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Du, Jianglong, Haolan Tao, Yuxin Chen, Xiaodong Yuan, Cheng Lian, and Honglai Liu. "Thermal Management of Air-Cooling Lithium-Ion Battery Pack." Chinese Physics Letters 38, no. 11 (December 1, 2021): 118201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/38/11/118201.
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Lithium-ion battery packs are made by many batteries, and the difficulty in heat transfer can cause many safety issues. It is important to evaluate thermal performance of a battery pack in designing process. Here, a multiscale method combining a pseudo-two-dimensional model of individual battery and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics is employed to describe heat generation and transfer in a battery pack. The effect of battery arrangement on the thermal performance of battery packs is investigated. We discuss the air-cooling effect of the pack with four battery arrangements which include one square arrangement, one stagger arrangement and two trapezoid arrangements. In addition, the air-cooling strategy is studied by observing temperature distribution of the battery pack. It is found that the square arrangement is the structure with the best air-cooling effect, and the cooling effect is best when the cold air inlet is at the top of the battery pack. We hope that this work can provide theoretical guidance for thermal management of lithium-ion battery packs.
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Iqbal, I. Z., G. H. Jones, N. Dawe, C. Mamais, M. E. Smith, R. J. Williams, I. Kuhn, and S. Carrie. "Intranasal packs and haemostatic agents for the management of adult epistaxis: systematic review." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 131, no. 12 (December 2017): 1065–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215117002055.
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AbstractBackground:The mainstay of management of epistaxis refractory to first aid and cautery is intranasal packing. This review aimed to identify evidence surrounding nasal pack use.Method:A systematic review of the literature was performed using standardised methodology.Results:Twenty-seven eligible articles were identified relating to non-dissolvable packs and nine to dissolvable packs. Nasal packing appears to be more effective when applied by trained professionals. For non-dissolvable packs, the re-bleed rates for Rapid Rhino and Merocel were similar, but were higher with bismuth iodoform paraffin paste packing. Rapid Rhino packs were the most tolerated non-dissolvable packs. Evidence indicates that 96 per cent of re-bleeding occurs within the first 4 hours after nasal pack removal. Limited evidence suggests that dissolvable packs are effective and well tolerated by patients. There was a lack of evidence relating to: the duration of pack use, the economic effects of pack choice and the appropriate care setting for non-dissolvable packs.Conclusion:Rapid Rhino packs are the best tolerated, with efficacy equivalent to nasal tampons. FloSeal is easy to use, causes less discomfort and may be superior to Merocel in anterior epistaxis cases. There is no strong evidence to support prophylactic antibiotic use.
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Sun, Bingxiang, Xinze Zhao, Xitian He, Haijun Ruan, Zhenlin Zhu, and Xingzhen Zhou. "Virtual Battery Pack-Based Battery Management System Testing Framework." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020680.
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The battery management system (BMS) is a core component to ensure the efficient and safe operation of electric vehicles, and the practical evaluation of key BMS functions is thus of great importance. However, the testing of a BMS with actual battery packs suffers from a poor testing repeatability and a long status transition time due to the uncontrollable degradation of battery systems and testing environment variations. In this paper, to overcome this challenge, we propose an efficient BMS testing framework that uses virtual battery packs rather than actual ones, thus enabling a rapid and accurate evaluation of a BMSs key functions. A series-connected virtual battery pack model through leveraging Copula’s method is formulated to capture the dynamics and inconsistency of individual batteries in the pack. The developed lithium iron phosphate model features low computational efforts and is experimentally validated with different dynamical profiles, implying a high-precision virtual battery pack that is capable of reproducing the actual one. Furthermore, this framework includes a closed-loop testing platform, which can provide the state-of-charge/state-of-power references and thus automatically test and evaluate the states of the battery packs estimated from the BMS. Particularly, we consider the initial polarization that often exists in the batteries during the operation to accurately calibrate the available state-of-power benchmark of battery packs in the real world. The performed BMS testing results using the proposed framework illustrate that the tested BMS cannot adapt to the varied operation conditions, thus leading to high state estimation errors, which may result in the over-charge/discharge or over-temperature of the batteries. Therefore, this work highlights the value of effective BMS testing, providing the promising potential to achieve reliability and durability for battery systems.
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Wang, Zhen Po, Chun Lu, and Peng Liu. "Reviews of Studying on Thermal Management System in EV/HEV Battery Pack." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1674.
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Keeping appropriate temperature of battery pack is crucial for EV/HEV’s safe operation and optimal performance. Existing literatures mainly concerned theoretical analysis on comparison of different cooling/heating methods and distribution of temperature field in a battery pack. This paper reviewes recent research about design, test and optimization of thermal management system, and presents a prediction of development. Further research should focus on coefficient-of-performance (COP) analysis, closed-cycle control of heating/cooling power, optimizing the theoretical designs and testing more battery packs.
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Han, Bing, Fei Liu, Meng Li, Jiale Guo, and Yalong Xu. "Research on electric vehicle thermal management system with coupled temperature regulation between crew cabin and power battery pack." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 10-11 (February 25, 2021): 2740–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407021996581.
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Based on the structure of the thermal management system for electric vehicles, complete the design of the thermal management system for the whole vehicle, and realize the coupling temperature regulation between the vehicle cabin and the power battery pack. A direct cooling system model containing electric compressors, electronic expansion valves, heat exchangers, power battery packs, and other components coupled to the air conditioning system is established. Based on this, a vehicle thermal management model of the entire vehicle including electric vehicle, electric motor, high and low voltage network, vehicle cabin, air conditioning system, and power battery pack is completed. Develop the logic threshold control strategy, compressor speed control strategy, and electronic expansion valve opening control strategy for the vehicle thermal management system. Through the comparative analysis of the temperature control effect of the thermal management system on the cabin and the power battery pack under different ambient temperatures, the effect of different temperatures on the vehicle range is analyzed. The results show that this vehicle thermal management system can meet the requirements for battery pack heat dissipation and vehicle cabin refrigeration.
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Mackeith, S., R. Hettige, A. Falzon, and M. Draper. "The relationship between pressure and volume when using Rapid Rhino(r) packs in the management of epistaxis." Rhinology journal 49, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino11.010.
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Despite the popularity of Rapid Rhino packs, there are no clear guidelines regarding the volume of air to be inflated when used in the management of epistaxis. The manufacturers suggest that subjective assessment by pilot cuff palpation is used to guide inflation. However, studies have clearly demonstrated that clinicians are poor at judging balloon pressure by pilot cuff palpation when used in other settings. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between the volume of air inflated and the resultant intra-nasal pressure generated by nasal balloon packing. Twelve healthy subjects were packed with 5.5 cm Rapid Rhino packs, which were connected to a manometer and 20 ml syringe via a 3-way tap in a closed circuit. Increments of 2.5 mls of air were inflated and the resultant intra-nasal pack pressure was measured. There appeared to be a linear relationship between increasing volume and pack pressure. However, between individuals, there was a large variation in the intra-nasal pack pressure produced for a given fixed volume of air inflated. This is presumably due to variations in nasal anatomy. It may be that a manometer-measured, pressure guided nasal pack inflation technique would represent best practice, especially for less experienced staff.
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Baranger, Violaine, Nicolas Bon Mardion, Bertrand Dureuil, and Vincent Compère. "Human Error in Throat Pack Management." A & A Case Reports 6, no. 12 (June 2016): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/xaa.0000000000000348.
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Ko, Sung-Tae, Jaehyung Lee, Jung-Hoon Ahn, and Byoung Kuk Lee. "Innovative Modeling Approach for Li-Ion Battery Packs Considering Intrinsic Cell Unbalances and Packaging Elements." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030356.
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In this paper, an innovative modeling approach for Li-ion battery packs is proposed by considering intrinsic cell unbalances and packaging elements. The proposed modeling method shows that the accurate battery pack model can be achieved if the overall influences of intrinsic cell unbalances and packaging elements are taken account. Concurrently, the proposed method takes a practical model structure, resulting in the reduction of computational burden in a battery management system. Furthermore, because the proposed method utilizes cell information without a manufactured battery pack, it can be helpful to design optimal battery packs. The proposed method is verified through simulation and experimental results of the Li-ion battery pack along with the battery cycler. In three test profiles, the mean absolute percentage errors and root mean square errors of the proposed pack model do not exceed 0.5% and 0.07 V, respectively.
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Chou, Chung-Jen, Shyh-Biau Jiang, Tse-Liang Yeh, and Chein-Chung Sun. "Fault-Tolerant Battery Power Network Architecture of Networked Swappable Battery Packs in Parallel." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 2841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102841.
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To improve the reliability and energy efficiency of battery swapping, we constructed a battery power network system with active redundancies and with multiple battery management controllers (one in each newly developed smart redundant battery pack). Each pack is getting ready to assume the role of the major to coordinate direct safe mounting of the packs onto the power bus for load sharing or charging without the need for a direct current to direct current converter. This fault-tolerant architecture provides multiple backups in both management control and power supply. To verify this design, the mounting, insertion, and removal of the battery packs were executed during charging and discharging. Battery packs can be swapped on and off safely at any time regardless of their charging states. Battery packs can be direct safe mounted onto the power bus by a threshold algorithm. With each mount on event, the equivalent output energy conversion efficiency ranges from 98.3% to 99.2% throughout the transient. Moreover, when the major battery pack fails or gets removed, other battery packs can indeed assume the role of major safely. The reliability, energy efficiency, and safety of our system were verified.
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Cafazzo, Simona, Sarah Marshall-Pescini, Martina Lazzaroni, Zsófia Virányi, and Friederike Range. "The effect of domestication on post-conflict management: wolves reconcile while dogs avoid each other." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 7 (July 2018): 171553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171553.
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Highly cooperative social species are expected to engage in frequent reconciliation following conflicts in order to maintain pack cohesiveness and preserve future cooperation. By contrast, in social species with low reliance on cooperation, reconciliation is expected to be less frequent. Here, we investigate the pattern of reconciliation in four captive wolf packs and four captive dog packs. We provide evidence for reconciliation in captive wolves, which are highly dependent on cooperation between pack members, while domestic dogs, which rely on conspecific cooperation less than wolves, avoided interacting with their partners after conflicts. Occurrence, intensity, latency, duration and initiation of wolf reconciliations appeared to vary as a consequence of a compromise between the costs (e.g. risk of further aggression) and the benefits (e.g. restoring relationship with opponents) of such interactions. Our results are in line with previous findings on various wolf packs living under different social and ecological conditions, suggesting that reconciliation is an important strategy for maintaining functional relationships and pack cohesiveness. However, current results on dogs are in contrast to the only other study showing that reconciliation can occur also in this species. Therefore, the occurrence of reconciliation in dogs may be influenced by social and environmental conditions more than in wolves. Which factors promote and modulate reconciliation in dogs needs to be further investigated.
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Jordan, Skylar, Owen Schreiber, Suryanarayana Kolluri, Krishna Shah, and Mohammad Parhizi. "A New Multiphysics Modeling Framework to Simulate Large Battery Packs." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 28 (October 9, 2022): 2609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02282609mtgabs.
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Li-ion batteries are used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from consumer electronics to electric vehicles (EVs) and large-scale energy storage. There are also ongoing efforts to electrify air transportation. The system level issues such as safety, thermal effects, and cell balancing need to be addressed as use of batteries become widespread in the transportation sector. These issues can be studied experimentally, however, extensive experimental testing at system level involving large battery packs is impractical. Additionally, experimental testing alone cannot provide insights into these issues. This makes experimental characterization studies necessary as well, which are not feasible beyond the lab scale. Appropriate use of modeling and simulation can provide an attractive alternative to gain insights into the system level issues. Presently, simplified equivalent circuit and empirical models are typically used at pack level. Since these models do not capture various physical phenomena and electrochemical processes, they cannot provide necessary insights into these issues. There are many simulation studies on thermal management of battery packs, but these studies are limited to studying heat transfer and fluid flow without capturing their effect on the life and performance of batteries. At the scale of a single li-ion cell, there are physics-based models incorporating various processes, including transport processes, reaction kinetics, thermal effect, and degradation mechanisms. However, these models are typically not used to study battery packs. One such attempt reported in literature involved the use of thermal single-particle battery model at the pack level, but this study considered simplified thermal boundary conditions representing natural convection type heat transfer, a rather simplistic treatment for the heat leaving the batteries1. There have been other similar studies as well2-4. Since thermal management systems presently used in EVs and new designs developed by researchers involve far more complex heat transfer processes, a model capturing heat transfer processes in these thermal management systems in an accurate manner is necessary. Using an accurate physics-based electrochemical-thermal model at the battery pack level and combing it with a heat transfer model for battery thermal management system can enable studying battery performance, aging, and safety characteristics at the pack level. However, this type of simulation would be computationally prohibitively expensive, especially for large battery packs, like the ones used in EVs. In the present work, we first develop volume averaged heat transfer models for two different battery pack designs, one involving prismatic/pouch cells, and other involving cylindrical cells, like the Tesla EV battery pack. These volume averaged models are informed by full-order steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and later validated against full-order transient CFD simulations for a wide variety of operating conditions. The simulations conducted using volume averaged heat transfer models are at least two orders of magnitude faster than conventional simulations while maintaining the same level of accuracy. Next, the volume averaged heat transfer model for one of these battery pack designs and the recently reported volume averaged thermal tank-in-series battery model are used to develop a modeling framework for multiple cells connected in series to form a module, and multiple such modules connected in parallel forming a battery pack. This modeling framework enables fast simulation of large battery packs while considering complex battery physics in each individual battery and heat transfer in the thermal management system. This proposed approach can be used for any battery pack design and configuration. Using this modeling framework, we perform detailed analysis on the battery pack, including studying electrochemical and thermal behavior of individual batteries in the pack as well as pack level characteristics under different operating conditions. Finally, we also study effect of cell-cell to variations due to possible manufacturing variations and variations in the state of charge (SOC) of batteries across the battery pack. References: Guo, M.; White, R. E., Thermal Model for Lithium Ion Battery Pack with Mixed Parallel and Series Configuration. J Electrochem Soc 2011, 158 (10), A1166-A1176. Huang, H. H.; Chen, H. Y.; Liao, K. C.; Young, H. T.; Lee, C. F.; Tien, J. Y., Thermal-electrochemical coupled simulations for cell-to-cell imbalances in lithium-iron-phosphate based battery packs. Appl Therm Eng 2017, 123, 584-591. Schindler, M.; Durdel, A.; Sturm, J.; Jocher, P.; Jossen, A., On the Impact of Internal Cross-Linking and Connection Properties on the Current Distribution in Lithium-Ion Battery Modules. J Electrochem Soc 2020, 167 (12). Wang, B.; Ji, C. W.; Wang, S. F.; Sun, J. J.; Pan, S.; Wang, D.; Liang, C., Study of non-uniform temperature and discharging distribution for lithium ion battery modules in series and parallel connection. Appl Therm Eng 2020, 168.
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Thomson, PC. "The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. IV. Social and spatial organistaion, and movements." Wildlife Research 19, no. 5 (1992): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920543.
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Dingoes, Canis familiaris dingo, were studied on the lower Fortescue River during a period when minimal natural or artificial disturbances occurred. From 1975 to 1978, 34 radio-collared dingoes were tracked and observed from aircraft for 2-36 months (mean 11 months). Tracking yielded 9179 daytime and 2229 night-time locations. In all, 25% of dingoes sighted were alone, 21% were in pairs, and 54% were in groups of three or more. Most dingoes were members of five discrete packs (mean monthly pack size 3-12 members) that occupied long-term essentially non-overlapping territories. Territory size (44.5-113.2km*2) was not correlated with pack size. Between-pack encounters were extremely rare. Members of packs were most often seen in smaller groups of variable size (mean 2.2, range 1-12); the largest observed groups of pack members were associated with feeding and hunting activities involving large prey. Dingoes were most gregarious during the prebreeding season. Lone dingoes (n = 3) displayed no pack affiliations, occupied large ranges that overlapped the mosaic of pack territories, and avoided encounters with packs. Dingoes utilised some habitats more heavily than others, with activity often being centred on riverine areas. The greatest seasonal influence on movement patterns occurred during the nursing period when breeding females were mostly confined to den areas. Implications for the control of dingoes, including the strategy of confining control work to buffer zones, are discussed.
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Li, Xu Jun, Da Liu, Rui Yan, Yue Qiu Gong, and Yong Pan. "Battery Management System Based on Virtual Instrument." Advanced Materials Research 772 (September 2013): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.725.
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A battery management system (BMS) is described along with important features for protecting and optimizing the performance of large 18650 lithium power battery packs. Of particular interest is the selection of many cells, that is, according to the system needs to choose healthy cells into the system to run. In order to shorten the cycle of research, the paper proposed a BMS based on virtual instrument (VI) data acquisition system. It can monitor parameters such as monomer voltage, total voltage, current, temperature, estimating state of charge (SOC) etc, and it also can control switch when a parameter exceeds the allowed range, the corresponding monomer cell will be automatically cut off the switch and alarm. Experimental results are included for a pack of seven 2.2 Ah (amp-hour) 18650 lithium power cells. It can monitor the status of the lithium-ion battery pack according to the security metrics of 18650 power lithium cells. It can control other types of power batteries by means of modified index.
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Wang, Jian, and Xiao Ping Yang. "Thermal Management System Design and Simulation of Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.100.
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Power battery pack under high-rate discharge conditions produces thermal aggregation phenomena. Generated heat during charging and discharging that distributes in battery pack affects performance of battery and so that shortens its life. So the battery pack thermal management is necessary to electric vehicles. In this paper, an ideal thermal management solution is put forward with a battery pack temperature equilibrium approach and a battery pack overall thermal dissipation structure by finite element analysis. Theoretical analysis result shows that the thermal management solution can effectively cool the battery pack to the ideal working temperature range 25~40°C and improve the battery pack temperature uniformity with the maximum temperature difference which is below 5°C, which enhance the cycle life of power battery pack for electric vehicle applications.
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Zhou, Albert H., Sei Y. Chung, Michael J. Sylvester, Michael Zaki, Peter S. Svider, Wayne D. Hsueh, Soly Baredes, and Jean Anderson Eloy. "To Pack or Not to Pack: Inpatient Management of Epistaxis in the Elderly." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 32, no. 6 (October 1, 2018): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1945892418801259.
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Background Epistaxis is common in elderly patients, occasionally necessitating hospitalization for the management of severe bleeds. In this study, we aim to explore the impact of nasal packing versus nonpacking interventions (cauterization, embolization, and ligation) on outcomes and complications of epistaxis hospitalization in the elderly. Methods The 2008–2013 National Inpatient Sample was queried for elderly patients (≥65 years) with a primary diagnosis of epistaxis and accompanying procedure codes for anterior and posterior nasal packing or nonpacking interventions. Results A total of 8449 cases met the inclusion criteria, with 62.4% receiving only nasal packing and 37.6% receiving nonpacking interventions. On average, nonpacking interventions were associated with a 9.9% increase in length of stay and a 54.0% increase in hospital charges. Comorbidity rates did not vary between cohorts, except for diabetes mellitus, which was less common in the nonpacking cohort (26.6% vs 29.0%; P = .014). Nonpacking interventions were associated with an increased rate of blood transfusion (24.5% vs. 21.8%; P = .004), but no significant differences in rates of stroke, blindness, aspiration pneumonia, infectious pneumonia, thromboembolism, urinary/renal complications, pulmonary complications, cardiac complications, or in-hospital mortality. Comparing patients receiving ligation or embolization, no differences in length of stay, complications, or in-hospital mortality were found; however, embolization patients incurred 232.1% greater hospital charges ( P < .001). Conclusion Nonpacking interventions in the elderly do not appear to be associated with increased morbidity or mortality when compared to nasal packing only but appear to be associated with increased hospital charges and length of stay. Embolization in the elderly results in greater hospital charges but no change in outcome when compared to ligation.
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Astaneh, Majid, Jelena Andric, Lennart Löfdahl, Dario Maggiolo, Peter Stopp, Mazyar Moghaddam, Michel Chapuis, and Henrik Ström. "Calibration Optimization Methodology for Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Model for Electric Vehicles in Mining Applications." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 3532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143532.
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Large-scale introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) to the market sets outstanding requirements for battery performance to extend vehicle driving range, prolong battery service life, and reduce battery costs. There is a growing need to accurately and robustly model the performance of both individual cells and their aggregated behavior when integrated into battery packs. This paper presents a novel methodology for Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack simulations under actual operating conditions of an electric mining vehicle. The validated electrochemical-thermal models of Li-ion battery cells are scaled up into battery modules to emulate cell-to-cell variations within the battery pack while considering the random variability of battery cells, as well as electrical topology and thermal management of the pack. The performance of the battery pack model is evaluated using transient experimental data for the pack operating conditions within the mining environment. The simulation results show that the relative root mean square error for the voltage prediction is 0.7–1.7% and for the battery pack temperature 2–12%. The proposed methodology is general and it can be applied to other battery chemistries and electric vehicle types to perform multi-objective optimization to predict the performance of large battery packs.
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Bress, Joshua, Givano Kashemwa, Christine Amisi, Jean Armas, Cindy McWhorter, Theodore Ruel, Arthur J. Ammann, Denis Mukwege, and Lisa M. Butler. "Delivering integrated care after sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 1 (February 2019): e001120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001120.
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In the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, ongoing armed conflict increases the incidence of gender-based violence (GBV) and presents a distinct and major barrier to care delivery for all survivors of GBV. A specific challenge is providing emergency contraception, HIV prophylaxis and treatment for sexually transmitted infections to all survivors within 72 hours of violence. To address the multiple barriers to providing this time-sensitive medical care, Global Strategies and Panzi Hospital implemented the Prevention Pack Program. The Prevention Pack is a pre-packaged post-rape medical kit containing antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis, antibiotics for treatment of sexually transmitted infections and emergency contraception. The Prevention Pack Program combines community sensitisation about post-rape medical care with the provision of Prevention Packs and the implementation of a cloud-based and Global Positioning System (GPS)–enabled inventory management system. The Panzi Hospital gender-based violence team implemented the Prevention Pack Program at Panzi Hospital and 12 rural clinics in the South Kivu Province. The data manager took GPS coordinates of each site, provided an initial stock of Prevention Packs and then called all sites daily to determine demand for post-rape care and Prevention Pack consumption. Inventory data were entered into the GPS-enabled cloud-based inventory management system. Project personnel used the consumption rate, trends and geolocation of sites to guide Prevention Pack restocking strategy. Between 2013 and 2017, a total of 8206 individuals presented for care following rape at the study sites. Of the 1414 individuals who presented in the rural areas, 1211 (85.6%) did so within the first 72 hours of reported rape. Care was delivered continuously and without a single stockout of medication across all sites. The Prevention Pack Program provided timely and consistent access to emergency contraception, HIV prophylaxis and treatment for sexually transmitted infections for rape survivors in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Thomson, PC, K. Rose, and NE Kok. "The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. V. Population dynamics and variation in the soical system." Wildlife Research 19, no. 5 (1992): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920565.
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Between 1975 and 1984, 105 radio-collared dingoes, Canis familiaris dingo, were tracked and observed from aircraft on the Fortescue River in Western Australia. The majority of dingoes were members of 18 territorial packs, including four pairs. Five packs were monitored for more than three years. Most bitches became pregnant, including those 9-10 months old, although not all litters were raised. Packs raised an average of 1.1 litters per year. Instances of packs raising the litters of two bitches in a year were recorded. The area (up to 400km*2) was covered initially (1975-78) by a mosaic of stable pack territories. Little emigration occurred and population density rose to a peak of 22.2 dingoes per 100km*2 in 1978 due to an increase in pack size. Perturbations to the social system, including disintegration of some packs, an increase in emigration, shifts of pack territories and contraction of territories into the most favoured areas, coincided with high population density and a reduced food supply. After aerial baiting in 1980 killed all the dingoes from the study site, immigrants from surrounding areas established a new population. The increase in density was moderated by the formation of new pairs or packs that occupied surrounding vacant areas. The dispersal strategy of pack members was a major factor affecting the population density of dingoes in the study area.
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Way, Jonathan G., Brad C. Timm, and Eric G. Strauss. "Coywolf, Canis latrans × lycaon, Pack Density Doubles Following the Death of a Resident Territorial Male." Canadian Field-Naturalist 123, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v123i3.964.
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We studied a subset of four radio-collared individuals that were a part of a larger study documenting Coywolf (Canis latrans × lycaon; Eastern Coyote) ecology in an urbanized landscape (Cape Cod, Massachusetts), and report on the territory of a typical sized pack that was subdivided roughly in half following the death of the breeding male from the original ("Centerville") pack. The original residents lived in a winter pack size (i.e., after pup/juvenile dispersal) of three or four individuals in a 19.66 km2 territory and a density of 0.15-0.20 individuals/km2, as determined by radio-tracking and direct observations, with their territory bordering that of other monitored packs. Following the death of the breeding male, two other radio-collared Coywolves (a young male from the original Centerville pack and a young female from a bordering pack) shifted their respective territories to overlap the majority of the original Centerville pack's territory. These two groups were the same size as the original pack (three or four individuals each) but occupied smaller territories (5.28 km2 and 12.70 km2) within the previous pack's territory. The combined density for the two new packs was estimated at 0.33-0.45 individuals/km2 or 2.2 times greater than the former pack's density and was 2.5 times (0.38-0.50 individuals/km2) greater when accounting for the slight (12%) overlap between the territories of the two new packs. Our results suggest that local Coyote/Coywolf density (i.e., at the pack level) may increase following the death of the breeding male of a given pack, probably because of the reduced (or lack of) protection of territorial boundaries. This finding has particular relevance to Coyote/Coywolf management programs aimed at reducing local densities via removal of individuals from these populations. Further implications exist for enriching our understanding of the trophic dynamics of urbanized habitats.
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Wang, Jiwei, Zhongwei Deng, Kaile Peng, Xinchen Deng, Lijun Xu, Guoqing Guan, and Abuliti Abudula. "Early Prognostics of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Health." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042313.
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Accurate health prognostics of lithium-ion battery packs play a crucial role in timely maintenance and avoiding potential safety accidents in energy storage. To rapidly evaluate the health of newly developed battery packs, a method for predicting the future health of the battery pack using the aging data of the battery cells for their entire lifecycles and with the early cycling data of the battery pack is proposed. Firstly, health indicators (HIs) are extracted from the experimental data, and high correlations between the extracted HIs and the capacity are verified by the Pearson correlation analysis method. To predict the future health of the battery pack based on the HIs, degradation models of HIs are constructed by using an exponential function, long short-term memory network, and their weighted fusion. The future HIs of the battery pack are predicted according to the fusion degradation model. Then, based on the Gaussian process regression algorithm and battery pack data, a data-driven model is constructed to predict the health of the battery pack. Finally, the proposed method is validated with a series-connected battery pack with fifteen 100 Ah lithium iron phosphate battery cells. The mean absolute error and root mean square error of the health prediction of the battery pack are 7.17% and 7.81%, respectively, indicating that the proposed method has satisfactory accuracy.
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ŁEBKOWSKI, Andrzej. "Management System for Electric Vehicle Battery Pack." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 9 (September 5, 2017): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2017.09.09.
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Li, Xiaoyu, Tengyuan Wang, Chuxin Wu, Jindong Tian, and Yong Tian. "Battery Pack State of Health Prediction Based on the Electric Vehicle Management Platform Data." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040204.
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In electric vehicle technologies, the state of health prediction and safety assessment of battery packs are key issues to be solved. In this paper, the battery system data collected on the electric vehicle data management platform is used to model the corresponding state of health of the electric vehicle during charging and discharging processes. The increment in capacity in the same voltage range is used as the battery state of health indicator. In order to improve the modeling accuracy, the influence of ambient temperature on the capacity performance of the battery pack is considered. A temperature correction coefficient is added to the battery state of health model. Finally, a double exponential function is used to describe the process of battery health decline. Additionally, for the case where the amount of data is relatively small, model migration is also applied in the method. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to calibrate the model parameters. Based on the migration battery pack model and parameter identification method, the proposed method can obtain accurate battery pack SOH prediction result. The method is simple and easy to perform on the electric vehicle data management platform.
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Raharjo, J., A. Wikarta, I. Sidharta, M. N. Yuniarto, M. I. Firdaus, and M. F. B. Zulhaimi. "Environmental testing for reliable battery management system in electric vehicle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1517, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1517/1/012025.
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Abstract The Battery management system (BMS) is a main component in the battery pack system for electric vehicles (EV). The function of BMS is to monitor battery cells such as; cell voltage, cell temperature, and current in the battery pack. Moreover BMS also able to balance the voltage of the cells so the difference in voltage of the cells can be minimized. By having many of these functions, BMS can identify battery health based on these parameters. With such an important function, in this paper, BMS was tested to determine its reliability. The standard testing for BMS reliability is the Environment test. In the environment test, some things that are conducted in the environment test are initial temperature cycling. From the environment, the test can be generated information to assess the quality of the BMS following its function. Furthermore, it can reduce the cost to inspect every battery cells in the packs. With the environment test as a basis for BMS reliability tester, hopefully, good quality is obtained. Future development in BMS reliability testing can also be conducted to improve reliability.
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Khalid, Asadullah, Alexander Stevenson, and Arif I. Sarwat. "Performance Analysis of Commercial Passive Balancing Battery Management System Operation Using a Hardware-in-the-Loop Testbed." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 8037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238037.
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With increased usage, individual batteries within the battery pack will begin to show disparate voltage and State of Charge (SOC) profiles, which will impact the time at which batteries become balanced. Commercial battery management systems (BMSs), used in electric vehicles (EVs) and microgrids, typically send out signals suggesting removal of individual batteries or entire packs to prevent thermal runaway scenarios. To reuse these batteries, this paper presents an analysis of an off-the-shelf Orion BMS with a constrained cycling approach to assess the voltage and SOC balancing and thermal performances of such near-to-second life batteries. A scaled-down pack of series-connected batteries in 6s1p and 6s2p topologies are cycled through a combination of US06 drive and constant charge (CC) profiles using an OPAL-RT real-time Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulator. These results are compared with those obtained from the Matlab/Simulink model to present the error incurred in the simulation environment. Results suggest that the close-to-second life batteries can be reused if operated in a constrained manner and that a scaled-up battery pack topology reduces incurred error.
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Li, Quanyi, Jong-Rae Cho, and Jianguang Zhai. "Optimization of Thermal Management System with Water and Phase Change Material Cooling for Li-Ion Battery Pack." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 5312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175312.
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The cooling structure of a battery pack and coupled liquid cooling and phase change material (PCM) were designed in a thermal management system to enhance the cooling performance and extend the service life of lithium-ion battery packs. Numerical simulations were conducted based on the finite volume method. This study focuses on factors such as the layout of the terminal, flow rate of the coolant, different sections of the cooling pipe, position of the cooling pipe, and coupled liquid cooling, and investigates their influences on the operating temperature. The results show that a reasonable terminal layout can reduce heat generation inside the batteries. The appropriate flow rate and position of the cooling pipe effectively reduced the maximum temperature and minimized energy consumption. Then, the PCM was placed between the adjacent batteries near the outlet to enhance the uniformity of the battery pack. The temperature difference was reduced to near 5 K. This study provides a clear direction for improving the cooling performance and extending the service life of battery packs.
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Chen, Xi, Kaoru Hirota, Yaping Dai, and Zhiyang Jia. "Estimation of SOC Based on LSTM-RNN and Design of Intelligent Equalization Charging System." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 24, no. 7 (December 20, 2020): 855–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2020.p0855.
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Lithium battery packs are the main driving energy source for electric vehicles. A battery pack equalization charging solution using a constant current source for variable rate charging is presented in this paper. The charging system consists of a main constant current source and independent auxiliary constant current sources. Auxiliary constant current sources are controlled by the battery management system (BMS), which can change the current rate of the corresponding single battery, and achieve full charging of each single cell in the series battery pack. At the same time, the state of charge (SOC) is regarded as time series data to establish a long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM-RNN) model, and it is possible to obtain the single battery with lower capacity, so that the charging efficiency and battery pack consistency can be improved. The experimental results show that the open circuit voltage difference between the single cells is less than 50 mV after the charging of 20 strings of lithium battery packs by using this method, which achieve the purpose of equalization charging.
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Wang, Shixue, Kaixiang Li, Ming Gao, and Junyao Wang. "Experimental exploration of finned cooling structure for the thermal management of lithium batteries with different discharge rate and materials." Thermal Science 24, no. 2 Part A (2020): 879–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci181030069w.
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Lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles generate heat continuously, leading to high temperature of the battery packs and significant temperature differences between the battery cells, which eventually deteriorate the performance and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, a novel battery thermal management system that equipped the battery pack with fins was proposed and experimentally studied in this paper. The thermal behavior of lithium-ion batteries with different discharge rates and fin thicknesses was investigated. The results show that under natural-convection conditions, the addition of fins restricted the significant increase of the battery pack temperature and improved the uniformity of temperature distribution in the battery pack. Additionally, thicker fins satisfied the temperature requirements at higher discharge rates and greater discharge depths. Under condition of 2C discharge at 80% depth of discharge, compared to no clearance structure the 1 mm and 3 mm aluminum finned structure decreased the maximum temperature rise and the maximum temperature difference by 26.5%, 40.8%, and 9.5%, 33.3%, respectively. However, the trade-offs and optimization between the thermal load, weight, and volume increase caused by the addition of fins should be further investigated.
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Akshaya Thrinetrapriya N, Nandhini R, and Shoba K. "Steroid Antibiotic Pack Versus 10% Ichthammol Glycerol Pack in Management of Acute Otitis Externa: A Comparative Study." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3977.
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Acute otitis externa is a common clinical condition that presents with rapid onset of otalgia, fullness, otorrhea and canal oedema. Moisture in-ear canal appears to be an important predisposing factor. The most common etiological agents include Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Management includes control of otalgia and elimination of infection from the ear. Precipitating factors should be avoided. The main objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of 10% ichthammol glycerol ear pack with steroid antibiotic ear pack in the treatment of acute otitis externa. Institutional Review Board (IRB) clearance was obtained, and a prospective randomised clinical trial was conducted in the ENT outpatient department of Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Thandalam, from January 2020 to March 2020. Patients were explained about the study in detail, and consent was obtained. The patients were randomised, and 10% ichthammol glycerol pack and steroid antibiotic pack were used in alternate turns for aural packing. Pain rating was done using Numerical rating scale (NRS) before and 48 hours post-treatment and also in each subsequent hospital visit till complete subsidence of symptoms. Among the 85 patients included in the study, 42 (49.4%) were males, and 43 (50.6%) were females. Most of them belonged to the age group 31-40 years (41.2%). Tragal tenderness and external auditory canal oedema were the most common ear findings noted. In the patients treated with steroid antibiotic pack, only 2.3% of the patients had severe pain, whereas 14% had moderate pain and 83.7% had only mild pain. Whereas among those treated with 10% ichthammol glycerol pack, 9.5% of the patients had severe pain, whereas 35.7% had moderate pain and 54.8% had mild pain. On analysis, the results were statistically significant, and there was considerable pain relief with steroid antibiotic pack. Therefore, our study showed that steroid antibiotic pack is more effective in relieving the symptoms, thereby reducing the number of hospital visits when compared to 10% ichthammol glycerol pack.
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Liu, Yong, Shichun Yang, Bin Guo, and Cheng Deng. "Numerical Analysis and Design of Thermal Management System for Lithium Ion Battery Pack Using Thermoelectric Coolers." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 852712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/852712.
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A new design of thermal management system for lithium ion battery pack using thermoelectric coolers (TECs) is proposed. Firstly, the 3D thermal model of a high power lithium ion battery and the TEC is elaborated. Then the model is calibrated with experiment results. Finally, the calibrated model is applied to investigate the performance of a thermal management system for a lithium ion battery pack. The results show that battery thermal management system (BTMS) with TEC can cool the battery in very high ambient temperature. It can also keep a more uniform temperature distribution in the battery pack than common BTMS, which will extend the life of the battery pack and may save the expensive battery equalization system.
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Chang, Fengqi, Felix Roemer, Michael Baumann, and Markus Lienkamp. "Modelling and Evaluation of Battery Packs with Different Numbers of Paralleled Cells." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 1 (June 7, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9010008.
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To better evaluate the configuration of battery packs in electric vehicles (EV) in the early design phase, this paper proposes a mathematic model for the simulation of battery packs based on the elementwise calculations of matrices. This model is compatible with the different battery models and has a fast simulation speed. An experimental platform is built for the verification. Based on the proposed model and the statistic features of battery cells, the influence of the number of paralleled cells in a battery pack is evaluated in Monte-Carlo experiments. The simulation results obtained from Monte-Carlo experiments show that the parallel number is able to influence the total energy loss inside the cells, the energy loss caused by the balancing of the battery management system (BMS) and the degradation of the battery pack.
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Ramesh Babu, Anandh, Jelena Andric, Blago Minovski, and Simone Sebben. "System-Level Modeling and Thermal Simulations of Large Battery Packs for Electric Trucks." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 4796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164796.
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Electromobility has gained significance over recent years and the requirements on the performance and efficiency of electric vehicles are growing. Lithium-ion batteries are the primary source of energy in electric vehicles and their performance is highly dependent on the operating temperature. There is a compelling need to create a robust modeling framework to drive the design of vehicle batteries in the ever-competitive market. This paper presents a system-level modeling methodology for thermal simulations of large battery packs for electric trucks under real-world operating conditions. The battery pack was developed in GT-SUITE, where module-to-module discretization was performed to study the thermal behavior and temperature distribution within the pack. The heat generated from each module was estimated using Bernardi’s expression and the pack model was calibrated for thermal interface material properties under a heat-up test. The model evaluation was performed for four charging/discharging and cooling scenarios typical for truck operations. The results show that the model accurately predicts the average pack temperature, the outlet coolant temperature and the state of charge of the battery pack. The methodology developed can be integrated with the powertrain and passenger cabin cooling systems to study complete vehicle thermal management and/or analyze different battery design choices.
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Ostoja, Steven M., Matthew L. Brooks, Peggy E. Moore, Eric L. Berlow, Robert Blank, Jim Roche, Jen Chase, and Sylvia Haultain. "Potential environmental effects of pack stock on meadow ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada, USA." Rangeland Journal 36, no. 5 (2014): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14050.
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Pack and saddle stock, including, but not limited to domesticated horses, mules, and burros, are used to support commercial, private and administrative activities in the Sierra Nevada. The use of pack stock has become a contentious and litigious issue for land management agencies in the region inter alia due to concerns over effects on the environment. The potential environmental effects of pack stock on Sierra Nevada meadow ecosystems are reviewed and it is concluded that the use of pack stock has the potential to influence the following: (1) water nutrient dynamics, sedimentation, temperature, and microbial pathogen content; (2) soil chemistry, nutrient cycling, soil compaction and hydrology; (3) plant individuals, populations and community dynamics, non-native invasive species, and encroachment of woody species; and (4) wildlife individuals, populations and communities. It is considered from currently available information that management objectives of pack stock should include the following: minimise bare ground, maximise plant cover, maintain species composition of native plants, minimise trampling, especially on wet soils and stream banks, and minimise direct urination and defecation by pack stock into water. However, incomplete documentation of patterns of pack stock use and limited past research limits current understanding of the effects of pack stock, especially their effects on water, soils and wildlife. To improve management of pack stock in this region, research is needed on linking measurable monitoring variables (e.g. plant cover) with environmental relevancy (e.g. soil erosion processes, wildlife habitat use), and identifying specific environmental thresholds of degradation along gradients of pack stock use in Sierra Nevada meadows.
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Radavelli, Wilian Maurício, Beatriz Danieli, Maria Luisa Appendino Nunes Zotti, Fábio José Gomes, Márcia I. Endres, and Ana Luiza Bachmann Schogor. "Compost barns in Brazilian Subtropical region (Part 2): classification through multivariate analysis." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 8 (July 18, 2020): e480985229. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.5229.
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The objective was to classify the dairy farms that use Compost bedded pack barn (CB) in the Brazilian subtropical region, in terms of farm structure, building aspects, environmental and compost bedded pack characteristics, and reports the variability among them. Additionally, this research identifies structural and management factors that interfere in the compost bedded pack quality. Farms (n = 30) were visited (January-March 2017), located on Subtropical region of Brazil, where CB measurements, managements and herd observations were performed. The cluster analysis was performed with the kmeans methodology to define the groups, and through iterations, the optimal number of groups was determined according to the Silhouette method. Descriptive statistics were used for the different groups of farms. The clustering analysis, based on 12 variables, resulted in the formation of three groups: “Conventional and adapted CB” (n=18, with new and adapted barns, of different sizes, full time using, with adequate pack characteristics or not), “Large conventional CB” (n = 6, larger barns, more similar to American models, full time using) and, “CB of partial use” (n = 6, used in hottest hours of the day or rainy season, with better pack characteristics among groups, although do not have fans ventilation and the bedded pack is stirring only once a day). The CB systems are heterogeneous, and the barns are characterized by their distinct sizes or period of utilization. The group “CB of partial use” presented better bedded pack characteristics even with less intensive bedding management, and without fan ventilation in the barns.
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Li, Yulong, Zhifu Zhou, Laisuo Su, Minli Bai, Linsong Gao, Yang Li, Xuanyu Liu, Yubai Li, and Yongchen Song. "Numerical Simulations for Indirect and Direct Cooling of 54 V LiFePO4 Battery Pack." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 4581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134581.
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In this study, three-dimensional thermal simulations for a 54 V Lithium-ion battery pack composed of 18 LiFePO4 pouch battery cells connected in series were conducted using a multi-scale electrochemical-thermal-fluid model. An equivalent circuit model (ECM) is used as a subscale electrochemical model at each cell node of the battery, which is then combined with the macro-scale thermal and fluid equations to construct a model of the battery and battery pack. With the model, the cooling effects of indirect cooling and direct cooling battery thermal management systems (BTMS) on the battery pack under rapid discharging conditions are explored. It is found that when the battery pack is discharged at 2C, indirect cooling of the bottom plate can effectively dissipate heat and control the temperature of the battery pack. Under the 10C discharging condition, the maximum temperature of the battery pack will exceed 100 °C, and the temperature uniformity will be very poor when using indirect cooling of the bottom plate for the battery pack. Direct air cooling is also unable to meet the cooling requirements of the battery pack at a 10C discharging rate. The possible reason is that the convective heat transfer coefficient of direct air cooling is small, which makes it difficult to meet the heat dissipation requirements at the 10C condition. When single-phase direct cooling with fluorinated liquid is used, the maximum temperature of the battery pack under the 10C discharging condition can be controlled at about 65 °C. Compared with air direct cooling, the pressure drop of fluorinated liquid single-phase direct cooling is smaller, and the obtained battery pack temperature uniformity is better. From the detailed study of fluorinated liquid single-phase direct cooling, it is concluded that increasing the coolant flow rate and reducing the cell spacing in the battery pack can achieve a better cooling effect. Finally, a new cooling method, two-phase immersion cooling, is investigated for cooling the battery pack. The maximum temperature of the battery pack discharged at a 10C rate can be controlled below 35 °C, and good temperature uniformity of the battery pack is also achieved at the same time. This study focuses on fluorinated liquid immersion cooling using numerical simulations, showing that it is a promising cooling method for lithium-ion battery packs and deserves further study. This paper will provide a reference for the design and selection of BTMS for electric vehicles.
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Dhote, Miss Priya, Mr Shashank Dongare, Mr Anand Gajbhiye, Mr Nikhil Ramteke, Prof Pranali Langde, and Mrs Neetu Gyanchandani. "A Review Paper on Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Design For EVs." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40901.
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Abstract: Unique Electric vehicles are most well known nowadays. EV's are the best vehicles for transportation. Electrical vehicles industry going to blast in India. It will happen on the grounds that India is a home all things considered dirtied urban areas on the planet additionally EV energy wises multiple times more energy productivity when contrasted with ICE vehicle and it has multiple times less parts. The Battery System, which is the core of EVs, comprises of cells, Battery Modules and Battery Packs that are acknowledged by joining battery modules. With the quick improvement of Lithium-Ion Battery Technologies in the electric vehicles (Ev's) industry, The lifetime of the battery cell increments significantly. For changing over the ICE vehicles into Electrical vehicle its fundamental to make the battery pack for that vehicle. For building or fostering the Battery pack we need to think about such countless things. Keywords: Li-Ion Battery cells, Battery Pack Structural design, Thermal Design, Cooling System, Battery Management System (BMS), Safety Majors.
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Zhang, Ying, Qinwen Fu, Yao Liu, Bozhen Lai, Zhaoqing Ke, and Wei Wu. "Investigations of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management System with Hybrid PCM/Liquid Cooling Plate." Processes 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010057.
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To improve the operating performance of the large-capacity battery pack of electric vehicles during continuous charging and discharging and to avoid its thermal runaway, in this paper we propose a new hybrid thermal management system that couples the PCM with the liquid cooling plate with microchannels. The flow direction of the microchannel structure in the bottom plate is designed according to the characteristics of the large axial thermal conductivity of the battery, and the cooling performance of the whole system under continuous charge/discharge cycles is numerically simulated. The results show that the hybrid PCM/liquid cooling plate can maintain good cooling performance under the discharge process of a large-capacity battery pack. After each cycle the temperature of the battery pack can be reduced to less than 30°, and the maximum temperature change rate of multiple cycles is controlled within 0.8%. With the application of the hybrid PCM/liquid-cooled plate battery cooling system, a safe temperature range of the battery pack is ensured even under multiple cycles of charging and discharging. The present work can facilitate future optimizations of the thermal management system of the large-capacity battery pack of electric vehicles.
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Fu, Rifucairen, and Qunhai Huo. "Research on Balanced Management Topology of Series Battery Pack." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 647 (January 27, 2021): 012114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/647/1/012114.
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Goodman, Harvey E. "Technology Focus: Sand Management and Frac Pack (October 2010)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 62, no. 10 (October 1, 2010): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1010-0068-jpt.
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Azeemuddin, Mohammed. "Technology Focus: Sand Management and Frac Pack (October 2011)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 63, no. 10 (October 1, 2011): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1011-0102-jpt.
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Azeemuddin, Mohammed. "Technology Focus: Sand Management and Frac Pack (October 2012)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 64, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1012-0148-jpt.
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Azeemuddin, Mohammed. "Technology Focus: Sand Management and Frac Pack (October 2013)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 65, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1013-0160-jpt.
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Janarthanam, Sury, Sarav Paramasivam, Patrick Maguire, James Gebbie, and Douglas Hughes. "HEV Battery Pack Thermal Management Design and Packaging Solutions." SAE International Journal of Engines 10, no. 3 (March 28, 2017): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0622.
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Robie, George, Mark Morgan, Gerald Payne, and Lisa Wasemiller-Smith. "Logothetopulos Pack for the Management of Uncontrollable Postpartum Hemorrhage." American Journal of Perinatology 7, no. 04 (October 1990): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-999514.
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Aneeshkumar, M. K. "Look before you pack: key point in epistaxis management." Emergency Medicine Journal 22, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 912–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2004.022434.
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Han, Jeong-Woo, Kunal Sandip Garud, Eun-Hyeok Kang, and Moo-Yeon Lee. "Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Dielectric Fluid Immersion Cooling with Fin Structures for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Symmetry 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15010092.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are incorporated with higher energy density batteries to improve the driving range and performance. The lithium-ion batteries with higher energy density generate a larger amount of heat which deteriorates their efficiency and operating life. The currently commercially employed cooling techniques are not able to achieve the effective thermal management of batteries with increasing energy density. Direct liquid cooling offers enhanced thermal management of battery packs at high discharging rates compared to all other cooling techniques. However, the flow distribution of coolant around the battery module needs to be maintained to achieve the superior performance of direct liquid cooling. The objective of the present work is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of the lithium-ion battery pack with dielectric fluid immersion cooling for different fin structures. The base structure without fins, circular, rectangular and triangular fin structures are compared for heat transfer characteristics of maximum temperature, temperature difference, average temperature, Nusselt number, pressure drop and performance evaluation criteria (PEC). Furthermore, the heat transfer characteristics are evaluated for various fin dimensions of the best fin structure. The heat transfer characteristics of the battery pack with dielectric fluid immersion cooling according to considered fin structures and dimensions are simulated using ANSYS Fluent commercial code. The results reveal that the symmetrical temperature distribution and temperature uniformity of the battery pack are achieved in the case of all fin structures. The maximum temperature of the battery pack is lower by 2.41%, 2.57% and 4.45% for circular, rectangular, and triangular fin structures, respectively, compared to the base structure. The triangular fin structure shows higher values of Nusselt number and pressure drop with a maximum value of PEC compared to other fin structures. The triangular fin structure is the best fin structure with optimum heat transfer characteristics of the battery pack with dielectric fluid immersion cooling. The heat transfer characteristics of a battery pack with dielectric fluid immersion cooling are further improved for triangular fin structures with a base length -to -height ratio (A/B) of 4.304. The research outputs from the present work could be referred to as a database to commercialize the dielectric fluid immersion cooling for the efficient battery thermal management system at fast and higher charging/discharging rates.
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Gerlitz, Eduard, David Botzem, Hannes Weinmann, Janna Ruhland, and Jürgen Fleischer. "Cell-to-Pack-Technologie für Li-Ionen-Batterien." Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb 116, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zwf-2021-0146.
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Abstract Eine Möglichkeit zur Weiterentwicklung von Li-Ionen-Traktionsbatterien liegt in der Optimierung der Pack-Architektur. Basierend auf der Elimination von Batteriemodulen erzielt die Cell-to-Pack-Technologie substanzielle Verbesserungen hinsichtlich Kosten und Energiedichte auf Pack-Ebene. Auf Grundlage einer strukturierten Literaturrecherche mit Fokus auf Patenten wird der Entwicklungsstand der Cell-to-Pack-Technologie dargelegt und die Marktsituation in der Automobilindustrie eingeschätzt. Die Ergebnisse dienen schließlich einer ersten Bewertung zum Marktpotenzial modulfreier Batteriesysteme.
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Madani, Seyed Saeed, Erik Schaltz, and Søren Knudsen Kær. "Applying Different Configurations for the Thermal Management of a Lithium Titanate Oxide Battery Pack." Electrochem 2, no. 1 (January 23, 2021): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2010005.
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This investigation’s primary purpose was to illustrate the cooling mechanism within a lithium titanate oxide lithium-ion battery pack through the experimental measurement of heat generation inside lithium titanate oxide batteries. Dielectric water/glycol (50/50), air and dielectric mineral oil were selected for the lithium titanate oxide battery pack’s cooling purpose. Different flow configurations were considered to study their thermal effects. Within the lithium-ion battery cells in the lithium titanate oxide battery pack, a time-dependent amount of heat generation, which operated as a volumetric heat source, was employed. It was assumed that the lithium-ion batteries within the battery pack had identical initial temperature conditions in all of the simulations. The lithium-ion battery pack was simulated by ANSYS to determine the temperature gradient of the cooling system and lithium-ion batteries. Simulation outcomes demonstrated that the lithium-ion battery pack’s temperature distributions could be remarkably influenced by the flow arrangement and fluid coolant type.
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Wyse, Dominic. "Leading the Pack- Language Co-ordinators." Management in Education 9, no. 2 (April 1995): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089202069500900206.
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Mishra, Dhananjay, Krishna Shah, and Ankur Jain. "Investigation of the Impact of Radiative Shielding by Internal Partitions Walls on Propagation of Thermal Runaway in a Matrix of Cylindrical Li-Ion Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 120507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3715.
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Understanding the nature of onset and propagation of thermal runaway in a Li-ion battery pack is critical for ensuring safety and reliability. This paper presents thermal runaway simulations to understand the impact of radiative heat transfer on thermal runaway onset and propagation in a pack of cylindrical Li-ion cells during transportation/storage. It is shown that radiative properties of the internal partition walls between cells commonly found in battery packs for transportation/storage play a key role in determining whether thermal runaway propagation occurs or not. Surface emissivity of the internal partitions is shown to drive a key balance between radiative heat absorbed from the trigger cell and emitted to neighboring cells. It is shown that a high thermal conductivity partition may greatly help dissipate the radiatively absorbed heat, and therefore prevent onset and propagation. Therefore, choosing an appropriate emissivity of the internal partitions may offer an effective thermal management mechanism to minimize thermal runaway. Emissivity of the cells is also shown to play a key role in radiative heat transfer within the battery pack. This work contributes towards the fundamental understanding of heat transfer during thermal runaway in a battery pack, and offers practical design guidelines for improved safety and reliability.
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Zorn, Merle, Christina Ionescu, Domenic Klohs, Konstantin Zähl, Niklas Kisseler, Alexandra Daldrup, Sigrid Hams, et al. "An Approach for Automated Disassembly of Lithium-Ion Battery Packs and High-Quality Recycling Using Computer Vision, Labeling, and Material Characterization." Recycling 7, no. 4 (July 20, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7040048.
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A large number of battery pack returns from electric vehicles (EV) is expected for the next years, which requires economically efficient disassembly capacities. This cannot be met through purely manual processing and, therefore, needs to be automated. The variance of different battery pack designs in terms of (non-) solvable fitting technology and superstructures complicate this. In order to realize an automated disassembly, a computer vision pipeline is proposed. The approach of instance segmentation and point cloud registration is applied and validated within a demonstrator grasping busbars from the battery pack. To improve the sorting of the battery pack components to achieve high-quality recycling after the disassembly, a labeling system containing the relevant data (e.g., cathode chemistry) about the battery pack is proposed. In addition, the use of sensor-based sorting technologies for peripheral components of the battery pack is evaluated. For this purpose, components such as battery pack and module housings of multiple manufacturers were investigated for their variation in material composition. At the current stage, these components are usually produced as composites, so that, for a high-quality recycling, a pre-treatment may be necessary.