Relevant bibliographies by topics / Paid and unpaid work

Academic literature on the topic 'Paid and unpaid work'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Paid and unpaid work"

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NELSON, MARGARET K. "BETWEEN PAID AND UNPAID WORK." Gender & Society 13, no. 4 (August 1999): 518–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124399013004006.

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Morse, Janice M. "The Paid/Unpaid Work of Participants." Qualitative Health Research 15, no. 6 (July 2005): 727–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732305277430.

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Reisine, Susan T., and Judith Fifield. "Defining Disability for Women and the Problem of Unpaid Work." Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 4 (December 1988): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00973.x.

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National policy and much of scholarly research on disability overlook the importance of unpaid family work and instead focus on disability in paid work, largely in male samples. Because of societal expectations about appropriate social roles for men and women, women tend to assume responsibility for unpaid work in the family and also tend to have paid work that is characterized by low pay and limited autonomy. This article discusses the political, theoretical, and methodological issues relating to defining and measuring paid and unpaid work disability for women and men within the context of these structural factors. The results of a study analyzing disability in both paid work and unpaid family work among a sample of 206 women with rheumatoid arthritis are presented. The study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring disability in family work and shows that women experience significant limitations in homemaker functioning as well as in paid work roles.
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Bowes, Jennifer. "Parents’ Work and Family Roles: Their Contribution to Children's Learning about Work." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 23, no. 3 (September 1998): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693919802300309.

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Parents’ work and family roles influence their children in many ways. An often overlooked impact is on children's developing ideas about work. This paper reviews research on young children's developing ideas about work, particularly of unpaid duties in the home. It argues that children learn about work and cultural values, ownership of work, work relationships and the links between work and money from their observations and experiences of household chores. The contribution of parents’ paid and unpaid work roles to children's learning about work and the processes by which children learn about paid and unpaid work are discussed, as are the implications for early childhood professionals in their direct and indirect teaching of young children about the world of work.
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Santana, Vilma S., Dana P. Loomis, and Beth Newman. "Housework, paid work and psychiatric symptoms." Revista de Saúde Pública 35, no. 1 (February 2001): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102001000100003.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hypothesis that work burden, the simultaneous engagement in paid work and unpaid family housework, is a potential risk factor for psychiatric symptoms among women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 460 women randomly selected from a poor area of the city of Salvador, Brazil. Women between 18 to 70 years old, who reported having a paid occupation or were involved in unpaid domestic activities for their families, were eligible. Work burden-related variables were defined as: a) double work shift, i.e., simultaneous engagement in a paid job plus unpaid housework; and b) daily working time. Psychiatric symptoms were collected through a validated questionnaire, the QMPA. RESULTS: Positive, statistically significant associations between high (>7 symptoms) QMPA scores and either double work shift (prevalence ratio -- PR=2.04, 95% confidence interval -- CI: 1.16, 2.29) or more than 10 hours of daily work time (PR=2.29, 95% CI: 1.96, 3.43) were found after adjustment for age, marital status and number of pre-school children. CONCLUSIONS: Major correlates of high QMPA scores are work burden variables. Being married or having pre-school children are also associated with high QMPA scores only when associated with work burden.
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Kabylova, M. T. "Degenderisation of paid and unpaid work in Kazakhstan?" Bulletin of Kazakh National Women's Teacher Training University, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52512/2306-5079-2022-92-4-17-26.

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The current article applies theoretical framework of degenderisation and aims to explore to what degree women are degenderised by state policies in the labour market and unpaid work in Kazakhstan. The study applied the qualitative research method of semi-structured focus group discussion among 30 women from Almaty and Turkestan. The findings in the current research demonstrate that women’s paid work in the labour market and unpaid work at home do not prove the degenderisation, but rather confirm genderisation process. Women bear costs of emotional, social and time resources as a result of motherhood, which results in them fulfilling less of their potential in professional sphere. There is also a strong influence of cultural factor that causes women to prevent the degenderisation and reinforces genderisation in unpaid work due to their beliefs in traditional gender roles and division of labour in family. The research contributes to theoretical significance by applying theory developed by Western authors, degenderisation, to the case of Kazakhstan.
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Kobayashi, Erika, Yoko Sugihara, Taro Fukaya, and Jersey Liang. "Volunteering among Japanese older adults: how are hours of paid work and unpaid work for family associated with volunteer participation?" Ageing and Society 39, no. 11 (July 17, 2018): 2420–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18000545.

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AbstractAs the population ages, older adults are increasingly expected to play multiple productive roles. This study examined how hours of paid or unpaid work were associated with volunteering among older Japanese. Data came from the 2012 National Survey of the Japanese Elderly, a nationwide survey of Japanese aged 60 and older (N = 1,324). We performed multinominal logistic regression analyses to predict volunteering (regular or occasional versus non-volunteer) based on hours of paid work and unpaid work for family consisting of sick/disabled care, grandchild care and household chores. Those who worked moderate hours were most likely to be a regular volunteer while working 150 hours or more per month had a lower probability of volunteering, regardless of whether the work was paid or unpaid. Thus, full-time level work competed with volunteering for both paid and unpaid work for family, but it was more so for paid work. By types of activities, doing household chores and substantial grandchild care were positively associated with volunteering, and the latter complementary relationship was explained by a larger community network among grandparents. Our findings indicate that delaying retirement from full-time paid work may reduce the supply of regular volunteers in the community. Thus, policies to increase part-time work for older adults as well as the types of volunteer work in which paid workers can participate are necessary.
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Lloyd-Evans, B., S. Marwaha, T. Burns, J. Secker, E. Latimer, R. Blizard, H. Killaspy, J. Totman, S. Tanskanen, and S. Johnson. "The nature and correlates of paid and unpaid work among service users of London Community Mental Health Teams." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 22, no. 2 (October 18, 2012): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796012000534.

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Aims.Little is known about how the rates and characteristics of mental health service users in unpaid work, training and study compare with those in paid employment.Methods.From staff report and patient records, 1353 mental health service users of seven Community Mental Health Teams in two London boroughs were categorized as in paid work, unpaid vocational activity or no vocational activity. Types of work were described using Standard Occupational Classifications. The characteristics of each group were reported and associations with vocational status were explored.Results.Of the sample, 5.5% were in paid work and 12.7% were in unpaid vocational activity, (including 5.3% in voluntary work and 8.1% in study or training). People in paid work were engaged in a broader range of occupations than those in voluntary work and most in paid work (58.5%) worked part-time. Younger age and high educational attainment characterized both groups. Having sustained previous employment was most strongly associated with being in paid work.Conclusions.Rates of vocational activity were very low. Results did not suggest a clear clinical distinction between those in paid and unpaid activity. The motivations for and functions of unpaid work need further research.
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Hantrais, Linda, and Marie-Thérèse Letablier. "The Gender of Paid and Unpaid Work Time." Time & Society 6, no. 2-3 (July 1997): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463x97006002002.

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lázaro, Nieves, María Luisa Moltó, and Rosario Sanchez. "Paid employment and unpaid caring work in Spain." Applied Economics 36, no. 9 (May 20, 2004): 977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0003684042000233203.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Paid and unpaid work"

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Backman, Catherine L. "Participation in paid and unpaid work by adults with rheumatoid arthritis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61056.pdf.

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Dhungel, Basundhara. "A Study of Nepalese Families' Paid and Unpaid Work after Migration to Australia." University of Sydney. Social Work Social Policy and Sociology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/375.

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The patterns of paid and unpaid work adopted by migrants families with dependent children are more or less similar to that of prevailing working pattern of men and women of Australian born couples. A case study with 28 couple families, 14 husbands and 14 wives who migrated from Nepal under "skill" or "professional" category and the literature review on paid and unpaid work of couple families with dependent children show that in both families the trend of change of working pattern in paid and unpaid work is similar. With the increased participation of married women in the paid labour force, men increased participation in household work. There is increased household work for both husbands and wives, but women tend to do more household "inside" and childcare work than men. In the mean time, men tend to do more work in the "masculine" sphere of "outside" work in house maintenance, repair and car care. The only factor that differentiates working pattern of migrant families with Australian born families is the experience of migration and the category that they migrated. The change of working practice of paid and unpaid work of migrant families are affected by the change of family type from extended family to two generational family and their education and previous work experience that they brought along with them. Professional migrants who migrated family as a "unit" migrated spouse and dependent children together and they made their own decision to migrate, unlike other categories of migrants who migrated from political or economic pressure. One of the important experiences of migrant families is that there are new opportunity, new lifestyle, new intimacy and companionship and new sharing of work between husbands and wives after migration. At the same time, there are losses of extended family relatives, close friends and cultural event which affects their day to day lives. There are Australian based friends who provided support in the initial period of migration but these families do not provide regular assistance or support which family relatives provided in Nepal.
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Greasley-Adams, Corinne S. G. "Work Activities of older people : beyond paid employment." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/6504.

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In recent years much has been made of active and productive ageing policies, with the attempt to promote a more positive image of ageing. Despite this, negative representations of ageing and conceptualisations of older people as a ‘burden’ persist. This thesis presents an argument that these negative images are intertwined with common understandings of work, the frequent equating of this to paid employment within the field of social gerontology, and the reliance upon cessation of work in determining the beginning of old age. With reference to the wider literature in the sociology of work, an argument is presented that determines why it is essential to challenge those taken-for-granted assumptions about older people and work. Reflecting upon the findings from an exploratory and qualitative research project, which focuses upon the perspective of the older people themselves, attention is given to the detail of what should be encapsulated into new understandings of work. Within the thesis it is argued that there are many activities undertaken by the older person, which should be thought of as work, including (but not limited to) paid employment, volunteering, care, attendance at social clubs, undertaking sport and physical activity. Some of these activities might more intuitively be thought of as acts of leisure. However, it is evidenced within this thesis that there are fuzzy and blurred boundaries between leisure and work - older people leisure at work and work at leisure. The recognition of these blurring boundaries is one aspect that must be incorporated into re-conceptualisations of work. The thesis demonstrates how the work of older people transcends different socio-economic spheres and there are multiple interrelations existing between different activities. Whilst this last point resonates with the approach of some authors in the sociology of work, they have never been incorporated within the field of social gerontology. Through this analysis, and promoting a new way through which the activities of older people might be incorporated within the rubric of work, it is hoped that ageism might be challenged in a similar vein to the way in which feminist researchers once challenged sexism in relation to work and housework. This thesis reflects upon how we need to identify and conceptualise the third age in light of the findings. It highlights how the working lives of older people are shaped through a process of negotiation between social expectations within current political and economic contexts, influences from key historical events and social changes, and the desire for freedom, autonomy and choice. Age period cohort is crucial in determining the world of work, and more generally how ageing might be experienced. Through its unique approach, and the lessons learnt within this thesis, a theoretical framework is provided to assist in future comprehensive studies of both work and ageing. Overall, this thesis makes significant contributions to understandings of work and ageing following the consideration of two schools of thought (i.e. sociology of work and social gerontology), which previously have been infrequent companions.
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Sung, Sirin. "Gender equality in Confucian welfare regime? : women reconciling paid and unpaid work in Korea." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247135.

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Boye, Katarina. "Happy hour? : studies on well-being and time spent on paid and unpaid work /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8239.

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Willson, Andrea. "When nursing the elderly doesn't end at work : caregivers' narratives in the paid and unpaid spheres /." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222008-063359/.

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Bingley, Lindsey, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "From overalls to aprons? The paid and unpaid labour of southern Alberta women, 1939-1959." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/339.

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Canada's declaration of war in 1939 resulted in the creation of a "total war" economy that necessitated the absorption of all available men, and led to the wide scale recruitment of women into the military and labour force. The end of the war resulted in government and media encouragement to return to the home, but despite this emphasis on home and family, many women developed a two-phase work history. In this thesis, I use the oral history of sixteen Southern Alberta women to analyze the effect of World War II on Southern Alberta women's work and family choices, focusing specifically on the years between 1939 and 1959. I argue that, although the war did not significantly change the status of women in the paid workforce, it did affect the geographic mobility of women and the perception of their own work, both paid and unpaid.
vi, 181 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Lockyer, Bridget. "Women's paid and unpaid work in the UK voluntary sector since 1978 : a qualitative study of small and medium size organisations in Bradford." Thesis, University of York, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7415/.

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Since the publication of the Wolfenden Report The Future of Voluntary Organisations in 1978, the UK voluntary sector has grown exponentially and become an important actor in the delivery of welfare services. In this thesis, I examine women’s reported experiences of paid and unpaid work within this sector. I investigate why women continue to outnumber men in the sector’s workforce, and identify the ways in which voluntary-sector work is gendered. To do this, I draw on twenty-eight semi-structured ‘work history’ interviews with women who were volunteers, paid staff or both within voluntary organisations in Bradford, West Yorkshire. The analysis is split into three chapters. The first explores women’s initial engagements with the voluntary sector and pinpoints the times in women’s lives when they are more likely to enter into either paid or unpaid work in the sector. The second focuses on working conditions in the sector, and examines what factors make voluntary-sector work both desirable and possible for women. The third discusses how the voluntary sector has developed since 1978 and how these changes have impacted on its predominantly female workforce, with a particular focus on changes since the 2008 financial crash. Unlike previous research, this thesis focuses on women’s work in the voluntary sector specifically. My findings demonstrate that voluntary-sector work is particularly accessible to women and more aligned to their work prioritisations, career trajectories and lifestyles. I also discuss what the persistence of gender segregation in the sector means for the women who work within it.
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Sherpa, Neema. "Analysing gender equality in EU’s work-life balance policy: -What is the problem represented to be?" Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-75120.

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This thesis focuses on work-life balance policy; one of the key field of EU gender equality policies. The purpose of this study was to analyze most recently proposed policy on work-life balance ‘An initiative to support work-life balance for working parents and carers’ that aims to upgrade existing policy and legal frameworks. The main objective of the study is to identify problem representation(s) of gender equality in the stated policy. The study objectives comprises of problematizing identified problem representation(s) by drawing attention to silences and underplayed issues including its far-reaching implications on various groups. Analysis presented in this thesis is guided by theoretical framework of poststuructural feminism chiefly through discourse analysis methodology. In that endeavor, Carol Bacchi’s ‘What’s the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) approach has been applied for discourse analysis of the policy by employing 3 out 6 postulated questions. The study identifies several problem representations of gender equality in the stated EU reconciliation policy. Among others, childcare responsibility is identified as the most dominant problem representation. Likewise, the study points out silenced issues in the policy. This includes structural challenges affecting accessibility and advancement of women in labour market, the type of work, division of unpaid work besides caring responsibilities, inequalities engendered by intersectional factors, well-being of individuals, family, children, elderly care and commitment from employing organizations. The study finally notes ensuing lived effects on women due to added responsibilities. The study analysis concludes some still present pitfalls in the modernized work-life balance policy.
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Giles, Paul N. "The gender myth: Discourses of sexuality, sport and work among boys and girls in a primary school." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36574/1/36574_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigates the social construction of sex/gender in 116 upper primary school students. Particular attention is paid to the Gender Myth - a belief that the manifestation of sex/gender is polarized, that the male half of such a dualism is superior to the female half, that such differentiated sex/gender is grounded in essential biological difference between males and females; and the way that it impacts on these school children, in reference to their internalization of discourses and practices associated with sport, work and domesticity, and sexuality.
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Books on the topic "Paid and unpaid work"

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Nova Scotia Advisory Council on the Status of Women, ed. Paid and unpaid work: Women in Nova Scotia. 2nd ed. Halifax: Nova Scotia Advisory Council on the Status of Women, 2009.

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Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women. Women, paid/unpaid work, and stress: New directions for research. Ottawa: Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women, 1989.

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Lowe, Graham S. Women, paid / unpaid work and stress: New directions for research. Ottawa: Canadian Adivsory Council on the Status of Women, 1989.

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Ferber, Marianne A. Women and work, paid and unpaid: A selected, annotated bibliography. New York: Garland, 1987.

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Patel, Vibhuti, and Nandita Mondal, eds. Gendered Inequalities in Paid and Unpaid Work of Women in India. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9974-0.

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Else, Anne. False economy: New Zealanders face the conflict between paid and unpaid work. North Shore City, N.Z: Tandem Press, 1996.

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Division, United Nations Statistical, and United Nations. Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs, eds. Guide to producing statistics on time use: Measuring paid and unpaid work. New York: United Nations, 2005.

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W, Livingstone D. Lifelong learning in paid and unpaid work: Survey and case study findings. New York: Routledge, 2010.

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Women's paid and unpaid labor: The work transfer in health care and retailing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.

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Butler, Linda. Unpaid work in the home and its relationship to paid occupations and national vocational qualifications. [S.l.]: Employment Department, Learning Methods Branch, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Paid and unpaid work"

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Wheatley, Daniel, Christopher Lawton, and Irene Hardill. "Gender Differences in Paid and Unpaid Work." In Hidden Inequalities in the Workplace, 181–214. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59686-0_8.

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Medeiros, Marcelo, Rafael G. Osório, and Joana Costa. "Gender Inequalities in Allocating Time to Paid and Unpaid Work: Evidence from Bolivia." In Unpaid Work and the Economy, 58–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230250550_3.

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Gatlin, Rochelle. "Paid and Unpaid Work: the 1970s and 1980s." In American Women Since 1945, 195–237. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18896-3_11.

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Hayes, L. J. B. "Work-time technology and unpaid labour in paid care work." In Law and Time, 179–95. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. | Series: Social justice: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315167695-10.

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Payne, Sarah. "Paid and Unpaid Work in Mental Health: Towards a New Perspective." In Health and Work, 35–53. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27625-7_3.

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Borzaga, Carlo. "A Comprehensive Interpretation of Voluntary and Under-Remunerated Work." In Paid and Unpaid Labour in the Social Economy, 11–32. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2137-6_2.

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Chopra, Deepta. "Paid Work and Unpaid Care Work in India, Nepal, Tanzania, and Rwanda." In Women’s Economic Empowerment, 186–206. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge ; Ottawa : International Development Research Centre, 2021. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003141938-12.

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Duggan, Lynn. "Social Policy Is Environmental Policy: Paid Work, Unpaid Care Work, Gender, and Ecology." In Environmental Policy is Social Policy – Social Policy is Environmental Policy, 167–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6723-6_12.

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Chakraborty, Ananya. "Where Do Migrant Women Work? Glimpses of Paid and Unpaid Work Among Women Migrant Workers in Informal Sector in India." In Gendered Inequalities in Paid and Unpaid Work of Women in India, 45–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9974-0_4.

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Kawaguchi, Akira, and Takato Kasai. "Effects of Paid and Unpaid Overtime Work on Stress, Earnings, and Happiness." In Advances in Happiness Research, 183–203. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55753-1_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Paid and unpaid work"

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Washington, Samuel L., Peter E. Lonergan, Janet E. Cowan, Shoujun Zhao, Scott Greenberg, Jeanette M. Broering, Nynikka R. Palmer, Matthew R. Cooperberg, and Peter R. Carroll. "Abstract 686: Longitudinal analysis of the indirect burden of prostate cancer management on paid and unpaid work: Data from CaPSURE database." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-686.

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Demiral, Ezgi. "Comparative Analysis of Female Poverty in Turkey with OECD Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02558.

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The significant a reason of female poverty is that in general, women aren't considered to be in the labour market. Women that are in the labour market either in lower status from men or perform informal jobs or get paid less money even when they're employed in the same jobs. Female employment rate or women's education level are indicator of female poverty. The aim of this paper is to analyse female poverty in Turkey and selected OECD countries. This study obtained the female employment rate and women's education level data from the Economic Co-operation and Development database for the years between 2008-2019. Graphic by these data were analyzed comparative data analysis. In addition, specifically for the analysis of structure of women's employment in Turkey was to get data related to part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers from Turkish Statistical Institute. The results show that both women in labour market and women's education levels are extremely low level in Turkey compared to selected OECD countries. Part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers have place in women's employment. When women's employment increases it's expected to see that women poverty decreases. But women in Turkey mostly works in informal jobs or flexible working hours. This situation isn't enough effective enough to struggle fight female poverty and this resulted working women poverty. Firstly, policies should be developed to improve women will have increased participation in the qualified workforce and to length of stay in education by governments.
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S, Sahu, and Lenka C. "Occupational Health Hazards of Women in Agriculture - A Study on Bargarh District of Odisha." In 2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Safety. iConferences (Pvt) Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/agrofood.2021.1004.

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The woman is the backbone of the agricultural workforce but worldwide, her hard work has mostly been unpaid. The objective of the study was to find the common occupational health hazards in women agricultural workers and their effects and to find out the protective measures used by agricultural workers for the prevention of occupational health hazards. The present study was based on 110 samples of three villages of Bhatli Block in Bargarh District in the period of 2018-2019. The results revealed that physical hazards such as body pain (86.36%) and fatigues (83.63%) were most common in all agricultural activities. The majority of respondents (77.24%) had mechanical hazards, i.e. injury occur due to farm tools and machinery. Chemical hazards like skin problems affected 39.09% of workers, and environmental hazards such as air-borne allergies (32.72%), poisonous organism bites (21.81%) were found common among the respondents, and no association was found between their socio-economic levels in the relevance of occupational health hazard. The agricultural workers were usually careless towards the prevention of occupational hazards.
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Zilvinskis, John. "Unpaid Versus Paid Internships: Group Membership Makes the Difference." In 2019 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1439717.

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Urbane, Marta. "The Future of the Employee’s Right to Disconnect in the European Union and Latvia." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002285.

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The right to disconnect refers to a worker's right to be able to disconnect from work and refrain from engaging in work-related electronic communication, like emails and other messages, during non-work hours and holidays. The Latvian Labor Law does not directly determine the right to disconnect from digital devices, however, such rights arise from certain legal norms. Examples of the provisions of the Labor Law relate to the general rules on rest periods and breaks in work. The recent research results of remote work during Covid-19 pandemic conducted by the author show that for 69.3% of respondents working remotely possibility to disconnect from digital devices outside working hours (when the assigned work tasks have been completed) is extremely crucial. If the rights to disconnect are not explicitly regulated, the risk of disbalance between work and private life is at stake. The increase in workload during the emergency caused by COVID-19 was indicated by 42.7% of respondents in Latvia. That shows that another problem of lack of regulation of rights to disconnect could be unpaid overtime. The research shows that 14.7% of respondents were not paid for overtime work when working from home. The practice shows a critical need for sustainable and predictable changes in the legal system to protect employees’ rights and thus ensure stable employment in general in Latvia. It was also recently decided by Employment Committee MEPs that EU countries must ensure that workers are able to exercise the right to disconnect effectively. Some of the member states in the European Union have recently implemented the right into their legal system (Portugal, Spain, France), but each member state takes a different approach. That means that discussion is no longer if there is a need to implement the “right to disconnect” in national legal acts, but how to implement the right efficiently not only at a national level but at the EU level as well.The goal of the research is to provide an in-depth analysis of the legal status of the “right to disconnect” in the legal system of the European Union and Latvia. In order to reach the goal, the author is using various scientific research methods. The paper is based on a quantitative research method and analytical, comparative, case law analysis method to provide valid conclusions on the current role of the “right to disconnect” in Latvia and the European Union. The author also offers recommendations on how to implement the “right to disconnect” efficiently to avoid violation of employees’ rights and ensure a sustainable work environment.In the result, the author has concluded that the biggest impediment of the employee's right to disconnect is the lack of clear legislative preconditions that would encourage businesses to preserve employees' freedom to disconnect, resulting in a more sustainable working environment - both in the office and remotely.Finally, the author concludes that there is a need to adjust regulation in Latvia to meet the needs of widespread use of remote work. The author also concludes that a significant role to protect employees’ right to disconnect is for governmental authorities to explain the right to disconnect to employees and employers.
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Uramova, Maria. "REGIONAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE UNPAID WORK IN SLOVAKIA." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b23/s7.061.

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Cortellini, Olivia. "A Comparison of Paid Interns, Unpaid Interns, and Non-Interns in Postgraduation Outcomes." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1585361.

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Kika, Marian. "UNPAID WORK IN HOUSEHOLDS - SELECTED IMPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS MANAGEMENT." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b24/s7.110.

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Vallušová, Anna, and Žaneta Lacová. "Adding unpaid work value to income inequality measures in Slovakia." In Proceedings of the 22nd International Scientific Conference on Applications of Mathematics and Statistics in Economics (AMSE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/amse-19.2019.15.

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Marie Merci, Mwali, and Roberte Isimbi. "Implications of Gendered Unpaid Domestic Work on Adolescent Girls’ Lives." In 6th International Conference on Research in Behavioral and Social Sciences. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/6th.icrbs.2019.07.424.

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Reports on the topic "Paid and unpaid work"

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Chopra, Deepta, Kas Sempere, and Meenakshi Krishnan. Assessing Unpaid Care Work: A Participatory Toolkit. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.016.

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This is a participatory toolkit for understanding unpaid care work and its distribution within local communities and families. Together, these tools provide a way of ascertaining and capturing research participants’ understanding of women’s unpaid care work – giving special attention to the lived experiences of carrying out unpaid care work and receiving care. Please note that these tools were developed and used in a pre-Covid-19 era and that they are designed to be implemented through face-to-face interactions rather than online means. We developed the first iteration of these tools in our ‘Balancing Care Work and Paid Work’ project as part of the Growth of Economic Opportunities for Women (GrOW) programme. The mixed-methods project sought to collect data across four countries – India, Nepal, Tanzania, and Rwanda – with data collected in four sites in each country (16 sites in total). The participatory tools were developed with two main intentions: (1) as a data collection tool to gain a broader understanding of the social norms and perspectives of the wider community in each of the 16 sites; and (2) to be implemented with our local partners as a sensitisation tool for the community regarding women’s unpaid care work burdens. While it is not essential to apply these tools in the order that they are presented, or even all of them, we would suggest that this toolkit be used in its entirety, to gather in-depth knowledge of social norms around the distribution of unpaid care, and the impacts that these have on care providers’ lives and livelihoods.
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Bhan, Gautam, Divya Ravindranath, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Rashee Mehra, Divij Sinha, Amruth Kiran, and Teja Malladi. Reproducing a Household: Recognising and Assessing Paid and Unpaid Domestic Work in Urban India. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/rhrapudwui11.2022.

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The key question of this study is to ask: what does it take to reproduce a household in urban India? Using a series of time-use surveys, we measure the time taken for 33 different tasks within activity clusters such as domestic services (cleaning, food preparation, procurement, upkeep) and caregiving services (child care and elderly care). Within this, we assess both unpaid work done by members of the household and paid work done by an externally engaged domestic worker. We do so across 9,636 households in two large metropolitan Indian cities– Bengaluru and Chennai – with variations across socio-economic status, caste, religion, neighbourhood type and across households with and without women working for wages.
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Chauhan, Dharmistha, and Swapna Bist Joshi. The Care-Responsiveness Barometer: A framework to plan, measure and improve the care-responsiveness of policies, investments and institutions. Oxfam, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8076.

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Care work, paid, unpaid or underpaid, is a critical social and economic good. There is a need to place it at the core of all policy decisions and investments in development work, as well as across institutions. The Care-Responsiveness Barometer has been developed as a guiding tool for all institutions to plan, measure and improve the care-responsiveness of their work.
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Boodhna, Anoushka, Anais Mangin, and Tamara Beradze. How Can We Bring About Meaningful Change for Women by Investing Differently in Small Enterprises? Oxfam, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.9059.

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Oxfam-supported enterprises have generated high impact and demonstrated strong business performance. Now, the shift to make women’s economic empowerment a more central focus and the opportunity to generate more meaningful impact has put us on track to transition towards a new enterprise investment model. In the future, more attention will be paid to the structural injustices that women face, to change enterprise practices and generate evidence to influence institutional change so that women can exercise their agency and claim their rights. Increasing the number of women in paid jobs can only be meaningful when unpaid care and domestic work and gender-based violence are recognized and action is taken to address them.
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Hall, Sarah, Mark Vincent Aranas, and Amber Parkes. Making Care Count: An Overview of the Women’s Economic Empowerment and Care Initiative. Oxfam, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6881.

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Across the globe, unpaid care and domestic work (UCDW) sustains communities and economies, provides essential care for children, sick and elderly people and those living with disabilities, and keeps households clean and families fed. Without unpaid care, the global economy as we know it would grind to a halt. Yet this work falls disproportionately on women and girls, limiting their opportunities to participate in decent paid employment, education, leisure and political life. Heavy and unequal UCDW traps women and girls in cycles of poverty and stops them from being part of solutions. To help address this, Oxfam, together with a number of partners, has been working in over 25 countries to deliver the Women’s Economic Empowerment and Care (WE-Care) programme since 2013. WE-Care aims to reignite progress on gender equality by addressing heavy and unequal UCDW. By recognizing, reducing and redistributing UCDW, WE-Care is promoting a just and inclusive society where women and girls have more choice at every stage of their lives, more opportunities to take part in economic, social and political activities, and where carers’ voices are heard in decision making about policies and budgets at all levels. This overview document aims to highlight the approaches taken and lessons learned on unpaid care that Oxfam has implemented in collaboration with partners in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
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García-Rojas, Karen, Paula Herrera-Idárraga, Leonardo Fabio Morales, Natalia Ramírez-Bustamante, and Ana María Tribín-Uribe. (She)cession: The Colombian female staircase fall. Banco de la República de Colombia, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1140.

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This article seeks to analyze the Colombian labor market during the COVID-19 crisis to explore its effect on labor market gender gaps. The country offers an interesting setting for analysis because, as most countries in the Global South, it has an employment market that combines formal and informal labor, which complicates the nature of the pandemic's aftermath. Our exploration offers an analysis that highlights the crisis's effects as in a downward staircase fall that mainly affects women compared to men. We document a phenomenon that we will call a "female staircase fall." Women lose status in the labor market; the formal female workers' transition to informal jobs, occupied women fall to unemployment, and the unemployed go to inactivity; therefore, more and more women are relegated to domestic work. We also study how women’s burden of unpaid care has increased due to the crisis, affecting their participation in paid employment.
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Chauhan, Dharmistha, and Swapna Bist Joshi. The World Bank in Asia: An assessment of COVID-19-related investments through a care lens. Care-responsive investments and development finance. Oxfam, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8182.

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International financial institutions (IFIs) and multilateral development banks have been playing a vital role in the response, recovery and ‘build back anew’ agenda from the COVID-19 pandemic. This is especially true of the World Bank Group (WBG), given its high volumes of committed investments across sectors, especially in low-income and vulnerable countries. This report presents, through case studies, how care-responsive the World Bank’s COVID-19-related investments have been in four member countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and the Philippines. It does so by using the Care Principles and Care-Responsive Barometer for IFIs to assess the nature of the WBG’s post-COVID recovery investments in these select countries, and by building evidence through a gender- and care-responsive budget review. The foundation for care inclusion has already been laid in WBG policy. The report uses this as an entry point to urge it to bring women’s unpaid, underpaid and paid work to the centre of the IFI agenda in order to move towards rebuilding a more gender-just and equal future.
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Otero-Cortés, Andrea, Ana María Tribín-Uribe, and Tatiana Mojica-Urueña. The Heterogeneous Labor Market Effects of the Venezuelan Exodus on Female Workers: Evidence from Colombia. Banco de la República, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.311.

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We study the labor market effects of the Venezuelan migration shock on female labor market outcomes in Colombia using a Bartik-instrument approach.For our identification strategy we leverage regional variation from pull factors and time variation from push factors. Our findings show that in the labor market, female immigrants can act as substitutes or complements for native-born women depending on native women’s education level; immigrant workers are substitutes in the labor market for native-born low-educated women as they compete for similar jobs. Hence, the low-educated native women’s labor force participation decreases. At the same time, time spent doing unpaid care increases for low-educated native women, possibly further preventing the job search for this group. On the other hand, we find an increase in labor force participation of 1.6 p.p. for highly educated women with minors at home and a 1 p.p. higher likelihood of becoming entrepreneurs due to the migratory shock, which supports the complementary-skill hypothesis. Finally, we don’t find evidence that the migratory shock induced households to outsource more home-production as a means for high-educated women to spend more time at paid work.
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Redmond, Paul, Seamus McGuinness, and Klavs Ciprikis. A universal basic income for Ireland: Lessons from the international literature. ESRI, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs146.

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A universal basic income (UBI) is defined as a universal, unconditional cash payment that is made regularly, is sufficient to live on, is not means tested, carries no work requirements and is paid on an individual basis. This study examines the international evidence on universal basic incomes and identifies key issues for consideration in the design of any UBI pilot for Ireland. Despite the mainstream interest in UBI as a potential policy tool, relatively little is known about the associated consequences of such policies. Even the definition of a UBI appears to be poorly understood and is often misused in the public discourse. Several pilot studies have been recently implemented across different countries. However, some pilot studies depart from the accepted definition of UBI. For example, some are not universal, in that they only target a specific subgroup of the population and/or have eligibility restrictions based on earnings. Others provide a relatively low level of payment, which may fall short of what an individual could reasonably be expected to live on. There are a number of potentially positive impacts associated with a UBI. A universal, unconditional payment could eliminate the stigma associated with welfare receipt. If replacing existing welfare payments, a UBI would also involve lower transaction costs, both on the recipient (in terms of the application procedure) and on Government (in terms of administering the payment). Universal, unconditional payments would also avoid situations where people choose not to work in order to retain means-tested benefits. UBI could give individuals the freedom to turn down or leave insecure, exploitative or low-paid work in pursuit of better or improved work opportunities. In addition, it would mean that persons in informal and often unpaid work, such as childcare and eldercare, which is mostly done by women, receive some compensation for their labour. Empirical results from several pilot studies have found evidence of positive health impacts following the implementation of a UBI. In terms of potential disadvantages, a UBI, by definition, may not target those that are most in need, as a large percentage of recipients will be high-earning individuals. Furthermore, the cost of a UBI is likely to be very expensive, even if other existing benefits (such as unemployment benefits) are no longer required. The net impacts of a UBI on labour supply are unclear, with both positive and negative influences on labour market participation potentially arising as a consequence of a UBI. In this study, we undertake some basic calculations relating to four possible UBI approaches, all of which would involve an unconditional payment to every individual aged over 18 in Ireland.
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Suh, Jooyeoun, Changa Dorji, Valerie Mercer-Blackman, and Aimee Hampel-Milagrosa. Valuing Unpaid Care Work in Bhutan. Asian Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200065-2.

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A growing body of scholarly literature has attempted to measure and value unpaid care work in various countries, but perhaps only the government statistical agencies in the United States and the United Kingdom have seriously undertaken periodic and systematic measures of the time spent on unpaid work at the national level, and partially incorporated those values into their gross domestic product(GDP). One country that has been ahead of its time on aspects of societal welfare measurement is Bhutan, which produces the Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index. However, until the first GNH Survey, in 2008, Bhutan did not have any sense of the size and distribution of unpaid work, despite its strong societal norms about the value of volunteering and community work. This paper is the first to estimate the value of unpaid care work in Bhutan. It shows the pros and cons of various approaches and their equivalent measures of unpaid care work as a share of GDP. As with similar studies on the topic, this paper also finds that women spend more than twice as much time as men performing unpaid care work, regardless of their income, age, residency, or number of people in the household. The paper also provides recommendations for improving the measurement of unpaid care work in Bhutan.
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