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Journal articles on the topic 'Pack cementation process'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Khammas, Abbas, and Haider Hashim Abbas. "Effect of Nano-coating on Molten Salts for Turbine Blades." Iraqi Journal of Nanotechnology, no. 1 (November 17, 2020): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47758/ijn.vi1.31.

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The purpose of this study is to optimize hot corroded pack coated Ni-based superalloy K417G using grey relational analysis. Optimization of the pack cementation parameters was performed using quality characteristics of diffusion coatings for pack cementation process, i.e., salt activator, Nano-powders master alloy powder, and wt.% Y2O3. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for observing the most influencing pack cementation parameters on the quality characteristics, i.e., Na2So4-6% wt. V2O5 (kp1), 100 wt% NaSO4 (kp2), and 75 wt. % NaSO4-25 wt % NaCl (kp3). The optimal process parameters were calculated using a grey relation grade and a confirmation test was performed. Based on the analysis of variance results, the wt.% Y2O3 is the most significant controllable diffusion coating factor for the hot corroded pack coated K417G at optimum setting conditions (A2, B3, C3) i.e., activator (NaCl), master alloy (94Cr-6Al), and wt.%Y2O3 (4%). according to the quality characteristics. Grey relational analysis was successfully applied to the optimization of hot corroded pack coated K417G using multi-performance characteristics.

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2

Xiang, Z. D., and P. K. Datta. "Low temperature aluminisation of alloy steels by pack cementation process." Materials Science and Technology 22, no. 10 (October 2006): 1177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328406x118366.

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3

Tarani, E., D. Chaliampalias, E. Pavlidou, K. Chrissafis, and G. Vourlias. "Thermal oxidation kinetics of CrSi2 powder synthesized by pack cementation process." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 125, no. 1 (April 12, 2016): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5427-5.

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4

Do, Dung Thi Mai, Katsumi Uemura, and Makoto Nanko. "Fabrication Process for Nanorod Array Structure by Using Aluminization and Internal Oxidation of Nickel." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.521.

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An aluminization process with controlled Al activity to form surface Ni(Al) zone was applied to fabricate ceramic nanorod array structures by using internal oxidation. The pack cementation with NaCl, Ni3Al and Al2O3 was adapted as the aluminization process to form surface Ni(Al) zone. With increasing Ni3Al concentration in pack powder mixture, Al content of surface Ni(Al) zone was increased. Nanorod array structures can be successfully obtained on Ni components with designed shape.

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5

Hussein, Abbas Khammas. "Parametric optimization of wt.% Y2O3 modified chromium-aluminide coatings using utility concept-based Taguchi approach." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 13, no. 3 (October 9, 2017): 448–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-04-2017-0020.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to obtain a single setting (optimal setting) of various input parameters of pack cementation process, i.e. halide salt activator, powder of master alloy and wt% of Y2O3 to obtain a single output characteristic as a whole namely resistance of hot corrosion for T91 steel. Design/methodology/approach The multi-criterion methodology based on Taguchi approach and utility concept has been used for optimization of the multiple performance characteristics namely hot corrosion rate KP1, KP2 and KP3 for pack cementation coated T91 steel in chlorine and vanadium environment. Findings All the three pack cementation parameters, namely, halide salt activator, powder of master alloy and wt% of Y2O3 had a significant effect on the utility function based on analysis of variance for multiple performances. The percentage contribution of halide activator (1.54 percent), master alloy powder (4.66 percent) and wt% Y2O3 (93.79 percent). The results indicated the beneficial influence of yttrium on the chemical stability of the protective layer in presence of chlorine and vanadium environments. The optimal parameter settings obtained in this study is A2B2C1, i.e. halide salt activator (NaCl), powder of master alloy (92Cr-8Al) and 1wt% of Y2O3. Research limitations/implications The outcome of this study shall be useful to explore the possible use of the developed coating for high temperature components. Unfortunately, the pack cementation was normally limited by the diffusion and reaction kinetics involved, which has a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of work pieces. Therefore, reducing pack cementation temperature is required for widespread application of the pack coatings. Social implications Pack coating at optimum conditions can be used for surface coating technologies to economically improve high temperature oxidation, corrosion resistance of components. Originality/value The multi-criterion methodology based on Taguchi approach and utility concept has been used for first time for parametric optimization of wt% Y2O3 modified chromium- aluminide coatings for T91 steel.

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6

Michos, N., D. Chaliampalias, G. Vourlias, N. Pistofidis, and F. Stergioudis. "The Influence of Aluminium Addition on the Microstructure of Zinc Pack Coatings." Solid State Phenomena 130 (December 2007): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.130.193.

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This work aims to investigate the feasibility of Zn-Al deposition on low alloy steels at temperatures from 400 up to 440oC by pack cementation process aiming to increase their corrosion resistance. A series of experiments were undertaken to investigate the effects of pack powder composition and the deposition temperature of the process. It was observed that the parameters of zinc content and temperature affect only the coating deposition speed, but not the phase composition of the as produced coating. Al forms an overlying layer that seals the zinc coating. In any case, the deposition of successive layers of Zn and Al is feasible with pack cementation. The corrosion performance of Zn-Al coatings formed with alternative methods is already studied and proved to be resistant in harsh environments. So the herein studied coatings are expected to be corrosion resistant. Furthermore as Al is much more resistive than Zn, these coatings are more effective than pure Zn ones.

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7

Khalil, A. S. "Diffusion Coating for Ni-Cr-Fe Alloy by the Pack Cementation Process." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S2 (August 2013): 1896–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613011471.

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8

Lu, X. J., and Z. D. Xiang. "Formation of chromium nitride coatings on carbon steels by pack cementation process." Surface and Coatings Technology 309 (January 2017): 994–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.10.047.

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9

XIAO, Lai-rong, Zhi-gang CAI, Dan-qing YI, Lei YING, Hui-qun LIU, and Dao-yuan HUANG. "Morphology, structure and formation mechanism of silicide coating by pack cementation process." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 16 (June 2006): s239—s244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(06)60182-9.

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10

Paccaud, O., and A. Derré. "Silicon Carbide Coating for Carbon Materials Produced by a Pack-Cementation Process." Le Journal de Physique IV 05, no. C5 (June 1995): C5–135—C5–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1995514.

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11

Juzoń, Piotr, Marta Ziemnicka, Sébastien Chevalier, Kazimierz Przybylski, and Jean Pierre Larpin. "Improving Fe3Al alloy resistance against high temperature oxidation by pack cementation process." Applied Surface Science 253, no. 11 (March 2007): 4928–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.10.072.

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12

Choi, Won June, Hojun Lee, Chun Woong Park, Young Do Kim, and Jongmin Byun. "High temperature oxidation behavior of molybdenum borides by silicon pack cementation process." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 100 (November 2021): 105609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105609.

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13

WANG, HONGXING, CHENGLIN CHU, XIAOBO SHENG, PINHUA LIN, and YINSHENG DONG. "EFFECT OF AL CONTENT ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF AN INTERMETALLIC Ni-Ti (Al) COMPOUND/Ni GRADED COATING DEPOSITED ON COPPER SUBSTRATE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2009): 1916–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209061834.

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Copper and its alloys with high electrical and thermal conductivity are a group of widely used engineering materials in numerous applications. In order to improve the tribological properties of copper substrate, an electroplating nickel layer was firstly deposited on copper substrate, subsequently these electroplated specimens were treated by slurry pack cementation process at 900°C for 12 h using a slurry mixture composed of TiO 2 as titanizing source, pure Al powder as aluminzing source and also a reducer for titanizing, an activator of NH 4 Cl and albumen (egg white) as cohesive agent. The effect of Al content on the microstructure and the properties of the coating has been studied. The results showed that an intermetallic Ni - Ti ( Al ) compound/ Ni graded layer was formed on copper substrate after slurry pack cementation process. With the rise of Al content in slurry mixture, the microhardness of the graded coating increased and the friction coefficient decreased from 0.35 to 0.18, at the same time, the slurry pack process gradually transited from the titanizing process to an aluminizing one. Correspondingly the main phases of the coating were changed from Ni - Ti intermetallic compounds into Ni - Al ones.

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14

Nanko, Makoto. "Fabrication of Oxide Nano-Rod Array Structures via Internal Oxidation of Alloys." Materials Science Forum 696 (September 2011): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.696.348.

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A simple metallurgical process for fabricating oxide nano-rod array structures via internal oxidation is described. Some dilute alloys such as Ni(Al) and Fe(Al) solid solutions develop rod-like oxide precipitates after their internal oxidation at high-temperatures and under low oxygen partial pressures. The oxide nano-rod array structure can be developed on the metal substrate by removing the metallic matrix of the internal oxidation zone. Al2O3orMAl2O4(M=Ni or Fe) spinel nano-rod array structures were prepared by usingM(Al) solid solutions. Pack cementation process to develop M(Al) solid solution surface layers was used for the fabrication of nano-rod array structures on substrates with desired shape. Near-net shape Ni substrates with oxide nano-rod array structures on their surfaces can be prepared by using pack cementation and internal oxidation.

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15

Goward, G. W., and L. W. Cannon. "Pack Cementation Coatings for Superalloys: A Review of History, Theory, and Practice." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240078.

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Nickel and cobalt-base superalloy blades and vanes in the hot sections of all gas turbines are coated to enhance resistance to hot corrosion. Pack cementation aluminizing, invented in 1911, is the most widely used coating process. Corrosion resistance of aluminide coatings can be increased by modification with chromium, platinum, or silicon. Chromium diffusion coatings can be used at lower temperatures. Formation and degradation mechanisms are reasonably well understood and large-scale manufacturing processes for these coatings are gradually being automated. Pack cementation and related diffusion coatings serve well for most aircraft engine applications. The trend for industrial and marine engines is more toward the use of overlay coatings because of the greater ease of designing these to meet a wide variety of corrosion conditions.

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16

Yang, Wonchul, Choong-Heui Chung, Sangyeob Lee, Kyeong Ho Baek, Youngmoo Kim, Seong Lee, and Joon Sik Park. "Microstructures and Oxidation Behaviors of Silicide Coated Nb Alloys by Halide Activated Pack Cementation Process." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.8.507.

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In this study, we tried to improve the oxidation resistance of Nb-12Si (wt%) alloys at 1200 °C or higher through pack cementation coatings. Nb-12Si (wt%) alloys were prepared by arc-melting under Ar atmosphere. When the alloys were coated using pack powder mixtures composed of Si, Al2O3 and NaF, two silicide layers composed of NbSi2 and Nb5Si3 phases were successfully produced on the substrate. The Si-pack coatings were performed with various heat treatment temperatures and time conditions. The microstructures and thickness changes of the coating layers were analyzed to determine the growth behaviors of the coating layer. The growth constant of 8.4 10–9 cm2/sec was obtained with a diffusion growth mode. In addition, in order to examine the resistance of the Si-pack coated alloys, isothermal static oxidation tests were performed at 1200 °C and higher temperatures. As a result, the oxidation resistance of the alloys was determined by protecting the surface of the alloys with silicide oxide layers formed by the silicide coatings. The uncoated specimens exhibited an abnormal weight increase due to the formation of Nb oxide. The coated specimen showed excellent oxidation resistance at 1200 °C for up to 12 hrs, while the previous reports on the same alloy verified oxidation resistance only up to 1100 °C. It appears that the excellent oxidation resistance is closely related to the NbSi2 coating layer thickness. The oxidation behaviors of the coating layers after the oxidation tests were discussed in terms of microstructural and phase analyses.

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17

Xiang, Z. D., and P. K. Datta. "Codeposition of Al and Si on nickel base superalloys by pack cementation process." Materials Science and Engineering: A 356, no. 1-2 (September 2003): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(03)00107-2.

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18

Qiao, Min, and Chungen Zhou. "Codeposition of Co and Al on nickel base superalloys by pack cementation process." Surface and Coatings Technology 206, no. 11-12 (February 2012): 2899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.12.019.

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19

Qiao, Min, and Chungen Zhou. "Codeposition of Co–Al–Y on nickel base superalloys by pack cementation process." Corrosion Science 75 (October 2013): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.06.033.

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20

Magnani, Giuseppe, Francesco Antolini, Leandro Beaulardi, Alida Brentari, and Emiliano Burresi. "Oxidation resistance of SIC–AlN ceramics coated by oxidation-assisted-pack cementation process." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 31, no. 3 (March 2011): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.10.015.

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21

INATA, Masato, and Seiki WATANABE. "Formation of Wear-Resistant Coatings on Austenitic Stainless Steel by Pack Cementation Process." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2004.7 (2004): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2004.7.0_275.

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22

Park, J. S. "Oxidation Resistance Coatings of Mo-Si-B Alloys via a Pack Cementation Process." Metals and Materials International 14, no. 1 (February 26, 2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/met.mat.2008.02.001.

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23

Schmidt, Diana, Mathias Galetz, and Michael Schütze. "Deposition of Manganese and Cobalt on Ferritic–Martensitic Steels via Pack Cementation Process." Oxidation of Metals 79, no. 5-6 (December 20, 2012): 589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11085-012-9340-4.

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24

Byun, Ji Young, Jang Won Kim, Jeong Whan Han, and Pyungwoo Jang. "New manufacturing method for Fe-Si magnetic powders using modified pack-cementation process." Metals and Materials International 19, no. 2 (March 2013): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12540-013-2022-1.

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25

Swadźba, Lucjan, Ginter Nawrat, Boguslaw Mendala, and Marek Goral. "The Influence of Deposition Process on Structure of Platinum-Modifed Aluminide Coatings O Ni-Base Superalloy." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.247.

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The modern jet engines used in commercial and military aircrafts are characterized by operating temperature in turbine section above 1000oC. The Ni-base superalloy turbine blades and vanes working in high temperature in very aggressive environment require using of protective coatings. The aluminide coatings are widely used to protect this engine parts. The pack cementation, out of pack and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technologies are usually used to produce this type of coating. The aluminide coatings can be modified by platinum or other elements. The Pt-modified aluminide coatings are characterized by better oxidation and corrosion resistance in comparison with conventional aluminide coatings and can be used as a bond coat for Thermal Barrier Coatings deposited by EB-PVD technology. In present study the influence of deposition technology and their’s parameters on structure and chemical composition of Pt-aluminide coatings are presented. The base material for coatings was a Inconel 738 Ni-base superalloy. The first step of coatings production were Pt electroplating with different thickness of platinum layer. The second step of coating production was aluminising process. The aluminide coatings were produced by pack cementation and out of pack technologies. Additional the influence of heat treatment of base alloy with coatings was investigated. The structure of all deposited coatings was observed by scanning electron microscopy and the chemical and phase composition of coatings were investigated by EDS and XRD methods. The observed coatings were characterized by two types of structure: first based on NiAlPt phase obtained on thin Pt layer and the second with additional presence of PtAl2 phase on the thick Pt layer.

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26

Ali, Zainab Zuhair, and Fatimah J. Al-Hasani. "Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Some Biomedical Titanium Alloys by Pack Cementation Coating." Key Engineering Materials 886 (May 2021): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.886.189.

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Titanium possesses a unique ability to bind with bone and living tissue, making it an ideal material for orthopedic implants such as knee and hip replacements. Because of the strength to weight ratio, hermeticity, biocompatibility and light weight makes titanium and its alloy the best choice for implant. The main goal focused on studying the influence of surface coating of some titanium base alloys by Nano (ZrO2&Y2O3) to the surface roughness of implant alloys. Preparation of samples was accomplished by using powder technology technique, in which the raw materials was pure titanium, 10%cobalt,50% nickel, and 30% tantalum powders. The samples were cleaned by ultrasonic device the surface pre- treated by chemical etching, then deposition of nano (ZrO2 with Y2O3) accomplished by pack cementation process. After samples characterization by (X-ray diffraction, hardness test, porosity percentage and Surface roughness). The result showed that diffraction patterns gained for the samples were the phases developed as a result of sintering and after deposition, There are likely no presents of pure metals that prove the time and temperature of sintering utilized in this work results in full sintering reactions, the XRD patterns of samples after (ZrO2,Y2O3) deposition by pack cementation process. It is obvious that Amorphous behavior was observed in the XRD after deposition nearly at 2θ (15.799) for all samples. It is evident that the porosity percent of the samples after (ZrO2, Y2O3) deposition was largely decreases due to the pack cementation process. There was considerable increasing in hardness value, finally the roughness values obtained from the AFM it was found that there are large changes in the roughness value of samples after coating due to full the surface by Nano ceramic material deposition.

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27

Li, Ming, Lixin Song, Jun Le, Xiao Wei Zhang, Bao Gen Pei, and Xing Fang Hu. "Formation and Oxidation Resistance of NbSi₂ Coatings on Niobium by Pack Cementation." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.907.

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NbSi2 coatings were formed on niobium by halide-activated pack cementation process. The as-coated niobium samples were oxidized in air up to 1723 K by thermogravimetry method. The surface and cross-sectional morphology, phase composition and element distribution of the NbSi2 coatings before and after oxidation were characterized by SEM, XRD and EPMA. The results show that the as-formed coatings consist of single phase of hexagonal NbSi2 and the oxidation resistance of pure niobium can be greatly improved by pack siliconizing.

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Stathokostopoulos, Dimitrios, Dimitrios Chaliampalias, Eleni Pavlidou, George Vourlias, and George Stergioudis. "Structural Study of Magnesium Coatings on Copper Substrates by Pack Cementation." Solid State Phenomena 203-204 (June 2013): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.203-204.9.

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In this work the feasibility of depositing magnesium coatings, on copper substrates is investigated. The deposition was accomplished by pack cementation process and the experiments were undertaken at 500°C, 550°C and 600°C for different deposition times. The purpose of these experiments was also to investigate the effect of deposition temperature on the morphology and the structure of the as-formed coatings. The characterization was performed with a SEM microscopy and XRD analysis. It was revealed that the as formed coatings mainly contain two phases corresponding to CuMg2and MgCu2. Furthermore, the coating thickness and morphology was significantly affected by temperature and time.

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29

Tong, Lu, Yao Dengzun, and Zhou Chungen. "Low-temperature Formation of Aluminide Coatings on Ni-base Superalloys by Pack Cementation Process." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 23, no. 3 (June 2010): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1000-9361(09)60231-4.

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30

Xiang, Z. D., S. R. Rose, and P. K. Datta. "Conditions for Formation of Coherent Aluminide Coatings on γ-Tiai By Pack Cementation Process." Surface Engineering 18, no. 5 (October 2002): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708402225006321.

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31

Stathokostopoulos, D., S. A. Tsipas, D. Chaliampalias, E. Pavlidou, E. Hatzikraniotis, K. M. Paraskevopoulos, and G. Vourlias. "Experimental and thermodynamic considerations of Mg 2 Si coatings deposited by pack cementation process." Superlattices and Microstructures 101 (January 2017): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2016.11.033.

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Xiang, Z. D., and P. K. Datta. "Deposition of silicon modified aluminide coatings on nickel base superalloys by pack cementation process." Materials Science and Technology 19, no. 7 (July 2003): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708303225002965.

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Shao, Wei, Yuwen Cui, and Chungen Zhou. "Diffusion Paths of Silicide Coatings on Nb-Si-Based Alloys During Pack Cementation Process." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 50, no. 6 (April 3, 2019): 2945–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05204-1.

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Stathokostopoulos, D., D. Chaliampalias, E. Tarani, A. Theodorakakos, V. Giannoulatou, G. S. Polymeris, E. Pavlidou, et al. "Formation of the Thermoelectric Candidate Chromium Silicide by Use of a Pack-Cementation Process." Journal of Electronic Materials 43, no. 10 (March 15, 2014): 3733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-014-3100-y.

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35

Zhou, Ping, Zi Qiang Li, Hong Sheng Zhao, Kai Hong Zhang, Xiao Xue Liu, and Bing Liu. "Sintering of SiC Coating Layer on Graphite Spheres Prepared by Pack Cementation." Key Engineering Materials 697 (July 2016): 807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.697.807.

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Pack cementation is an effective method in the manufacture of SiC coating on carbon material substrate surface, which is a controllable and simple process. Meanwhile, due to the reactive infiltration process of powder mixture into the substrate, a gradient transition structure layer is formed between the substrate and outer layer. In this paper, SiC was coated on the spherical substrates taken from the matrix graphite pebbles of high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR) fuel element. Relations between the Si/C content ratio of the pack mixture and the thickness of SiC layer were studied. Analysis found that Si/C content ratio, powder size and sintering time are factors influenced the thickness of the coating layers. When the Si/C content ratio was higher than 3:1, a uniform thickness coating bonded well with the substrate was obtained. The composition phases and thickness of coating layer etc. also had obvious changes along with the change of the Si/C content ratio in this research.Results also show that sintering atmosphere and particle size of powders are important factors affecting coating microstructure, while a vacuum atmosphere can smaller powder size can help to get a dense structure.

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Kim, Jae Won, Seong Hwan Park, H. C. Kim, Yeon Gil Jung, Je Hyun Lee, and Ung Yu Paik. "SiC Oxidation Protective Coating for Graphite Mould." Key Engineering Materials 287 (June 2005): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.287.57.

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In order to exploit the anti-oxidation property of graphite mould, a new type of oxidation protective coating is produced by a pack cementation diffusion coating technique. To enable this material to be used at high temperatures, graphite moulds are coated with Si/SiC slips. The anionic dispersant is added to disperse the slip uniformly, of which the optimal amount is evaluated with viscosity. The graphite mold specimens are surface-modified at 100 °C for 10 minutes in a non-polar polymer aqua-solution, considering the uniform wettability of slip. The surface-modified graphite mold specimen shows better wettability than the nonsurface- modified graphite one when coating process is performed through the slip. The interface-reaction of the specimens is performed at 1450 °C in a reduction atmosphere. The microstructure and composition before and after the pack cementation are observed by SEM and EDS, and the phase identify was performed with XRD. The layer of specimens double-coated by the pack cementation and Si/SiC slip coating method is stable, and properties of SiC coating layer formed on the graphite mould surface are dependent on particle size of starting material, Si, and open-pore size of the graphite mould surface. It is found that larger particle size of Si and smaller open-pore size of the graphite mold were the preferable conditions for the interface produces an optimal reaction which anti-oxidation coating.

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Genova, Virgilio, Laura Paglia, Giovanni Pulci, Cecilia Bartuli, and Francesco Marra. "Diffusion Aluminide Coatings for Hot Corrosion and Oxidation Protection of Nickel-Based Superalloys: Effect of Fluoride-Based Activator Salts." Coatings 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040412.

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The influence of two different fluoride-based activator salts (NH4F and AlF3) was studied for diffusion aluminide coatings obtained via pack cementation on a Ni-based superalloy (René 108DS). The resistance to oxidation and hot corrosion was assessed as a function of the concentration of activator salts used during the synthesis process by means of pack cementation. Two different concentrations were selected for activator salts (respecting the equimolarity of fluoride in the synthesis) and the obtained diffusion coatings were compared in terms of morphology, thickness and composition, as well as in terms of microstructural evolution after high temperature exposure. Isothermal oxidation tests were conducted at 1050 °C in air for 100 h in a tubular furnace. The oxidation kinetics were evaluated by measuring the weight variation with exposure time. The microstructural evolution induced by the high temperature exposure was investigated by SEM microscopy, EDS analysis and X-ray diffraction. Results showed that the coatings obtained with AlF3 activator salt are thicker than those obtained using NH4F as a consequence of different growth mechanism during pack-cementation. Despite this evidence, it was found that the NH4F coatings show a better oxidation resistance, both in terms of total mass gain and of quality of the microstructure of the thermally grown oxide. On the other hand, coatings produced with high concentration of AlF3 exhibited a better resistance in hot corrosion conditions, showing negligible mass variations after 200 h of high temperature exposure to aggressive NaCl and Na2SO4 salts.

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Wu, D. J., W. H. Hua, Z. D. Xiang, and C. Y. Zhu. "Effect of Pack Al Content on Growth Kinetics at 650 °C of Ni₂Al₃ Coating Layer on Nickel-Electroplated Creep Resistant Ferritic Steels." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 2008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.2008.

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The hybrid Ni2Al3/Ni coating was formed on creep resistant ferritic steels by firstly nickel electroplating and then partially aluminising the Ni layer at 650 °C by pack cementation process using powder mixtures of Al, AlCl3and Al2O3. The effect of pack Al content (W) on growth kinetics of the outer Ni2Al3layer of the coating was investigated by varying it from 2 to 10 wt% whilst keeping the pack AlCl3content constant at 2 wt% and aluminising conditions at 650°C/4h. It was revealed that, once W was above a minimum level, the growth of the outer Ni2Al3layer thickness depended linearly on W1/2. The possible reasons for such growth kinetics were discussed.

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ZHANG, ZHENG-ZHONG, HE-JUN LI, CHAO MA, QIAN-GANG FU, YU-LEI ZHANG, HENG WU, and JUN TAO. "MODIFIED SiC-MoSi2 OXIDATION PROTECTIVE COATING FOR SiC-COATED CARBON/CARBON COMPOSITES THROUGH INFILTRATING LIQUID Si." Surface Review and Letters 18, no. 03n04 (June 2011): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x11014539.

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To improve the oxidation resistance of the SiC-MoSi2 coating prepared by two-step pack cementation, a liquid Si infiltrating method was adopted to modify it. The phase composition and microstructure of the coatings were analyzed by XRD and SEM. The results show that the size and number of the cracks in the modified coating decreased evidently after infiltrating Si . The oxidation test results in air at 1773 K show that the mass loss of the SiC-MoSi2 coating coated carbon/carbon (C/C) composites was up to 1.18% after oxidation for 206 h, while that of the modified coating coated C/C composites was only 0.77% after oxidation for 460 h. The reason is that the cracks formed in the pack cementation process were partly sealed and there were no penetrable cracks in the modified coating. Therefore, there were no direct channels for the oxygen to diffuse into the C/C substrate.

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Chandra-Ambhorn, Somrerk, Neramit Krasaelom, Tummaporn Thublaor, and Sirichai Leelachao. "High temperature corrosion behaviour of aluminised FC 25 cast iron using pack cementation." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-12-2017-1876.

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Purpose This study aims to apply the pack cementation to develop the Fe-Al layers on the surface of FC 25 cast iron in order to increase the high-temperature corrosion resistance of the alloy. Design/methodology/approach Pack cementation was applied on the surface of FC 25 cast iron at 1,050°C. The bare and aluminised alloys were subjected to the oxidation test in 20 per cent O2-N2 at 850 °C. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for characterisation. Findings The layers of pack cementation consisted of Fe2Al5, FeAl2 and FeAl, and solid solution alloyed with Al. The oxidation kinetics of the bare cast iron was parabolic. Mass gain of the aluminised cast iron was significantly decreased compared with that of the bare cast iron. This was because of the protective alumina formation on the aluminised alloy surface. Al in the Fe–Al layer also tended to be homogenised during oxidation. Originality/value Even though the aluminising of alloys was extensively studied, the application of that process to the FC 25 cast iron grade was originally developed in this work. The significantly reduced mass gain of the aluminised FC 25 cast iron makes the studied alloy be promising for the use as a valve seat insert in an agricultural single-cylinder four-stroke engine, which might be run by using a relatively cheaper fuel, i.e. LPG, but as a consequence requires the higher oxidation resistance of the engine parts.

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Ampaw, E. K., E. K. Arthur, O. O. Adewoye, A. R. Adetunji, S. O. O. Olusunle, and Winston O. Soboyejo. "Carbonitriding “Pack Cyaniding” of Ductile Irons." Advanced Materials Research 1132 (December 2015): 330–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1132.330.

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In this paper, ductile iron was produced using a rotary furnace. The microstructures of the ductile iron (with and without cyanided coatings) were then characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy diffraction X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The surfaces of the ductile iron were then subjected to high temperature carbonitriding using a pack cementation process in which carbon and nitrogen were diffused into the ductile iron from powder mixtures consisting of ground cassava leaves and barium carbonate (BaCO3) energizers. The wear behavior of the coated and uncoated ductile iron was studied using the pin-on-disk method. The wear mechanisms were also elucidated using a combination of SEM and EDS. The mechanisms of wear were also studied using nanoscratch experiments. The resulting wear rates are then compared with those from micron-scale wear tracks obtained from pin-on-disk experiments. The implications of the results are then discussed for the design of wear resistant ductile irons.

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YUAN, BIFEI, LONGWEN YU, and GUIWU LU. "OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF LOW-TEMPERATURE PACK ALUMINIZING COATINGS ON NI-BASE SUPERALLOY." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 15n16 (June 30, 2010): 3185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921006629x.

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A nickel-base superalloy has been used to deposit the aluminide coating by low-temperature pack cementation process. The high temperature oxidation tests on aluminized alloys and the uncoated specimens are carried out at 1000°C for 10h. It is observed that a dense and protective Al 2 O 3 surface layer is produced on the aluminized alloy, and the aluminizing process has greatly enhanced the high temperature oxidation resistance of the Ni -base superalloy at 1000°C. As a contrast, the uncoated specimen begins to be failure when treated only for 6h at the same temperature.

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Sugiarti, Eni, Kemas A. Zaini, Yong Ming Wang, Naoyuki Hashimoto, Somei Ohnuki, and Shigenari Hayashi. "Effect of Pack Cementation Temperature on Oxidation Behavior of NiCoCrAl Coated Layer." Advanced Materials Research 1112 (July 2015): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1112.353.

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The oxidation behavior of NiCoCrAl coatings deposited on carbon steel was evaluated at 800 °C for 100 h in atmospheric air. The effect of different coating process on the oxidation of carbon steel was studied. The oxidation mechanism was discussed based on oxidation rate, formation of oxide scale, and microstructure of the coated sample. The oxidation rate significantly increased owing to the formation of metastable Al2O3 during initial oxidation stage. The oxidation rate decreased due to the transformation from d, q to a-Al2O3 from the intermediate stage up to final stage of 100 h oxidation. The effect of pack cementation temperature contributed to the thickness and diffusion of coated elements. The experimental results showed that sample developed at 800 °C exhibited better oxidation resistance than sample developed at 900 and 1000 °C.

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Nouri, S., and M. Azadeh. "Microstructural investigation of the coatings prepared by simultaneous aluminizing and siliconizing process on γ-TiAl." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 55, no. 2 (2019): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb180814021n.

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In this research, formation of aluminide/silicide diffusion coatings on ?-TiAl[Ti-48Al-2Nb?2Cr (at.%)] alloy using gasphase diffusion pack cementation process has been investigated. The application of powder mixtures with various chemical compositions in the pack cementation process performed at 1000oC for 6 hours in order to achieve simultaneous diffusion of Al and Si, showed that the composition of the powder mixture could have a significant effect on the structure and thickness of the aluminide/silicide coatings. The identification and analysis of aluminide/silicide microstructures formed as a result of simultaneous diffusion of Al and Si, which was comprehensively and qualitatively done for the first time in this study, showed that the sequential mechanism is dominant in the formation of the above-mentioned coatings. Furthermore, Kirkendall phenomenon and volumetric changes caused by the formation of Ti5Si3 and Ti5Si4, were considered as the two dominant mechanisms in the formation of porous segregated structure in these coatings. In this study, the effect of decreasing the activity of Si, through two approaches of reducing the amount of Si in the powder mixture and using Al- 20wt.%Si alloyed powder instead of pure Al and Si depositing elements, on the microstructural modification coatings was investigated. The results showed that reducing the Si activity at the surface of the coating and, consequently, reducing the flux of active silicon atoms (JSi), has a significant effect on the formation of coating with an ideal structure.

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Wang, Y. Q., Y. Zhang, and D. A. Wilson. "Formation of Aluminide Coatings on Ferritic–Martensitic Steels by a Low-Temperature Pack Cementation Process." Surface and Coatings Technology 204, no. 16-17 (May 2010): 2737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.02.025.

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Xiang, Z. D., J. S. Burnell-Gray, and P. K. Datta. "Conditions for Codeposition of Al and Cr on Ni Base Superalloys by Pack Cementation Process." Surface Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 2001): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708401101517890.

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Priest, M. S., and Y. Zhang. "Synthesis of clean aluminide coatings on Ni-based superalloys via a modified pack cementation process." Materials and Corrosion 66, no. 10 (January 29, 2015): 1111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.201408046.

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Xiang, Z. D., and P. K. Datta. "Formation of aluminide coatings on low alloy steels at 650°C by pack cementation process." Materials Science and Technology 20, no. 10 (October 2004): 1297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708304225022232.

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Geib, Frederick D., and Robert A. Rapp. "Simultaneous chromizing ? Aluminizing coating of low-alloy steels by a halide-activated, pack-cementation process." Oxidation of Metals 40, no. 3-4 (October 1993): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00664491.

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Zeng, D., S. Yang, and Zhi Dong Xiang. "A Feasibility Study on Increasing Surface Hardness of Austenitic Stainless Steels by Pack Co-Deposition of N and Cr." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1751.

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This study is an attempt to codeposit N and Cr into the surface of austenitic stainless steels by pack cementation process to simultaneously increase their surface hardness and corrosion resistance. The pack powders were prepared using Cr2N powder as a source of both N and Cr, NH4Cl as activator and Al2O3 as inert filler. Specimens of the AISI204 austenitic stainless steel were treated in the 2 wt% NH4Cl activated 15Cr2N-85Al2O3 (wt%) pack at 1100 °C for different times. It was demonstrated that a top Cr2N layer with a Cr enriched zone underneath can be formed on the steel surface via the vapour phase generated in the activated powder pack. The effect of adding Cr powder into the pack powders on the surface layer formation and on the hardness profile at the cross-section of the specimen surface was also investigated. Hardness values of more than 1800 HV were obtained at the outermost surface of the treated specimen.

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