The carriage of toxicogenic coagulase-negative staphylococci were found to be associated with the expression of jaw muscle pain and the alterations in biochemistry associated with these symptoms.
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Schultz, Adrian. "The aetiology of low back pain in elite hiking class sailors." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1343113.

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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Introduction: Low back pain (LBP) is the most commonly reported injury in Olympic class sailing. In Laser Radial, Laser, Finn and 470 class sailors, LBP may be due to repetitive sustained hiking, when the sailor leans out over the water to counter-balance the heeling force exerted by the wind. Despite the propensity for LBP in sailors, there is limited published research regarding the nature of this injury. Therefore, the primary aim of this thesis was to determine the prevalence and key factors associated with LBP in elite Olympic class sailors. Participants were recruited from the current Australian Sailing Team and Australian Sailing Squad, and included the entire population eligible for inclusion in this research. Additionally, a member of the Singapore Sailing Team was recruited for Study 4. Four studies were conducted, and are reported in separate manuscripts. Study 1: This study examined the point prevalence of LBP and the value of current musculoskeletal screening protocols to determine risk of seasonal injury. Twenty-two athletes aged 22 ± 3.7 years (mean ± SD) participated in the research, comprising 15 male (68%) and 7 female (32%) participants. Pre-season musculoskeletal screening and 12-month seasonal injury data were analysed for predictive relationships. The results revealed that injury to the lumbar spine was the most commonly reported injury, and the second most common injury resulting in disability (modified or lost participation). Only left-sided single-leg decline squat performance was associated with injury status, while increasing age was significantly associated with thoracic and lumbar spine injury. Current screening protocols did not adequately assess the risk of seasonal injury. Due to the increased risk of spinal injury and disability in older sailors, injury prevention activities should be individualised and age appropriate. Study 2: This study investigated the association between MRI-detected abnormalities of the lumbar spine region and LBP status in elite Olympic class sailors. Fifteen athletes aged 22.2 ± 2.7 years were recruited for this study, and comprised 11 male (73%) and 4 female (27%) participants. Pathoanatomical findings were identified in 80% of the study cohort, with current LBP reported by 53% of participants. Facet joint arthropathy were the most common finding, followed by intervertebral disc defects. Estimated attributable risk of LBP in participants with bilateral facet joint arthropathy was 100%. All athletes reported unrestricted participation in training and competition. Although lumbar spine abnormalities are common in high-performing Olympic class sailors, MRI-detectable abnormalities associate poorly with LBP status. However, bilateral facet joint abnormalities at one or more levels may contribute to current LBP. Study 3: This study investigated spinal posture using wearable sensor technology and muscle size, symmetry and spatial activation patterns of lumbar trunk musculature using mfMRI, following a sustained hiking condition. Fifteen athletes aged 22.2 ± 2.7 years were recruited for this study, and comprised 11 male (73%) and 4 female (27%) participants. At the time of scanning 53% of participants reported current LBP. LBP status accounted for: 1) baseline posture differences (covariates age/gender); 2) differences in erector spinae and total combined muscle size; 3) mean hiking performance relative to body mass and mean lateral and peak left-lateral lumbar flexion during sustained maximal hiking; and 4) activation differences for right multifidus, absolute activation asymmetry for quadratus lumborum and multifidus, relative activation asymmetry for multifidus and total muscle activation (covariates sailing class/height/weight) following sustained maximal hiking. Olympic class sailors with current LBP demonstrate significant muscle activation asymmetries, altered muscle metabolism and posture changes that may have long-term implications for spinal health and LBP prevalence in this population. Study 4: This study investigated the inter-relationships between isometric muscle strength and segmental spine motion during hiking and risk of seasonal low back pain. Ten athletes aged 23.5 ± 3.6 years were recruited for this study, and comprised 8 male (80%) and 2 female (20%) participants. Participants completed screening for current LBP and underwent strength assessment and subsequent biomechanical analysis of hiking performance for three hiking conditions. Hiking performance, at increasing relative intensity, was primarily a function of the athlete’s anthropometry and absolute isometric muscle strength, followed by measures of relative isometric strength and spinal, pelvis and hip joint motion. Hip flexion and trunk extension strength were significantly related to injury status, but did not predict risk of seasonal LBP. Biomechanical assessment of hiking performance has poor predictive value in determining the risk of seasonal LBP, but may be associated with current LBP. Conclusion: Collectively, this thesis reveals a high prevalence of LBP in elite Olympic class sailors and provides important information regarding the aetiology of this type of injury that will help to inform the development of injury prevention strategies in this population. As a result of this research, the Australian Sailing Team became early adoptors of the national Athlete Monitoring System recently implemented by the Australian Institute of Sport, revised and refined current injury screening protocols, contextualised the value of imaging in managing athletes with LBP and gained a deeper understanding of the value of strength development and postural control in hiking performance of Olympic class sailors.
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Evans, Susan Florence. "Investigations into the lived experience and aetiology of dysmenorrhoea and pelvic pain in young women." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/130106.

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Almost every woman will experience dysmenorrhoea at some time in her life, although the severity, duration and persistence of dysmenorrhoea vary widely. This thesis investigates the lived experience of women with severe dysmenorrhoea through observational studies of women’s symptoms, through laboratory studies investigating aetiologies for dysmenorrhoea, and by linking these studies to develop conclusions with strong translational relevance. While dysmenorrhoea may be associated with the more extensively researched medical condition endometriosis, this thesis is intentionally painfocused rather than endometriosis lesion-focused to ensure maximal translational potential to address the unmet needs of women with pain. In summary, this thesis addresses the differences between the one in five young women who suffer severe menstrual pain, and those women who are unaffected by pain. It investigates whether there is evidence for activation of the innate immune system in pelvic pain, and specifically Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), and whether the hormonal environment influences this immune activation. It concludes with the novel hypothesis that a common aetiological factor linked to activation of Toll-Like Receptors within the uterus underlies the pain experience in women with dysmenorrhoea, chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, 2021
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Books on the topic "Pain aetiology"

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Chronic pain epidemiology: From aetiology to public health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Mayou, Richard. Atypical chest pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780192627254.003.0015.

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Chapter 15 discusses atypical (or non-cardiac) chest pain. The prevalence, aetiology, and history of treatment are outlined, a psychological model of atypical chest pain, maintaining factors, approaches to management, delivery of care, practical guidelines for and evaluation of psychological treatment, treatment of panic disorder and anxiety, and treatment of hypochondriasis.
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Neary, John. Loin pain haematuria syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0047.

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Loin pain haematuria syndrome is an uncommon but disabling condition which presents with recurrent severe loin pain and either microscopic or macroscopic haematuria. It predominantly affects young Caucasian females. The aetiology is unclear, but it seems to be most commonly initiated by glomerular bleeding. There are no defining features of the disorder on any investigation, and it is mostly termed a diagnosis of exclusion. A lack of a clear definition of the condition and uncertainty about the aetiology mean that this is still a poorly understood entity. A variety of medical and surgical treatments have been used with mixed results. The mainstays of treatment are effective analgesia management and involvement of a multidisciplinary team including psychological support.
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Tighe, Mark, and Mark Beattie. Recurrent abdominal pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0042.

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Recurrent abdominal pain occurs in 10–15% of school-aged children and is a frequent presenting complaint in general practice and general paediatric and paediatric gastroenterology clinics. Patients often have vague symptoms and investigation usually results in a low yield of organic disease. Treatment strategies are varied and often subjective with limited evidence upon which to base them. This chapter includes a general overview, classification, discussion of the complex and multifactorial aetiology, therapeutic approach, and outcome. It discusses a recommended clinical approach for the management of complex cases.
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Wager, Julia, and Boris Zernikow. Pain in children. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785750.003.0041.

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Pain management in children is a specialized service. Pain aetiology, assessment, and treatment vary at every age from pre-term foetuses at 23 weeks gestation to adolescence. In this chapter of European Pain Management advances in our understanding of pain assessment are reviewed, particularly in the use of developmentally relevant technology. Advances in acute pain, cancer pain, and in chronic pain are also reviewed, with a special focus on innovations in multidisciplinary treatments for chronic pain. There is a need to raise awareness and understanding of the needs of paediatric pain patients, and their family members. Education for all professionals who interact with pain patients is essential, as is the need to invest in specialized pain management services, and professionals, across Europe.
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Atkins, Roger M. Complex regional pain syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.0011.

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♦ Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disabling chronic pain condition of unknown aetiology♦ Traditionally it was thought to be rare; however, prospective studies demonstrate it to be common following both trauma and operative procedures involving the upper and lower limbs♦ The condition is usually self-limiting over a maximum period of 2 years, although minor abnormalities may remain♦ In a minority of cases it does not resolve and is responsible for severe chronic disability♦ Treatment is aimed at functional restoration of limb function supported by pharmacological intervention.
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Zeppetella, Giovambattista. Clarifying the concept of breakthrough pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0054.

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The 1990 publication ‘Breakthrough pain: Definition, prevalence and characteristics’ was the first to study to describe breakthrough pain as a discrete pain state. Using the definition that ‘breakthrough pain is a transient increase in the intensity of moderate or severe pain, occurring in the presence of well-established baseline pain’ the authors interviewed 90 cancer pain patients and identified 51 types of breakthrough pain; these varied widely with respect to severity, location, temporal characteristics, relationship to scheduled analgesia, precipitating events, predictability, pathophysiology, aetiology, and palliative factors. As a result of Portenoy and Hagen’s survey, breakthrough pain has been studied as a discrete pain state for almost 30 years, and recognized as an important clinical problem in its own right. An increasing number of published studies exist, with ongoing debate about the breakthrough pain definition, pain assessment, and pain management.
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Kuttikat, Anoop, and Nicholas Shenker. Fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain syndromes—adult onset. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0160.

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Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is characterized by chronic widespread pain, excessive fatigue, unrefreshing sleep, and other associated somatic symptoms. FMS is common in the general population with an estimated prevalence of 2-4% and is about six times more common in females than males. FMS causes significant individual and societal costs. The precise aetiology of FMS remains unclear. Dysfunctional pain processing within the central nervous system is the primary abnormality. FMS is a clinical diagnosis based on pattern recognition and it can coexist with other conditions. A multidisciplinary approach, incorporating patient education, physical therapies, psychological therapies, and pharmacotherapy, is effective in managing these patients.
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Lovell, Melanie, and Frances Boyle. Communication strategies and skills for optimum pain control. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0038.

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Pain is a subjective experience and as such, communication regarding the experience is essential for the clinician to comprehensively assess and manage it. It is also the most feared complication of the most feared diagnosis. Effective communication creates an environment of trust, in which a patient is able to relate their experiences, in their entirety, including hopes and fears. This expression enables diagnosis of the aetiology, mechanism, and the myriad modulators of the pain by the clinician and is therapeutic in its own right as the patient makes meaning of the pain experience in the telling. The clinician is then able to explain the cause of the pain, the possible treatment strategies, and negotiate a management plan with the patient. There are many misconceptions associated with opioid analgesics and these can also be explored and corrected.
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Sandkühler, Jürgen. Making the link from “central sensitization” to clinical pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0047.

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The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain’, published by C. J. Woolf in 2011. The phrase ‘central sensitization’ is often used as an umbrella term for all kinds of central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms contributing to pain hypersensitivity. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines ‘central sensitization’ as the ‘increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the CNS’. In the CNS, highly distinct mechanisms contribute to pain hypersensitivity depending upon pain aetiology and disease stage. These include modification of synaptic strength, inhibitory tone, and membrane excitability and often involve components of neuroinflammation. It is thus recommended to avoid using the phrase ‘central sensitization’ in the scientific literature all together and replace it with unambiguous technical terms such as ‘CNS mechanisms of pain hypersensitivity’ or with the specific mechanism(s) and CNS location(s) in mind.
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Book chapters on the topic "Pain aetiology"

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Khullar, V., K. Boos, and L. Cardozo. "Aetiology and Classification of Urinary Incontinence." In Therapeutic Management of Incontinence and Pelvic Pain, 17–22. London: Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3715-3_3.

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Shelly, B., S. Knight, P. King, G. Wetzler, K. Wallace, D. Hartman, and G. C. Gorniak. "Aetiology of Pelvic Floor Muscle Pain Syndromes." In Therapeutic Management of Incontinence and Pelvic Pain, 167–70. London: Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3715-3_25.

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Weh, L., W. Eickhoff, and R. Prahl. "The aetiology of chondromalacia and peripatellar pain." In Surgery and Arthroscopy of the Knee, 252–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71022-3_89.

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Wisłowska, M. "A study of the contribution of pain to rotation of vertebrae in the aetiology and pathogenesis of lateral spinal curvature." In Back Pain, 259–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2165-8_31.

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Zwaans, W. A. R., M. R. M. Scheltinga, and R. M. H. Roumen. "Aetiology, Pathogenesis and Assessment of Chronic Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair." In The Art of Hernia Surgery, 397–416. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72626-7_41.

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"Aetiology of postoperative pain." In The Management of Post-Operative Pain with Acupuncture, 6–12. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044310361-2.50005-x.

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Irnich, Dominik, and Hans-Joachim Schmitt. "Aetiology of myofascial pain syndrome." In Myofascial Trigger Points, 13–16. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-4312-3.00004-0.

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"Aetiology and pathology of pain." In The Treatment of Pain with Chinese Herbs and Acupuncture, 11–20. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-07127-0.50009-7.

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"Aetiology and pathology of pain." In The Treatment of Pain with Chinese Herbs and Acupuncture, 10–20. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-3179-3.00003-4.

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Bodycombe, Owen, Enrique Collantes, Mohamed Dorgham, Bethany Fitzmaurice, Rahul Guru, Yehia Kamel, Sandeep Kapur, et al. "Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions." In Essential Notes in Pain Medicine, edited by Enrique Collantes Celador, Jan Rudiger, and Alifia Tameem, 447–80. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198799443.003.0023.

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This chapter provides an overview of a range of musculoskeletal conditions, which can lead to chronic pain states. The incidence, relevant anatomy, pathophysiology, aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, and other key information are covered for the following conditions. The topics included are as follows: osteoarthritis; cervicogenic headache; neck pain; whiplash; shoulder pain; carpal tunnel syndrome; low back pain; lumbo-sacral transitional vertebrae; failed back surgery syndrome; spondylosis; sacroiliac joint pain; coccygodynia; piriformis syndrome; greater trochanteric pain syndrome; and plantar fasciitis.
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Conference papers on the topic "Pain aetiology"

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Parker, C. J., D. E. Huber, A. R. Hedges, and V. V. Kakkar. "ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF THE POST PHLEBITIC LIMB ALWAYS POST THROMBOTIC." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644200.

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The term ‘post phlebitic syndrome’ implies a previous history of deep venous thrombosis. To test the validity of this assumption, 106 patients who had routine post-operative bilateral ascending venography following total hip replacement were reviewed five years later.Patients were assessed clinically for symptoms and signs of the ‘post phlebitic syndrome’ (pain, swelling, induration, pigmentation, ulceration and varicose veins). Haemodynamic changes were assessed by foot volumetry and an objective score was derived by computer analysisThirty patients (28%) had post-operative DVT. 50% of all patients had at least one symptom or sign of the post phlebitic limb. Pain was present in 9 limbs; swelling in 13; induration in 18; pigmentation in 55, and varicose veins in 53 limbs.At five years there was no significant difference in the incidence of symptoms, signs or haemadynamic changes of the post phlebitic syndrome between limbs with or without a previous DVT. We conclude that deep vein thrombosis is not the only factor involved in the aetiology of the post phlebitic limb.
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Reports on the topic "Pain aetiology"

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O'Kelly, John, and Frank O'Brien. Aetiology and diagnosis of bacterial chronic prostatitis (Type II) and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) Type III. BJUI Knowledge, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18591/bjuik.0059.

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Keating, Louise, Ailish Malone Name, Maire-Brid Casey, Ciaran Bolger, Dara Meldrum, and Catherine Doody. Conservative Primary Care Management for Recent Onset Cervical Radiculopathy – a Systematic Review & Meta-analysis Protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0047.

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Review question / Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of conservative management available in primary care for adults with recent onset (less than 12 weeks) cervical radiculopathy. Conservative management will be compared to any available comparator i.e. no treatment, placebo or any treatment. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria – trials (as defined in item 15) investigating any conservative management (e.g. exercise, advice, manual therapy, traction, acupuncture, pharmacology etc), involving adults with single level CR (as defined in item 10) of any aetiology, with symptom duration of 12 weeks or less, and including 1 or more of the following outcomes i.e. pain, disability, overall improvement or satisfaction with intervention, quality of life or participation restriction. Exclusion criteria – full text not available, not a randomised controlled trial, trials not involving CR (e.g. cervicobrachial pain, neck pain only), trials involving chronic CR, multilevel or bilateral CR (polyradiculopathy) or radiculomyelopathy, major or systemic pathology, post-surgery interventions, trials of surgery or spinal injection only, or involving a paediatric population or not in English language.
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Grueso-Navarro, Elena, Leticia Rodríguez-Alcolado, Ángel Arias, Emilio J. Laserna-Mendieta, and Alfredo J. Lucendo. Influence of HLA-DQA1*05 allele in the response to anti-TNFα drugs in inflammatory bowel diseases. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.2.0076.

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Review question / Objective: Do patients with inflammatory bowel disease and treated with any anti-TNFα drug who had the HLA-DQA1*05 allele (in heterozygosis or homozygosis) have lower response or persistence to those drugs than patients without HLA-DQA1*05 allele? Condition being studied: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic inflammatory condition that may affect any part of the digestive tract (CD) or be limited to the colon (UC). While the specific aetiology of IBD remains unknown, it is believed to involve a complex impairment in the immunity of the gut mucosa due to a combination of several genetic and environmental factors, being the microbiota one of the latest that more attraction has received in recent years. Symptoms of IBD (such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, tiredness or rectal bleeding) may be either constant or alternate between periods of limited disease activity and flares with remarkable presence of symptoms. As IBD is associated with significant morbidity and disability, pharmacological treatment is required in most cases, especially in CD, aimed at reducing the inflammatory response and attenuating the activity of the immune system. In the moderate and severe forms of the disease, therapy is usually based on immunosuppressant and/or biological drugs. Among the latest, anti-TNFα drugs (infliximab or adalimumab) are normally chosen as the initial biological therapy.
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