Journal articles on the topic 'Pack-out corrosion'
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1
Suarsana, I. Ketut, I. Made Astika, and I. Gede Putu Agus Suryawan. "Efek perlakuan pack carburizing dan media korosif pada baja AISI 1045 terhadap laju korosi." Jurnal Energi Dan Manufaktur 14, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jem.2021.v14.i02.p01.
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Corrosion is a destructive symptom that affects the properties of a metal, which means that the physical properties and quality of the metal decrease due to the electrochemical reaction between the metal and its environment so that the strength of the metal decreases. Corrosion control can be used to avoid the negative impact of corrosion, through the pack carburizing treatment method. The material used in this research is AISI 1045 steel. To determine the effect of pack carburizing on the corrosion rate of steel, the research was carried out by varying the suhue of the carburizing pack and corrosive media. In this study, the pack carburizing process with suhue variations used was 750°C, 850°C, 950°C and the corroding media used were air, fresh water and sea water. This was observed in accordance with the application of AISI 1045 material. The corrosive process through corrosive media was carried out for 720 hours. The results showed that pack carburized steel at a temperature of 950°C had a lower corrosion rate than pack carburized steel at 750°C. Also, air corrosive media provides a lower corrosion rate compared to seawater corrosion rate.
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Kianicová, Marta, and Jan Kafrik. "A Study of Hot Corrosion Behaviour of NiAl Coatings in an Aggressive Environment." Solid State Phenomena 226 (January 2015): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.226.177.
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The microstructure and corrosion behaviour was studied for a diffusionβ-NiAl and Si modifiedβ-NiAl coatings formed on the superalloy MAR-M 247. First type,β-NiAl coating was applied with the help of method “out-of-pack”. Second type, Si modifiedβ-NiAl coating was applied by method “pack-cementation”. Diffusion coatings created protective, heat-activated layer which separated superalloy from aggressive environment. Corrosive environment was created by tablets Na2SO4at 900°C. Technique of scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDS) was used to characterize the corrosion products. Experiment confirmed the advantages relating to the application of diffusion coating in aggressive environment which imitated environmental condition during operation of turbine engine. This experiment was made in cooperation with company PBS Velká Bíteš a. s., Velká Bíteš, Czech Republic and The Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Katowice, Poland.
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MIN, HUANG, FU QIAN-GANG, WANG YU, and ZHONG WEN-WU. "CORROSION RESISTANT CERAMIC COATING FOR X80 PIPELINE STEEL BY LOW-TEMPERATURE PACK ALUMINIZING AND OXIDATION TREATMENT." Surface Review and Letters 20, no. 06 (December 2013): 1350063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x13500637.
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In this paper, we discuss the formation of ceramic coatings by a combined processing of low-temperature pack aluminizing and oxidation treatment on the surface of X80 pipeline steel substrates in order to improve the corrosion resistance ability of X80 pipeline steel. First, Fe - Al coating consisting of FeAl 3 and Fe 2 Al 5 was prepared by a low-temperature pack aluminizing at 803 K which was fulfilled by adding zinc in the pack powder. Pre-treatment of X80 pipeline steel was carried out through surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). Further oxidation treatment of as-aluminized sample was carried out in the CVD reactor at 833 K under oxygen containing atmosphere. After 1 h duration in these conditions, ceramic coating consisting of α- Al 2 O 3 was formed by in situ oxidation reaction of Fe - Al coating. Those coatings have been characterized by different techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS), respectively. Ceramic coating shows a dense and uniform microstructure, and exhibits good coherences with X80 pipeline steel substrates. By electrochemical corrosion test, the self-corrosion current density of X80 pipeline steel with as-obtained ceramics coating in 3.5% NaCl solution shows an obvious decrease. The formation of α- Al 2 O 3 ceramic coating is considered as the main reason for the corrosion resistance improvement of X80 pipeline steel.
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Huang, Min, Yu Wang, and Xiang Hong Lv. "Aluminizing Mechanism and Corrosion Resistance of Pipeline Steel X80 by Combined Pack Cementation Process under Low Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.232.
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In order to improve the corrosion resistance of pipeline steel X80 and maintain its good mechanical properties simultaneously, a low-temperature pack aluminizing process was carried out at 723 K on pipeline steel X80 after a surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The phase composition, microstructure and element distribution of the as-aluminized pipeline steel X80 were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS, respectively.The results show that the as-received aluminide layer consists of Fe2Al5, which exhibits a good cohesion with SMATed pipeline steel X80 substrate with the thickness of around 90 μm. The element concentrations of Al and Fe atoms show a gradual change in the range of aluminide layer. After corrosion test processed in 3.5% NaCl solution, there is no obvious corrosion crack or uphills piled up by corrosion products on the surface of as-aluminized SMATed pipeline steel, which can conclude that pack aluminizing assisting by SMAT at low-temperature is an effective way for protecting pipeline steel X80 against corrosion.
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Basuki, Eddy, Fadhli Mohammad, Ahmad Fauzi, and Djoko Prajitno. "Hot Corrosion of Aluminide Coated Ti-Al-Cr-Nb-Zr-Y Intermetallic Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1112 (July 2015): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1112.363.
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Pack aluminide coatings were performed on a Ti-Al-Cr-Nb alloy doped with zirconium and yttrium having two phase of a2-Ti3Al and g-TiAl microstructure. The high activity TiAl3-based coating was developed from aluminizing process carried out at 850°C for 25 hours in a pack containing 20%-wt Al, 2%wt NH4Cl, and 78%wt Al2O3. During applications at high temperatures, the coating can degrade due to the interaction between the coated system and the environment exhibit high corrosion potentials. This study investigates the hot corrosion behavior of high-activity aluminide coated Zr-Y doped a2-Ti3Al/g-TiAlCrNb intermetallic alloy at 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C in a mixture of 90% Na2SO4 and 10% NaCl. The experimental results showed that the addition of Zr and Y in the alloy reduces significantly the hot corrosion rate of the coating as resulted from the interdiffusion of these elements from the alloy to the coatings and influence the behavior of the TiAl3-based coatings.
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Lin, Nai Ming, Fa Qin Xie, Tao Zhong, Xiang Qing Wu, and Wei Tian. "Corrosion Resistance of Rare Earth Modified Chromizing Coating on P110 Oil Casing Tube Steel by Pack Cementation." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1075.
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The rare earth (RE) modified chromizing coating was obtained on P110 oil casing tube steel (P110 steel) substrate by means of pack cementation technique to enhance the resistance against corrosion of P110 steel. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to research microstructure, composition distribution and phase constitution of the chromizing coating. The effect of minor addition of RE on the microstructure of chromizing was discussed. Corrosion resistance of chromizing coating was investigated and compared with that of bare P110 steel via electrochemical corrosion and immersion corrosion in simulated oilfield brine solution, respectively. The results showed that a uniform, continuous and compact coating was formed on P110 steel. The coating with RE addition was more compact than that of the coating added no RE, and a small amount of RE addition could promote the chromizing procedure notably. From SEM and EDX investigation, it had been confirmed that the coating was composed of two different layers, an out layer and an inner layer; the coating mainly contains Fe and Cr; the concentration of Cr decreased as the distance from the surface increased, yet Fe presented the inverse trend. XRD analysis indicated the coating was built up by (Cr, Fe)23C6 referring to the out layer, (Cr, Fe)7C3, Cr7C3 and α-(Cr, Fe) corresponding to the inner layer. Electrochemical corrosion consequence was obtained as follows: the self-corroding electric potential of chromizing coating was higher, and the corrosion current density was lower than that of bare P110 steel, which revealed that chromizing coating had better anti-corrosion performance; immersion corrosion results demonstrated the mass loss of chromized P110 steel was lower, and this meant that chromizing coating had a better corrosion resistance than that of bare P110 steel on the experimental condition. A compact (Cr, Fe)xCy coating can be fabricated by pack cementation technique. As a result of minor RE addition, microstructure and corrosion resistance of the chromizing coating are improved obviously.
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Pechlivani, E. M., G. Stergioudis, Eleni Pavlidou, D. Tsipas, and S. Skolianos. "Evaluation of the Corrosion Behavior and Hardness of Glucose-Carburized Steel in Comparison with Fe2B Borided Layers." Advanced Materials Research 716 (July 2013): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.716.159.
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The paper aims to compare the hardness and corrosion behavior of carburized and borided Iron-Based Austenitic Steels (IBAS) which were treated at the same temperature and time under vacuum conditions. Boronizing was performed by pack cementation in Ekabor II powder and carburization was carried out by annealing under vacuum conditions using glucose as a carburizing medium. Both boronizing and carburizing procedures were performed at 900°C for 3h. The characterization of the treated materials was assessed by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, optical observations, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) measurements and micro-Vickers hardness tests. Potentiodynamic polarization curves were also used to determine electrochemical characteristics such as the corrosion potential (mV), corrosion current density (μΑ/cm2) and corrosion rate (μm/year). The results showed that borided samples with a single phase layer, exclusively Fe2B strongly toothed, exhibited better hardness behavior towards carburized samples but lesser corrosion resistance instead.
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ZOU, JIAOJUAN, FAQIN XIE, NAIMING LIN, XIAOFEI YAO, WEI TIAN, and BIN TANG. "FORMATION OF CHROMIUM COATING AND COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION ON CORROSION RESISTANCE WITH 13CrSTEEL INCO2-SATURATED SIMULATED OILFIELD BRINE." Surface Review and Letters 20, no. 03n04 (August 2013): 1350041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x13500418.
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In order to enhance the surface properties of P110 oil casing tube steel and increase its usage during operation, chromium coating was fabricated by pack cementation. Scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the surface morphology, cross-sectional microstructure, element distribution and phase constitutions of the coating. Comparative examinations on corrosion resistance between chromium coating and 13 Cr stainless steel in CO2-saturated simulated oilfield brine were carried out via electrochemical measurements. The results showed that the obtained coating was uniform and compact, mainly consisted of CrxCyand doped with minor Cr2N . Chromizing treatment made it possible to create on the working surface of P110 steel with enhanced corrosion resistance, and the chromium coating indicated lower pitting corrosion sensitivity than that of 13 Cr stainless steel.
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Sulistiyono, Bambang, Yudy Surya Irawan, Agus Suprapto, and Rudy Soenoko. "The comparison pack carburizing-nitriding SUS 316 with gas type Welding Grade and Ultra High Purity." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 3 (May 27, 2021): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2021.001839.
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The paper discusses the comparison of pack carburizing-nitriding SUS 316 with gas Nitrogen. The purpose of this study was to increase the hardness and corrosion resistance of SUS 316.
The research used a pack carburizing-nitriding method with gas type Welding Grade (WG) and Ultra High Purity (UHP). The pack carburizing process uses teak wood activated carbon and barium carbonate as a bio-photo catalyst. The specimens were put into a Sealed Steel Container containing teak wood activated carbon, with a depth of 1 cm below the activated carbon's surface. The test material is then heated until it reaches 850 °C and is held for 1 hour in a heating furnace. Furthermore, the nitriding process, the specimen is put into a tightly closed nitrogen tube, then nitrogen gas flows until the pressure reaches 41 bar and is held for 24 hours. They are using Welding Grade (WG) and Ultra High Purity (UHP) gas types. Furthermore, microVickers hardness testing, optical microscope, and Scan Electron Microscope (SEM) were carried out.
The results of the study include a. There was an increase in violence by 41.7 % for UHP and WG (17.3 %). b. The formation of nitride compounds and carbon dissipation on the specimen surface in the UHP carburizing-nitriding pack treatment is more than WG. The formation of a nitride layer is indicated by its fine and dense morphology and film bonding to the substrate. The chemical composition affects the diffusivity of nitrogen atoms in modifying the surface layer of the substrate. The higher the nitride compound formed, the smoother the substrate surface. Also, with UHP treatment, the lower the elemental content of Cr makes SUS 316 more resistant to corrosion. So that SUS 316 UHP can be recommended for use as an implant material
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Li, Shu Suo, Chun Xiao Zhang, Yong Wang Kang, and Ya Fang Han. "NiCr-CrAl Coating for Ni3Al Base Alloy IC6AE." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1467.
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The effect of NiCr-CrAl coating on the microstructure, oxidation and corrosion resistance, as well as mechanical properties of Ni3Al base alloy IC6AE has been studied in the present investigation. NiCr-CrAl coating for alloy IC6AE was prepared by the powder pack cementation method. The oxidation resistance tests were carried out under the condition of 1050°C/100h, while the hot corrosion resistance tests were under 900°C/100h. The tensile tests at the room temperature and the stress rupture life tests under 1050°C/90Mpa have been also conducted. The experimental results showed that NiCr-CrAl as-coated specimens had excellent oxidation and hot corrosion resistance compared with the alloy IC6AE blank specimens, and NiCr-CrAl coating has no obvious effect on the mechanical properties of alloy IC6AE. It may be concluded that NiCr-CrAl coating is suitable for the alloy IC6AE.
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Wang, Yu, and Min Huang. "Aluminizing Coating Prepared on Oil Casing Steel N80 by Low-Temperature Pack Cementation." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 2180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2180.
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Aluminizing has been verified to be an effective way to improve the corrosion resistance of steel due to the formation of continuous Al2O3layer, but traditional aluminizing processing carried out at high temperature can not be used to prepare aluminide layer on the surface of oil casing steel. In this paper, an aluminide coating was prepared on oil casing steel N80 by a low-temperature pack cementation only at 803 K for 2 hours by adding zinc in the pack powder and pre-treatment of N80 substrate by surface mechanical attrition. The phase compostion, microstructure, element distribution and properties of as-aluminized oil casing steel N80 were characterized by means of XRD, SEM, EDS, micro-hardness test and electrochemical corrosion measurements. The results indicate that aluminide coating mainly consists of FeAl3, Fe2Al5 and FeAl. The continuous aluminide coating with an average thickness around 50 μm could be successfully formed on the surface of oil casing steel N80 which shows a good coherence with as-packed substrate. After preparation of aluminide coating, oil casing steel N80 shows a higher microhardness in the range of aluminizing coating than that of the virgin material because of the formation of iron aluminide. The exception noted is that the proposed low-temperature aluminizing processing does not have any damaging impact on the mechanical properties of steel substrates. Moreover, it is concluded that oil casing steel N80 with aluminizing coating shows a better corrosion resistance than that of original N80 by analyzing of electrochemical test results.
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Rees-White, Tristan, Richard Beaven, William Powrie, and Darren Cole. "Investigating clogging failure mechanisms of leachate extraction wells in landfills." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50, no. 11 (November 2013): 1179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0478.
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To help reduce leachate heads in lined and unlined landfills, vertical leachate abstraction wells are commonly used. The effectiveness of vertical wells in landfills is, however, often perceived to be poor and to deteriorate over time. To investigate possible reasons for this, a downwell closed-circuit television (CCTV) survey of 25 leachate wells was carried out. Observations revealed significant corrosion of steel well screens, although only within the permanently unsaturated zone. Within the saturated parts of the well, corrosion of the screen and clogging did not occur. No biological fouling was observed in any of the wells examined. Exhumation and examination of three steel well screens from a landfill demonstrated significant screen corrosion in the unsaturated zone, with up to a 6 mm loss in section. Within the saturated zone, the gravel pack from each well showed no evidence of biological clogging, but there was some invasion of the gravel by intermediate cover material in two wells that had been developed.
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Swadźba, Lucjan, Ginter Nawrat, Boguslaw Mendala, and Marek Goral. "The Influence of Deposition Process on Structure of Platinum-Modifed Aluminide Coatings O Ni-Base Superalloy." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.247.
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The modern jet engines used in commercial and military aircrafts are characterized by operating temperature in turbine section above 1000oC. The Ni-base superalloy turbine blades and vanes working in high temperature in very aggressive environment require using of protective coatings. The aluminide coatings are widely used to protect this engine parts. The pack cementation, out of pack and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technologies are usually used to produce this type of coating. The aluminide coatings can be modified by platinum or other elements. The Pt-modified aluminide coatings are characterized by better oxidation and corrosion resistance in comparison with conventional aluminide coatings and can be used as a bond coat for Thermal Barrier Coatings deposited by EB-PVD technology. In present study the influence of deposition technology and their’s parameters on structure and chemical composition of Pt-aluminide coatings are presented. The base material for coatings was a Inconel 738 Ni-base superalloy. The first step of coatings production were Pt electroplating with different thickness of platinum layer. The second step of coating production was aluminising process. The aluminide coatings were produced by pack cementation and out of pack technologies. Additional the influence of heat treatment of base alloy with coatings was investigated. The structure of all deposited coatings was observed by scanning electron microscopy and the chemical and phase composition of coatings were investigated by EDS and XRD methods. The observed coatings were characterized by two types of structure: first based on NiAlPt phase obtained on thin Pt layer and the second with additional presence of PtAl2 phase on the thick Pt layer.
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Sato, Naka, Toshiya Kaneta, Michihisa Fukumoto, and Motoi Hara. "High Temperature Corrosion Resistance of Siliconized Stainless Steel under Continuous Deposition of Salt." Materials Science Forum 696 (September 2011): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.696.266.
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The surface alloying of Si into SUS304 austenitic stainless steel was carried out by a halide-activated pack-cementation method. By this treatment, the silicon diffusion layer containing about 13 at.% Si was formed. The high temperature corrosion resistance of this specimen was evaluated under the continuous deposition of salt. The result of the corrosion test showed that the oxidation mass gain of the siliconized stainless steel was lower than that of non-treated stainless steel. It was found from the observation of the cross-section of the specimen after the corrosion test that a thin scale was formed on the silicon diffusion layer and silicon oxide was formed as an inner layer of the scale. A mechanism of the oxidation suppression for the siliconized steel under the continuous deposition of salt was investigated by the oxidation test of pure silicon, iron, chromium or nickel powder mixed with equimolar NaCl-KCl. As a result, it was found that the high corrosion resistance of the siliconized steel was attributable to the fact that the silicon oxide formed on the silicon diffusion layer was inert to the chemical reaction with the NaCl-KCl salt.
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Roque, Valeska Rodrigues, Ana Paula Jardim Roquete, Laura Martins Fonseca, Anelise Mossmann, Carla Daniela Cordeiro Luiz, Maldaner Graciela, Flávio André Pavan, and Alexandre Ferreira Galio. "Evaluation of Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Applying in Food Packaging." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.657.
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In this study, the inhibitor effect of Solidago chilensis extract as green corrosion inhibitor for anodized aluminum alloy samples was evaluated in NaCl 3%wt solution. This study was carried out for application on cans for pack of foods. The procedure of the surface treatment of the samples was done by anodizing followed by sealing in a solution containing the inhibitor. Essays of potentiostatic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were done to evaluate the inhibitor effect. The mechanical analyses were performed on anodized samples to evaluate the influence of the thickness of anodization on the mechanical resistance of the samples. The potentiostatic essays indicated that a cathodic inhibitor effect occurs only in non-anodized samples and that the anodic effect of the inhibitor not appears on the anodized samples. The calculated efficiency of the inhibitor was 96 %. The EIS results indicated that the higher values of polarization resistance (16 kΩ) occur on anodized samples containing inhibitor after 72 hours of immersion in NaCl 3%wt. The mechanical essays indicated a non – significant difference between anodized and non – anodized samples.
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Alkan, Sabri. "ENHANCEMENT OF MARINE CORROSION AND TRIBOCORROSION RESISTANCE OF OFFSHORE MOORING CHAIN STEEL BY ALUMINIZING PROCESS." Brodogradnja 73, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 131–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21278/brod73407.
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The safety of mooring systems and accessories is one of the most critical issues in the structural integrity of floating oil/gas and renewable offshore structures. Mooring chains and accessories operate under dynamic conditions in harsh marine environments. They are subject to severe wear and corrosion between their links due to relative movement from waves, wind, and ocean currents that disrupt structural integrity. To cope with this problem, the pack-aluminizing process was applied on the R4 grade offshore mooring chain steel for 2 h at 850 °C to improve corrosion and wear-corrosion (tribocorrosion) resistance in 3.5% NaCl. The tribocorrosion behaviour of untreated and aluminized samples was investigated by a tribo-electrochemical setup that simultaneously allows for collecting the wear and corrosion data. Potentiodynamic and potentiostatic corrosion and tribocorrosion tests were carried out to understand corrosion kinetics. Optical, SEM, XRD and EDS analyses were performed to characterize the aluminide layer and surface morphologies before and after tribocorrosion investigations. In polarization scans under corrosion and tribocorrosion conditions, the current showed a significant activation stretch of several orders of magnitude, with minor potential changes in the anodic region. Due to the galvanic effects of sliding under natural electrochemical conditions, the untreated R4 alloy exhibited cathodic properties in the wear track, while the aluminium coating was out of the wear track due to its oxide-forming ability. At the cathodic potential, two hard Al2O3 materials under pure mechanical effects and third bodies emerging from cracks on the coating surface increase the friction coefficient (COF), while the oxide product film, which has a lubricating ability and pits which reduces the contact area, caused a decrease in COF at the high anodic potential. The study revealed that while the aluminide layer improved the corrosion and tribological character of R4 alloy, material loss from wear track increased due to micro fractures and cracks in the coating layer during sliding tribocorrosion conditions.
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Ledoux, Xiaver, Michel Vilasi, Stéphane Mathieu, Pierre Jean Pantiex, Pascal Del-Gallo, and Marc Wanger. "Development of Chromium and Aluminum Coatings on Superalloys by Pack-Cementation Technique." Advanced Materials Research 278 (July 2011): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.491.
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Austenitic nickel-iron-chromium based superalloys are materials of choice for high temperature applications as they provide high temperature creep resistance associated with a suitable oxidation behavior in the temperature range of 600-1100°C. However, these properties are not sufficient for applications as Steam Methane Reformer (SMR). As a consequence, aluminum and chromium coatings are developed by the pack-cementation technique to improve their corrosion resistance. The oxidation behavior of the coated samples has been carried out in air at 1050°C. Chromium deposition leads to a layer of bcc chromium-iron solid solution. Oxidation tests indicated that a too high chromium concentration induces a too rapid growth of the chromia layer. In the case of aluminum coatings, a layer of -NiAl is formed at the surface of the alloy. It permits a significant decrease of the oxidation rate.
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Dziarski, P., N. Makuch, and M. Kulka. "Influence of gas boriding on corrosion resistance of Inconel 600-alloy." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 84 (March 1, 2017): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3028.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyse the corrosion behaviour of gas-borided layers produced on Inconel 600-alloy. Two types of the borided layers were produced: fully borided and partially borided layer. The results obtained for gas-borided specimens were compared to untreated Inconel 600-alloy. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, gas boriding in N2-H2-BCl3 atmosphere was applied to produce the boride layers on Inconel 600-alloy. This process was carried out at 910°C (1193 K) for 2 h. Microstructure observations were carried out using a light microscope. The hardness measurements were performed using a Vickers method under a load of 0.981 N. In order to evaluate the corrosion resistance, the immersion corrosion test in a boiling solution of H2O, H2SO4 and Fe2(SO4)3 was used. Findings: The gas-borided layers consisted of a mixture of nickel borides (Ni3B, Ni2B, Ni4B3, NiB) and chromium borides (CrB, Cr2B). The high thickness of compact boride layer (76-79 μm) as well as high hardness (up to 2061 HV) were obtained. Based on corrosion resistance tests it was found that in case of untreated sample the strong intergrannular attack was observed. Whereas the corrosion behavior ofgas-borided Inconel 600-alloy was more complicated and resulted from the surface condition. Research limitations/implications: The obtained results indicated that gas-boriding in N2-H2-BCl3 atmosphere could be a suitable corrosion protection if the whole surface would be covered with boride layer. Practical implications: The parameters of gas boriding in N2-H2-BCl3 atmosphere used in this study (temperature of 910°C for 2 h) allowed to produced layers of a higher thickness in comparison with other acceptable method of boriding e.g. powder-pack boriding. Originality/value: Based on the results it was found that gas-boriding in N2-H2-BCl3 atmosphere is a suitable method to protect Inconel 600-alloy from corrosion.
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Al-Asadia, Zainab Z., and Fatimah J. Al-Hasani. "Effect of 〖ZrO〗_2 and Y_2 O_3 Deposition on Biological Behavior of Ti-Base Alloys." Engineering and Technology Journal 39, no. 4A (April 25, 2021): 573–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i4a.1906.
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Titanium has a good ability to attach to bone and living tissue, making it a perfect material for orthopedic implants. Because of the combination of high resistance to corrosion, biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties. This work aims to study the Modifications of various base titanium implant samples producing by using powder technology (Ti-pure, Ti-45 % Ni, Ti10 % Co, and Ti-30 % Ta) by deposition of Nano Zirconia and yttria powders (70 % and 30% ). Chemical pretreatment carried out to prepare the implant surface before deposition, while the deposition process accomplished by pack cementation. The Characterizations of samples accomplished before and after the surface treatment, which includes: microstructure observation, x-ray diffraction (XRD), MTT Assay (cell viability) and MTT assay (cell adhesion). From the SEM All samples Show that Nano Zirconia and yttria were homogeneously put on the surface and fully covered it which resulted in a substantial modification in surface morphologies. From XRD patterns the peaks slightly shifted to the low angle side also amorphous behavior was observed. From MTT graphs it was found that the titanium alloys surface after pack cementation became more active after 3 days of exposure in MG-63 cells and there was a remarkable increase in cell viability and cell attachment compared with untreated samples.
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Bockmair, Georg, and Katharina Kranzeder. "Surface Protection for Aircraft Maintenance by Means of Zinc Rich Primers." Advanced Materials Research 138 (October 2010): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.138.41.
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The aerospace industry urgently needs environmentally friendly materials and processes for corrosion protection of aluminium alloys in aircraft structures. Until now this has been achieved by hexavalent chromium based compounds in either surface pre-treatments or primers. Due to its carcinogenic properties the use of chromates is restricted and a ban is expected soon. Up to now an all over recognized replacement of chromates is not available for aircraft maintenance, although a lot of research has been done and promising results also exist for some chromium-free conversion coatings and for magnesium rich primers. WIWeB found out in laboratory scale and by flight trials that thin layers of zinc rich primers, if applied with dry film thickness of 10 – 20 µm, can be used successfully to prevent corrosion on aluminium for aircraft. Solvent based as well as water based zinc rich primers have been tested. The major part of the work presented is from further investigations which show, that another great improvement can be achieved, when thin layers of organic adhesion inhibitors like 2-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 4-t-butylbenzoic acid are applied on the unclad Al 2024 panels, which had been scrubbed with abrasive pads before. This process is followed by the application of the thin film of zinc rich epoxy primer before the usual 2-pack epoxy primer is applied.
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Eni, Sugiarti, Kemas Zaini, Yong Ming Wang, N. Hashimoto, Shigenari Hayashi, and Somei Ohnuki. "Nano-Micro Characterization of NiCoCrAl Coating on Carbon Steel Substrate." Advanced Materials Research 896 (February 2014): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.586.
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The corrosion of carbon steel is major infrastructure degradation problem in practically all industries, including chemical materials, mineral, and petrochemical industries. Coating on carbon steel is one of the techniques which required improving corrosion resistance in extreme environments. In present work, NiCoCrAl was diffusion-coated onto low carbon steel by electrodeposition for NiCo and pack cementation for Cr and Al. The cross section of coated specimen was observed and analyzed using SEM and TEM. Two types of coating processes have been challenging the formation of bond-coat layer on carbon steel substrate with different temperature coating process. SEM and EDS results show that the coating comprises three layers: intermetallics zone of Ni (Al) and Al (Cr), interdiffusion zone of Ni (Co), and there is the substrate. By XTEM observation, it was found that γ (Ni,Fe) and ζ hexagonal structure were identified in all specimens. Orthorhombic structure with the Al3Ni was identified in specimen developed at temperature of 800OC. Further, the top surface of a 1000OC specimen has two phases of β-NiAl and ζ hexagonal structure. In order to understand the performance of two types coating system with different temperature process, oxidation test at temperature of 800OC for 100 hours has been carried out and the result shows that coating system which was developed at 800OC has better oxidation resistance compare to 1000OC coating system.
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Hu, Zeng, Yang, Yang, Li, and Guo. "Microstructures and Wear Resistance of Boron-Chromium Duplex-Alloyed Coatings Prepared by a Two-Step Pack Cementation Process." Coatings 9, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090529.
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In this study, a two-step pack cementation process (preboronizing and then chromizing) was employed to prepare the B-Cr duplex-alloyed coating on the steel. After the first step of preboronizing (PB sample), box-type furnace chromizing (BC-1 sample) and induction heating chromizing (BC-2 sample) were carried out, respectively. The phases and microstructure of the coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), backscattering electron imaging (BSEI), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results reveal that the heating mode of the second step of chromizing has a significant effect on the phase composition and microstructure of the B-Cr coating. The efficiency of induction heating is higher than that of the box furnace heating, resulting in a thicker, denser, flatter surface, and B-Cr coating with fully reacted B and Cr elements. The wear and corrosion resistance of the steel is found to be significantly improved by the formation of effective B-Cr coating. The formation mechanisms and properties of the two duplex-alloyed coatings are investigated and discussed.
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Choux, Céline, Sébastien Chevalier, and Yannik Cadoret. "Elaboration of Nickel Aluminide Diffusion Coatings: Application to Oxidation Resistance." Materials Science Forum 595-598 (September 2008): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.41.
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Aluminide diffusion coatings are widely used in aeronautic domain. Nickel based superalloys present good mechanical properties and creep resistance at high temperature but their corrosion resistance is somewhat poor. In order to enhance their lifetime at high temperature, aluminide coatings can be applied on alloy surface. Aluminium present on material surface can form, at high temperature, alumina scale which is a protective oxide scale. In the present study, nickel aluminide coatings were carried out by aluminisation in a single step pack cementation process on nickel based superalloys 600 and AM1. Ni-Al intermetallic was obtained in each case. Oxidation tests were carried out at 900°C in air under atmospheric pressure. At this temperature, transient alumina as γ-Al2O3 and θ-Al2O3 appear on surface and are less protective than the stable α- Al2O3. Reactive elements can enhance α-Al2O3 nucleation and change diffusion mechanism during oxidation leading to a better adherence of alumina scale. In the present work, yttria was introduced by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) prior to the aluminisation. Yttria doped and undoped sample behaviours were compared under oxidising atmospheres.
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Akhmedov, Ikromali, and Zulfiya Mirkhasilova. "Construction of vertical drainage wells using corrosion resistant materials." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126404016.
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Vertical drainage wells in terms of construction technology and design do not differ from wells for irrigation. They are not deeper in-depth than irrigation wells and are generally 40-70 m. The main task of vertical drainage wells is land reclamation. They, depending on natural and economic conditions, serve on 5-120 hectares of area. In many areas, vertical drainage wells serve a dual purpose; land reclamation and irrigation of agricultural crops. Water intake wells, including vertical drainage wells, are characterized by a decrease in their flow rates during operation. To ensure the stable operation of the irrigation and drainage system, where water intake wells are operated, repair and restoration work is carried out on them, aimed at increasing flow rates. For the construction of vertical drainage wells in the Sirdarya river basin, steel pipes and filters are mainly used, which corrode in an aggressive environment. In the water intake zone of the well and the metal corrosion process, the colmatation process also occurs. All of them are the main reasons for the decline in well production rates. The carried out repair and restoration measures are aimed at destroying the structure of corrosion and clogging products. In practice, mechanical, physical, biological, and chemical methods are used to clean the filters of water intake wells. They all have their own technology and equipment. However, all these works do not exclude the repeatability of the process. Repetitive workover will come to ineffective, the stage of good concertation is approaching. It is known that polymeric materials do not corrode. They work steadily in aggressive environments. To prevent the corrosion process, polymeric-seam pipes were used as a filter frame and a casing for the construction of vertical drainage wells. Two pilot wells were built on the territory of the Chiyili district of the Kyzylorda region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The wells were drilled with a rotary drilling unit with backwash. Pure water (irrigation) was used as drilling fluid. To form a gravel pack in the annular zone of the casing, gravel-sand material from the Jailma quarry was used. The material was brought by rail and road transport. Pipe sections were prepared on the surface of 10 meters. Steel rings were put on the pipe from both ends of each section; their connection in the barrel was made by electric welding. The results showed that in the initial period of operation, a decline process was observed. In further exploitation, the well flow rate stabilized. As a result of construction using pipes and filters made of polymer material, the effect was achieved in terms of water volume more than 3 times and in terms of service life 4.2 times compared to a metal filter well.
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Anwer, Zubia, Muhammad Tufail, and Ali Dad Chandio. "Deposition of Aluminide Coatings onto AISI 304L Steel for High Temperature Applications." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 4184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124184.
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The nickel aluminides are commonly employed as a bond coat material in thermal barrier coating systems for the components of aeroengines operated at very high temperatures. However, their lifetime is limited due to several factors, such as outward diffusion of substrate elements, surface roughness at high temperatures, morphological changes of the oxide layer, etc. For this reason, inter-diffusion migrations were studied in the presence and absence of nickel coating. In addition, a hot corrosion study was also carried out. Thus, on one set of substrates, nickel electrodeposition was carried out, followed by a high activity pack aluminizing process, while another set of substrates were directly aluminized. The microstructural, mechanical, and oxidation properties were examined using different characterization techniques, such as SEM-EDS, optical microscopy, XRD, optical emission spectroscopy, surface roughness (Ra), and adhesion tests. In addition, the variable oxidation temperatures were employed to better understand their influence on the roughness, degree of spallation (DoS), and morphology. The results show that AISI 304L substrates do not respond to aluminizing treatment, i.e., no aluminide coating was formed; rather, a nearly pure aluminum (or alloy) was observed on the substrate. On the contrary, successful formation of an aluminide coating was observed on the nickel-electrodeposited substrates. In particular, a minimum amount of migrations were noted, which is attributed to nickel coating. Moreover, the scratch test at 10 N load revealed neither cracking nor peeling off, thereby indicating good adhesion of the aluminide coating before oxidation. The as-aluminized samples were oxidized between 700 °C to 1100 °C in air for 8 h each. The degree of spallation showed an incremental trend as temperatures increased. Likewise, oxide morphologies showed temperature dependence. On the other hand, average surface roughness (from Ra = 2.3 µm to 5.8 µm) was also increased as temperatures rose. Likewise, the mass gain showed linearity as temperatures increased during oxidation. The hot corrosion responses of electrodeposited-aluminized samples were superior among all specimens. An extensive discussion is presented based on the observations noted above.
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Pei, Ji Bin, Li Wen Zhang, Jing Niu, and Quan Zhong Zhang. "Microstructure and Formation Mechanism of Aluminized Coatings on Nickel-Based Superalloys." Key Engineering Materials 373-374 (March 2008): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.373-374.204.
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Aluminized coatings prepared on nickel-based superalloys can provide good protection against high temperature oxidation and hot corrosion. This study investigated the simple aluminized and silicon-aluminized coatings on nickel-based superalloy K4104. The simple aluminized coating was prepared by pack cementation and the Al-Si coating was prepared by slurry aluminizing, respectively. The microstructure of simple aluminized and Al-Si coatings was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). And the formation mechanism of simple aluminized and Al-Si coatings was discussed. The results showed that the simple aluminized coating was about 49 um thick and consisted of three layers. The outer layer mainly consisted of Al-rich β-NiAl. The intermediate layer consisted of Ni-rich β-NiAl and Cr-rich. The inner diffusion layer consisted of Cr-rich and γ’-Ni3Al. The microstructure of Al-Si coating showed that the coating was about 70 um thick and consisted of five layers. The Al-Si coating consisted of CrxSiy, Al-rich β-NiAl, Ni-rich β-NiAl, Cr-rich and γ’-Ni3Al. The microstructure of simple aluminized coating was compared with that of Al-Si coating in order to find out the effect of Si. Owing to the effect of Si, there was a Transition layer in Al-Si coating. The Al-Si coating was thicker than simple aluminized coating. The declining trend of the aluminum concentration in the Al-Si coating was smoother than that of the simple aluminized coating.
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BAUER, Iwona. "MICROSTRUCTURE AND RESISTANCE TO ABRASIVE AND CORROSIVE WEAR OF A CHROMOSILICONIZED LAYER ON C45 STEEL SUBSTRATE." Tribologia 283, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1486.
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The paper presents the results of investigation of the microstructure and resistance to the abrasive and corrosive wear of a chromosiliconized layer on C45 steel substrate. The chromosiliconizing process was carried out at 1000°C for 6 hours by the powder pack method. Microstructure, chemical and phase composition of the layer as well as surface roughness, thickness, and hardness measurements were carried out. Tribocorrosion tests were conducted with the use of a wear tester composed of three rollers and a cone. The frictional resistance of a chromosiliconized layer was investigated under exposure to a corrosive medium of an aqueous suspension of quartz sand. Chromosiliconizing of C45 steel influenced the resistance to wear of the layers during friction processes in the abrasive and corrosive environment.
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SILALAHI, YOSEPH NETANYAHU, and Mastiadi Tamjidilllah. "PENGARUH VARIASI SUHU DAN MEDIA PENDINGIN PADA PROSES PACK NITRIDING MATERIAL SUS 630 TERHADAP NILAI KEKERASAN DAN STRUKUR MIKRO." JTAM ROTARY 3, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtam_rotary.v3i1.3429.
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This research investigates the application of material engineering techniques on Stainless steel SUS 630 so that it not only has good resilience and resistance to corrosive properties but also has hard properties on its surface. In an effort to improve the quality of violence on the surface, among others, by surface hardening technique, one of which is a heat treatment technique by adding nitrogen elements to the surface of a material called the nitriding pack process. The nitrogen source in the pack nitriding process comes from urea (CO(NH2)2) with a nitrogen content of 46%. Parameters for controlling this study using variables by applying temperature variations (4200C, 4700C, 5200C, 5700C, 6200C) and cooling media (inside the furnace, room temperature, and with fan) with a holding time of 2 hours. To evaluate this study microstructure testing, diffusion layer testing and micro hardness testing were carried out. From the results of the test it was found that there was no significant transformation of the microstructure shape when comparing with raw material, the optimal value of diffusion layer was in the cooling furnace with a temperature of 6200C with an average of 4.57 μm and white layer 0.53 , the highest hardness was at 6200C with cooling in furnace media which has a value of 80.9 HRN.
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Hiremath, A., A. Amar Murthy, S. V. Pranavathmaja, A. Jajodia, and R. Sreenath. "Effect of end chills, reinforcement content and carburization on the hardness of LM25-borosilicate glass particulate composite." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 4203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.12.4.2018.16.0362.
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Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMCs) are widely employed in aerospace and automobile applications. Thus, they are required to operate reliably under a severe corrosive, high temperature and carbonaceous environments, without undergoing any deterioration in their mechanical properties. The paper is the compilation of the experimental results and analysis carried out to investigate the effect of different end chills, reinforcement content and carburization on the LM25 aluminium alloy reinforced with borosilicate glass powder. The composites are prepared via stir casting route by varying the weight percent (wt.%) of the reinforcement starting from 3 wt.% and going up till 12 wt.% with an increment of 3wt.% in every step. To obtain quality castings, end chills are placed within the sand mould. The specimens drawn from the chill-end of the castings are pack carburized in a muffle furnace for a set duration of time. The hardness of the specimens before and after carburization is recorded. The analysis of the results illustrates that the hardness increases linearly with the increase in the reinforcement content within the matrix from 3 wt.% up to 9 wt.%. It is also evident that the Volumetric Heat Capacities (VHC) of the chill material bears a strong effect not only on the quality of the castings produced but also on the hardness of the AMCs. Carburization leads to carbon deposition on the surface causing a change in the hardness of the specimens.
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Li, Qing, Defeng Zhang, Peng Song, Zhenhua Li, Ruixiong Zhai, Chen Hua, and Jiansheng Lu. "Influence of Pre-Oxidation on High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion Behavior of Ni-Based Aluminide Coating in Na2SO4 Salt at 1050°C." Frontiers in Materials 8 (June 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2021.679682.
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Aluminide coating is prepared on K438 Ni-based superalloy by pack cementation. The hot corrosion test of as-received and pre-oxidation aluminide coating in Na2SO4 salt are carried out at 1050°C. The coating morphologies, phase composition, and corrosion products are characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, and TEM. The conclusion is that the pre-oxidation aluminide coating has excellent hot corrosion properties. After hot corrosion, the oxide scale of pre-oxidation aluminide coating is the thinnest and maintains good integrity. However, the oxide scale of as-received aluminide coating fluctuates greatly and there are corrosion cavities. CrS is formed in the alloy immediately below the oxide scale for the two coating systems.
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Moskal, G., M. Sozańska, and M. Góral. "High Temperature Corrosion of TialCrNb Alloy with Tial2 Out-Of-Pack Coating in N2-O2-SO2-HCl Environments." Advances in Materials Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10077-008-0015-4.
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Peacock, Steve, and Vadim Kochergin. "The fractal pack: New equipment for ion exchange operations in the sugar industry." Sugar Industry, August 28, 2022, 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36961/si29005.
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The fractal pack is a new patented ion exchange configuration that is conceptually similar to a plate and frame filter press and contains a number of ion exchange plates held within a frame. With bed depths as shallow as 3 to 24 inches, this ion exchange system design results in a substantial reduction in capital cost by delivering the following benefits: compact equipment, modularity (by easy addition or removal of resin chambers from the existing frame), inexpensive capacity expansion / reduction and reduced installation costs. Furthermore, the capital and operating costs benefit from reductions in cycle times (and hence reduced resin fouling), regenerant use (and hence reduced chemical consumption and waste production), pressure drop, water consumption and product dilution. Increased resin loadings and longer life may also be possible. The plates are manufactured from corrosion resistant materials, making it possible to use aggressive resin regeneration chemicals if necessary. Testing has been carried out on both a small pilot / bench scale as well as a large pilot scale for several potential applications across a range of industries. In the sugar industry, successful performance has been demonstrated in the decolorization and softening of juice and syrups. Experimental work at various scales has confirmed that performance is maintained on scale-up to fractal pack plates of full industrial size.