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1
Ossai, Embbey K., Chukwujindu Maxwell Iwegbue, Elizabeth E. Ajogungbe, and Godswill O. Tesi. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Metal Concentrations in Imported Canned Maize." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 1 (September 5, 2014): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i1.53-58.173.
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Concentrations and profile of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Fe and Mn) were determined in selected brands of canned maize in the Nigeria market with a view to providing information on the hazards associated with the consumption of these products. The measurement of the concentrations of PAHs was carried out by using a gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) after extraction by ultra-sonication with acetone/dichloromethane and clean-up. The 16 PAH concentrations varied between 45.1 and 335.7 µg/kg. The concentrations of the indicators for occurrence and effects of PAHs in food varied from 3.6 to 114.5 µg/kg for BaP, 6.4 to 168.2 µg/kg for PAH2, 11.8 to 232.7 µg/kg for PAH4 and 19.4 to 327.3 µg/kg for PAH8. The concentrations of metals were determined by using atomic absorption spectrometry after acid digestion. The concentrations of metals in these samples ranged from
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Poljanec, Ivna, Helga Medić, Tanja Bogdanović, Sandra Peričević, Danijel Karolyi, Eddy Listeš, and Nives Marušić Radovčić. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in four different types of Croatian dry-cured hams." Meso 21, no. 5 (2019): 458–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/m.21.5.4.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent an important contaminant group in a variety of food products. Since PAHs are commonly present in meat products, this study aimed to determine PAH content in four types of Croatian dry-cured hams (Dalmatian, Drniš, Krk and Istrian) produced by four different processing methods. Determination and quantification of PAHs were performed by High performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Out of 15 investigated PAHs, 13 compounds were detected. The total average benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and PAH4 levels obtained from dry-cured hams ranged from 0.05-0.10 µg/kg and 0.41-0.67 µg/kg, respectively. Even though Krk and Istrian dry-cured ham manufacturing processes do not include the smoking phase, no significant differences were found between investigated dry-cured hams in terms of BaP, PAH4, PAH8 and PAH 15 contents. The presence of detected PAHs in non-smoked dry-cured hams could be a result of the addition of spices in the salting phase. BaP and PAH4 contents found in dry-cured ham samples did not exceed the currently legal levels according to the European legislation.
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Liu, Junzhi, and Xinliang Feng. "Bottom-Up Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Synlett 31, no. 03 (December 10, 2019): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690767.
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Bottom-up organic synthesis serves as an efficient method to provide atomically precise heteroatom-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with not only well-defined size and edge structures but also specific concentrations and positions of the heteroatoms. We provide a plenary account of the preparation of nitrogen-doped PAHs (N-PAHs) through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between different dipolarophiles, as well as pyrazine-type N-doped diaza-hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (diaza-HBC). Additionally, we present the synthesis of a class of helical N-charged PAHs, including one charged aza[5]helicene and two charged aza[4]helicenes. Moreover, the bottom-up organic synthesis strategy is further extended to the construction of novel nitrogen-boron-nitrogen (NBN)-containing PAHs. Finally, we discuss the synthesis of four-coordinate boron chromophores containing 6,12,18-tris(alkyl amine)-5,11,17-triazatrinaphthylene derivative ligands.1 Introduction2 Nitrogen-Doped PAHs Based on Dibenzo-9a-azaphenalene (DBAP)3 Cationic Nitrogen-Doped Helical PAHs4 Nitrogen–Boron–Nitrogen-Doped PAHs5 Conclusion and Outlook
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Peng, Pau Lian, and Lee Hoon Lim. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sample Preparation and Analysis in Beverages: A Review." Food Analytical Methods 15, no. 4 (January 1, 2022): 1042–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02178-y.
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AbstractThe monitoring of food contaminants is of interests to both food regulatory bodies and the consumers. This literature review covers polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with regard to their background, sources of exposures, and occurrence in food and environment as well as health hazards. Furthermore, analytical methods focusing on the analysis of PAHs in tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples for the last 16 years are presented. Numerous experimental methods have been developed aiming to obtain better limits of detections (LODs) and percent recoveries as well as to reduce solvent consumption and laborious work. These include information such as the selected PAHs analyzed, food matrix of PAHs, methods of extraction, cleanup procedure, LOD, limits of quantitation (LOQ), and percent recovery. For the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples, a majority of the research papers focused on the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs, while PAH4, PAH8, and methylated PAHs were also of interests. Extraction methods range from the classic Soxhlet extraction and liquid–liquid extraction to newer methods such as QuEChERS, dispersive solid-phase microextraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction. The cleanup methods involved mainly the use of column chromatography and SPE filled with either silica or Florisil adsorbents. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or fluorescence detectors are the main analytical instruments used. A majority of the selected combined methods used are able to achieve LODs and percent recoveries in the ranges of 0.01–5 ug/kg and 70–110%, respectively, for the analysis of tea, coffee, milk, and alcoholic samples.
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Sumer, Gulsah, and Fatih Oz. "The Effect of Direct and Indirect Barbecue Cooking on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation and Beef Quality." Foods 12, no. 7 (March 23, 2023): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12071374.
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Herein, the effect of direct and indirect barbecue cooking processes, including different cooking degrees (medium and well done), on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and on certain quality parameters (water content, cooking loss, pH, lipid oxidation) of beef meat was examined. While no significant effect (p > 0.05) of the cooking method was detected on the water content, cooking loss, ∑PAH4 [the sum of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysen (Chry), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF)], and ∑PAH8 [the sum of BaP, BaA, Chry, benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (Bghip), and indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IncdP)] content, it was determined that it had a significant effect on pH (p < 0.05) and lipid oxidation (TBARS, p < 0.01). While the cooking degree did not have a significant effect (p > 0.05) on the TBARS value, it had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the water content and pH value, and a very significant effect (p < 0.01) on the cooking loss. While BaA and BaP compounds were detected in all barbecued samples, the DahA compound could not be detected in any of the samples. Varying levels of BaA (up to 5.62 ng/g), Chry (up to 0.43 ng/g), BbF (LOD-..-LOQ), BkF (LOD-..-LOQ), BaP (up to 0.49 ng/g), BghiP (up to 0.82 ng/g), and IncdP (up to 4.99 ng/g) compounds were determined in the samples. While the ∑PAH4 contents varied between 0.71 and 6.35 ng/g, the ∑PAH8 contents varied between 1.12 and 11.34 ng/g. While the increase in cooking level did not affect the ∑PAH4 content, it caused a significant increase in the ∑PAH8 content. The highest BaP (0.49 ng/g), ∑PAH4 (6.35 ng/g), and ∑PAH8 (11.34 ng/g) contents were detected in the meat samples that were well cooked on the barbecue by the direct method. The results have proven that PAHs are formed at varying levels in both meat samples cooked on the barbecue by the direct method and the indirect method. On the other hand, it has been determined that even if 100 g of the meat with the highest BaP and ∑PAH4 content is eaten, the exposure amount remains far below the limit values specified for PAHs. However, paying close attention to the barbecue cooking process is still recommended.
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Zhang, L., I. Cheng, D. Muir, and J. P. Charland. "Scavenging ratios of polycyclic aromatic compounds in rain and snow in the Athabasca oil sands region." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 3 (February 10, 2015): 1421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1421-2015.
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Abstract. The Athabasca oil sands industry in northern Alberta, Canada, is a possible source of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Monitored PACs, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylated PAHs, and dibenzothiophenes (DBTs), in precipitation and in air at three near-source sites in the Fort MacKay and Fort McMurray area during January 2011 to May 2012, were used to generate a database of scavenging ratios (Wt) for PACs scavenged by both snow and rain. Higher concentrations in precipitation and air were observed for alkylated PAHs and DBTs compared to the other PACs. The sums of the median precipitation concentrations over the period of data analyzed were 0.48 μ g L−1 for the 18 PAHs, 3.38 μ g L−1 for the 20 alkylated PAHs, and 0.94 μ g L−1 for the 5 DBTs. The sums of the median air concentrations for parent PAHs, alkylated PAHs, and DBTs were 8.37, 67.26, and 11.83 ng m−3, respectively. Median Wt over the measurement period were 6100 – 1.1 × 106 from snow scavenging and 350 – 2.3 × 105 from rain scavenging depending on the PAC species. Median Wt for parent PAHs were within the range of those observed at other urban and suburban locations, but Wt for acenaphthylene in snow samples were 2–7 times higher compared to other urban and suburban locations. Wt for some individual snow and rain samples exceeded literature values by a factor of 10. Wt for benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene in snow samples had reached 107, which is the maximum for PAH snow scavenging ratios reported in the literature. From the analysis of data subsets, Wt for particulate-phase dominant PACs were 14–20 times greater than gas-phase dominant PACs in snow samples and 7–20 times greater than gas-phase dominant PACs in rain samples. Wt from snow scavenging were ~ 9 times greater than from rain scavenging for particulate-phase dominant PACs and 4–9.6 times greater than from rain scavenging for gas-phase dominant PACs. Gas-particle fractions of each PAC, particle size distributions of particulate-phase dominant PACs, and the Henry's law constant of gas-phase dominant PACs explained, to a large extent, the different Wt values among the different PACs and precipitation types. The trend in Wt with increasing alkyl substitutions may be attributed to their physico-chemical properties, such as octanol–air and particle partition coefficients and subcooled vapor pressure, which increases gas-particle partitioning and, subsequently, the particulate mass fraction. This study verified findings from a previous study of Wang et al. (2014) that suggested that snow scavenging is more efficient than rain scavenging of particles for equivalent precipitation amounts, and also provided new knowledge of the scavenging of gas-phase PACs and alkylated PACs by snow and rain.
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Pei, Wenjun, Jiaqi Wang, Lu Zhang, Yiwen Guo, Minjie Cao, Ruijie Liu, Ming Chang, and Xingguo Wang. "Effect of Catechin on the Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Camellia oleifera Oil during Thermal Processing." Foods 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2023): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12050980.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oil are affected by many factors, including temperature, time, and PAHs precursors. Phenolic compounds, as beneficial endogenous components of oil, are often associated with the inhibition of PAHs. However, studies have found that the presence of phenols may lead to increased levels of PAHs. Therefore, this study took Camellia oleifera (C. oleifera) oil as the research object, in order to study the effect of catechin in the formation of PAHs under different heating conditions. The results showed that PAH4 were generated rapidly during the lipid oxidation induction period. When the addition of catechin was >0.02%, more free radicals were quenched than generated, thus inhibiting the generation of PAH4. ESR, FT-IR, and other technologies were employed to prove that when the catechin addition was <0.02%, more free radicals were produced than quenched, causing lipid damage and increasing PAHs intermediates. Moreover, the catechin itself would break and polymerize to form aromatic ring compounds, ultimately leading to the conclusion that phenolic compounds in oil may be involved in the formation of PAHs. This provides suggestions for the flexible processing of phenol-rich oil to balance the retention of beneficial substances, and for the safe control of hazardous substances in real-life applications.
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Yang, Yunxiao, Ting Wang, Lei Luo, Qian He, Fangfei Guo, Zhongbao Chen, Yijun Liu, et al. "Co-Exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phthalates with Blood Cell-Based Inflammation in Early Pregnant Women." Toxics 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2023): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100810.
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Cumulative evidence has demonstrated that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or phthalates (PAEs) contributes to a variety of adverse health effects. However, the association of PAHs and PAEs co-exposure with blood cell-based inflammatory indicators during early pregnancy is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the single and mixed associations of exposure to PAHs and PAEs with blood cell-based inflammatory indicators among early pregnant women. A total of 318 early pregnant women were included in this study. General linear regressions were used to estimate the relationships of individual OH-PAHs and mPAEs with blood cell-based inflammatory indicators. The key pollutants were selected by an adapted least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalized regression model and wasemployed to build the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation (Q-g) models, which can assess the joint association of OH-PAHs and mPAEs with blood cell-based inflammatory indicators. General linear regression indicated that each 1% increase in MOP was associated with a 4.92% (95% CI: 2.12%, 7.68%), 3.25% (95% CI: 0.50%, 6.18%), 5.87% (95% CI: 2.22%, 9.64%), and 6.50% (95% CI: 3.46%, 9.64%) increase in WBC, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes, respectively. BKMR and Q-g analysis showed that the mixture of OH-PAHs and mPAEs was linked with increased levels of white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, and MOP was identified as the dominant contributor. OH-PAHs and mPAEs co-exposure in early pregnancy was associated with elevated blood cell-based inflammatory indicators reactions. More attention should be paid to the inflammation induced by environmental pollution for perinatal women, especially early pregnant women.
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Zhang, L., I. Cheng, D. Muir, and J. P. Charland. "Scavenging ratio of polycyclic aromatic compounds in rain and snow at the Athabasca oil sands region." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 13 (July 28, 2014): 19395–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-19395-2014.
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Abstract. Athabasca oil sands industry in northern Alberta, Canada is a possible source of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Monitored PACs, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylated PAHs, and dibenzothiophenes, in precipitation and in air at three near-source sites in the Fort MacKay and Fort McMurray area during May 2011 to August 2012 were analyzed to generate a database of scavenging (or washout) ratios (Wt) for PACs scavenged by both snow and rain. Median precipitation and air concentrations of parent PAHs over the May 2011 to August 2012 period ranged from 0.3–184.9 (chrysene) ng L−1 and 0.01–3.9 (naphthalene) ng m−3, respectively, which were comparable to literature values. Higher concentrations in precipitation and air were observed for alkylated PAHs and dibenzothiophenes. The median precipitation and air concentrations were 11.3–646.7 (C3-fluoranthene/pyrene) ng L−1 and 0.21–16.9 (C3-naphthalene) ng m−3, respectively, for alkylated PAHs, and 8.5–530.5 (C4-dibenzothiophene) ng L−1 and 0.13–6.6 (C2-dibenzothiophene) ng m−3 for dibenzothiophenes and their alkylated derivatives. Median Wt over the measurement period were 6100–1.1 × 106 from snow scavenging and 350–2.3 × 105 from rain scavenging depending on the PAC species. Median Wt for parent PAHs were within the range of those observed at other urban and suburban locations. But Wt for acenaphthylene in snow samples was 2–7 times higher. Some individual snow and rain samples exceeded literature values by a factor of 10. Wt for benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene in snow samples had reached 107, which is the maximum for PAH snow scavenging ratios reported in literature. From the analysis of data subsets, Wt for particulate-phase dominant PACs were 14–20 times greater than gas-phase dominant PACs in snow samples and 7–20 times greater than gas-phase dominant PACs in rain samples. Wt from snow scavenging was ∼9 times greater than rain scavenging for particulate-phase dominant PACs and 4–9.6 times greater than rain scavenging for gas-phase dominant PACs. Gas-particle fractions of each PAC, particle size distributions of particulate-phase dominant PACs, and Henry's Law constant of gas-phase dominant PACs explained, to a large extent, the different Wt values among the different PACs and precipitation types. This study verified findings from a previous study of Wang et al. (2014) which suggested that snow scavenging is more efficient than rain scavenging of particles for equivalent precipitation amount, and also provided new knowledge on the scavenging of gas-phase PACs by snow and rain.
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Habschied, Kristina, Vinko Krstanović, Brankica Kartalović, Vlatko Galić, Tatjana Ledenčan, Krešimir Mastanjević, and Zvonimir Zdunić. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Popcorn Corn Varieties and Popcorns." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 3107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053107.
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Popping corn is a widespread activity and popcorns are one of the most consumed snacks in the world. As popcorn corn is exposed to environmental conditions and agrotechnical measures in the field, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can end up in corn kernels. Since popcorns are popped at higher temperatures, ca. 180 °C, it is reasonable to assume that PAHs can be found in popcorns. The objective of this paper was to preliminarily determine and quantify the incidence of various PAHs in different popcorn varieties and popcorns popped from them, during two consecutive years. PAHs were determined by using GC-MS. Popcorn corn contained only light PAHs, naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthene (Ane), and fluorene (Fln). However, popped popcorns contained heavier PAHs, such as benz[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chry), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) whose ∑PAH4 was 8.39 µg/kg in sample 1 in 2020. The results indicate that popcorns can be a significant source of PAHs and further studies should be conducted. This is concerning since popcorns are favored snacks in all age groups, including children.
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Iwu G. I., Lajide L., Madu P. C., and Ibrahim A. Isah. "Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Barbecued Beef and Chicken within Abuja and Environs." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 42, no. 44 (November 23, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2023/v42i444278.
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Aims: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in heat-treated meat constitute a global risk to human health. This study determined the concentrations of PAHs in commonly consumed barbecued meat (Suya) in Abuja, Nigeria, and evaluated the health dangers related to their intake.
Methodology: Analysis was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while health risks were estimated using models proposed by the European Commission, the European Food Safety Authority, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Results: The results showed different levels of 13 PAHs in meat products, with the highest concentration in barbecued beef. The mean concentrations of individual PAHs ranged from not detected (ND) to 0.220 mg/kg. The total PAH concentrations (mg/kg) in various meat samples were 1.358, 1.031, 0.969, 0.687, and 0.733 for barbecued beef, basted barbecued chicken, non-basted barbecued chicken, control beef, and chicken, respectively. Total carcinogenic PAH levels (mg/kg) were 0.357, 0.281, 0.175, 0.119, and 0.259 for barbecued beef, basted barbecued chicken, non-basted barbecued chicken, control beef, and chicken, respectively. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and PAH4 concentrations in barbecued samples were well above the maximum levels stipulated by the European Union, suggesting health risks. But they were undetected in non-basted barbecued chicken. The total daily dietary exposure was higher for barbecued beef compared to barbecued chicken and non-basted barbecued chicken. Hazard quotients and indexes were<1 in all barbecued samples. The margin of exposure (MOE) for the indicators of PAHs in barbecued chicken and non-basted barbecued chicken was greater than 10,000, implying low concern for consumer health. However, the MOEs for (B[a]P) and PAH8 in barbecued beef were less than 10,000, implying that dietary exposure may pose a significant health risk and so require risk management actions.
Conclusion: Basting of meat during barbecuing may increase PAH formation, including carcinogenic PAHs, therefore, vendors should be enlightened on control measures.
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Tao, Lin, Yingkuan Tian, Dengqing Liao, Songlin An, Wei Chen, Xiang Liu, Pei Xu, Xubo Shen, and Yuanzhong Zhou. "Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Phthalates in Human Placenta by Mixed Hexane/Ether Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)." Metabolites 13, no. 9 (August 29, 2023): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13090978.
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In this study, we evaluated the extraction effect of three different extractants, namely hexane + ether (v/v = 3:1), acetonitrile and ethyl acetate, on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in placenta detected and analysed by triple quadrupole gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The results showed that n-hexane + ether (v/v = 3:1) had the highest extraction efficiency. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) for the 10 PAHs were 0.003–0.0167 μg/L with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 1.4–5.48% and detection rates of 68.19–107.05%, and the correlation coefficients were (R2, 0.9982–0.9999). The LODs for the nine PAEs were 0.0015–3.5714 μg/L and the correlation coefficients were (R2, 0.9982–0.9999). The limits of detection (S/N = 3) for the nine PAHs were 0.0015–0.5714 μg/L with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 3.15–8.37%, and the detection rates were 80.45–112.59% with correlations of (R2, 0.9972–0.9998). The method was applied to the analysis of PAHs and phthalates in placenta samples from pregnant women. The method’s accuracy and applicability were demonstrated. In comparison with other methods for the detection of PAEs and PAHs, the method proposed in this paper has a wider linear range, lower minimum detection limit and comparable recovery with good correlation. This paper is dedicated to providing another method for improving the performance of extracting solid tissues.
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Zhang, Yong Tao, Guo Xing Zhao, Li Zhang, Xiao Ya Li, Jian Ye Gui, and Chen Ling Zhang. "Ultrasonic Wave Extraction and Simultaneous Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Phthalic Esters in Soil." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1555.
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A method was developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in soil sample. Ultrasonic Wave Extraction under airtight circumstance was adopted to extract the analyte in soil sample with n-hexane acetone (V:V=1:1) to be extraction solvent. This method has advantages of high efficiency extraction, short time, convenience and simplicity, which can be popularized in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) detection in soil.
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Paim, Joilson Nascimento, Aldenor Gomes Santos, Rennan G. O. Araujo, Madson Moreira Nascimento, Jailson Bittencourt De Andrade, and Lilian Lefol Nani Guarieiro. "Emissions of PAHs, Nitro-PAHs and Quinones (Oxy-PAHs) Associated to PM1.0 and PM2.5 Emitted by a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends." Atmosphere 14, no. 4 (March 31, 2023): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040656.
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Emissions of PAH, nitro-PAHs, and oxy-PAHs from a diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends need to be controlled and reduced, as they are unregulated emissions harmful to the environment and human health. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of ethanol concentration on diesel engine emissions when fueled with diesel–biodiesel–ethanol blends. Ethanol was added with biodiesel–diesel blends. Diesel B7 and two ternary blends, B7E3 and B7E10, with 3% and 10% ethanol, were tested and studied in a diesel engine to determine engine performance characteristics and particulate matter emissions and to quantify polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) associated with PM1.0 and PM2.5. Under the same engine conditions, 18 PAHs, 27 nitro-PAHs, and 6 quinones (oxy-PAHs) were determined by GC–MS in real samples obtained from the engine. The mean concentrations of PACs found in the B7, B7E3, and B7E10 blends for PM1.0 ranged from 0.1 µg m−3 (coronene) to 118.1 µg m−3 (2-nitrofluorene). The concentrations for PM2.5 ranged from 0.1 µg m−3 (acenaphthylene) to 99.7 µg m−3 (2-nitrofluorene). Potent mutagens benzanthrone (BA) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) were found at concentrations ranging from 0.10 µg m−3 to 1.9 µg m−3 and 0.3 µg m−3 to 1.6 µg m−3, respectively. Low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were mainly PACs bounded to the PM1.0 and PM2.5 particles emitted by B7E10. Flow properties were improved by adding 3% and 10% ethanol to biodiesel. B7E3 and B7E10 blends presented low fuel consumption and a reduction in the emission factor (EF) by the engine. B7E10 blending showed a smaller total concentration of ∑PAH (26.8 µg m−3), ∑nitro-PAH (85.4 µg m−3), and ∑oxy-PAH (6.0 µg m−3) associated with PM2.5 particles compared PM1.0.
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Skoczyńska, Ewa, and Jacob de Boer. "Retention Behaviour of Alkylated and Non-Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Different Types of Stationary Phases in Gas Chromatography." Separations 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations6010007.
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The gas chromatographic retention behaviour of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylated PAHs on a new ionic liquid stationary phase, 1,12-di(tripropylphosphonium) dodecane bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (SLB®-ILPAH) intended for the separation of PAH mixtures, was compared with the elution pattern on more traditional stationary phases: a non-polar phenyl arylene (DB-5ms) and a semi-polar 50% phenyl dimethyl siloxane (SLB PAHms) column. All columns were tested by injections of working solutions containing 20 parental PAHs from molecular weight of 128 to 278 g/mol and 48 alkylated PAHs from molecular weight of 142 to 280 g/mol on a one dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. The SLB PAHms column allowed separation of most isomers. The SLB®-ILPAH column showed a rather different retention pattern compared to the other two columns and, therefore, provided a potential for use in comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC). The ionic liquid column and the 50% phenyl column showed good thermal stability with a low bleed profile, even lower than that of the phenyl arylene “low bleed” column.
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Harner, Tom, Cassandra Rauert, Derek Muir, Jasmin K. Schuster, Yu-Mei Hsu, Leiming Zhang, George Marson, et al. "Air synthesis review: polycyclic aromatic compounds in the oil sands region." Environmental Reviews 26, no. 4 (December 2018): 430–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0039.
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This air synthesis review presents the current state of knowledge on the sources, fates, and effects for polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and related chemicals released to air in the oil sands region (OSR) in Alberta, Canada. Through the implementation of the Joint Canada–Alberta Oil Sands Monitoring Program in 2012 a vast amount of new information on PACs has been acquired through directed monitoring and research projects and reported to the scientific community and public. This new knowledge addresses questions related to cumulative effects and informs the sustainable management of the oil sands resource while helping to identify gaps in understanding and priorities for future work. As a result of this air synthesis review on PACs, the following topics have been identified as new science priorities: (i) improving emissions reporting to better account for fugitive mining emissions of PACs that includes a broader range of PACs beyond the conventional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including, inter alia, alkylated-PAHs (alk-PAHs), dibenzothiophene (DBT), alk-DBTs, nitro-PAHs, oxy-PAHs including quinones and thia- and aza-arenes; (ii) improving information on the ambient concentrations, long-range transport, and atmospheric deposition of these broader classes of PACs and their release (with co-contaminants) from different types of mining activities; (iii) further optimizing electricity-free and cost-effective approaches for assessing PAC deposition (e.g., snow sampling, lichens, passive ambient sampling) spatially across the OSR and downwind regions; (iv) designing projects that integrate monitoring efforts with source attribution models and ecosystem health studies to improve understanding of sources, receptors, and effects; (v) further optimizing natural deposition archives (e.g., sediment, peat, tree rings) and advanced forensic techniques (e.g., isotope analysis, marker compounds) to provide better understanding of sources of PACs in the OSR over space and time; (vi) conducting process research to improve model capabilities for simulating atmospheric chemistry of PACs and assessing exposure to wildlife and humans; and (vii) developing tools and integrated strategies for assessing cumulative risk to wildlife and humans by accounting for the toxicity of the mixture of chemicals in air rather than on a single compound basis.
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Mastanjević, Krešimir, Vinko Krstanović, Dragan Kovačević, Brankica Kartalović, and Kristina Habschied. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Malt." Beverages 7, no. 3 (August 11, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages7030058.
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The kilning of malt occurs at different temperatures, depending on the desired color and aromas. Higher temperatures applied during kilning can be involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formation in malt. PAHs are undesirable and designated as health hazards, it is important to quantify and qualify them in different malts. Since the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) gave strict recommendations about PAHs in different foods, but omitted malt as a potential hazardous raw material that can cause health damage to beer consumers, the aim of this investigation was to assess the presence of 16 PAHs (naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthylene (Anl), acenaphthene (Ane), fluorene (Flu), anthracene (Ant), phenanthrene (Phen), fluoranthene (Flt), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Chry), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DahA), benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP), and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (InP)) in different, commercially available malts (amber, black, pilsner, and cara-120). The results showed that PAHs are present in different malts, with some in high amounts (BaA in black malt was 737 µg/kg). Minimal levels of BaA were detected in the amber malt, 60.53 µg/kg. The PAH4 (BaP, BaA, BbF, and Chry) sums are identical to the BaA concentrations in all malts and greatly exceed the EFSA prescribed levels for PAH4 in processed cereal-based foods (1 µg/kg).
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Fraqueza, Maria João, Marta Laranjo, Susana Alves, Maria Helena Fernandes, Ana Cristina Agulheiro-Santos, Maria José Fernandes, Maria Eduarda Potes, and Miguel Elias. "Dry-Cured Meat Products According to the Smoking Regime: Process Optimization to Control Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Foods 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9010091.
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The manufacturing of dry-cured meat products usually includes a smoking step. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potentially carcinogenic chemical compounds that may result from smoking. The aim of the present study was to optimize the smoking regime of traditional dry-cured meat products in order to minimize the presence of PAHs. Dry-cured sausages were submitted to different smoking regimes: (A) no smoking; (B) 20 h effective smoking; (C) 60 h effective smoking; (D) effective smoking until reaching 38%–40% weight losses. Three independent batches were produced per smoking regime, and three samples per batch were analyzed. Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory analyses were performed. The total PAHs content was generally low and did not differ significantly in meat products submitted to the four different smoking regimes. The PAH4 and benzo(α)pyrene levels were below the established legal limits in all analyzed dry-cured sausages. Nevertheless, non-smoked sausages always showed lower PAHs values for all PAHs groups.
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Zhang, Limin, Wei Li, and Shimin Wu. "Rapid Determination of Oxygenated and Parent Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Milk Using Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry." Foods 11, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 3980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11243980.
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Liquid milks are consumed worldwide in large amounts, especially by adolescents and infants. Thus, their health quality linked with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination has attracted great concern. This study developed a rapid and sensitive supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)-MS method to determine two typical oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) and EU 15+1PAHs except for benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) in three types of liquid milks: 10 ultra heat treated (UHT) milks, 8 pasteurized milks, and 4 extended-shelf-life pasteurized milks. The instrumental analysis was 15 min with a recovery of 67.66–118.46%, a precision of 1.45–14.68%, detection limits of 0.04–0.24 μg/kg, and quantification limits of 0.13–0.78 μg/kg. We found 9-fluorenone, anthraquinone, 15 EU priority PAHs, and benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalent quantity (BaPeq) in the 22 milk samples, which were 0.32–1.56 μg/kg, 0.40–1.74 μg/kg, 0.57–8.48 μg/kg, and 0.01–17.42 μg/kg, respectively. The UHT milks and whole fat milks showed higher PAH concentrations than other investigated samples, where the maximum levels of BaP and PAH4 were 0.77 and 3.61 μg/kg, respectively. PAH4 dominantly contributed to the PAH8 concentration and was detected in 73% and 32% of samples at more than 1.0 and 2.0 μg/kg, respectively. The results suggest that raw milks should be strictly monitored and extensively investigated for PAH4 and BaP concentrations for future risk assessment, limitations, and dietary guidance.
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Škrbić, Biljana, Nataša Đurišić-Mladenović, Nada Mačvanin, Ana Tjapkin, and Snežana Škaljac. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked dry fermented sausages with protected designation of origin Petrovská klobása from Serbia." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 33, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2014.358.
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The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked dry fermented sausage with protected designation of origin <em>Petrovská klobása</em> from Serbia was determined by analysing PAHs from the US EPA and the EU priority lists. The peeled natural cased sausages smoked in industrial and traditional smokehouses were studied in order to assess the influence of smoking conditions on the PAH contents. The highest total concentration of EPA PAHs was found in the samples smoked in traditional smokehouse, being almost 15 times higher than the total EPA PAHs content in sausages smoked in industrial smokehouse; the content of EU PAHs in both types of the smoked products were similar, being close to 1.5 µg/kg. The most abundant compound was phenanthrene with the average content of about 31 µg/kg in traditionally smoked samples and about 3 µg/kg in industrially smoked samples. The concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene as well as the total concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluranthene and chrysene (consisting the so-called “PAH4” group) were rather low in both types of smoked sausages, being well below the corresponding maximum allowed levels set by the latest European Regulation 835/2011, not representing any risk to consumers’ health when PAHs presence is concerned.
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Mohamad, Sharifah, Shabnam Bakhshaei, Ninie Suhana Abdul Manan, N. A. Parmin, and Siti Khalijah Mahmad Rozi. "Free Fatty Acid from Waste Palm Oil Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Immobilized on Surface Graphene Oxide as a New Adsorbent for Simultaneously Detecting Hazardous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phthalate Esters in Food Extracts." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 5522–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19454.
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A newly synthesized free fatty acids from waste palm oil functionalized magnetic nanoparticles immobilized on the surface of graphene oxide (FFA@MNP-GO) was successfully synthesized and characterized in this research. The combinations of long alkyl chain of free fatty acid with graphene oxide that consists of large delocalized 77-electron systems and abundant of hydrophilic groups with hydroxyl, epoxide and carboxylic groups offer the determination of simultaneous wide range of polarities of organic pollutants in real matrices through hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and 77-77 interactions. The fabricated adsorbent was successfully applied as a magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for the simultaneous separation of selected phthalate esters (PAEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in apple and cabbage extracts prior to their high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) determination. Factors affecting the extraction efficiency such as amount of adsorbent, desorption solvent, volume of desorption solvent, extraction time, desorption time, pH and sample volume were investigated and optimized. The results revealed that under optimal conditions, the detection limit of selected PAEs and PAHs were in the range of 0.56-0.97 ng mL-1 and 0.02–0.93 ng mL-1, respectively. The spiked recoveries of real apple and cabbage extracts for PAEs and PAHs were in the range of 81.5-117.6% with good relative standard deviation (RSD) (n = 5) less than 10% and 86.7-118.2% with acceptable RSDs (n = 5) ranging from 1.5 to 11.0%, respectively. This study reported for the first time the use of MSPE procedure for simultaneous determination of chosen PAHs and PAEs in real samples including apple and cabbage extracts by using new adsorbent, FFA@MNP-GO.
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Wnorowski, Andrzej, David Harnish, Ying Jiang, Valbona Celo, Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska, and Jean-Pierre Charland. "Assessment and Characterization of Alkylated PAHs in Selected Sites across Canada." Atmosphere 13, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081320.
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Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alkyl-PAHs), dibenzothiophenes (DBTs), and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are naturally present in fossil fuels. Thus, they can be considered as candidates for markers of pollution from petrogenic emissions such as those from traffic. Consequently, ambient air concentrations of alkyl-PAHs, DBTs, and PAHs at selected ambient air monitoring sites of various types (residential, near-road, urban-industrial, agricultural) in Montréal, Toronto, Hamilton, Edmonton, and Simcoe, were evaluated from 2015 to 2016 to study their profiles, trends, and assess potential primary emission source types. Alkyl-PAHs were the prevailing species at all sites and were most elevated at the high-traffic impacted near-road site in Toronto which was also accompanied by the highest unsubstituted PAH concentrations. Comparison of relative abundance ratios of alkyl-PAH and PAH groupings suggests that the profile differences amongst sites were small. Source attribution with cluster grouping suggested similar emission sources of alkyl-PAH and PAH at all sites, with the exception of Hamilton which was particularly impacted by additional emission sources of PAHs. The Principal Component Analysis further indicated distinct PAC profiles at HWY401 and HMT that have the same variability of “heavy PACs” but differ in “medium mass PAHs” sources. Seasonality affected the bulk species trends (alkylated naphthalenes, fluorenes, and phenanthrenes/anthracenes), especially at sites with lower concentrations of these species. This study findings confirm a notable contribution of traffic emissions to alkyl-PAH levels in urban ambient air at the studied Canadian sites, and show that enhanced speciation of alkyl-PAHs provides more data on ambient air quality and additional health risks, and can also help distinguish petrogenic-influenced sources from other sources.
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Andrade-Eiroa, Auréa, Valérie Leroy, and Philippe Dagaut. "Advances in PAHs/nitro-PAHs fractioning." Analytical Methods 2, no. 12 (2010): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ay00484g.
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Shen, Xixi, Xinyuan Huang, Xiaoyan Tang, Junliang Zhan, and Suke Liu. "The Effects of Different Natural Plant Extracts on the Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Roast Duck." Foods 11, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11142104.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with high carcinogenicity and mutagenicity may be generated in roast duck during high-temperature roasting. Natural extracts with antioxidant effects may inhibit the formation of PAHs. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of green tea extract (GTE); extract of bamboo leaves (EBL); grape seed extract (GSE) and rosemary extract (RE) on PAHs in roast duck to obtain the optimum extract and present a guidance for reducing PAHs in roast duck. The total phenol content and antioxidant capacity of the four extracts were measured, and the PAH changes in the roast duck caused by the four extracts were detected. The total phenol content of GTE was the highest, 277 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, while RE was the lowest at 85 mg GAE/g. The antioxidant capacity of RE was 1.9 mmol Trolox/g, which was significantly lower than that of the other three. The four extracts inhibited PAHs formation in roast duck to varying degrees: When the concentration was 25 g/kg, the best inhibitory effects on Benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) and PAH4 (BaP, BaA, BbF and CHR) were obtained from GTE, with inhibition rates of 75.8% and 79.7%, respectively, while the weakest inhibition rates, 32.7% and 43.6%, respectively, were from RE.
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Kim, Ji Young, Dongho Kim, Tae Seung Kim, Jin-Suk Han, Jai-Young Lee, and Hoe-Jung Noh. "Analytical Method of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Petroleum Contaminated Soils - Focused on the 16 US EPA Priority PAHs." Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment 17, no. 5 (October 31, 2012): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7857/jsge.2012.17.5.020.
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Mastanjević, Krešimir, Leona Puljić, Brankica Kartalović, Jozo Grbavac, Marija Jukić Grbavac, Helena Nadaždi, and Kristina Habschied. "Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Heregovački pršut—Traditionally Smoked Prosciutto." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 5097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145097.
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Hercegovački pršut as a traditional dry-cured smoked ham (prosciutto) produced by using an open fire that can be potentially contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and can pose a health risk for consumers. The aim of this research was to identify the types and concentrations of 16 PAHs in 34 samples of traditionally smoked prosciutto. Out of 16 investigated PAHs, identified in the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) list of priority pollutants, 14 compounds were detected. Average levels of cancerogenic benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and PAH4 (benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), chrysene (Chry), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)) ranged from <LOQ (level of quantification) to 5.08 μg/kg and 0.45 μg/kg to 22.67 μg/kg. Two analyzed samples exceeded currently prescribed values according to the Bosnia and Herzegovina legislation for BaP concentrations and one sample for PAH4 content. PAH16 concentrations were on average between 2.92 μg/kg and 87.6 μg/kg. The highest PAH concentrations were found in samples from the Herzegovina-Neretva canton. The results of the research highlight the importance of standardizing smoking procedures and manufacturing practice, in the production of Hercegovački pršut, in order to reduce the PAH content.
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Wu, Minmin, Zhonghuan Xia, Qianqian Zhang, Jing Yin, Yanchi Zhou, and Hao Yang. "Distribution and Health Risk Assessment on Dietary Exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables in Nanjing, China." Journal of Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1581253.
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In a market basket study made in Nanjing, China, in which the most common consumed nine kinds of vegetables foodstuffs were sampled, the contents of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS). The results showed that the total amount of 16 PAHs was within the range of 60.5~312 ng g−1 (wet weight). The ranking of total concentrations for different types of vegetables in decreasing order was leafy vegetable, fruit vegetable, and rhizome vegetable. Source analysis suggested that coal, oil, or other incomplete combustion of biomass mainly contributed to the concentration of PAHs. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach with age/gender group-specific daily dietary exposure level was used to estimate the carcinogenic risk. The calculated total mean MOE in the case of BaP and PAH4 (sum of BaA, CHR, BbF, and BaP) was 14960 and 7723, respectively, for local residents. In addition, the MOEs in PAH4 for some groups of both male and female were below the critical limit of 10 000 proposed by EFSA. Therefore, health effect owing to the consumption of vegetables on local residents needs high concern.
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Zhang, Xiongfei, Anan Qi, Pengcheng Wang, Qi Huang, Tong Zhao, Caiqing Yan, Lingxiao Yang, and Wenxing Wang. "Spatial Distribution, Sources, Air–Soil Exchange, and Health Risks of Parent PAHs and Derivative-Alkylated PAHs in Different Functional Areas of an Oilfield Area in the Yellow River Delta, North China." Toxics 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2023): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11060540.
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The knowledge of the spatial distribution, sources, and air–soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in an oilfield area is essential to the development of effective control practices of PAC pollution. In this study, 48 passive air samples and 24 soil samples were collected during 2018–2019 in seven functional areas (e.g., urban, oil field, suburban, industrial, agricultural, near pump units, and background) in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) where the Shengli Oilfield is located, and 18 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and five alkylated-PAHs (APAHs) were analyzed from all the air and soil samples. The ΣPAHs in the air and soil ranged from 2.26 to 135.83 ng/m3 and 33.96 to 408.94 ng/g, while the ΣAPAHs in the atmosphere and soil ranged from 0.04 to 16.31 ng/m3 and 6.39 to 211.86 ng/g, respectively. There was a downward trend of atmospheric ΣPAH concentrations with increasing the distance from the urban area, while both ΣPAH and ΣAPAH concentrations in the soil decreased with distance from the oilfield area. PMF analyses show that for atmospheric PACs, coal/biomass combustion was the main contributor in urban, suburban, and agricultural areas, while crude production and processing source contributes more in the industrial and oilfield area. For PACs in soil, densely populated areas (industrial, urban, and suburban) are more affected by traffic sources, while oilfield and near-pump unit areas are under the impact of oil spills. The fugacity fraction (ff) results indicated that the soil generally emitted low-molecular-weight PAHs and APAHs and act as a sink for high-molecular-weight PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of Σ(PAH+APAH) in both the air and soil, were below the threshold (≤10−6) set by the US EPA.
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Lan, Jianqiang, and Shimin Wu. "Occurrence, Concentration and Toxicity of 54 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Butter during Storage." Foods 12, no. 24 (December 6, 2023): 4393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12244393.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of highly carcinogenic compounds with a lipophilic nature. This study investigated the characterization of PAH24 contamination in twenty-one types of butter and five types of margarines using the QuEChERS pretreatment coupled with GC-QqQ-MS. Additionally, low-temperature storage experiments were conducted to explore the variations in oxidation index as well as the PAH levels. The results revealed that PAH24 concentrations in butter and margarine were 50.75–310.64 μg/kg and 47.66–118.62 μg/kg, respectively. The PAH4 level in one type of butter reached 11.24 μg/kg beyond the EU standards. Over 160 days of storage at 4 °C, acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), and acidity significantly increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content and carbonyl value (CGV) fluctuated. Concentrations of PAH24 and oxidized PAHs (OPAHs) experienced a notable reduction of 29.09% and 63.85%, respectively. The slow reduction in naphthalene (NaP) indicated the dynamic nature of PAHs during storage. However, the toxic equivalency quotients (TEQs) decreased slightly from a range of 0.65–1.90 to 0.39–1.77, with no significant difference. This study contributes to the understanding of variations in PAHs during storage, which is of great significance for food safety.
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Qian, Yahui, Zhenpeng Xu, Xiuping Hong, Zhonggeng Luo, Xiulong Gao, Cai Tie, and Handong Liang. "Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Are the Largest Contributor to Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Concentrations in the Topsoil of Huaibei Coalfield, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 12733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912733.
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Alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (APAHs) are more toxic and persistent than their parent compounds. Here, the concentrations, composition profiles, and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in 127 topsoil samples from Huaibei coalfield were analyzed. The PAC concentrations in different functional areas were significantly different: mining area > industrial area > residential area > agricultural area. APAHs were the major contributors to PACs, accounting for 71–83% of total PACs. Alkylnaphthalenes and alkylphenanthrenes were the primary APAH components, accounting for 83–87% of APAHs. Principal component analysis showed that petrogenic source, coal and biomass combustion, and vehicle emissions were the primary sources of PACs. By comparing the fingerprint information of soil, coal, and coal gangue, it was hypothesized that the petrogenic source of PAC pollution in typical mining areas and surrounding areas are coal particle scattering and coal gangue weathering. Some coal mining and industrial areas potentially pose risks to children, whereas others do not. There are limited evaluation criteria for alkyl PAHs; hence, the estimated risk is likely lower than the actual risk. In addition to the conventional 16 PAHs, it is critical to consider a broader range of PACs, especially APAHs.
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Barp, Laura, Sabrina Moret, and Giorgia Purcaro. "Monitoring and Occurrence of Heavy PAHs in Pomace Oil Supply Chain Using a Double-Step Solid-Phase Purification and HPLC-FLD Determination." Foods 11, no. 18 (September 6, 2022): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11182737.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental and processing contaminants generated by both spontaneous and anthropogenic incomplete combustion processes of organic matter. Contamination of PAHs in vegetable oils can result from several factors and processes, including environmental contamination, oil processing, and migration from food contact materials. The determination of PAHs in edible oil presents a challenge because of the complexity of the matrix. Since PAHs are present at lower levels than triglycerides, it is necessary to isolate the compounds of interest from the rest of the matrix. To this purpose, a new purification approach based on a double solid-phase extraction (SPE) step followed by high performance liquid chromatography–fluorometric detector (HPLC-FLD) analysis was developed. The method involves a first purification step by using a 5 g silica SPE cartridge, previously washed with dichloromethane (20 mL), dried completely, and then conditioned with n-hexane (20 mL). The triglycerides are retained by the silica, while the PAH-containing fraction is eluted with a mixture of n-hexane/dichloromethane (70/30, v/v). After evaporation, the residue is loaded on a 5 g amino SPE cartridge and eluted with n-hexane/toluene (70/30, v/v) before HPLC-FLD analysis. The focus was the evaluation of the contribution of the various phases of the pomace oil supply chain in terms of the heavy PAHs (PAH8) concentration. Data collected showed that pomace contamination increased (by 15 times) as storage time increased. In addition, the process of pomace drying, which is necessary to reduce its moisture content before solvent extraction of the residual oil, appeared to significantly contribute to the total heavy PAHs content, with increases in value by up to 75 times.
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Cheng, Xiao Liang, and Shao Dong Xie. "Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Gas and Particle Phase in April and July 2011 in Beijing, China." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.99.
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Presence of atmospheric PAHs in urban and suburban region (Beijing, China) was studied in April and July 2011. Forty-four pairs of gas and particle (TSP) phase samples were collected every six day by high volume (Hi-Vol) air samplers at four sampling sites, and determined separately by GC/MS based on USEPA Method TO-13A. Average total concentration (gas + particles) of PAHs (T-PAHs) was 135.1±49.0 ng/m3 and 181.2±40.9 ng/m3 in April and July, respectively. Gas phase PAHs (G-PAHs) was the major fraction, comprising 63–92% of T-PAHs. Lighter (2-, 3-, 4-ring) and heavier (5-,6-ring) PAHs were found predominantly in gas and particle phase, respectively. 2- to 6- ring PAHs contributed 10%, 53%, 26%, 7% and 4% of T-PAHs, respectively. Five major PAHs, naphthalene (NAP), fluorene (FLU), PHE, fluoranthene (FLA), and pyrene (PYR) contributed 70 – 90% of T-PAHs. G-PAHs increased significantly while PAHs in particle phase (P-PAHs) decreased from April to July. Volatilization from soil and more emission from power generation increase might explain the increase of G-PAHs, and the washout of P-PAHs along with particles might explain the decrease of P-PAHs. Given particulate organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) being well correlated, P-PAHs was moderately correlated with OC and EC, suggesting that there were other mechanisms contributing to P-PAHs different from those of OC/EC. Significant correlation between P-PAHs with SO2 and NO2 suggested coal combustion and automobile exhaust to be contamination contributors.
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Yang, Xiaoyang, Shijie Liu, Yuanguan Gao, Wenjuan Zhao, Yu Liu, Jingying Mao, and Zhaoyu Mo. "Levels, Sources and Toxicity Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at an Island Site in the Gulf of Tonkin." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041338.
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The varying concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at remote islands is an important indicator, demonstrating the contributions from different regional combustion sources. In this study, gaseous and particulate PAHs were measured at Weizhou Island in the Gulf of Tonkin from 15th March to 14th April, 2015. The concentrations of PAHs ranged from 116.22 to 186.74 ng/m3 and from 40.19 to 61.86 ng/m3 in gas and particulate phase, respectively, which were much higher than those of some remote sites in Asia. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene, which were mainly found in diesel vehicle emissions, had relatively high concentrations in both gas and particulate phases. According to the comprehensive results of back trajectory cluster analysis and diagnostic ratios, the local vessel emission was probably the main source of PAHs, which was much more important than the coal and biomass combustion sources from remoter regions. The toxicities represented by ∑PAH7, benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-based total toxicity potency are much higher in particulate phase than those in gas phase. However, the toxicities of gas phase should not be neglected from the point of view of indirect-acting mutagenicities due to the high contribution of fluoranthene.
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Gbeddy, Gustav, Prasanna Egodawatta, Eric Akortia, and Ashantha Goonetilleke. "Inherent and external factors influencing the distribution of PAHs, hydroxy-PAHs, carbonyl-PAHs and nitro-PAHs in urban road dust." Environmental Pollution 308 (September 2022): 119705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119705.
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Honda, Masato, Kazuichi Hayakawa, Lulu Zhang, Ning Tang, and Hiroyuki Nakamura. "Seasonal Variability and Risk Assessment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Hydroxylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Kanazawa, Japan." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 9469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199469.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants that are a concern because of their endocrine disrupting activities. In this study, seasonal air sampling was conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. The concentrations and seasonal variations of PAHs and OH-PAHs were analyzed, and health risks of individual congeners were evaluated based on their relative endocrine activity. The atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and OH-PAHs showed seasonal trends with higher concentrations in the winter (daily average ± standard deviation: 1.00 ± 0.26 ng/m3 for PAHs and 75.06 ± 23.38 pg/m3 for OH-PAHs) and lower concentrations in the summer (0.30 ± 0.09 ng/m3 for PAHs and 17.08 ± 4.83 pg/m3 for OH-PAHs). There were significant positive correlations between the concentrations of atmospheric PAHs and OH-PAHs. Additionally, the health risk from the endocrine disrupting potential of each OH-PAH was evaluated using relative estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. OH-PAHs with four rings, such as OH-chrysenes and OH-benz[a]anthracene, had particularly high health risks. These results suggest that atmospheric OH-PAHs are a potential health risk for organisms and thus warrant further research.
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Hwang, Hee-Jeong, Sae-Ha Lee, Yong-Yeon Kim, and Han-Seung Shin. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Risk Assessment and Analytical Methods Using QuEchERS Pretreatment for the Evaluation of Herbal Medicine Ingredients in Korea." Foods 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 2200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092200.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds that are often formed during the thermal processing of herbal medicine ingredients. In this study, the concentrations of four PAHs (PAH4) in various herbal medicine ingredients were monitored. Further, the QuEChERS method was used to replace conventional pretreatment, a more complex and cumbersome approach. The recovery range of the QuEChERS method ranged between 89.65–118.59%, and the average detection levels of benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), and Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in 50 herbal medicine ingredients were 0.18, 0.27, 1.13, and 0.17 μg/kg, respectively. The BaP and PAH4 levels in all tested samples were deemed safe according to risk characterization analyses based on European Union and Korean guidelines. Therefore, our findings indicated that the QuEChERS method could be used as an effective alternative to conventional sample pretreatment for the analysis of herbal medicine ingredients.
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Neeta Bhagat, Pranita Roy, Sohini Singh, and Tanu Allen. "Isolation and characterization of bacteria with multiple traits: Hydrocarbon degradation, antibiotic-resistant and metal tolerant." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 3789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1770.
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Increasing soil pollution all over the world has instigated global concerns as enormous quantities of toxic chemicals and heavy metals like cadmium, lead, mercury, petrochemicals, insecticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorophenols are finding their way into the environment, affecting the land and soil, causing soil pollution and thus posing a threat and menace to health and well- being of people and ecosystem. The ubiquitous dissemination, low bioavailability, high perseverance of contaminants like poly-hydrocarbon and metals in soil have the potentially destructive effects to human health, envisages to study the biodegradation of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and PACs (polycyclic aromatic compounds). The diversity of micro-organisms that diminish the PAHs/PACs can be utilized in the advancement of bioremediation techniques. The role of metal-tolerant, (PAH)-degrading bacteria helps in the biodegradation of organic compounds at miscellaneous polluted sites. The isolation of (PAHs)-degrading bacteria from contaminated soil samples collected from garages and petrol pumps of Delhi and NCR region was carried out in the present study. Also, the bacterial samples were tested for the tolerance towards 4 heavy metals- arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg). Morphological studies and biochemical tests were conducted to find the genera of the bacterial samples. The study indicates that hydrocarbons were degraded by the isolates P1, P2, P4, P5, P5*, G1, G3. These isolates were also found to be tolerant at a high concentration of metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead) as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also calculated. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was tested against various antibiotics. Thus the study suggests that the isolates identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are not only PAH-degrading but metal-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant too and are of immense potential for bioremediation of contaminated soils.
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Zang, Tingting, Haizhen Wu, Yuxiu Zhang, and Chaohai Wei. "The response of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in coking wastewater treatment after bioaugmentation with biosurfactant-producing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa S5." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 5 (February 4, 2021): 1017–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.046.
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Abstract The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that accumulate during the coking wastewater treatment process are hazardous for the surrounding environment. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs account for more than 85% of the total PAHs in coking wastewater and sludge, respectively. The degradation of total PAHs increased by 18.97% due to the increased bioavailability of PAHs, after the biosurfactant-producing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa S5 was added. The toxicity of total PAHs to humans was reduced by 26.66% after inoculation with S5. The results suggest biosurfactant-producing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa S5 not only increase the biodegradation of PAHs significantly, but also have a better effect on reducing the human toxicity of PAHs. Kinetic analyses show that PAHs biodegradation fits to first-order kinetics. The degradation rate constant (k) value decreases as the number of PAH rings increases, indicating that HMW PAHs are more difficult to be biodegraded than low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs. The results indicate the bioaugmentation with the biosurfactant-producing strain has significant potential and utility in remediation of PAHs-polluted sites.
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Yang, Qiaoyun, Yu Bai, Guo-Qiang Qin, Ruo-Yong Jia, Weihua Zhu, Dafang Zhang, and Zhong-Ze Fang. "Inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hydroxy-PAHs (OH-PAHs)." Environmental Pollution 263 (August 2020): 114521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114521.
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Puljić, Leona, Krešimir Mastanjević, Brankica Kartalović, Dragan Kovačević, Jelena Vranešević, and Kristina Mastanjević. "The Influence of Different Smoking Procedures on the Content of 16 PAHs in Traditional Dry Cured Smoked Meat “Hercegovačka Pečenica”." Foods 8, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8120690.
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During smoking, meat products may get contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), especially the ones that are smoked in traditional (uncontrolled) conditions. This study aims to evaluate the difference in PAH content in samples of traditional dry cured pork meat products, “Hercegovačka pečenica”, produced in (1) a traditional smokehouse and (2) in industrial chambers. The study revealed that the content of the four priority PAHs (PAH4) in samples produced in a traditional smoking manner highly exceeded (up to 10 times) the maximal limits set for PAHs (12 µg/kg). PAH4 in all samples subjected to industrial smoking procedures was below the limit of quantification. All samples had below-the-limit-of-quantification values for Benzo[a]pyrene. The surface layer of the samples produced in traditional conditions had the highest total content of PAH16. The inner parts of all samples, whether traditional or industrial, had significantly lower PAH16 concentration than the surface layer.
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Sundberg, Henrik, Rasha Ishaq, Ulla Tjärnlund, Gun Åkerman, Kerstin Grunder, Cecilia Bandh, Dag Broman, and Lennart Balk. "Contribution of commonly analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to potential toxicity in early life stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-034.
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In a series of bio-effect-directed fractionation experiments, we investigated the potential toxicity of sediment extracts from a contaminated bay. A previous study investigated abnormalities and hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae by exposing newly fertilized eggs to the total extract and to fractions separated by degree of aromaticity. A major part of the potential toxicity was isolated in a fraction containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). In this study, we prepared a synthetic PAC mixture with 17 commonly analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in amounts equimolar to those found in the sediment PAC fraction. The 17 PAHs, which included 11 of the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority PAHs, were unable to account for the toxicopathic effects observed and could explain less than 4% of the total EROD induction. The lack of a clear relationship between toxicopathic effects and EROD induction underlines the need for a battery of biomarkers for estimating environmental risk. These results reveal the limits of our knowledge regarding compounds responsible for potential toxicity in field situations.
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Fingas, Merv. "The Fate of PAHs Resulting from In-Situ Oil Burns." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1041–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1041.
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ABSTRACT PAHs or Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons are ubiquitous in the environment and are found in crude oils. Many environmental PAHs are derived from combustion of many types including forest fires and barbeques. Some PAHs are toxic to biota and man. The concern addressed in this paper is the fate of PAHs found in crude oils when that oil is burned. Crude oil burns result in PAHs downwind of the fire, mostly adsorbed to particulate matter, but the PAH concentration on the particulate matter, both in the plume and the particulate precipitation at ground level, is often an order-of-magnitude less than the concentration of PAHs in the starting oil. This includes the concentration of multi-ringed (5 or 6 rings) PAHs, which are often created in other combustion processes such as low-temperature incinerators and diesel engines. There is a slight increase in the concentration of multi-ringed PAHs in the burn residue. When considering the mass balance of the burn, however, most of the PAHs are destroyed by the fire. Destruction efficiencies are typically 99 % or greater. Diesel fuel contains significant levels of PAHs of smaller molecular size, the 2 to 3-ring PAHs predominating. Burning diesel results in a greater concentration of pyrogenic PAHs of larger molecular sizes. Larger PAHs are either created or concentrated by the fire. Larger PAHs, some of which are not even detectable in the diesel fuel, are found both in the soot and in the residue; however, the concentrations of these larger PAHs are low and often just above detection limits. Overall, more PAHs are destroyed by the fires than are created. As with crude oil burns, the destruction efficiencies for diesel burns are typically 99 % or greater, but often less than those for crude oils. This paper will help to answer the question, are more PAHs destroyed by the fires than are created?
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S. A., Uzoekwe, and Ikpesu T. O. "Concentration Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Kolo Creek Niger-Delta Nigeria." Scientific Review, no. 67 (June 25, 2020): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/sr.67.62.70.
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The ecological risk assessment of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in water and sediments of Kolo creek, Niger Delta Nigeria was assessed the samples were collected from November, 2018 to June, 2019 from seven locations (A-G) along the creek. The samples were extracted using standard methods and analyzed using gas chromatography (model: HP5890 S). The concentrations of the PAHs in the water and sediment samples ranged between 0.000 - 9.239 µ/L and .002 – 374.35µg/Kg respectively. All the compounds analyzed were detected in all the sampling places, even area far from the flow stations. Hence, the urban runoffs, sewage discharges, and agricultural activities are implicated. Four rings hydrocarbon were present in higher concentration when compared to other PAHs in all sampling sites, with benz (a)anthracene having the highest values in both matrixes. Similarly, lower molecular weight (LMW) PAHs were present in lower concentrations in all sampling sites and they are known to exhibit higher lethal toxicity than the larger PAHs. HMW were present in high concentrations than LMW and are persistent in the environment as a result of their increase resistance to oxidation, reduction and vaporization as molecular weight increases. Similarly, The PAFs of the investigated creek is less than 5%, suggesting existences of minor ecological risks that are insignificance. However, the TEQs detected in high molecular weight showed that there is possibility of cancer to those who may be exposed to the bottom sediment. The indices measured in this habitat may put more pressures to the aquatic organisms and cause drastic changes to their ecosystem which may lead to species extinction.
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Kuang, Y. W., Z. H. Huang, D. Z. Wen, J. Li, and L. B. Huang. "Unravelling airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in southern China using tree-rings of 100-yr old <i>Pinus Kwangtungensis</i>." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 10 (October 6, 2011): 27359–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-27359-2011.
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Abstract. Reliable perennial biomonitoring of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is urgently necessary to detect long-term impacts of anthropogenic emission, in response to industrial policies and combustion technology adoption. One hundred records of airborne PAHs were novelly demonstrated by analyzing the tree-rings of Kwangtung pine (Pinus kwangtungensis) formed from 1883 to 2007 at Naling Mountains of southern China. The total concentrations of PAHs (∑PAHs) detected in the tree xylem did not progressively increase against the time. Temporal increase of high molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs) coincided well to the historical-socioeconomic status in China, suggesting HMW-PAHs in old trees growing at high mountains were more indicative of regionally historical changes in airborne PAHs compared with ∑PAHs. Compositional analysis indicated airborne PAHs absorbed and accumulated in tree tissues were pyrogenic origination. Principal component analysis revealed PAHs inputs were quite historically diversiform and unevenly distributed in the atmosphere of Nanling Mountains of southern China. Dendroanalysis of old trees grown at geographically sink locations could be a useful biomonitoring technique for unravelling historical changes in PAHs composition and intensity in the atmosphere, in relation to regional industrial development and fuel consumptions.
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Li, Chengcheng, Xin Zhang, Xubo Gao, Shihua Qi, and Yanxin Wang. "The Potential Environmental Impact of PAHs on Soil and Water Resources in Air Deposited Coal Refuse Sites in Niangziguan Karst Catchment, Northern China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081368.
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Long-term deposition of coal spoil piles may lead to serious pollution of soil and water resources in the dumping sites and surrounding areas. Karst aquifers are highly sensitive to environmental pollution. In this study, the occurrence and release/mobilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coal waste and coal spoils fire gas mineral (CSFGM) were evaluated by field and indoor investigations at Yangquan city, one of the major coal mining districts in the karst areas of northern China. Field investigations showed that dumping of coal waste over decades has resulted in soil and water pollution via spontaneous combustion and leaching of coal spoil piles. Indoor analysis revealed that the 2-ring and 3-ring PAHs contribute to 65–80% of the total PAHs in coal spoils, with naphthalene (Nap), Chrysene (Chr), and Phenanthrene (Phe) as the dominant compounds. Based on a heating/burning simulation experiment, the production of PAHs is temperature-dependent and mainly consists of low-ring PAHs: 2-ring, 3-ring, and part of the 4-ring PAHs. The PAHs in the leachate are light-PAHs (Nap, 20.06 ng/L; Phe, 4.76 ng/L) with few heavy-PAHs. The distribution modes of PAHs in two soil profiles suggest that the precipitation caused downward movement of PAHs and higher mobility of light-PAHs.
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Sahoo, Biswa Mohan, Bera Venkata Varaha Ravi Kumar, Bimal Krishna Banik, and Preetismita Borah. "Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Structures, Synthesis and their Biological Profile." Current Organic Synthesis 17, no. 8 (October 28, 2020): 625–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179417666200713182441.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are aromatic compounds with two or more fused benzene rings in their structural configurations. PAHs do not contain heteroatoms and substituents on the ring system. PAHs containing up to four rings are called light PAHs while those that contain more than four rings are considered as heavy PAHs. Heavy PAHs are more stable and more toxic than the light PAHs. Generally, the increase in the size and angularity of a PAH molecule results in an increase in hydrophobicity and electrochemical stability. Ring linkage patterns in PAHs may occur in such a way that the tertiary carbon atoms are centers of two or three interlinked rings. The examples of PAHs are naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, etc. PAHs can be produced either naturally or anthropogenically and have toxic properties. Due to the health risk posed by their exposure, there is a need to control the release of PAHs through air quality management. Refinery industries are required to monitor and regulate their discharges. There is an urgent need for the considerable efforts to be applied in the field of research to degrade and monitor potentially hazardous substances to control, predict and avoid negative effects of PAHs pollution.
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Vicente, E. D., A. Vicente, T. Nunes, A. Calvo, C. del Blanco-Alegre, F. Oduber, A. Castro, R. Fraile, F. Amato, and C. Alves. "Household Dust: Loadings and PM10-Bound Plasticizers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Atmosphere 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120785.
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Residential dust is recognized as a major source of environmental contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and plasticizers, such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs). A sampling campaign was carried out to characterize the dust fraction of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10), using an in situ resuspension chamber in three rooms (kitchen, living room, and bedroom) of four Spanish houses. Two samples per room were collected with, at least, a one-week interval. The PM10 samples were analyzed for their carbonaceous content by a thermo-optical technique and, after solvent extraction, for 20 PAHs, 8 PAEs and one non-phthalate plasticizer (DEHA) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In general, higher dust loads were observed for parquet flooring as compared with tile. The highest dust loads were obtained for rugs. Total carbon accounted for 9.3 to 51 wt% of the PM10 mass. Plasticizer mass fractions varied from 5 µg g−1 to 17 mg g−1 PM10, whereas lower contributions were registered for PAHs (0.98 to 116 µg g−1). The plasticizer and PAH daily intakes for children and adults via dust ingestion were estimated to be three to four orders of magnitude higher than those via inhalation and dermal contact. The thoracic fraction of household dust was estimated to contribute to an excess of 7.2 to 14 per million people new cancer cases, which exceeds the acceptable risk of one per million.
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Yin, Xue Feng, Wen Ting Yang, and Hui Min Xue. "PAHs Emission Characteristics and Assessment from the Coal Combustion Process in the Large Capacity Power Plant Boilers." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1908–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1908.
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Many studies have demonstrated an association between exposure to ambient Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and some serious diseases, such as cancer, malformation and mutation. PAHs is thought as a carcinogenic and mutagenic compound to human health. Coal-fired power plant industry plays an important role in the observed PAHs emission process. However, the PAHs emission characteristic and environment impact in coal-fired power plant is still not fully clarified. In this study, the PAHs distribution characteristic of the flue gas and fly ash emitted from electrostatic precipitator in two coal-fired power plant boilers with the steam capacity 1000t/h and 2000t/h have been studied in China based on USEPA method 0023(sampling part). PAHs concentrations and PAHs emission factors were determined. And the correlation between PAHs emission and the steam capacity of the power plant boiler was discussed. In addition, the PAHs removal effects of air pollution control devices were also included. According to the measured PAHs emission data and the report of China statistical year book, the PAHs emission assessment from the coal combustion process in the large capacity co-fired power plant boilers have been done. Though the PAHs emission value in the large capacity power plant were present within recommended emission limits of energy production, the problem of PAHs emission in large capacity coal-fired power plant shouldnt be ignored due to the huge amounts and long-range transport in soil, water and ambient air.
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Yan, Zhou. "A Preliminary Study on Pollution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil around a Thermal Power Plant of Xi'an City." E3S Web of Conferences 204 (2020): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020401012.
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To understand the status and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in industrial areas in China. The total of 4 surface soil samples were collected from a thermal power plant of Xi’an. The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the composition, source, pollution level and risk assessment of PAHs in surface soil of thermal power plant were studied. The results showed that the total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 3.28 to 8.88 μg•g-1, with a mean of 5.52 μg•g-1. The concentration of 7 carcinogenic PAHs (Σ7CPAHs) ranged from 1.52 to 4.82 μg•g-1, with a mean of 2.60 μg•g-1. The ∑PAHs in around thermal power plant surface soils of Xi’an belonged to serious pollution level. The PAHs in present study were mainly composed of medium molecular weight PAHs and high molecular weight PAHs, which have strong three effects. The results of source analysis showed that the PAHs in surface soil were mainly originated from the combustion of fossil oil, coal, wood and other biomass. The results of ecological risks of PAHs in the surface soil showed that all samples were polluted generally. The potential ecological risk of PAHs belonged to the serious level in individual PAHs and samples. There are two samples value of TEQBap exceed the security value 0.600 μg•g-1. Therefore, the environment of industrial areas should be attention and controlled.
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Cui, Shijie, Ruoyuan Lei, Yangzhou Wu, Dandan Huang, Fuzhen Shen, Junfeng Wang, Liping Qiao, et al. "Characteristics of Black Carbon Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Two Sites of Nanjing and Shanghai, China." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020202.
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Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of great concern to human health due to their potential high toxicity. Understanding the characteristics and sources of PAHs, as well as the governing factors, is therefore critical. PAHs and refractory black carbon (rBC) are both from combustion sources. This work, for the first time, investigated exclusively the rBC-bound PAH properties by using a laser-only Aerodyne soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS). This technique offers highly time-resolved PAH results that a traditional offline measurement is unable to provide. We analyzed two datasets conducted in urban Shanghai during the fall of 2018 and in suburban Nanjing during the winter of 2017, respectively. Results show that the average concentration of PAHs in Nanjing was much higher than that in Shanghai. Nanjing PAHs contained more low molecular weight components while Shanghai PAHs contained more high molecular weight ones. PAHs in Shanghai presented two peaks in early morning and evening, while Nanjing PAHs had only one significant morning peak, but remained high throughout the nighttime. A multi-linear regression algorithm combined with positive matrix factorization (PMF) analyses on sources of PAHs reveals that the industry emissions contributed the majority of PAHs in Nanjing (~80%), while traffic emissions dominated PAHs in Shanghai (~70%). We further investigated the relationships between PAHs with various factors. PAHs in both sites tended to positively correlate with primary pollutants, including primary organic aerosol (OA) factors, and gaseous pollutants of CO, NO2 and SO2, but negatively correlated with secondary OA factors and O3. This result highlights the enhancement of rBC-bound PAHs level due to primary emissions and their oxidation loss upon atmospheric aging reactions. High concentration of PAHs seemed to frequently appear under low temperature and high relative humidity conditions, especially in Shanghai.