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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Paid and unpaid work'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Backman, Catherine L. "Participation in paid and unpaid work by adults with rheumatoid arthritis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61056.pdf.

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2

Dhungel, Basundhara. "A Study of Nepalese Families' Paid and Unpaid Work after Migration to Australia." University of Sydney. Social Work Social Policy and Sociology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/375.

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The patterns of paid and unpaid work adopted by migrants families with dependent children are more or less similar to that of prevailing working pattern of men and women of Australian born couples. A case study with 28 couple families, 14 husbands and 14 wives who migrated from Nepal under "skill" or "professional" category and the literature review on paid and unpaid work of couple families with dependent children show that in both families the trend of change of working pattern in paid and unpaid work is similar. With the increased participation of married women in the paid labour force, men increased participation in household work. There is increased household work for both husbands and wives, but women tend to do more household "inside" and childcare work than men. In the mean time, men tend to do more work in the "masculine" sphere of "outside" work in house maintenance, repair and car care. The only factor that differentiates working pattern of migrant families with Australian born families is the experience of migration and the category that they migrated. The change of working practice of paid and unpaid work of migrant families are affected by the change of family type from extended family to two generational family and their education and previous work experience that they brought along with them. Professional migrants who migrated family as a "unit" migrated spouse and dependent children together and they made their own decision to migrate, unlike other categories of migrants who migrated from political or economic pressure. One of the important experiences of migrant families is that there are new opportunity, new lifestyle, new intimacy and companionship and new sharing of work between husbands and wives after migration. At the same time, there are losses of extended family relatives, close friends and cultural event which affects their day to day lives. There are Australian based friends who provided support in the initial period of migration but these families do not provide regular assistance or support which family relatives provided in Nepal.

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3

Greasley-Adams, Corinne S. G. "Work Activities of older people : beyond paid employment." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/6504.

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In recent years much has been made of active and productive ageing policies, with the attempt to promote a more positive image of ageing. Despite this, negative representations of ageing and conceptualisations of older people as a ‘burden’ persist. This thesis presents an argument that these negative images are intertwined with common understandings of work, the frequent equating of this to paid employment within the field of social gerontology, and the reliance upon cessation of work in determining the beginning of old age. With reference to the wider literature in the sociology of work, an argument is presented that determines why it is essential to challenge those taken-for-granted assumptions about older people and work. Reflecting upon the findings from an exploratory and qualitative research project, which focuses upon the perspective of the older people themselves, attention is given to the detail of what should be encapsulated into new understandings of work. Within the thesis it is argued that there are many activities undertaken by the older person, which should be thought of as work, including (but not limited to) paid employment, volunteering, care, attendance at social clubs, undertaking sport and physical activity. Some of these activities might more intuitively be thought of as acts of leisure. However, it is evidenced within this thesis that there are fuzzy and blurred boundaries between leisure and work - older people leisure at work and work at leisure. The recognition of these blurring boundaries is one aspect that must be incorporated into re-conceptualisations of work. The thesis demonstrates how the work of older people transcends different socio-economic spheres and there are multiple interrelations existing between different activities. Whilst this last point resonates with the approach of some authors in the sociology of work, they have never been incorporated within the field of social gerontology. Through this analysis, and promoting a new way through which the activities of older people might be incorporated within the rubric of work, it is hoped that ageism might be challenged in a similar vein to the way in which feminist researchers once challenged sexism in relation to work and housework. This thesis reflects upon how we need to identify and conceptualise the third age in light of the findings. It highlights how the working lives of older people are shaped through a process of negotiation between social expectations within current political and economic contexts, influences from key historical events and social changes, and the desire for freedom, autonomy and choice. Age period cohort is crucial in determining the world of work, and more generally how ageing might be experienced. Through its unique approach, and the lessons learnt within this thesis, a theoretical framework is provided to assist in future comprehensive studies of both work and ageing. Overall, this thesis makes significant contributions to understandings of work and ageing following the consideration of two schools of thought (i.e. sociology of work and social gerontology), which previously have been infrequent companions.

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4

Sung, Sirin. "Gender equality in Confucian welfare regime? : women reconciling paid and unpaid work in Korea." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247135.

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5

Boye, Katarina. "Happy hour? : studies on well-being and time spent on paid and unpaid work /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8239.

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6

Willson, Andrea. "When nursing the elderly doesn't end at work : caregivers' narratives in the paid and unpaid spheres /." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222008-063359/.

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7

Bingley, Lindsey, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "From overalls to aprons? The paid and unpaid labour of southern Alberta women, 1939-1959." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/339.

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Canada's declaration of war in 1939 resulted in the creation of a "total war" economy that necessitated the absorption of all available men, and led to the wide scale recruitment of women into the military and labour force. The end of the war resulted in government and media encouragement to return to the home, but despite this emphasis on home and family, many women developed a two-phase work history. In this thesis, I use the oral history of sixteen Southern Alberta women to analyze the effect of World War II on Southern Alberta women's work and family choices, focusing specifically on the years between 1939 and 1959. I argue that, although the war did not significantly change the status of women in the paid workforce, it did affect the geographic mobility of women and the perception of their own work, both paid and unpaid.
vi, 181 leaves ; 29 cm.

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8

Lockyer, Bridget. "Women's paid and unpaid work in the UK voluntary sector since 1978 : a qualitative study of small and medium size organisations in Bradford." Thesis, University of York, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7415/.

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Since the publication of the Wolfenden Report The Future of Voluntary Organisations in 1978, the UK voluntary sector has grown exponentially and become an important actor in the delivery of welfare services. In this thesis, I examine women’s reported experiences of paid and unpaid work within this sector. I investigate why women continue to outnumber men in the sector’s workforce, and identify the ways in which voluntary-sector work is gendered. To do this, I draw on twenty-eight semi-structured ‘work history’ interviews with women who were volunteers, paid staff or both within voluntary organisations in Bradford, West Yorkshire. The analysis is split into three chapters. The first explores women’s initial engagements with the voluntary sector and pinpoints the times in women’s lives when they are more likely to enter into either paid or unpaid work in the sector. The second focuses on working conditions in the sector, and examines what factors make voluntary-sector work both desirable and possible for women. The third discusses how the voluntary sector has developed since 1978 and how these changes have impacted on its predominantly female workforce, with a particular focus on changes since the 2008 financial crash. Unlike previous research, this thesis focuses on women’s work in the voluntary sector specifically. My findings demonstrate that voluntary-sector work is particularly accessible to women and more aligned to their work prioritisations, career trajectories and lifestyles. I also discuss what the persistence of gender segregation in the sector means for the women who work within it.

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9

Sherpa, Neema. "Analysing gender equality in EU’s work-life balance policy: -What is the problem represented to be?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-75120.

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This thesis focuses on work-life balance policy; one of the key field of EU gender equality policies. The purpose of this study was to analyze most recently proposed policy on work-life balance ‘An initiative to support work-life balance for working parents and carers’ that aims to upgrade existing policy and legal frameworks. The main objective of the study is to identify problem representation(s) of gender equality in the stated policy. The study objectives comprises of problematizing identified problem representation(s) by drawing attention to silences and underplayed issues including its far-reaching implications on various groups. Analysis presented in this thesis is guided by theoretical framework of poststuructural feminism chiefly through discourse analysis methodology. In that endeavor, Carol Bacchi’s ‘What’s the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) approach has been applied for discourse analysis of the policy by employing 3 out 6 postulated questions. The study identifies several problem representations of gender equality in the stated EU reconciliation policy. Among others, childcare responsibility is identified as the most dominant problem representation. Likewise, the study points out silenced issues in the policy. This includes structural challenges affecting accessibility and advancement of women in labour market, the type of work, division of unpaid work besides caring responsibilities, inequalities engendered by intersectional factors, well-being of individuals, family, children, elderly care and commitment from employing organizations. The study finally notes ensuing lived effects on women due to added responsibilities. The study analysis concludes some still present pitfalls in the modernized work-life balance policy.

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10

Giles, Paul N. "The gender myth: Discourses of sexuality, sport and work among boys and girls in a primary school." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36574/1/36574_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigates the social construction of sex/gender in 116 upper primary school students. Particular attention is paid to the Gender Myth - a belief that the manifestation of sex/gender is polarized, that the male half of such a dualism is superior to the female half, that such differentiated sex/gender is grounded in essential biological difference between males and females; and the way that it impacts on these school children, in reference to their internalization of discourses and practices associated with sport, work and domesticity, and sexuality.

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11

Bruyn-Hundt, Margaretha. "The economics of unpaid work." Amsterdam : Maastricht : Thesis Publishers ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1996. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6689.

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12

Bruyn-Hundt, Marga. "The economics of unpaid work /." Amsterdam : Thesis Publishers, 1996. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0643/96211527-d.html.

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13

Bittschi, Benjamin, Astrid Pennerstorfer, and Ulrike Schneider. "Paid and unpaid labor in nonprofit-organizations. Does the subsitutions effect exist?" Institut für Sozialpolitik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3746/1/wp0113.pdf.

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In nonprofit organizations (NPOs) volunteers often work alongside paid workers. Such a coproduction setting can lead to tension between the two worker groups. This paper examines for the first time if and how volunteers influence the separation of paid employees, and thus it contributes to the debate over whether volunteers can substitute paid workers. Using Austrian data on an organizational level we find a significant impact of volunteers on the separations of paid workers in NPOs facing increased competition. These findings support the assumption that a partial substitution effect exists between paid workers and volunteers. (authors' abstract)
Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik

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14

Bittschi, Benjamin, Astrid Pennerstorfer, and Ulrike Schneider. "Paid and unpaid labor in nonprofit organizations: Does the substitution effect exist?" Wiley, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12071.

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In nonprofit organizations (NPOs) volunteers often work alongside paid workers. Such a coproduction setting can lead to tension between the two worker groups. This paper examines for the first time if and how volunteers in uence the separation of paid employees, and thus it contributes to the debate over whether volunteers can substitute paid workers. Using Austrian data on an organizational level we find a significant impact of volunteers on the separations of paid workers in NPOs facing increased competition. These findings support the assumption that a partial substitution effect exists between paid workers and volunteers.

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15

Rutherford, Ginger J. "An Analysis of Reported Paid and Unpaid Time Off for Administrative Employees at Selected Public Universities in Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1993. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2783.

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Lack of research on the use of the leave fringe benefit (paid and unpaid time off) as it related to administrators in higher education was the problem of this study. The main purpose of this study was to increase the body of knowledge by analyzing the differences among paid and unpaid time off and selected demographic data for administrators at four selected public universities in Tennessee (Austin Peay State University, East Tennessee State University, Middle Tennessee State University, and Tennessee Technological University). This descriptive study was conducted to provide a historical data base on the use of paid and unpaid time off in higher education in Tennessee. Data collection was accomplished using specialized computer programs to select information from existing data bases of the four universities. Conclusions of this study were based on reported paid and unpaid time off for 480 administrative employees from four public universities in Tennessee. Female administrators used reported annual and sick leave at significantly higher rates. Administrators with 11 to 15 years of seniority had significantly higher reported use of annual leave. Administrators in the state retirement plan had a higher use of reported sick leave. Administrators with salary ranges of $55,001 to \$65,000 had the lowest use of reported sick leave. Employees with doctorate degrees had significantly lower use of reported sick leave. There were no significant differences for reported annual and sick leave between the four age categories and the four institutions in the study. Recommendations were based on the analyses that significant differences exist in the amount of paid leave used and various demographic variables. Calculations on the research questions indicated that the cost for unpaid leave and paid leave types (jury duty, civil leave, military leave, and bereavement leave) were minimal. However, the calculated mean cost per employee for paid leave types (holiday, annual leave, and sick leave) were more costly. Public institutions should manage and market the leave fringe benefit as a major component of personnel cost.

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16

Seiz, Puyuelo Marta. "Male unpaid work and female employment trajectories : a dynamic analysis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145499.

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This thesis analyzes whether there is an interdependence, at the intra-couple level, between men’s housework and childcare participation and women’s employment and economic position. The first empirical paper examines to what extent men’s domestic involvement responds to variations in their own and their partner circumstances. The second paper looks into the influence of male domestic effort on the female partners’ propensity to exit the labour market or leave full-time work after marriage and childbirth. The third paper, finally, assesses whether fathers’ domestic inputs affect mothers’ earnings trajectories. The analysis draws on longitudinal data from the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP, 1984-2009). The findings obtained indicate that men’s household involvement is responsive to shifts in their partners’ relative resources and dedication to paid work. At the same time, men’s domestic participation makes it easier for their partners to maintain an intense employment dedication, which also reduces the economic penalty experienced after motherhood.
Esta tesis analiza si hay una relación de interdependencia, a nivel de la pareja, entre la participación de los hombres en tareas domésticas y de cuidado y la posición laboral y económica de las mujeres. El primer artículo empírico examina hasta qué punto la implicación de los hombres en el trabajo doméstico se modifica a raíz de variaciones en las circunstancias de éstos y de sus parejas. El segundo artículo investiga qué influencia ejerce la participación masculina en este tipo de tareas sobre la probabilidad de que las mujeres abandonen el mercado de trabajo o el empleo a tiempo completo tras el matrimonio y los nacimientos. El tercer artículo, por último, estudia si el tiempo invertido por los padres en el trabajo doméstico y de cuidado afecta a las trayectorias de ingresos de las madres. El análisis está basado en datos longitudinales del panel socioeconómico alemán (SOEP, 1984-2009). Los resultados obtenidos indican que la implicación masculina en la esfera doméstica es sensible a variaciones de los recursos relativos y la dedicación laboral de sus parejas. Al mismo tiempo, la participación de los hombres en tareas domésticas y de cuidado facilita el mantenimiento de una dedicación intensa por parte de sus parejas al empleo, lo que también contribuye a reducir las penalizaciones económicas que éstas experimentan a raíz de la maternidad.

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17

Anger, Silke. "Overtime work in Germany : the investment character of unpaid hours /." Aachen : Shaker, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014789095&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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18

Johnson, Phil. "Pragmatic idealism : the unpaid work element of a community order." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517750.

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19

Niederpruem, Michael G. "The Potency of Informal Learning in Paid and Non-Paid Work: A Mixed Method Study." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1497472590044364.

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20

Bondarenko, Olga Mikhailovna, and Anna Vladimirovna Cherenkova. "Accounting for leave: the right to receive and calculate it." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/53724.

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1. Code of Labor Laws of Ukraine: Law of Ukraine of 10.12.1971 № 322-VIII. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/322-08#Text (access date: 01.10.2021). 2. On remuneration of labor: Law of Ukraine of March 24, 1995 № 108/95-VR. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/108/95-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text (access date: 01.10.2021). 3. On the calculation of the average salary (income, cash security) for the calculation of payments for compulsory state social insurance: Resolution of 26.03.2001 №1266 URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show / 1266-2001-% D0% BF # Text (access date: 01.10.2021).
The paper examines the problem of ignorance of employees about vacation and its relationship with wages. The purpose of the study is to disclose the accounting of leave, its calculation and types.
В роботі досліджено проблематика необізнаності працівників з приводу відпустки та її взаємозв’язок з оплатою праці. Метою дослідження є розкриття обліку відпустки, її розрахунок та види.

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21

Unick, Eugene B. "The work-life balance of first-time fathers utilizing unpaid paternal leave." Thesis, Capella University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3557058.

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The role of fathers in the workplace and in the home has changed dramatically over the past 30 years. The typical American family has two full-time working parents in a household, rather than one full-time worker and one full-time stay-at-home parent. Additionally, the ways in which fathers are expected to contribute to a child's caretaking and development has changed dramatically during this timeframe. The benefits in the workplace for fathers in the United States have not changed to reflect these dynamics however. While equal pay, time off work and other benefits have been increasing for mothers in the workplace, there is a noticeable absence of paternity leave available for fathers in the United States. Moreover, fathers in the United States typically take less time off following the birth of their first-child than fathers in other countries, reducing the amount of bonding time available with their newborn child. Understanding how these experiences impact first-time fathers in the United States who were forced to take unpaid time off to bond with their child formed the research question and focus of this qualitative study: What is the lived experience of first-time fathers in the United States as they attempt to manage the work-life balance without government mandated paid paternal leave? Heuristic research methodology was utilized to discover the meaning and essence of the experiences of becoming a first-time father while managing their work and home life responsibilities while taking unpaid time off work. Eight first-time fathers who were forced to take this unpaid leave during the past five years were interviewed, gathering their experiences on managing their dual roles, finances and the transition to becoming a parent. The personal experience of the researcher is also included in this process. The aim of this qualitative study is to provide additional insight into the current body of knowledge and add to the experiences of becoming a first-time father for working fathers in the United States, where paid paternal leave is not a government sponsored benefit.

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22

Anger, Silke [Verfasser]. "Overtime Work in Germany : The Investment Character of Unpaid Hours / Silke Anger." Aachen : Shaker, 2006. http://d-nb.info/1186585323/34.

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23

Seddon, Victoria. "Fathers' experiences of paid work, care, and domestic labour." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54130/.

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This thesis is theoretically guided by the ethics of care and sociological debates over structure and agency. The key areas explored are: the types of employment practices that men adopt which take account of fathering and how fathers negotiate domestic labour and childcare. Semi-structured interviews with twenty-four fathers from two public and private sector employers, explored these issues. These gathered men's accounts of their fathering practices. In addition, five key actor interviews were conducted with representatives from organisations with policy interests in this area. It was found that fathers' employment practices were organisationally patterned. For instance, managerial fathers internalised employers' demands. Fathers in public sector roles accessed flexitime, but its use was restricted by continuous service provision. Fathers without access to formal flexible working policies made informal and occasional arrangements. It emerged that fathers' involvement in care changed in response to children's development. Playing and routine caregiving were important forms of engagement for fathers of younger children. In contrast, fathers of adolescents facilitated their independence whilst providing guidance and helping with homework. In relation to fathers' involvement in domestic labour a diverse typology was presented. This ranged from fathers who left routine tasks to partners, to “sharers” and lone fathers with responsibility for domestic routines. Fathers' felt that partners' standards could obstruct their participation, but this was related to the ownership of tasks. Fathers' care could be fostered through a gendered policy awareness, with arrangements moving beyond children's early years. Domestic labour could be given weight as an area of policy intervention.

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24

Cox, Rosie. "Race, class, gender and paid domestic work in London." Thesis, Coventry University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342155.

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25

Churchill, Harrie. "Lone motherhood, welfare and paid work : identities and experiences." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404517.

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26

Kearns, Jill. "CAREER INTERRUPTIONS: WAGE AND GENDER EFFECTS." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/7.

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This dissertation examines the effects of career interruptions on workers’ wages. In chapter four I examine whether controlling for the type of interruption differently affects men’s and women’s wages and therefore can be used to explain the remaining gender wage differences. The increased participation of married women in the labor force has increased their wages from just 30% of men’s wages in 1890 to nearly 80% as of 2001. Thus, although the gender wage gap has narrowed over time, it has yet to be eliminated. One argument for the persistence of the gender wage gap is that previously researchers have used poor measures of experience to estimate men’s and women’s wages. Although previous studies have made strides in measuring experience, including controls for the timing of work experience, the gender wage gap persists. I extend the wage-gap literature by including controls for the types of interruptions men and women encounter. Because they typically experience different types of interruptions, I examine whether the varying types affect wages differently. I control for the types of interruptions and find similar effects for men’s and women’s wages. My study shows that types of job interruptions do not explain the remaining wage differentials. The fifth chapter extends from the fourth chapter by including controls for all periods of unpaid leave from work. I examine whether wage differences exist between workers who return to their current employer post-interruption versus those who change employers post-interruption. I find differences in the wage effects from different types of unpaid leave for men and women. Chapter six extends from previous chapters by including controls for all periods of paid leave from work in addition to unpaid leaves from work. I examine whether depreciation effects occur when women spend time out of work but receive compensation through paid maternity leaves. I find no evidence that time out of work because of paid maternity leaves depreciates skills.

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27

Sandker, Katherine E. "The Meaning of Work: Middle-Aged Women Reentering Paid Labor." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1082731797.

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28

Head, Emma. "Caring and paid work in the lives of lone mothers." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/e9b668b1-6e4f-407e-b8c4-642f320a07e9.

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29

Boyd, Wendy Anne. "Parent decisions regarding paid work and care of the child." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/44058/1/Wendy_Boyd_Thesis.pdf.

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Australia has witnessed a continual increase in maternal employment over the past two decades, which has placed focus on child care- its effects on the child and on early childhood education and care policy and provision. The engagement of women in the paid workforce contributes to national economic development, and is recognised in government policy incentives such as cash subsidies and tax relief for child care fees. These incentives are targeted towards mothers, to encourage them to engage in paid work. Making a contribution to the family’s economy and to a mother’s economic self sufficiency are two key drivers for women’s engagement in satisfying paid work. Many women also seek to maintain a personal investment in the development of their career, simultaneously ensuring that the child is experiencing suitable care. Policies that support women’s choices for satisfying workforce engagement and care arrangements are prudent for ensuring productivity of the economy as well as for enhancing the wellbeing of parents and children (OECD, 2007). Policies that provide family friendly employment arrangements, paid parental leave, and child care support, directly affect maternal employment decisions. Availability of family friendly employment policies is viewed as one way to not only promote gender equity in employment opportunities but also support the wellbeing of children and families (OECD, 2007). Yet there are not comprehensive and coherent policies on work and family in Australia. Australia is due to implement its first paid parental leave scheme in January, 2011. At the time of the data collection of this research, June 2007 to December 2008, Australia had no statutory provision for paid parental leave. To date, most research has focused on the consequences of paid work and care decisions made by women. Far less is known about the processes of decision-making and reasons underlying women’s choices. Investigation of what is most salient for women as they make decisions regarding engagement in paid work, and care for their child is important in order to inform policy and practices related to parental leave, family friendly employment and care for the child. This prospective longitudinal research was of 124 Australian expectant first-time mothers who completed questionnaires in their third trimester of pregnancy, and again at six and twelve months postpartum. First-time expectant mothers' decisions regarding engaging in paid work and selecting care for their child represent those of a group who are invested in motherhood and have usually had direct experience of engaging in paid work. They therefore provide an important insight into society’s idealised views about motherhood and the emotional and social uncertainty of making personal decisions where the consequences of such decisions are unknown. These decisions reflect public beliefs about the role of women in contributing to the country’s productivity and decisions about providing for the economic and emotional care needs of their family. As so little is known about the reasoning and processes of decision-making of women’s choices regarding paid work and care of the child this research was designed to capture expectant first-time mother’s preferred options for engaging in paid work and the care of their child, and investigate their actual decisions made at six and 12 months postpartum. To capture preferred options, decisions and outcomes of decisions regarding paid work and care of the child a prospective longitudinal research design was utilised. This design had three important components that addressed key limitations in the extant literature. First the research commenced in pregnancy in order to investigate preferences and beliefs about paid work and care and to examine baseline data that may influence decisions made as the women returned to paid work. Second the research involved longitudinal tracking from the antenatal time point to six and 12 months postpartum in order to identify the influences on decisions made. Third the research measured outcomes of the decisions made at each time point. This research examined the intentions, preferences, beliefs, influences, and outcomes of the decisions about engagement in paid work and choice of care. The analyses examined factors predicting return to paid work, the timing of return and extent of engagement in paid work; the care for the child; satisfaction with paid work; satisfaction with care for the child, motherhood and fulfilment; and maternal wellbeing at six and 12 months postpartum. The factors of interest were both rational/economic (availability and extent of paid and unpaid maternity leave; flexible work patterns) and emotional/affective (career satisfaction, investment in motherhood, and concern with quality of care for the child). Results indicated a group preference, and realisation for, return to paid work within the first year after the birth of a child but with reduction in hours to part-time. Most women saw paid work not only as a source of income but also as source of personal satisfaction. There were four key themes arising from this research. First, the women strived to feel emotionally secure when deciding about engaging in paid work and care of the child. To achieve emotional security women made their decisions for paid work and care of the child differently. A woman’s decision for maternal employment is a function of her personal beliefs, preferences and context regarding paid work and care of the child. She adjusts her established work identity with her new identity as a mother. The second key theme from this research is that the women made their decisions for maternal employment in response to their personal context and there were different levels of opportunities between the women’s choices. There is inequity of entitlement regarding work conditions associated with a woman’s education level. This has implications for the woman’s engagement in paid work, and her child’s health and wellbeing. The third key theme is that the quality of the child’s care mattered to the women in the research. They preferred care provided by parents and/or relatives more than any other types of care. The fourth key theme identified that satisfaction and wellbeing outcomes experienced as a result of maternal employment decisions were a complex interaction between multiple factors that change across time with the ongoing development of the mother’s identity, and the development of the child. The implications for policy within Australia are that the employment of mothers in the workforce necessitates that non-parental care becomes a public concern, where there is universal access to good quality affordable care for every child, not just for those who can afford it. This is equitable and represents real choice while supporting the rights of the child (Thorpe, Cloney & Tayler, 2010), protecting and promoting the public interest (Cleveland & Krashinsky, 2010). Children’s health and wellbeing will be supported (Moore & Oberklaid, 2010) while children are in non-parental care, and they will be exposed to environments and experiences that support their learning and development. The significant design of the research enabled the trajectories of first-time expectant women to be tracked from the antenatal point to 12 months postpartum. But there were limitations: the small sample size, the over-representation of the sample being highly educated and the nature of a longitudinal research that is set within the economic, social and political context at that time. These limitations are discussed in relation to suggestions for future research.

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Mojza, Eva J. "The Interface of Volunteer Work and Paid Work Benefits of Volunteering for Working Life /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-71594.

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Singleton, Judy Lynn. "ELDER CAREGIVING: THE IMPACT ON PAID JOB PERFORMANCE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin990709904.

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Smith, Andrew J., and J. McBride. "'Working to live, not living to work': low-paid multiple employment and work-life articulation." Sage, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17915.

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Yes
This paper critically examines how low-paid workers, who need to work in more than one legitimate job to make ends meet, attempt to reconcile work and life. The concept of work-life articulation is utilised to investigate the experiences, strategies and practicalities of combining multiple employment with domestic and care duties. Based on detailed qualitative research, the findings reveal workers with 2, 3, 4, 5 and even 7 different jobs due to low-pay, limited working hours and employment instability. The study highlights the increasing variability of working hours, together with the dual fragmentation of working time and employment. It identifies unique dimensions of work extensification, as these workers have an amalgamation of jobs dispersed across fragmented, expansive and complex temporalities and spatialities. This research makes explicit the interconnected economic and temporal challenges of low-pay, insufficient hours and precarious employment, which creates significant challenges of juggling multiple jobs with familial responsibilities.

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Fa'anunu, Sinama Tupou. "Experiences of Tongan Women Migrants at Paid Work in New Zealand." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2299.

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The employment experiences of Tongan women migrants have received little attention in the literature. This study therefore, sought to shed light on the dynamics of their social and economic experiences at paid work in New Zealand. It was guided by the theories of population geographies, feminist geography and postcolonialism. The inter-relationships of these theories provided insights into the influence of migration on these women's identities, ethnicity and gender relations and also how these influence these women's experiences at paid work in New Zealand. The data were drawn from two major sources: i) the New Zealand 2006 population census and ii) in-depth interviews held in Tonga and New Zealand, with greater focus on the interviews. This study revealed that the Tongan women's decisions for migrating to New Zealand were influenced by social rather than economic incentives. Migration has challenged these women's traditional roles and reconstructed their gender relations. Many are breadwinners yet Tongan born men in New Zealand still predominantly engage in the labour force and have higher personal income. Their experiences at paid work also differ from the New Zealand born Tongan women in New Zealand. These differences reflect the availability of their social networks and their familiarity with the socio-economic systems in New Zealand. They experienced successes and failures at paid work on their way to improving their lives in New Zealand.

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Paterson, Laura. "Women and paid work in industrial Britain, c.1945 - c.1971." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/48643036-dd66-412d-bda5-a368778f4b0a.

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This thesis is a study of working-class women and their paid employment between the temporal limits c.1945 and c.1971. Centralising women’s experiences, three distinct methodologies – statistical analysis, archival research, and oral history – discretely delivered, explore changing patterns of women’s employment. Four case studies of northern industrial towns and cities – Glasgow, Dundee, Newcastle, and Preston – are used to test the notion of regional distinctiveness and its survival into the twentieth-century. Statistical analysis of women’s labour market participation demonstrates convergence of regional differences. Women’s participation in paid work was augmented across the country, and married women became an increasing part of the labour force. In industrial towns which historically employed large numbers of married women, such as Preston and Dundee, women’s experiences converged with those of cities, such as Newcastle and Glasgow, with strong heavy industry traditions. Economic restructuring entailed women’s concentration in service and clerical occupations, compared to manufacturing, such as textiles and ‘light’ engineering. Until 1970 at least, mothers increasingly returned to employment part-time, contrasting with previous generations of female breadwinners who worked full-time. The provision of childcare sits at the site of a series of arguments about mother’s employment, maternal deprivation, and social problems. National policy lines were rarely drawn around encouraging women into work. An archival method, exploring local authority nurseries and nursery schools, and private nurseries illustrates meagre provision. Women’s continued use of childminders and informal care evidences a demand for provision which was not adequately met by the state. Oral history interviews found few women used local authority childcare, partly because of stringent admittance criteria and the stigma attached. The fundamental argument of this thesis focuses on working-class women and situates their experiences, sense of self, and personal struggles against family and societal expectations at the core of the profound changes in women’s working lives, in contrast to government policy and market economies. Oral history is the final methodology. Original oral history research testifies to work as part of the changing nature of the female self. However, it is emphasised that despite momentous transformation in women’s lives, gendered expectations were a limiting force on women’s ability to break free from a confining domesticity and unsatisfying work.

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Beaulieu, Karen. "The lived experience of return to paid work following brain injury." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2015. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/8827/.

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Saldana-Tejeda, Abril. "Women and paid domestic work in Mexico : food, sexuality and motherhood." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/women-and-paid-domestic-work-in-mexico-food-sexuality-and-motherhood(6837b80f-d13f-429f-9276-9a92076d3f7e).html.

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This thesis explores women in paid domestic work in Mexico. The thesis draws on qualitative interviewing and observation involving the participation of women domestic workers and women who employ domestic workers. The thesis argues that racial difference in Mexico has been disguised for centuries by the myth of mestizaje (the notion of racial and cultural mixture) and racial homogenisation. The study of paid domestic work in Mexico makes visible the exclusionary discourses and practices that maintain the low status of this occupation by virtue of women's gender, class and race. The institutionalised discrimination of domestic workers in Mexico is explained by their proximity to the middle class and therefore the perceived threat of bodily transgressions. Through the study of food, sexuality and motherhood this thesis demonstrates that, in the context of mestizaje, women in paid domestic work are imagined as 'not so Other'. The thesis looks into the racial history of food in Mexico and the parallels between human and culinary mestizaje. It argues that food distinctions in Mexico are still a powerful mechanism to mark class, gender and racial difference. This work demonstrates that both human and culinary mestizaje have never been neutral constructions and involved a silent but powerful hierarchy of imagined racial origins. Food and sexuality are said to be deeply linked, as both experiences manifest bodily boundaries and are perceived as necessary for social reproduction. This thesis looks at the sexualisation of paid domestic work in Mexico. It argues that women in this occupation are sexualised since their proximity to the middle class informs concerns over workers' ambiguous place within an order of social classifications. The sexualisation of workers manifests not an individual fantasy but rather a collective one where female employers, the state, the media and education are also involved. The thesis looks at women's experiences around motherhood. It argues that paid domestic work constrains workers' right both to become and to be mothers and enables female employers to follow middle class notions of 'cool' mothering. It looks at the role of the state in reproducing discourses that define working class women as unfit for childrearing and argues that this idea works to maintain the low status of this occupation while disempowering women workers, their families and communities. The thesis concludes that paid domestic work in Mexico is a living manifestation of racial difference in Mexico and of colonial forms of social organisation. Discrimination against women workers is often perpetrated in virtue of an imagined racial difference constituted in and through gender and class hierarchies. The racialisation of paid domestic workers in Mexico has persisted through notions of mestizaje and 'true' Mexicanness that have for centuries conditioned a national sense of belonging through the denial of race and racism.

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Hatchman, Bartie Gartrell Pipes Randolph Berlin. "Women's gender role attitudes, career salience, and paid work family conflict." Auburn, Ala., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/2027.

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CAVALLI, LAURA. "Perchè non facciamo un altro figlio? Implicazioni economiche delle intenzioni riproduttive individuali e di coppia in Italia tramite un approccio Mixed-Method." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/885.

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La presente tesi è un contributo allo studio delle implicazioni economiche delle intenzioni di fecondità e all’analisi degli aspetti economici legati ai processi decisionali riproduttivi. Precisamente la tesi, composta da tre capitoli indipendenti e basata su dati Italiani, si focalizza su donne, su individui che vivono in coppia e sulle coppie. In particolare lo studio mira a comprendere: i) l'interazione esistente tra il mercato del lavoro (con un focus particolare sul ruolo del settore occupazionale femminile) e le preferenze per la formazione della famiglia; ii) le influenze della ripartizione dei ruoli domestici all’interno della coppia sulle intenzioni riproduttive; iii) le determinanti (all’interno delle coppie) dell’accordo/disaccordo circa l'intenzione di diventare genitori una seconda volta, e -per coppie che registrano un disaccordo- iv) le determinanti che spingono una donna a contrastare l’intenzione positive del suo partner per un secondo figlio. La tesi utilizza il mixed-method design, una strategia basata sull’analisi quantitativa dei dati nonché sull’analisi approfondita di interviste: questo approccio consente di studiare l'argomento da diverse prospettive e -grazie ai due metodi di ricerca -quantitativo e qualitativo- di approfondire le conoscenze del fenomeno di interesse.
The thesis is a contribution to the study of the economic implications of fertility intentions and desires and of the economic aspects of the fertility decision making process. Precisely, it is based on three autonomous chapters and it aims at understanding: a) for women and for individuals within the couples the interplay between fertility and labour market preferences (with a particular focus on the role of women's sector of employment), and the influences that the (un)balanced division of domestic duties play on the intentions of becoming parents for another time in Italy; b) for couples living together the determinants of their (dis)agreement about the intention of becoming parents again; and c) for couples that disagree on future fertility plans, the determinants of female’s contrasting attitude towards her partners’ positive fertility intention. The dissertation uses a mixed-method design- a strategy based on survey data analysis as well as in-depth interviews analysis: this approach allows investigating the topic from different perspectives, by means of both quantitative and qualitative research methods in order to provide new insights into the phenomenon of interest.

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Esquivel, Valeria Renato. "Time use in the city of Buenos Aires. Measuring, analysing and valuing unpaid care work." Thesis, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536792.

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Jun, Yong In. "Designing and implementing the paid staff development program through mentoring." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p049-0452.

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Bates, Judy. "Living precariously, paid work in the home in a peripheral Canadian milltown." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22901.pdf.

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Eldridge, Laura Lee. "Going back home, from full-time paid work to full-time motherhood." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2002. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ65619.pdf.

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Richards, A. Lesley. "Part-time paid work and academic achievement : a sixth form case study." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271994.

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Symons, Christine Elizabeth. "How mature age workers experience transitions back into paid work post-retirement." Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/86485.

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The aim of this study was to understand how post-retirement transitions back into paid work were experienced by mature age workers. Narrative research methodology was used to explore how 18 mature age workers, in the Australian context, experienced their transitions. The main findings of this study were that all participant narratives revealed three metaphorical quilting points: Having Purpose, Having Agency, and Being Visible.

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Crumrine, Monica. "Best for baby, women's reflections on breastfeeding and the return to paid work." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ65029.pdf.

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46

Kilkey, Majella. "Lone mothers between paid work and care : the policy regime in twenty countries." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313963.

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Weghmann, Vera. "Employability and the rise of the no-wage economy : resistance to unpaid work in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50869/.

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Employability has become a new buzzword of the 21st century. It advocates that to keep oneself attractive - through lifelong learning and the continuous acquisition of skills - protects oneself from the vulnerabilities of the labour market. The purpose of this PhD project is twofold: First, I investigate in what ways the employability agenda recreates neoliberal hegemony. Second, I analyse through what type of collective agency people contest the concept of employability. It is a comparative project of two main employability sectors, namely welfare to work programmes and higher education. In particular, I elaborate on the link between employability and the rise of unpaid labour in form of work-experiences. In line with neo-Gramscian theory and my critique of it this PhD research looks at the material structures, institutions and ideology which have shaped the political economy of employability through processes of class contestation. Participatory Action Research methodology is used to provide insights into the formations, dynamics, and outcomes of the main social forces resisting employability outside of established trade unions. This PhD, thereby, feeds into broader discussions on the decline and future of trade unionism and new ways of organising around work, which go beyond the workplace and might demand new workers institutions as well as a greater engagement with other actors in the community.

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Isaac, May Florence. "Motherhood as a protean career for educated mothers in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/212505/1/May_Isaac_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis challenges our ideas of what motherhood and ‘career’ means. Investigating contemporary motherhood practice, it reveals how for many educated Australian mothers, regardless of paid work engagement, motherhood is a skilled and meaningful ‘job’ and a ‘career’ in itself. The study contributes the notion of motherhood as a protean career to career theory by demonstrating how educated mothers experience motherhood over six stages – Starting Strong, Shifting Ground, Digging Deep, Aiming High, Learning Lots and Taking Stock. Motherhood as a protean career can fundamentally reshape how organisations, society and mothers themselves perceive and value the work and experience of motherhood.

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Bockarie, Abioseh Maddie. "Work-care satisfaction and capabilities: Examining single mother's satisfaction with juggling paid work and childcare in Gugulethu, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6358.

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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA (DVS)
Capabilities as espoused by Sen are the realizable opportunities that are open to an individual that enable her to be or do that which she finds reasonably valuable. This study assessed the work-care arrangement capabilities that single mothers in Gugulethu have at their disposal to undertake a juggling arrangement schedule that they find satisfying (fulfilling). In this study, single mothers were asked to affiliate themselves to one of three work-care arrangement groups namely, work-centered, child-centered and flexible. Then, the study empirically examined if there is a significant difference in respondents' work-care satisfaction within these three groups. It accomplished this by using the Kruskal-Wallis Test. The study then went on to identify the work-care arrangement capabilities of 7 single mothers who were undertaking juggling arrangement schedules that were not of their preference or choice. They were interviewed in this study to ascertain whether they had viable opportunities/ capabilities to undertake their preferred juggling arrangement schedule, which they believed would bring them much personal fulfilment/satisfaction.

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Azong, Jecynta A. "Economic policy, childcare and the unpaid economy : exploring gender equality in Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22827.

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The research undertaken represents an in-depth study of gender and economics from a multi-disciplinary perspective. By drawing on economic, social policy and political science literature it makes an original contribution to the disciplines of economics and feminist economics by advancing ideas on a feminist theory of policy change and institutional design. Equally, the study develops a framework for a multi-method approach to feminist research with applied policy focus by establishing a pragmatic feminist research paradigm. By espousing multiple research philosophies, it extends understanding of gender differences in policy outcomes by connecting theories from feminist economics, feminist historical institutionalism and ideational processes. Jointly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council UK and the Scottish Government, this project attempts to answer three key questions: What is the relative position of men and women in the Scottish economy and how do childcare responsibilities influence these? Which institutions, structures and processes have been instrumental in embedding gender in Scottish economic policy? To what extent and how is the Scottish Government’s approach to economic policy gendered? Quantitative analysis reveals persistently disproportionate differences in men and women’s position in the labour market. Women remain over-represented in part-time employment and in the public sector in the 10years under investigation. Using panel data, the multinomial logistic regression estimation of patterns in labour market transitions equally reveal disproportionate gendered patterns, with families with dependent children 0-4years at a disadvantage to those without. Qualitative analysis indicates that these differences are partly explained by the fact that the unpaid economy still remains invisible to policymakers despite changes in the institutional design, policy processes and the approach to equality policymaking undertaken in Scotland. Unpaid childcare work is not represented as policy relevant and the way gender, equality and gender equality are conceptualised within institutional sites and on political agendas pose various challenges for policy development on unpaid childcare work and gender equality in general. Additionally, policymakers in Scotland do not integrate both the paid and unpaid economies in economic policy formulation since social policy and economic policy are designed separately. The study also establishes that the range of institutions and actors that make-up the institutional setting for regulating and promoting equality, influence how equality issues are treated within a national context. In Scotland, equality regulating institutions such as parliament, the Scottish Government, equality commission and the law are instrumental variables in determining the range of equality issues that are embedded in an equality infrastructure and the extent to which equality issues, including gender, are consequently embedded in public policy and government budgets. Significantly despite meeting all the attributes of an equality issue, unpaid care is not classified as a protected characteristic in the Equality legislation. These institutions can ameliorate, sustain or perpetuate the delivery of unequitable policy outcomes for men and women in the mutually dependent paid and unpaid economy. Thus, economic, social and political institutions are not independent from one another but are interrelated in complex ways that subsequently have material consequences on men and women in society. In summary, there are interlinkages between the law, labour market, the unpaid economy, the welfare state and gendered political institutions such that policy or institutional change in one will be dependent on or trigger change in another. These institutions are gendered, but are also interlinked and underpin the gender structure of other institutions to the extent that the gendered norms and ideas embedded in one institution, for example legislation or political institutions, structure the gendered dimensions of the labour market, welfare state, and the unpaid economy. By shedding light on institutional and political forces that regulate equality in addition to macroeconomic forces, the analysis reveals the important role of institutions, policy actors and their ideas as instrumental forces which constantly define, redefine and reconstruct the labour market experiences of men and women with significant material consequences.

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