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Mitchell, Danielle, Nathan Critchlow, Crawford Moodie, and Linda Bauld. "Reactions to Standardized Cigarette Packs With Varying Structural Designs, and the Association With Smoking Susceptibility: A Postimplementation Cross-Sectional Survey With Never-Smoking Adolescents in Scotland." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 11 (June 23, 2020): 2041–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa109.
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Abstract Introduction From May 20, 2017, cigarettes in the United Kingdom must be sold in standardized (plain) packaging. We explore postimplementation reactions to standardized cigarette packaging among never-smokers in Scotland, whether reactions vary in relation to permitted variations in pack structure, and whether reactions are associated with susceptibility. Aims and Methods A cross-sectional survey with 12–17-year-old never-smokers (n = 507) in Scotland, conducted November 2017–November 2018. Participants were shown one “regular” standardized cigarette pack (flip-top lid and straight-edged pack, similar to designs in Australia) and three standardized packs with varied pack structures (beveled-edges, slim pack, and shoulder box), which are permitted postimplementation in the United Kingdom. Participants rated each pack on eight five-point reaction measures (eg, attractiveness). Participants also indicated which pack, if any, they would choose. Smoking susceptibility was the outcome. Results The mean reaction scores for all four packs were mostly negative, however the shoulder box was consistently rated less negatively than the regular, slim, or beveled-edge packs. Most participants (87%) said they would not select any of the four packs, although susceptible participants were more likely to select one than nonsusceptible participants (25% vs. 7%; χ 2 = 29.70; p < .001). For all four packs, not finding them off-putting was associated with susceptibility (Adjusted Odds Ratio range: 2.73–3.69), albeit only a minority of adolescents did not find each pack off-putting. Conclusions Adolescents have negative reactions to the standardized cigarette packs implemented in the United Kingdom, albeit permitted variations in structure can reduce the extent of negativity. Most reactions to standardized packaging had no association with susceptibility. Implications We provide the first empirical evidence that adolescents find the standardized cigarette packs implemented in the United Kingdom unappealing and that most pack reactions have no association with susceptibility among never-smokers, with the exception of the minority who did not think that they would put them off smoking. This suggests that the legislation is achieving one of its primary aims, to reduce the appeal of packaging. That permitted variations in pack structure (eg, shoulder boxes) somewhat reduce negative reactions suggests that the United Kingdom, and other countries introducing similar legislation, should ensure that all aspects of pack design are fully standardized.
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Lalchandani, Neha K., Shona Crabb, Caroline Miller, and Clare Hume. "Content analysis of school websites: policies and programs to support healthy eating and the environment." Health Education Research 37, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyab040.
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Abstract Preschools and primary schools are important settings for the development of healthy eating habits and awareness of environmentally friendly practices. This study explored South Australian government schools’ policies and programs in relation to healthy eating and environmentally friendly aspects of food choice (such as packaging), and whether any schools approached these issues in combination. Websites of 18 government preschools and primary schools in the Greater Adelaide region, stratified by low, medium and high socioeconomic status were reviewed for publicly available policies and other relevant content. A content analysis was undertaken, with policies and programs analysed deductively and thematically. Healthy eating (n = 8) and environment (n = 3) related policies were found on preschool websites only. The main themes observed across the three categories of interest (healthy eating, environmentally friendly practices and low-waste healthy foods) included the presence/absence of formal policy, promotional strategies and implementation. Expectations of children bringing healthy ‘nude’ foods that were environmentally friendly were mentioned informally on the websites but were not part of policy documents. Policies and programs around healthy eating and environmentally friendly practices (in combination) were lacking. There is scope to address this gap to improve health and sustainable outcomes within the school environment context.
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Cowie, Annette, Richard Eckard, and Sandra Eady. "Greenhouse gas accounting for inventory, emissions trading and life cycle assessment in the land-based sector: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 3 (2012): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11188.
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Governments, organisations and individuals have recognised the need to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To identify where savings can be made, and to monitor progress in reducing emissions, we need methodologies to quantify GHG emissions and sequestration. Through the Australian Government’s Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) landholders may generate credits for reducing emissions and/or sequestering carbon (C). National GHG inventories for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and accounting under the Kyoto Protocol use a sectoral approach. For example, fuel use in agriculture is reported in the transport component of the energy sector; energy use in producing herbicide and fertiliser is included in the manufacturing section of the energy sector; sequestration in farm forestry is reported in the land use, land-use change and forestry sector, while emissions reported in the agriculture sector include methane (CH4) from ruminant livestock, nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils, and non-carbon dioxide (CO2) GHG from stubble and savannah burning. In contrast, project-level accounting for CFI includes land-use change, forestry and agricultural sector emissions, and significant direct inputs such as diesel and electricity. A C footprint calculation uses a life cycle approach, including all the emissions associated with an organisation, activity or product. The C footprint of a food product includes the upstream emissions from manufacturing fertiliser and other inputs, fuel use in farming operations, transport, processing and packaging, distribution to consumers, electricity use in refrigeration and food preparation, and waste disposal. Methods used to estimate emissions range from simple empirical emissions factors, to complex process-based models. Methods developed for inventory and emissions trading must balance the need for sufficient accuracy to give confidence to the market, with practical aspects such as ease and expense of data collection. Requirements for frequent on-ground monitoring and third party verification of soil C or livestock CH4 estimates, for example, may incur costs that would negate the financial benefit of credits earned, and could also generate additional GHG emissions. Research is required to develop practical on-farm measures of CH4 and N2O, and methods to quantify C in environmental plantings, agricultural soils and rangeland ecosystems, to improve models for estimation and prediction of GHG emissions, and enable baseline assessment. There is a need for whole-farm level estimation tools that accommodate regional and management differences in emissions and sequestration to support landholders in managing net emissions from their farming enterprises. These on-farm ‘bottom-up’ accounting tools must align with the ‘top-down’ national account. To facilitate assessment of C footprints for food and fibre products, Australia also needs a comprehensive life cycle inventory database. This paper reviews current methods and approaches used for quantifying GHG emissions for the land-based sectors in the context of emissions reporting, emissions trading and C footprinting, and proposes possible improvements. We emphasise that cost-effective yet credible GHG estimation methods are needed to encourage participation in voluntary offset schemes such as the CFI, and thereby achieve maximum mitigation in the land-based sector.
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Spence, Jacqueline L., and David A. Ogg. "The importance of environmental aspects of packaging." South African Journal of Business Management 25, no. 3 (September 30, 1994): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v25i3.851.
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Increasing attention is being paid to packaging, a component of product in the marketing mix. It is being recognized that packaging is important not only from a functional viewpoint, but also in terms of marketing to the customer. One of the constraints on packaging is environmental issues. These are becoming increasingly important internationally, from both a legislative and consumer perspective. In this study the perceptions of the members of the packaging value chain as regards the functional, marketing and environmental issues surrounding packaging are examined. It is found that functional aspects appear to be the most important, followed by marketing aspects. Environmental concerns are rated as unimportant. This is despite evidence that these issues should be regarded with increasing importance based on international trends. However, the relative importance of environmental packaging issues is greatest amongst raw-material suppliers, followed by packaging and fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) suppliers. Retailers have the least interest.
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Dovers, S., E. Madden, M. Common, and S. Boyden. "Milk packaging in Australia: a case study in environmental priorities." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 9, no. 1-2 (August 1993): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(93)90033-c.
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Upreti, Pratyush Nath. "Trade Mark Restrictions under the TRIPS Agreement: The WTO Panel Findings on Australia’s Tobacco Plain Packaging Legislation." Journal of World Trade 54, Issue 2 (April 1, 2020): 239–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2020011.
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On 28 June 2018, the World Trade Organization (WTO) circulated the Panel Reports of the highly awaited Australia-Tobacco Plain Packaging disputes, adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) on 27 August 2018. The decision was highly anticipated and significant in two aspects. First, it reaffirmed that the right to use a trademark is not a positive right; and tobacco plain packaging law does not come in conflict with relevant provision of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Second, it was perhaps the last opportunity for giant tobacco companies to set aside the law related to tobacco plain packaging. This article aims to analyze trade mark issues related to the Panel Reports on Australia’s tobacco plain packaging. The first section will provide a general background and briefly summarize the main findings of the Panel Reports. The second section will analyze the main arguments of parties and the Panel findings on the trade mark issues. Finally, the last section presents the most significant lessons and questions which require further attention.
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Cruz, Rui M. S., Victoria Krauter, Simon Krauter, Sofia Agriopoulou, Ramona Weinrich, Carsten Herbes, Philip B. V. Scholten, et al. "Bioplastics for Food Packaging: Environmental Impact, Trends and Regulatory Aspects." Foods 11, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 3087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11193087.
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The demand to develop and produce eco-friendly alternatives for food packaging is increasing. The huge negative impact that the disposal of so-called “single-use plastics” has on the environment is propelling the market to search for new solutions, and requires initiatives to drive faster responses from the scientific community, the industry, and governmental bodies for the adoption and implementation of new materials. Bioplastics are an alternative group of materials that are partly or entirely produced from renewable sources. Some bioplastics are biodegradable or even compostable under the right conditions. This review presents the different properties of these materials, mechanisms of biodegradation, and their environmental impact, but also presents a holistic overview of the most important bioplastics available in the market and their potential application for food packaging, consumer perception of the bioplastics, regulatory aspects, and future challenges.
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Jarman, Holly. "Attack on Australia: Tobacco industry challenges to plain packaging." Journal of Public Health Policy 34, no. 3 (June 6, 2013): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2013.18.
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Gögh, Tibor. "WTO Panel, Australia: CertainMeasures Concerning Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging,WT/DS435/R, WT/DS441/R, WT/DS4." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 46, Issue 2 (May 1, 2019): 182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2019011.
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This case review concerns the long-awaited WTO Panel report in the Australia – Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging dispute, circulated to Members on 28 June 2018. In the first part, it examines the factual background of the case detailing Australia’s reasons for pursuing a legitimate public health objective in the form of tobacco plain packaging legislation as well as a brief summary of the other disputes arising from this measure. The second part discusses whether the measure adopted by Australia is a technical regulation that is ‘more traderestrictive than necessary to fulfil a legitimate objective taking account of the risks non-fulfilment would create’ pursuant to Article 2.2 of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement. Lastly, it details the way in which the Panel applied its findings relating to Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement to Article 20 of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, pursuant to which ‘the use of a trademark during the course of trade shall not be unjustifiably encumbered by special requirements’.
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Buzard, Kristy, and Tania Voon. "How Trade-Restrictive Is Standardized Packaging? Economic and Legal Implications of the WTO Panel Reports in Australia–Tobacco Plain Packaging." World Trade Review 19, no. 2 (April 2020): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745620000051.
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AbstractThe lengthy and long-awaited WTO Panel Reports in Australia–Tobacco Plain Packaging contain a host of material for reflection, particularly in relation to the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. While two of the Panel Reports proceed to appeal, we consider with respect to the two adopted Panel Reports the Panel's reasoning in relation to Article 2.2 of the TBT, focusing on the meaning of trade-restrictiveness. This concept central to WTO law has been under-examined to date, and these Panel Reports demonstrate some of the complexities in identifying trade-restrictive measures, particularly where they are non-discriminatory. The Panel found that Australia's measures restrict trade because they contribute to their objective of reducing tobacco consumption. Therefore, any equally effective alternative will similarly restrict trade. This curious result under TBT Article 2.2 may be particular to non-discriminatory measures that target ‘socially bad’ products such as tobacco.
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Voon, Tania. "Third Strike: The WTO Panel Reports Upholding Australia’s Tobacco Plain Packaging Scheme." Journal of World Investment & Trade 20, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 146–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340125.
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Abstract Two of the four disputes against Australia’s tobacco plain packaging in the World Trade Organization (WTO) have been resolved, with the adoption of the Panel Reports upholding Australia’s tobacco plain packaging scheme with respect to Cuba and Indonesia. The fifth dispute, brought by Ukraine, was previously abandoned. The Panel’s decision deserves close examination, particularly regarding the balance between WTO Members’ legitimate policy objectives and restrictions on trade or on the use of trademarks. The Panel’s approach to the fundamental concepts of trade-restrictiveness and unjustifiability did not conform with the arguments of Australia or the complainants. These areas represent core aspects of the ongoing appeals by Honduras and the Dominican Republic. Although Australia did not appeal, its own arguments before the Panel provide further insights into the Panel’s approach. The significance of the Panel Reports is heightened by the continuing United States blockage of appointments to the WTO Appellate Body.
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Ozola, Zanda U., Rudite Vesere, Silvija N. Kalnins, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Paper Waste Recycling. Circular Economy Aspects." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0094.
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Abstract Paper waste is a raw material for a lot of products with different added value. The engineering, economic and environmental aspects of paper waste recycling are analysed for production of composite material, cellulose nanofibers and nanocrystals, bricks with paper components, porous carbon, film of biopolymer, enzymatic sugar and bioenergy: bioethanol, hydrogen and biofuel. Through multicriteria analysis, it was possible to determine the most feasible paper waste recycling product in case of four product groups: egg packaging boxes, cardboard, reused paper, cellulose nanomaterials (nanofibers and nanocrystals). The production of cellulose nanofibres and cellulose nanocrystals has an advantage over egg packaging and cardboard production as well as reusable paper.
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Kawecka, Agnieszka. "REALIZATION OF THE SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING IDEA. CASE STUDIE FROM POLISH AND EUROPEAN MARKET." sj-economics scientific journal 22, no. 3 (October 31, 2016): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v22i3.332.
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The idea of sustainable development translates into all industries, including the packaging industry. Sustainable packaging taking into account from the one hand, the need to protect the product from quantitative and qualitative losses, as well as the needs of consumers in respect of communication and the convenience of using the packaging, on the other hand, a high degree of realizing the need to minimize the negative impact of packaging on the environment. The paper presents examples of packaging, implementing, at least in part, the assumptions of sustainable packaging.
Attention was paid to aspects relating to packaging materials - the use of packaging materials or materials additives from renewable sources and recycled materials. Signaled issues of materials suitable for organic recycling including compostable. Moreover it concerns the most important aspects of the design and construction of packaging that incorporated, significantly reduce the environmental impacts of packaging, particularly highlighted the potential for reducing the weight of packaging, while maintaining an appropriate level of protection for the packaged product.
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Simmonds, Lucy, Aimee L. Brownbill, Anthea Zee, and Merryn J. Netting. "Health-related marketing messages on product labels of commercial infant and toddler food packaging in Australia: a cross-sectional audit." BMJ Paediatrics Open 5, no. 1 (December 2021): e001241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001241.
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BackgroundProper nutrition in early childhood is essential to ensure optimal growth and development. Use of ‘better-for-you’ features on food packaging position products as healthier for children. This study aims to systematically explore the use of better-for-you labelling on infant and toddler food packaging.MethodsA cross-sectional audit of health and nutrition claims, text and images used as ‘better-for-you’ features present on infant and toddler food packaging. Data on infant and toddler food packaging were collected from five large grocery stores in Adelaide, Australia in 2019. The content of 282 unique commercial products (n=215 infant foods, n=67 toddler foods) were analysed for explicit and implicit features positioning them as better-for-you, including health and nutrition claims as well as text and images representing ‘natural.’ResultsAt least one feature of better-for-you positioning was identified on all food packaging coded. All products had characteristics coded as ‘natural’. Almost one-fifth (17%) of the products included statements in addition to mandatory allergen labelling that their products were ‘free from’ certain allergens, or gluten. One-third of the labels had statements related to enhancing development of taste, oro-motor skills and other aspects of childhood development. Of the fruit and vegetable-based infant foods displaying a sugar statement suggesting a low sugar content, 85% were sweetened with fruit puree.ConclusionsThe use of better-for-you features on infant and toddler food packaging is common and pervasive. Allergen-free and developmental claims are being used to position infant and toddler foods as better-for-you. Regulation of toddler food products separately from adult food is required, as is tighter regulation of the appropriate use of sugar and fruit puree statements on infant and toddler food packaging.
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Bi, Dan. "On the Three-Dimensional Relationship of Design, Consumption Psychology and Social Development in Green Packaging." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.115.
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Green packaging is not only the consideration of technical level, and more important is the change of value. It requires conclude environmental protection function in the design of packaging function, but also embodies the integration of nature and human’s green thoughts, and the principle of environmental protection, renewable resources. It covers many aspects: care for ecological, environmental protection consciousness, human health and safety consciousness, the design thoughts of sustainable development, natural and comfortable, contracted design concept. Therefore it forms the special relationship of design, consumption psychology and social development in green packaging. The three aspects has their own characteristics in the green packaging, and produced a multiple relationship mutually, which presented interactive, unity, decisive, integration and so on the new relationship, we should pay attention to and handle these factors. It provides relevant basis to create a new, reasonable and better life style.
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Moodie, Crawford, Janet Hoek, Janne Scheffels, Karine Gallopel-Morvan, and Kylie Lindorff. "Plain packaging: legislative differences in Australia, France, the UK, New Zealand and Norway, and options for strengthening regulations." Tobacco Control 28, no. 5 (August 1, 2018): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054483.
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By July 2018, five countries (Australia, France, the UK, New Zealand and Norway) had fully implemented plain (standardised) packaging. Using government documents, we reviewed the key legislative differences between these five countries to identify best practice measures and potential lacuna. We then discuss how governments planning to introduce plain packaging could strengthen their legislation. Differences between countries include the terminology used (either ‘plain’, ‘standardised’ or ‘plain and standardised’), products covered and transition times (ranging from 2 to 12 months). Myriad differences exist with respect to the packaging, including the dimensions (explicitly stated for height, width and depth vs minimum dimensions for the health warnings only), structure (straight-edged flip-top packs vs straight, rounded and bevelled-edged flip-top packs and shoulder boxes) and size (minimum number of cigarettes and weight of tobacco vs fixed amounts) and warning content (eg, inclusion of a stop-smoking web address and/or quitline displayed on warnings on one or both principal display areas). Future options that merit further analysis include banning colour descriptors in brand and variant names, allowing pack inserts promoting cessation and permitting cigarettes that are designed to be dissuasive. Plain packaging legislation and regulations are divergent. Countries moving towards plain packaging should consider incorporating the strengths of existing policies and review opportunities for extending these. While plain packaging represents a milestone in tobacco-control policy, future legislation need not simply reflect the past but could set new benchmarks to maximise the potential benefits of this policy.
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Pauer, Erik, Bernhard Wohner, Victoria Heinrich, and Manfred Tacker. "Assessing the Environmental Sustainability of Food Packaging: An Extended Life Cycle Assessment including Packaging-Related Food Losses and Waste and Circularity Assessment." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030925.
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Food packaging helps to protect food from being lost or wasted, nevertheless it is perceived as an environmental problem. The present study gives an overview of methods to assess the environmental sustainability of food packaging. Furthermore, we propose a methodological framework for environmental assessment of food packaging. There is a broad consensus on the definition of sustainable packaging, which has to be effective, efficient, and safe for human health and the environment. Existing frameworks only provide general guidance on how to quantify the environmental sustainability of packaging. Our proposed framework defines three sustainability aspects of food packaging, namely direct environmental effects of packaging, packaging-related food losses and waste, as well as circularity. It provides a list of key environmental performance indicators and recommends certain calculation procedures for each indicator. The framework is oriented towards the Product Environmental Footprint initiative and the Circular Economy Package of the European Union. Further research should develop a method to determine the amount of packaging-related food losses and waste. Moreover, future studies should examine the potential environmental benefits of different measures to make food packaging more circular.
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Attaran, Seyed Ahmad, Azman Hassan, and Mat Uzir Wahit. "Materials for food packaging applications based on bio-based polymer nanocomposites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 2 (June 2, 2015): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705715588801.
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Concerns about environmental waste problems caused by non-biodegradable petrochemical-based plastic packaging materials as well as consumer demand for high-quality food products have led to increased interest in the development of biodegradable packaging materials using annually renewable natural biopolymers. Inherent shortcomings of natural polymer-based packaging materials such as low mechanical properties and low barrier properties can be recovered by applying nanocomposite technology. Polymer nanocomposites, especially natural biopolymer-layered silicate nanocomposites, exhibit markedly improved packaging properties due to large nanoparticle surface area and their significant aspect ratios. Additionally, natural biopolymer is susceptible to microorganisms, resulting in good biodegradability, which is one of the most promising aspects of its incorporation in packaging materials and industries. The present review article explains the various categories of nanoclay and bio-based polymer-based composites with particular regard to their application as packaging materials. It also gives an overview of the most recent advances and emerging new aspects of nanotechnology for development of composites for environmentally compatible food packaging materials.
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Yuan, Yan, and Peng Zhao. "Design for Transport Packaging of the Small Test Equipment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.143.
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Taking paper tearing resistance apparatus as an example, study on the transport packaging of small test equipments has been conducted. It has analyzed the existing problems in the current packaging and improved in three aspects, namely rustproof packaging, buffering and ant-vibration packaging and external packaging container. It has also illustrated the selection in materials, dimensional calculation and check, approaches and procedures for structural design, which not only offers a set of economical and environmental protective transport packaging plans with simple structure, but also provides cases and references for other small test equipment.
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Chirilli, Chiara, Martina Molino, and Luisa Torri. "Consumers’ Awareness, Behavior and Expectations for Food Packaging Environmental Sustainability: Influence of Socio-Demographic Characteristics." Foods 11, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 2388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11162388.
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Packaging is a leading factor determining the total environmental effect of food products. This study investigated consumers’ awareness, behavior and expectations in relation to the environmental sustainability aspects of food packaging. Using an online survey, responses from 646 participants were collected. The effect of socio-demographic characteristics on all variable responses was explored by ANOVA models and t-tests. Participants were segmented according to a visual approach based on a principal component analysis applied on the consumers’ behavioral data. Gender, age, and education level affected consumer awareness, behavior and expectations differently. Four groups of consumers were distinguished on the grounds of their behavior in relation to food packaging: (1) More sustainable—packaging-role-oriented; (2) More sustainable—packaging minimizers; (3) Less sustainable; and (4) Medium sustainable. The most sustainable groups were mainly composed of females, while less sustainable consumers were mainly the youngest. The four groups differed in terms of expectations for sustainability-related information that can be communicated through food labels. In conclusion, this work provided new knowledge that is useful to understand the factors that influence consumer behavior and to promote the consumers’ packaging-related sustainability choices through food packaging.
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Suh, Jeong-Yul. "Hydrogeochemical aspects in reclaimed area, Sydney, Australia." Geosciences Journal 8, no. 1 (March 2004): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02910279.
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Ehman, Nanci, and María Cristina Area. "Bioplastics are revolutionizing the packaging industry." BioResources 16, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 4663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.4663-4666.
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The production of bioplastics is a growing trend. The utilization of renewable sources, in some cases currently wasted, to replace petroleum derivatives, is providing opportunities to achieve more environmentally friendly product life cycles. The possibility of producing biodegradable products under normal environmental conditions is another goal of recent studies. This editorial summarizes current aspects in the production of bioplastics. We highlight new studies that make it possible to obtain biodegradable composites using a natural, renewable, high availability, and low-cost material, such as cellulose.
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Xiong, Xue, and Xiaotong Zhang. "SUSTAINABLE DESIGN ON PACKAGING: A CASE STUDY IN A CHINESE TOWN." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 2881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.549.
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AbstractPackaging waste has become a significant problem in China. The paper stems from growing awareness of packaging and environmental protection.To explore the perception of Chinese consumers on packaging and sustainability, the research takes Wuzhen as a case, based on the economic situation, industrial advantages and potential for implementing sustainable measures. It also investigates the current situation of packaging design in the town. By using empirical analysis in the form of questionnaire and semi-structured interview, the survey was carried out from three aspects: tourist attitude towards shopping products in Wuzhen, tourist perceptions of packaging characteristics, tourist perceived importance of sustainable. In the end, the paper discusses the packaging design of Wuzhen from the perspective of materials, function and design. This research is aimed to explore Chinese consumers' views of packaging and environmental sustainability and provide insights to the packaging industry to further enhance the effectiveness of environmentally packaging.
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González Boubeta, Iván, Mar Fernández Vázquez, Pablo Domínguez Caamaño, and José Carlos Prado Prado. "Economic and environmental packaging sustainability: A case study." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 11, no. 2 (April 6, 2018): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.2529.
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Purpose: The aim of this paper is to analyze the suitability of the packaging strategy of an important Spanish agro-food company, regarding to economic and environmental sustainability.Design/methodology/approach: Three different types of packaging are analyzed to obtain a diagnostic of the initial situation. In this process, cost and carbon footprint are calculated in order to measure the economic and environmental impacts, respectively. Then, a new packaging allocation logic is proposed with the aim of improving both aspects.Findings: The results show that the carbon footprint is strongly and positively affected by the cost reduction, showing the viability of a win-win relationship between both aspects.Research limitations/implications: The strength of this win-win relationship may be conditioned by the input values considered in this case study. Conversion factors used to calculate carbon footprint vary a lot among researchers, showing the need of standardization in this topic.Practical implications: Since the existence of a positive relationship between economic and environmental sustainability has been demonstrated, organizations should find this kind of situations in themselves to satisfy their own stakeholders.Originality/value: This article shows the potential of unite waste elimination with eco-friendly activities with the aim of increasing the competitiveness of companies. This paper also contributes to the knowledge of economic and environmental sustainability and reinforces theoretical aspects, paving the way for further research on these topics.
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Bulsara, Caroline, Anne McKenzie, Frank Sanfilippo, C. D'Arcy J. Holman, and Jon E. Emery. "'Not the full Monty': a qualitative study of seniors' perceptions of generic medicines in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 16, no. 3 (2010): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py10006.
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The study explored consumers’ perspectives on generic medicine use in Australia. A qualitative methodology was used to explore the topic, including community participation in the form of forums, focus groups and a panel of seniors. Three consumer forums were held from which a seniors’ panel was formed and a series of focus groups were conducted. Participants demonstrated considerable mistrust of generic medicines. Participants highlighted their uncertainty about the extent of pharmaceutical companies’ influence on health professionals, the mistrust of foreign generic manufacturers and scepticism in their equivalence. In addition, the substitution of generic medicines and variability in packaging added to the overall concern and reported poor compliance. Altering consumers’ beliefs and attitudes about generic medicines might require a more concerted effort to reduce consumer mistrust. Consumers’ beliefs about generic medicines will strongly affect attempts to increase generic prescribing in Australia. Many seniors require multiple medications for a range of chronic conditions. Currently however, the lack of uniformity in information and packaging implies that closer monitoring, greater clarity of information and improved packaging of generic medicines is required. Otherwise, the widespread problems and lower uptake of generic medicines amongst seniors will remain.
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Wang, Rui-Liang, Tzu-Fan Hsu, and Chen-Zhong Hu. "A Bibliometric Study of Research Topics and Sustainability of Packaging in the Greater China Region." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105384.
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The consumption and sustainability of packaging are significant concerns. With development of the division of labor during economic globalization, packaging issues are viewed differently in different regions. This study focused on the Greater China region, which has recently experienced rapid economic growth. Bibliometric analyses were performed using data from two Chinese academic databases, CNKI-CAJD of Mainland China and CEPS of Taiwan; 24,790 journal papers on packaging published between 1989 and 2019 were investigated using keyword co-occurrence analyses and cluster maps. The history of research on packaging in Greater China is summarized and the research areas are categorized into five common subjects: design and consumption assessment, marketing and image packaging, food packaging, special item packaging, and structure and materials. Among these subjects, CNKI-CAJD mostly focuses on industrial applications in packaging institutions and industry, division of labor in the packaging industry, and foreign trade commodity packaging, while CEPS focuses on diversified aspects of green design and education in packaging and environmental protection and packaging development. The results map out Chinese research on packaging and can serve as a reference for applying environmental sustainability in the packaging field.
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Scollo, M., J. Occleston, M. Bayly, K. Lindorff, and M. Wakefield. "Tobacco product developments coinciding with the implementation of plain packaging in Australia." Tobacco Control 24, e1 (April 30, 2014): e116-e122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051509.
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Chung, Wu-Hsun, and Pei-Cheng Wu. "Packaging Evaluation of Consumer Electronics Products from Economic, Logistical, and Environmental Perspectives." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 6 (November 5, 2020): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0909.
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With the growing applications of information technologies, consumer electronics products are being widely used in our daily life and at our workplaces. However, most consumer electronics packaging is one-time consumption and produces tremendous environmental impacts. Different package designs affect not only logistics efficiency, but also environmental performance. Here, various package designs for a consumer electronics product are studied and a packaging evaluation method is proposed. The method evaluates package designs mainly based on package characteristics information to avoid the inclusion of too much subjective human judgment. The criteria of the evaluation consider five aspects: marketing, logistics, cost, user convenience, and environment, including protection and containment, stackability, volume, and weight efficiency, product information, packaging cost, packaging waste, etc. The case of computer mice is used to illustrate the proposed method. The preliminary results show that different package designs of a consumer electronics product have a significant impact on logistical, marketing, economic, and environmental performance. Based on existing data of package designs, the proposed method can provide valuable information for improvements in package design, supply chain efficiency, and environmental impact.
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Tiekstra, Sanne, Ana Dopico-Parada, Hanna Koivula, Johanna Lahti, and Mieke Buntinx. "Holistic Approach to a Successful Market Implementation of Active and Intelligent Food Packaging." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020465.
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Market implementation of active and intelligent packaging (AIP) technologies specifically for fiber-based food packaging can be hindered by various factors. This paper highlights those from a social, economic, environmental, and legislative point of view, and elaborates upon the following aspects mainly related to interactions among food packaging value chain stakeholders: (i) market drivers that affect developments, (ii) the gap between science and industry, (iii) the gap between legislation and practice, (iv) cooperation between the producing stakeholders within the value chain, and (v) the gap between the industry and consumers. We perceive these as the most influential aspects in successful market implementation at a socioeconomic level. The findings are supported by results from quantitative studies analyzing consumer buying expectations about active and intelligent packaging (value perception of packaging functions, intentions to purchase AIP, and willingness to pay more) executed in 16 European countries. Finally, in this paper, we discuss approaches that could direct future activities in the field towards industrial implementation.
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McCann, Jennifer R., Catherine G. Russell, Karen J. Campbell, and Julie L. Woods. "Nutrition and packaging characteristics of toddler foods and milks in Australia – CORRIGENDUM." Public Health Nutrition 24, no. 5 (February 1, 2021): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020005182.
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Mctainsh, GH, and NC Duhaylungsod. "Aspects of soil particle size analysis in Australia." Soil Research 27, no. 4 (1989): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890629.
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Analysis of the particle-size characteristics of a soil can provide valuable information on the processes and products of soil formation. Studies of loess soils world-wide have used particle size as a major criterion, however, in Australia the particle-size characteristics of parna (a t y e of loess with a high clay content) have not been measured in detail. A modified method of particle-size analysis is proposed which gives more accurate results and which may contribute to a better understanding of soil formation in general, and loess formation in particular, in Australia.
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Moodie, Crawford, Janet Hoek, David Hammond, Karine Gallopel-Morvan, Diego Sendoya, Laura Rosen, Burcu Mucan Özcan, and Yvette van der Eijk. "Plain tobacco packaging: progress, challenges, learning and opportunities." Tobacco Control 31, no. 2 (March 2022): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056559.
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The aim of this paper is to overview progress made with respect to the adoption of plain (or standardised) packaging, key challenges faced, evaluative evidence and opportunities for extending this policy. It has been a decade since Australia became the first country to require tobacco products to be sold in plain packaging; after slow initial uptake, 16 countries have now fully implemented this policy. Since 2020, plain packaging laws have become more comprehensive in some countries, expanding coverage beyond traditional tobacco products to include heated tobacco, tobacco accessories (rolling papers) and other nicotine-containing products (e-cigarettes). Laws have also become more innovative: some now ban non-biodegradable filters, include provision for a periodic change of the pack colour or require both plain packaging and health-promoting pack inserts. The tobacco industry has and will continue to use multi-jurisdictional strategies to oppose this policy. Evaluations suggest that plain packaging has improved health outcomes and has not burdened retailers, although research is limited to early policy adopters and important gaps in the literature remain. While the power of packaging as a sales tool has diminished in markets with plain packaging, tobacco companies have exploited loopholes to continue to promote their products and have increasingly focused on filter innovations. Opportunities exist for governments to strengthen plain packaging laws.
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Luo, Shi Yong, Jun Yan Zhao, Xin Lin Zhang, and Wen Cai Xu. "Research Development of Antibacterial Plastic Packaging." Advanced Materials Research 380 (November 2011): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.380.226.
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This article describes different types of antimicrobial agents added into plastic, such as inorganic antibacterial agents, organic antibacterial agents and natural antimicrobials. And summarize new environmental protection antibacterial technology in the application of plastic packaging, from the aspects about molecular self-assembly technology, nanotechnology, natural antimicrobials and composite antimicrobials technique. Finally, this article briefly introduces the development prospect of antibacterial plastic packaging. We developed plastic products prepared by different antibacterial such as the molecular assembly antibacterial, nanoscale antibacterial agent, natural antimicrobials and composite antimicrobials, at the same time considering its mould proof and insect-resistant.
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Huo, Li Jiang. "Study on Multi-Criteria Evaluation for Selecting Sustainable Protective Packaging System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.613.
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A proposed approach to multi-criteria evaluation for selecting sustainable protective packaging system has been developed based on life cycle thinking and quality function deployment (QFD). The method can be used to measure multiple aspects of performance for the protective packaging system quantitatively with regard to social, economic and environmental considerations and integrate the results into a sustainability indicator for directly comparing the overall efficiency of packaging solutions in practice. In the study, sustainability of the protective packaging system is described quantitatively based on multi-input/multi-output process analysis. The social performance of the protective packaging system is identified and quantified based upon QFD methodology. The multi-criteria evaluation, named sustainability assessment, can assist in optimum selection of protective packaging products and indication of potential improvements in protective packaging design and production.
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Ouyang, Chao Ying, and Xiao Li Nie. "An Investigation into Green Logistics and Packaging Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 4552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.4552.
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Some packaging used in current domestic market has caused not only certain environmental pollution, but also waste of resources. The green logistics and packaging proposed recently can protect the environment and curb wasting of resources. Additionally, it can improve international competiveness of goods and facilitate the sustainable and harmonious development of economy and environment. However, the overall execution of green logistics and packaging policies is hindered by Chinese consumer's lack in the knowledge of green logistics and packaging, the unsound legal system related, absence of technical talents in the area, shortage of green packaging supply and other factors. Therefore, this discussion is conducted on the influential factors of green packaging, green packaging structure, and green packaging design by enterprises and government, influences of green logistics, consumers' consuming awareness and behaviors, and other aspects, to study the nationwide practice of green logistics and packaging policy for its practice and development.
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Anquez, Elsa, Katharina Raab, Felipe Schneider Cechella, and Ralf Wagner. "CONSUMERS’ PERCEPTION OF SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY." Revista Direitos Culturais 17, no. 41 (May 3, 2022): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20912/rdc.v17i41.728.
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Consumers evaluate products and make purchasing decisions based on packaging and its sustainable aspects. This research investigated how different packages and their quality, eco-friendliness, expensiveness, and convenience affected consumers’ intentions to purchase. Our sample comprised 299 French consumers of muesli cereals. We conducted an online choice experiment to analyze and measure consumers’ perception of sustainable packaging, comparing three distinct experimental groups. Findings revealed that quality and environmental friendliness impact purchase intentions. Price sensitivity and environmental behavior showed to have moderation effects in the proposed research model. The reusable container is perceived as more expensive and less convenient when compared to other packaging types. We contribute to the existing literature in the food industry by providing additional insights into consumers’ recognition processes in identifying sustainable packaging.
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Hutagalung, Jantarda Mauli, and Clara Ignatia Tobing. "PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA KEBIJAKAN PRODUK KEMASAN POLOS PRODUK ROKOK AUSTRALIA DALAM WTO [Resolution of the Dispute over Australia's Rules and Policies for the Plain Packaging of Cigarette Products in the WTO]." Law Review 20, no. 1 (September 14, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/lr.v20i1.2437.
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<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle1"><em>The sovereignty of a country to issue a policy or regulation in the field of international trade </em><em>is limited by the enactment of the provisions in the World Trade Organization (WTO), </em><em>especially for countries that have ratified the GATT / WTO. If a country issues rules and/or </em><em>policy that conflict with WTO provisions, it will result in the country being sued by another </em><em>country. As happened with the policy issued by Australia. Indonesia is suing Australia to the </em><em>WTO for the rules and/or policies for the plain packaging of cigarette products (The Tobacco </em><em>Plain Packaging Act 2011) imposed by Australia. The policy is considered contrary to the </em><em>provisions of the WTO, specifically the provisions of TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of </em><em>Intellectual Property Rights). This research utilizes a normative juridical method by paying </em><em>attention to legal materials such as legal principles, legal principles, international </em><em>conventions, and legislation relating to the problem of The Tobacco Plain Packaging Act. </em><em>From the results of the study can be seen WTO considerations in this case. In addition, there are also advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of The Tobacco Plain Packaging Act in the future.</em><br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong><em>Keywords: WTO/GATT, The Tobacco Plain Packaging Act, International Economic Law</em></strong><br /></span></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><span class="fontstyle4">Kedaulatan suatu negara untuk mengeluarkan suatu kebijakan atau peraturan dalam bidang perdagangan internasional dibatasi oleh berlakunya ketentuan-ketentuan dalam </span><span class="fontstyle1">World Trade Organization </span><span class="fontstyle4">(WTO), terutama bagi negara-negara yang telah meratifikasi GATT/WTO. Apabila negara mengeluarkan aturan dan/atau kebijakan yang bertentangan dengan ketentuan WTO akan mengakibatkan negara tersebut digugat oleh negara lain. Seperti yang terjadi dengan kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh Australia. Indonesia menggugat Australia ke WTO atas aturan dan/atau kebijakan kemasan polos produk rokok (</span><span class="fontstyle1">The Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011</span><span class="fontstyle4">) yang diberlakukan oleh Australia. Kebijakan tersebut dianggap bertentangan dengan ketentuan WTO, khususnya ketentuan TRIPS (</span><span class="fontstyle1">Trade Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights</span><span class="fontstyle4">). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan memperhatikan bahan hukum seperti asas-asas hukum, prinsip-prinsip hukum, konvensi internasional, serta perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan masalah </span><span class="fontstyle1">The Tobacco Plain Packaging Act</span><span class="fontstyle4">. Dari </span><span class="fontstyle4">hasil penelitian dapat terlihat pertimbangan WTO dalam kasus ini. Selain itu, terlihat juga keuntungan dan kekurangan dari pemberlakuan </span><span class="fontstyle1">The Tobacco Plain Packaging Act k</span><span class="fontstyle4">e depannya.<br /></span></p><p><strong><span class="fontstyle3">Kata kunci: WTO/GATT, </span><span class="fontstyle0">The Tobacco Plain Packaging Act</span><span class="fontstyle3">, Hukum Ekonomi Internasional</span> </strong></p>
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Ben-Yehoshua, Shimshon. "Individual Seal-packaging of Fruit and Vegetables in Plastic Film—A New Postharvest Technique." HortScience 20, no. 1 (February 1985): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.1.32.
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Abstract Individual seal-packaging has been developed in the last decade as a new technique for postharvest handling of fruit and vegetables. This technique, mainly used with citrus fruit, may extend shelf life, reduce shrinkage, weight loss, the occurrence of various blemishes, and refrigeration costs. Individual seal-packaging helps in securing the beneficial aspects of a water-saturated atmosphere (WSA) and in mitigating its disadvantages. If the sealed fruit is not pretreated against decay, however, it may develop decay faster and have a higher percentage of stem-end rot than nonsealed fruit. The choice of films has been extended, but polyethylene of various densities is the main one used. These films offer an attractive appearance and characteristics, adapted to the needs of both the fruit as well as the machines which have been developed to seal individual fruit automatically. So far, this technique has been tested commercially in Israel, Australia, Florida, California, Arizona, Texas, Italy and Spain, and experiments are under way in other locations.
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De Souza, Adriano Jose Sorbile, Erik Leonel Luciano, Igor Alexandre Fioravante, Jorge Luiz Rosa, Rosenil Honorato De Melo, and Rosinei Batista Ribeiro. "Management Allied to Industry: Development of Metallic Packaging "Rack" Applied to the Automotive Sector." International Journal of Business Administration 13, no. 2 (February 27, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v13n2p1.
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This work aimed to design industrial packaging, type "metallic racks" for automotive components and assemblies, which contribute to the effective reduction of storage and transportation costs, potentiating the reduction of times and movements in environmental processes and liabilities. As an application, bibliographic, exploratory and product development research was used, which consisted of diagnosing the problematic situation for the development of the "Rack": standardized packaging / occupancy rate, handling / times and movements, Lean Manufacturing, ergonomic aspects, environmental processes and analysis of the material / construction process. As a result, it was found that the use of the Metallic “Rack” impacted in the company's money savings impacted an express economy for the company, with a reduction of 82% in the storage area, 89% in the times and movements involved in the packaging activity, among others. As an academic and scientific contribution, this work helps to expand studies in the most diverse aspects that affect the production process, logistics, racking design, ergonomic analysis and a product value chain.
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Beshai, Heba, Gursimran Sarabha, Pranali Rathi, Arif Alam, and M. Deen. "Freshness Monitoring of Packaged Vegetables." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 7937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217937.
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Smart packaging is an emerging technology that has a great potential in solving conventional food packaging problems and in meeting the evolving packaged vegetables market needs. The advantages of using such a system lies in extending the shelf life of products, ensuring the safety and the compliance of these packages while reducing the food waste; hence, lessening the negative environmental impacts. Many new concepts were developed to serve this purpose, especially in the meat and fish industry with less focus on fruits and vegetables. However, making use of these evolving technologies in packaging of vegetables will yield in many positive outcomes. In this review, we discuss the new technologies and approaches used, or have the potential to be used, in smart packaging of vegetables. We describe the technical aspects and the commercial applications of the techniques used to monitor the quality and the freshness of vegetables. Factors affecting the freshness and the spoilage of vegetables are summarized. Then, some of the technologies used in smart packaging such as sensors, indicators, and data carriers that are integrated with sensors, to monitor and provide a dynamic output about the quality and safety of the packaged produce are discussed. Comparison between various intelligent systems is provided followed by a brief review of active packaging systems. Finally, challenges, legal aspects, and limitations facing this smart packaging industry are discussed together with outlook and future improvements.
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Malea, Anastasia, Anastasios Tzotzis, Athanasios Manavis, and Panagiotis Kyratsis. "Innovative and sustainable toothpaste packaging design." Journal of graphic engineering and design 11, no. 2 (December 2020): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/jged-2020-2-019.
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Oral care products and especially toothpastes, are vital for the human daily hygiene. Nowadays tooth brushing is, without a doubt, an integral part of pre-ventative dentistry, but on the other hand the extensive use of toothpastes has a great impact on the environment. Traditional toothpaste tubes have many negative aspects, in terms of usage and recycling. Their modest size, mixed and merged materials, remnant toothpaste inside toothpaste tubes and other tube based containers, make them difficult to disassemble and recycling almost impossible. The main objective of this study, is to investi-gate the disadvantages of the toothpaste packaging and the proposal of new innovative packaging solutions, which will not only reduce the environmental impact that traditional toothpaste tubes cause, but will also be user-friendly. In this paper, a combination of literature survey and market research is being presented. Finally, based on the findings and well-established techniques, a number of innovative, user and environmental friendly toothpaste packaging is proposed.
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Kozik, Natalia. "Sustainable packaging as a tool for global sustainable development." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207404012.
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In various areas of human activity more attention is paid to environmental and ecological problems and also social issues. International enterprises take into account these criteria in management and strive to reduce the degradative impact and negative effects of their activities. These activities include the global concepts of sustainable development, circular economy and social responsibility. These concepts are also increasingly taken into account by companies from the packaging industry. For this reason, more often we hear about the so-called “sustainable packaging”, which is a consequence of the above actions and brings new opportunities in the environmental, economic, ethical and social aspects. The aim of the article was to characterize sustainable packaging. Based on the literature, sustainable packaging was defined, at the same time indicating that although this definition shows how to improve the packaging present on the global market, it should also be constantly improved and adapted to the changing market, society or environment requirements, as well as the state and development of the packaging industry. Examples of companies’ around the world activities in the field of creating sustainable packaging were also presented.
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Dittman, Timothy. "The True Cost of Hermeticity in Microelectronic Packaging." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2016, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 000644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2016-thp45.
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Abstract Reliability in microelectronic packaging has been, and will continue to be, a major concern that must be taken into account early in the design of a package. Decisions made relative to packaging materials and the methods for achieving environmental protection drive many other aspects of the design, such as component selection and next higher assembly interfaces. A better understanding of current methods for achieving reliability allows the design community to determine the most appropriate packaging solution for use in a given application. Environmental protection in microelectronic packaging may be achieved both with and without hermeticity. Hermetic solutions require a means of sealing the package via laser or seam weld type processes in order to provide environmental protection to the components within the package. These packages are typically in the form of either a metal box assembly or a ceramic substrate with a soldered lead frame. Non-hermetic packaging solutions can be accomplished on a wide variety of material sets but require environmentally protective coatings to prevent damage to the packaged components. Hermetic and non-hermetic packaging solutions, in addition to various types of each, have unique advantages and disadvantages depending upon the application. Characteristics such as electrical performance, producibility, structural integrity and cost must be considered when choosing a packaging solution for an application. This paper will review current microelectronic packaging technology trends and present a trade study on the materials and methods used to achieve environmental protection.
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Parobek, Ján, Erika Loučanová, Miriam Olšiaková, Hubert Paluš, Michal Dzian, and Anna Dovčíková. "Globalization and innovation applying smart solutions." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207402011.
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The global economic environment is closely connected with the continuous application of innovation reflecting global trends and market changes. Currently, substantial attention is focused on innovations presenting smart solutions. Their purpose rests in efficiency, economy, environmental friendliness, safety (including health). Moreover, they increase consumers´ comfort. The packaging and its functions represents one of possibilities having considerable potential for sustainable development. It is related to the need to ensure that consumers perceive packaging in the context of sustainable development. The paper deals with consumers’ attitudes to innovative (especially smart) packaging aspects. We focused on the attitude of consumers towards innovative packaging functions by using intelligent solutions and their overall perception of intelligent packaging with regard to their education and income in Slovakia. The survey results allow us identifying the main advantages of packaging functions for better understanding and consequently more effective communication in decision-making processes. The results point to the importance of packaging, especially in the protective, environmental, information and economic areas. The survey was applied as part of the global research and pointed out that consumers perceive this issue as unknown and new. This is the main reason why the results point to low consumer interest in smart packaging.
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Sidiqah, Meliyani. "RELEVANSI KEBIJAKAN TPPA 2011 TERHADAP NEGARA-NEGARA ANGGOTA WTO DALAM PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL." LITIGASI 23, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 191–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/litigasi.v23i2.5786.
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Tobacco Plain Packaging Act (TPPA) 2011 merupakan salah satu undang-undang yang dibuat Australia yang kebijakannya ditentang negara-negara produsen tembakau karena mewajibkan kemasan polos rokok dan produk-produk tembakau lainnya. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai adalah untuk mengetahui relevansi TPPA 2011 yang dibuat Australia dengan ketentuan perdagangan di WTO, dan untuk mengetahui akibat hukum bagi negara-negara anggota WTO yang memiliki hubungan bilateral dengan Austalia. Spesifikasi penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif. Jenis penelitiannya adalah yuridis normatif. Metode pendekatannya adalah metode pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan metode pendekatan kasus (case approach). Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi dokumen bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian yang pertama, TPPA 2011 tidak relevan dengan ketentuan perdagangan di WTO. Hasil penelitian yang kedua, negara-negara anggota WTO yang memiliki hubungan bilateral dengan Australia harus bersedia tunduk kepada TPPA 2011. Kata Kunci: Australia; kemasan polos rokok; TPPA 2011.
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Trevisani, Alessandro, Eleonora Iaccheri, Angelo Fabbri, and Adriano Guarnieri. "Pallet standards in agri-food sector: a brief survey." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 45, no. 2 (October 2, 2014): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2014.220.
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In food industry wooden pallet and fruit and vegetables crates are the most used for handling and delivering. Regulatory aspects and test procedure are relatively young as regards to the packaging sector of wooden. Currently many standards are in development or implementation. In this context the objective of the following paper is a brief overview on technical standards governing the use of wooden packaging, with particular reference to the agricultural-food sector. In this review, as wooden packaging, are taken into account, wood or its derivatives used to support, packaging and transport goods, such as cages, wooden pallets, wooden frame, wooden kegs, rods or timber. Particularly European standards are briefly described in their technical content and historic development. Market data, emerging technology and environmental problems are even recalled.
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Langley, Sophie, Nhat Tram Phan-Le, Linda Brennan, Lukas Parker, Michaela Jackson, Caroline Francis, Simon Lockrey, Karli Verghese, and Natalia Alessi. "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Food Packaging and Consumers." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 12409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212409.
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Food waste is a significant environmental, economic, and social issue. In many cases, packaging protects food and prolongs its shelf life, reducing the overall environmental impact by reducing food waste. This research focuses on consumer perceptions of the role of packaging and on-pack labelling in reducing household food waste. The following research questions provided the framework for the study: (1) could packaging play a role in decreasing food waste; (2) what are labelling and packaging designs’ impacts on consumer decision-making about food waste? This research draws on two qualitative studies. Study One focuses on journey mapping—following food waste throughout the consumer’s engagement with food ‘journey’ from planning to disposal. Study Two comprises a series of in-depth interviews in consumers’ homes focusing on how consumers engage with food packaging and food waste. Results indicate that there are at least two streams of consumer perceptions to consider when determining the relationship between food packaging and reducing food waste: the first is how practically useful packaging is for consumer needs; the second is consumers’ perceptions about food packaging itself. There are tensions and trade-offs between these two sets of considerations. The results of the studies show consumers are unlikely to consider food packaging or reducing food waste as a primary motivation in their food purchasing decisions. The studies also show reducing packaging, including plastic packaging, is seen as more important than reducing food waste. Our results also highlight important elements to consider when designing food packaging. These results suggest that a fundamental review is needed for many aspects of packaging and storage information and that this review should account for consumers’ information needs at different points: purchase, storage, during consumption, and between instances of consumption. Furthermore, our results suggest packaging designs that provide clear information and instructions for consumers to reduce food waste are needed.
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Schamber, Pablo, and Sergio Bon. "Extended producer responsibility (EPR) and packaging regulations in Argentina: reflections on the aspects associated with the blocking of the draft legislation initiatives." Detritus, no. 19 (June 30, 2022): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15195.
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For more than two decades there has been an on-going debate in Argentina about the draft bills presented to congress for the management of packaging waste and the notion of extended producer responsibility. This article analyses the points of agreement and controversies among the stakeholders with respect to their approach to the debate. The analysis basically covers the discussions around three key issues related to a proposed packaging waste management system: the obliged subjects liable to make contributions, the state or private nature of the entity responsible for managing such system, and the role of the waste pickers and their organizations. A number of secondary sources were consulted (legislative files, dossiers, public records and bibliography), and several interviews were conducted to a number key actors (specialists in this field, legislative advisers, waste picker’s referents, law makers, public servants and technical experts) for the writing of this paper.
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Mahmud, Niaz, Joinul Islam, and Reza Tahergorabi. "Marine Biopolymers: Applications in Food Packaging." Processes 9, no. 12 (December 13, 2021): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122245.
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Marine sources are gaining popularity and attention as novel materials for manufacturing biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides. Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity features, these biopolymers have been claimed to be beneficial in the development of food packaging materials. Several studies have thoroughly researched the extraction, isolation, and latent use of marine biopolymers in the fabrication of environmentally acceptable packaging. Thus, a review was designed to provide an overview of (a) the chemical composition, unique properties, and extraction methods of marine biopolymers; (b) the application of marine biopolymers in film and coating development for improved shelf-life of packaged foods; (c) production flaws and proposed solutions for better isolation of marine biopolymers; (d) methods of preparation of edible films and coatings from marine biopolymers; and (e) safety aspects. According to our review, these biopolymers would make a significant component of a biodegradable food packaging system, reducing the amount of plastic packaging used and resulting in considerable environmental and economic benefits.
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Du, Yi, Qing Xin Chen, and Jian Wei Chen. "Investigation and Implementation of Environmental Protection and Energy Saving." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3271.
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Abstract. Xinjin technology group company is to provide professional electronics manufacturing services ( EMS ) Company. The main business is the assembly of PCB and small electronic products and packaging They are the main problem facing the enterprise that global oversupplies in the market, which includes cost saving, protection of the environment and improve efficiency.There are three primary aspects in this paper. They are electric circuit capacitance compensation, tin slag recycling and type U reconfigurable production line. They were to take the new technology, new production process to replace outdated., Profits were improved through these reform measures.