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Journal articles on the topic 'Pacific Area'
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1
Squires, Richard L. "New Paleogene Fimbria (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Pacific Coast of southwestern North America." Journal of Paleontology 64, no. 4 (July 1990): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000042578.
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The marine bivalve Fimbria susanensis n. sp. is reported from the uppermost Paleocene part of the “Meganos Stage” in the upper Santa Susana Formaton, Simi Hills, southern California.Fimbria pacifica n. sp. is reported from the middle lower Eocene “Capay Stage” strata of the Pacific coast of southwestern North America. The new species is present in the lower Bateque Formation, Baja California Sur, Mexico, and in the lower Juncal Formation, Whitaker Peak area and Santa Ynez Mountains, southern California.Fimbria susanensis n. sp. and F. pacifica n. sp. are the only fimbriids known from the Pacific coast of North America. Previously reported Pacific coast species, which gave a range of Late Cretaceous to late Eocene for this genus in this particular area, do not belong to Fimbria.
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Zagoria, Donald S., and David Aikman. "Pacific Rim: Area of Change, Area of Opportunity." Foreign Affairs 65, no. 4 (1987): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20043180.
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Bezzubchenko, Olga, and T. Skliarova. "Modern trends in the Asia -Pacific area countries innovative activity." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Ekonomìka 9, no. 17 (2019): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2822-2019-9-17-87-96.
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Lane, Jan-Erik. "Regionalism in the Asia-Pacific Area." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 30, no. 1 (June 2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2008.10779339.
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Seberg, O. "Biogeographic congruence in the South Pacific." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 1 (1991): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910127.
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Ever since J. D. Hooker's famous 'Introductory Essay' to Flora NOVE-Zelandise, a classical problem in biogeography has been to give a casual explanation of southern hemisphere distribution patterns. An attempt is made to see whether the cladograms for the circum-Pacific areas (South America, New Zealand, Tasmania and Australia) are congruent. The area cladograms are derived from Nothofagus (Fagacae), Embothriinae (Protaceae), Oreobolus (Cyperaceae), Cyttaria (Helotiales) and Eriococcidae (Homoptera). The resulting general area cladogram showing southern South America as the sister-area to New Zealand, south-eastern Australia and Tasmania, and Tasmania plus south-eastern Australia as sister-areas to New Zealand are compared with different geological hypotheses for the area. The biological area cladogram is shown to be congruent with widely different geological hypotheses.
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Yamamura, O., and T. Nobetsu. "Food habits of threadfin hakeling Laemonema longipes along the Pacific coast of northern Japan." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, no. 3 (July 13, 2011): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315411000324.
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Food habits of threadfin hakeling Laemonema longipes, the dominant demersal fish in the upper continental slope of the western sub-Arctic North Pacific, were described based upon >1400 specimens collected off north-eastern Honshu Island and south-eastern Hokkaido Island, Japan. Threadfin hakeling depended exclusively on pelagic organisms including copepods Neocalanus cristatus, Euphausia pacifica, shrimps Sergestes similis, firefly squid Watasenia scintillans and myctophids Diaphus theta. Threadfin hakeling showed a clear size-dependent dietary variation, with mesozooplankton and shrimps being important for small- and medium-sized fish (≤400 mm standard length (SL)), and myctophids being important for large-sized fish (>400 mm SL). Since all of these prey undertake diurnal vertical migration, it was concluded that threadfin hakeling take an important role in capturing energy and materials transported from the epipelagic zone to the bathypelagic layer over the upper continental slope. Dietary variation among different areas, seasons and depths were also examined. Of these, areal difference was rather obscure reflecting common prey field in the Tohoku and Doto areas under the prevalence of the North Pacific Intermediate Water, whereas clear seasonal difference was found in the Doto area; the 0-group of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma was ingested only in the late summer and early autumn in this area.
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King, Victor T. "The problem with areas: Asia and Area studies." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 168, no. 2-3 (2012): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003563.
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Review of: Goh Beng Lan (ed.), Decentring & diversifying Southeast Asian Studies: Perspectives from the region. Singapore: ISEAS, 2011, xiii + 304 pp. ISBN 9789814311564, price: USD 34.90 (paperback); 9789814311571, USD 45.90 (hardback). Terence Wesley-Smith and Jon Goss (eds), Remaking Area studies: Teaching and learning across Asia and the Pacific. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2010, xxvii + 243 pp. ISBN 9780824833213. Price: USD 45.00 (hardback). Jacob Edmond, Henry Johnson and Jacqueline Leckie (eds), Recentring Asia: Histories, encounters, identities, xv + 339 pp. Leiden/Boston: Brill, Global Oriental: 2011. ISBN 9781906876258. Price: EUR 80.00 (hardback).
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Bingham, F. M., G. R. Foltz, M. J. McPhaden, and T. Suga. "Seasonal cycles of mixed layer salinity and evaporation minus precipitation in the Pacific Ocean." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 3 (October 26, 2009): 2389–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-2389-2009.
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Abstract. The seasonal variability of mixed-layer salinity (MLS) is examined in the Pacific Ocean between 20° S and 60° N using a variety of data sources. Significant seasonal cycles were found in 5 regions: 1) the western North Pacific, 2) the northeastern North Pacific and Alaska gyre, 3) the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) 4) an area of the central North Pacific north of the Hawaiian Islands, 5) the central south Pacific along 10–20° S. The phase and amplitude of the seasonal cycle were determined. Amplitudes range from 0.1 to >0.5. The largest amplitudes are in the tropical band and the western North Pacific. Maximum salinity is obtained in late (northern) winter in the western North Pacific, late winter and early spring in the northeastern North Pacific, early summer in the ITCZ area, late summer and early fall in the central North Pacific area and (northern) summer in the central South Pacific. Large areas of the North and Tropical Pacific have no significant seasonal variation in MLS. Seasonal variability of evaporation rate, precipitation rate and the difference between them (E-P) were calculated from the OAFlux and Global Precipitation Climatology Project datasets. Typical amplitudes of E-P are 0.1–1×10−4 kg m−2 s−1. The seasonal variability of E-P is largely dominated by variability in evaporation in the western North Pacific and precipitation elsewhere. The largest amplitudes are in areas along the edge of the western North Pacific and in the far eastern tropical Pacific around 10° N. Phases in these areas indicate maximum E-P in mid- to late winter in these areas of large amplitude. The closest correspondence between E-P and MLS is in the ITCZ. Some terms of the MLS balance were calculated, and found to have similar magnitudes, but very different distributions. Averaged over large areas in the western North Pacific, ITCZ, South Pacific and northern North Pacific, the seasonal cycle is a balance between changes in MLS, E-P, and entrainment, with advection playing a relatively minor role. This work highlights the potentially significant role of surface salinity in the hydrologic cycle and in subtropical mode water formation. It can also help to interpret measurements that will soon be available from the Aquarius and SMOS satellite missions.
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OKUMURA, Satoshi. "Coal and Environment in Asia-Pacific Area." Shigen-to-Sozai 109, no. 9 (1993): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.109.659.
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Wang, Qi-Xia, Li Yan, and Xiong Ma. "Autoimmune Hepatitis in the Asia-Pacific Area." Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 6, no. 1 (December 7, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14218/jcth.2017.00032.
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Bingham, F. M., G. R. Foltz, and M. J. McPhaden. "Seasonal cycles of surface layer salinity in the Pacific Ocean." Ocean Science 6, no. 3 (August 24, 2010): 775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-6-775-2010.
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Abstract. The seasonal variability of surface layer salinity (SLS) is examined in the Pacific Ocean between 40° S and 60° N using a variety of data sources. Significant seasonal cycles were found in 5 regions: 1) The western North Pacific, 2) The northeastern North Pacific and Alaska gyre, 3) the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), 4) an area of the central North Pacific north of the Hawaiian Islands, 5) the central South Pacific along 10–20° S. Amplitudes range from 0.1 to > 0.5. The largest amplitudes are in the tropical band and the western North Pacific. Maximum salinity is obtained in late (northern) winter in the western North Pacific, late winter and early spring in the northeastern North Pacific, early summer in the ITCZ area, late summer and early fall in the central North Pacific area and (austral) winter in the central South Pacific. Large areas of the Pacific have no significant seasonal variation in SLS. Seasonal variability of evaporation rate, precipitation rate and the difference between them (E-P) were calculated from the OAFlux and Global Precipitation Climatology Project datasets. Typical amplitudes of E-P are 0.1–1 × 10−4 kg m−2 s−1. The seasonal variability of E-P is largely dominated by variability in evaporation in the western North Pacific and precipitation elsewhere. The largest amplitudes are in areas along the edge of the western North Pacific and in the far eastern tropical Pacific around 10° N. Phases in these areas indicate maximum E-P in mid- to late winter in these areas of large amplitude. The closest correspondence between E-P and SLS is in the ITCZ. E-P was combined with seasonal variation of the mixed-layer depth to calculate the freshwater flux forcing term of the SLS balance equation. The term was found to be similar in magnitude and distribution to E-P. Some other terms of the SLS balance were calculated. Horizontal advection was found to have seasonal cycles in a region near the equator. Entrainment was found to be mostly not significant except for a small region along 2.5–7.5° N in the eastern Pacific. Averaged spatially over large areas in the western North Pacific, ITCZ, South Pacific and northern North Pacific, the seasonal cycle is mostly a balance between changes in SLS and E-P, with entrainment and advection playing relatively minor roles. This work highlights the potentially significant role of surface salinity in the hydrologic cycle and in subtropical mode water formation. It can also help to interpret measurements that will soon be available from the Aquarius and SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) satellite missions.
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Coulson, Ruth, and Graeme Coulson. "Population change among Pacific, kelp and silver gulls using natural and artificial feeding sites in south-eastern Tasmania." Wildlife Research 25, no. 2 (1998): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97027.
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The kelp gull, Larus dominicanus, which is widely distributed around the southern hemisphere, has become established in Australia only in the past half-century. The greatest numbers of kelp gulls in Australia are now found in south-eastern Tasmania in sympatry with the two endemic species, the morphologically similar Pacific gull, L. pacificus, and the smaller silver gull, L. novaehollandiae. We examined populations of the three species in this area. We surveyed large refuse tips and specific shoreline sites in the Hobart area regularly during the winter months in 1981 and again in 1992, recording numbers of each species, and age classes of kelp and Pacific gulls. Between the two survey periods, the number of Pacific gulls and the total number of all gulls present at refuse tips remained unchanged. There was, however, a marked increase in the number of kelp gulls at tips, equivalent to an annual rate of increase of 22.8%, and a corresponding decrease in the number of silver gulls. Kelp gulls of all ages were over-represented at refuse tips, while adult Pacific gulls fed preferentially at more natural shoreline sites. At shoreline sites, adult Pacific gulls appeared to exclude kelp gulls from small bays in 1981, but kelp gulls were present in most of these bays eleven years later. Reducing access to food at refuse tips may be an effective means of controlling the kelp gull population in this area.
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Carew-Reid, Jeremy. "Conservation and Protected Areas on South-Pacific Islands: The Importance of Tradition." Environmental Conservation 17, no. 1 (1990): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900017264.
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The natural environments of the South Pacific islands are degrading rapidly. The region suffers one of the highest rates of species extinction in the world, and has probably the world's highest proportion of endangered species per unit land-area. Most island ecosystems in the South Pacific are totally unprotected, and many are rapidly diminishing in area or at least deteriorating in quality. The practice of conservation through conventional forms of protected areas has been ineffective in Pacific countries, having been applied in ignorance or denial of traditional practices or tenurial arrangements when such traditional patterns are often crucial to the maintenance of South Pacific cultures. Only approaches to conservation which embrace the multiple and subsistence uses of natural resources by island communities are having success.
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Ishida, Nanae, Hidetoshi Yamada, and Masamichi Hirose. "Euphausia pacifica (North Pacific Krill): Review of Chemical Features and Potential Benefits of 8-HEPE against Metabolic Syndrome, Dyslipidemia, NAFLD, and Atherosclerosis." Nutrients 13, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 3765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13113765.
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Marine n-3 fatty acids are well known to have health benefits. Recently, krill oil, which contains phospholipids, has been in the spotlight as an n-3 PUFA-containing oil. Euphausia pacifica (E. pacifica), also called North Pacific krill, is a small, red crustacean similar to shrimp that flourishes in the North Pacific Ocean. E. pacifica oil contains 8-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (8-HEPE) at a level more than 10 times higher than Euphausia superba oil. 8-HEPE can activate the transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), PPARγ, and PPARδ to levels 10, 5, and 3 times greater than eicosapentaenoic acid, respectively. 8-HEPE has beneficial effects against metabolic syndrome (reduction in body weight gain, visceral fat area, amount of gonadal white adipose tissue, and gonadal adipocyte cell size), dyslipidemia (reduction in serum triacylglycerol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and induction of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), atherosclerosis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (reduction in triglyceride accumulation and hepatic steatosis in the liver) in mice. Further studies should focus on the beneficial effects of North Pacific krill oil products and 8-HEPE on human health.
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Thoburn, John. "Economic policies in the Pacific area developing countries." International Affairs 69, no. 1 (January 1993): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2621202.
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Barter, Shane J. "Area studies, asian studies, and the pacific basin." Geographical Review 105, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2014.12043.x.
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Wu, Yingying. "Latest Chinese Investments in the South Pacific Area." China and WTO Review 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2018): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14330/cwr.2018.4.2.06.
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Gao, Mingxiang, Shuangyan Yang, and Tim Li. "The Spatio—Temporal Variation of Pacific Blocking Frequency within Winter Months and Its Relationship with Surface Air Temperature." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090960.
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The spatio–temporal evolution of the Pacific blocking frequency (PBF) that is based on a two–dimensional blocking index is investigated during the recent 40–winter (1979/80–2018/19) months (December–January–February). It is found that maximum PBF appears in January within the key area of 140° E–160° W, 50°–70° N. The key–area Pacific blocking in January is more active during the first (1980–1988) and the third (2009–2019) periods than during the second period (1989–2008). There is a positive 500 hPa–geopotential height (Z500) anomaly over the mid–latitude Pacific and a negative one over the high latitude area between the first two periods (second minus first). This pattern can cause an anomalous westerly circulation over the mid–high Pacific sector, which indicates a weakening of the Pacific blocking activity during the second period. This connects to a positive two–meter air temperature (T2m) anomaly over the northeastern Asia and mid–western Pacific, and a negative one over the high–latitude area. The difference of Z500 between the third and the second periods (third minus first) is opposite to that between the second and the first periods, which leads to more Pacific blocking events during the third period. This is related to a positive T2m anomaly over the high–latitude area and a negative one over the mid–latitude area of Asia and the western Pacific. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between the variables (Z500, T2m, 200 hPa–zonal wind) and the key–area PBF confirms the above results.
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Burleyson, Casey D., and Sandra E. Yuter. "Subdiurnal Stratocumulus Cloud Fraction Variability and Sensitivity to Precipitation*." Journal of Climate 28, no. 8 (April 7, 2015): 2968–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00648.1.
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Abstract This paper presents an analysis of subtropical marine stratocumulus cloud fraction variability using a 30-min and 3° × 3° cloud fraction dataset from 2003 to 2010. Each of the three subtropical marine stratocumulus regions has distinct diurnal characteristics, but the southeast (SE) Pacific and SE Atlantic are more similar to each other than to the northeast (NE) Pacific. The amplitude and season-to-season diurnal cycle variations are larger in the Southern Hemisphere regions than in the NE Pacific. Net overnight changes in cloud fraction on 3° × 3° scales are either positive or neutral >77% of the time in the NE Pacific and >88% of the time in the SE Pacific and SE Atlantic. Cloud fraction often increases to 100% by dawn when cloud fraction at dusk is >30%. In the SE Pacific and SE Atlantic, a typical decrease in cloud area (median ≤ −5.7 × 105 km2) during the day is equivalent to 25% or more of the annual-mean cloud deck area. Time series for 3° × 3° areas where cloud fraction was ≥90% sometime overnight and <60% at dawn, such as would result from nocturnal formation of pockets of open cells (POCs), only occur 1.5%, 1.6%, and 3.3% of the time in the SE Pacific, SE Atlantic, and NE Pacific, respectively. Comparison of cloud fraction changes to ship-based radar and satellite-derived precipitation intensity and area measurements shows a lack of sensitivity of cloud fraction to drizzle on time scales of 1–3 h and spatial scales of 100–300 km.
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Garrigue, Claire, Anelio Aguayo, V. L. U. Amante-Helweg, C. Scott Baker, Susana Caballero, Phillip Clapham, Rochelle Constantine, et al. "Movements of humpback whales in Oceania, South Pacific." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 4, no. 3 (May 11, 2023): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v4i3.837.
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To investigate movements of humpback whales among breeding and migratory areas of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean, comparisons of individually identified whales were undertaken using catalogues from New Caledonia, Tonga, New Zealand, the Cook Islands and French Polynesia. These locations probably represent wintering grounds or migratory areas for the Group V and VI stocks, as recognised by the International Whaling Commission for management purposes. Comparisons were also made to small samples of photos from Colombia, Ecuador and the Antarctic Peninsula, representing wintering and feeding grounds of the Group I stock. Overall, the combined catalogues contained photographs of 912 individual whales, 767 of which were from Oceania. Twelve fluke matches were made, indicating movement between the following areas: New Caledonia and New Zealand (2); New Caledonia and Tonga (6, plus one made by dorsal fin); Tonga and the Cook Islands (2); the Cook Islands and French Polynesia (1, plus one made by dorsal fin); and between Ecuador and the Antarctic Peninsula (1). These results add to previously known connections between eastern Australia and the westerly component of Oceania (New Caledonia, Tonga and New Zealand). The data also suggest little movement between Oceania and Area I (western South America and the Antarctic Peninsula), although sample sizes for the latter region were too small to conclude this with certainty. The documented movement of some whales among portions of Oceania indicates that stock assessments based on combining regional estimates of abundance are likely to be positively biased, although this may be countered by problems of heterogeneity in sampling effort and whale distribution. In contrast with the recovery exhibited in Area IV and in the western portion of Area V, humpback whale abundance appears to remain low in Oceania, presumably because of overexploitation in the feeding grounds of Area VI and the easterly component of Area V.
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Ferree, D. C., J. R. Schupp, D. S. Tustin, and W. Cashmore. "Differences in Flower and Spur Characteristics of Apple Cultivars." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 582d—582. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.582d.
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Flower and spur characteristics of eight apple cultivars were determined at bloom and following cell division and related to fruit growth over the season. Flower number per spur was higher in `Jonagold', `Fiesta', `Southern Snap', `Royal Gala', than in `Red Chief Delicious', `Pacific Rose' and `Fuji', and the latter three cultivars also had the lowest total flower dry weight per spur. Generally, pedicel length of the king flower was shorter than the lateral, with `Fuji' having the longest king flower pedicel and `Red Chief' and `Pacific Rose' the shortest. At full bloom, `Jonagold' and `Fiesta' had the most leaves/spur, followed by `Fuji', `Southern Snap', `Royal Gala', `Pacific Rose', with `Red Chief' having fewer leaves/spur than all other cultivars. Leaf area/spur was highest in `Jonagold', `Fiesta', `Royal Gala', and `Fuji', followed by `Southern Snap', with `Red Chief' and `Pacific Rose' having lower leaf areas and fruit set than all other cultivars. At the end of cell division, `Fuji' and `Jonagold' had the highest leaf area per spur and `Fuji' and `Royal Gala' the highest bourse leaf area. `Braeburn' and `Red Chief' had lower bourse leaf areas than all other cultivars. `Royal Gala', `Southern Snap', and `Fuji' had the longest bourse shoots and `Red Chief' the shortest.
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Hou, Meiyi, Wansuo Duan, and Xiefei Zhi. "Evaluating the Joint Effect of Tropical and Extratropical Pacific Initial Errors on Two Types of El Niño Prediction Using Particle Filter Approach." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2023): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071292.
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The accuracy of different types of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictions is sensitive to initial errors in different key areas of the Pacific Ocean. To improve the accuracy of the forecast, assimilation techniques can be utilized to eliminate these initial errors. However, limited studies have measured the extent to which assimilating ocean temperature data from different key regions in the Pacific Ocean can enhance two types of ENSO predictions. In previous research, three critical regions were identified as having initial errors in ocean temperature most interfering with two types of El Niño predictions, namely the North Pacific for Victoria Mode-like initial errors, the South Pacific for South Pacific Meridional Mode-like initial errors, and the subsurface layer of the western equatorial Pacific. Based on these initial error patterns, we quantified the effect of assimilating ocean temperature observation datasets in these three key regions using the particle filter method. The result indicates that ocean temperature initial accuracy in the tropical western area near the thermocline region is important for improving the prediction skill of CP-El Niño compared with the other two sensitive areas. However, three key areas are all important for EP-El Niño predictions. The most critical area varies among different models. Assimilating observations from the north and south Pacific proves to be the most effective for improving both types of El Niño predictions compared to the other two areas’ choices. This suggests that the initial accuracy of ocean temperature in these two regions is less dependent on each other for enhancing El Niño predictions. Additionally, assimilating observations from all three sensitive areas has the best results. In conclusion, to enhance the accuracy of two types of El Niño predictions, we need to ensure the initial accuracy of ocean temperature in both tropical and extratropical regions simultaneously.
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Zawislak, Jonathan. "Global Survey of Precipitation Properties Observed during Tropical Cyclogenesis and Their Differences Compared to Nondeveloping Disturbances." Monthly Weather Review 148, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 1585–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-18-0407.1.
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Abstract This study evaluates precipitation properties involved in tropical cyclogenesis by analyzing a multiyear, global database of passive microwave overpasses of the pregenesis stage of developing disturbances and nondeveloping disturbances. Precipitation statistics are quantified using brightness temperature proxies from the 85–91-GHz channels of multiple spaceborne sensors, as well as retrieved rain rates. Proxies focus on the overall raining area, areal coverage of deep convection, and the proximity of precipitation to the disturbance center. Of interest are the differences in those proxies for developing versus nondeveloping disturbances, how the properties evolve during the pregenesis stage, and how they differ globally. The results indicate that, of all of the proxies examined, the total raining area and rain volume near the circulation center are the most useful precipitation-related predictors for genesis. The areal coverage of deep convection also differentiates developing from nondeveloping disturbances and, similar to the total raining area, generally also increases during the pregenesis stage, particularly within a day of genesis. As the threshold convective intensity is increased, pregenesis cases are less distinguishable from nondeveloping disturbances. Relative to the western Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific Oceans have less precipitation and deep convection observed during genesis and the smallest differences between developing and nondeveloping disturbances. This suggests that the total raining area and areal coverage of deep convection associated with tropical disturbances are better predictors of tropical cyclogenesis fate in the Pacific and Indian Oceans than in the Atlantic and eastern North Pacific.
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Herindrasti, Sinta. "FENOMENA INDO-PASIFIK DAN DIPLOMASI INDONESIA." Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies 3, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/japs.v3i1.965.
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The emergence of the Indo-Pacific terminology since 2007 until 2013, which is still growing stronger up until now, has created a new “tension†dynamic among various actors in the region. The term Indo-Pacific at least reflects the exisiting new geopolitics transformation discourse in the regions between Indian and Pacific Oceans. With its strategic position, Indonesia is also active in the development of Indo-Pacific’s discourse and diplomacy. Considering the broad geographical area coverage of the Indo-Pacific concept and various state-actors including involvement of their power distribution and structure, comprehensive and critical analysis of Indo-Pacific phenomenon observation are therefore required. What is the purpose of Indonesia through its Indo-Pacific diplomatic action? Are there any current urgent needs which warrant involvement in these broad geopolitical issues? Does Indo-Pacific answer the needs of Indonesia and ASEAN in the middle of their various multilateral agendas? This paper would like to elaborate on the importance of Indonesia’s or ASEAN’s involvement in the Indo-Pacific by considering real situations, real needs and obstacles to be faced, especially in regards to politics-security challenges.
Keywords: Indo-Pacific Phenomenon, Indonesia Diplomacy
Abstrak
Kemunculan terminologi Indo-Pasifik sejak tahun 2007 hingga 2013 yang menguat hingga sekarang telah menciptakan dinamika “ketegangan†baru antar berbagai aktor kawasan. Istilah Indo-Pasifik setidaknya mencerminkan adanya diskursus transformasi geopolitik baru di kawasan antara lautan Hindia dan Pasifik tersebut. Tidak ketinggalan Indonesia dengan posisi strategisnya juga terlibat aktif dalam pengembangan diskursus dan diplomasi Indo-Pasifik. Menimbang luasnya cakupan area geografis konsep Indo-Pasifik dan banyaknya aktor negara termasuk distribusi power dan struktur yang akan terlibat, maka diperlukan analisis komprehensif kritis dalam melihat fenomena Indo-Pasifik. Apa sebenarnya tujuan Indonesia melalui aksi diplomasi Indo-Pasifik? Apakah ada kebutuhan yang sangat mendesak saat ini untuk terlibat dalam isu geopolitik yang sangat luas ini? Apakah Indo-Pasifik menjawab kebutuhan Indonesia dan ASEAN di tengah agenda multilateral yang sudah sedemikian banyak? Paper ini ingin melihat urgensi keterlibatan Indonesia/ASEAN dalam Indo-Pasifik dengan mempertimbangkan situasi dan kebutuhan nyata serta kendala yang akan dihadapi terutama terkait tantangan dimensi politik-keamanan (security).
Kata Kunci: Fenomena Indo-Pasifik, Diplomasi Indonesia
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Marquet, PA. "Diversity of Small Mammals in the Pacific Coastal Desert of Peru and Chile and in the Adjacent Andean Area - Biogeography and Community Structure." Australian Journal of Zoology 42, no. 4 (1994): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9940527.
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Species diversity patterns of small mammals (sigmodontine rodents) in the Chilean-Peruvian Pacific coastal desert and adjacent Andean area (Puna) were analysed by means of latitudinal and altitudinal transects. The statistical analyses of the patterns show: (1) a wide variation in latitudinal species diversity, with a peak in the region where the Puna reaches its greatest areal extent; (2) the differentiation of at least four groups of distinct faunal elements resulting from the interaction of large-scale biogeographic, geological and evolutionary processes; (3) a positive correlation between species richness and altitude for the altitudinal transects located within the Pacific coastal desert area and Puna; and (4) a highly individualistic pattern of community structure at a regional scale. These results are discussed considering biogeographic, palaeoclimatic and evolutionary processes, such as the establishment of the Pacific coastal desert, and the existence of a major centre of species diversification in the Puna area. Similarities and differences between these community-level patterns and those in North American deserts are discussed.
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El Haq, Muhammad Naser, and Muhammad Saef El Islam. "AUSTRALIA SEBAGAI KEKUATAN REGIONAL DALAM EKSPLOITASI SUMBER DAYA ALAM DI KAWASAN PASIFIK." Indonesian Journal of International Relations 4, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v4i1.117.
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Since Australia was still a colonial territory under Great Britain, the Australian colonial administration had a goal of making Australia a regional power that had interests in the Pacific region, specifically the South Pacific. The South Pacific region itself is an area that has already been proven to have considerable natural wealth, ranging from an abundance of marine biota wealth, oil reserves which have been discovered and also have not been explored, and mineral wealth lying beneath the Pacific Earth makes this area as a very interesting area to control. The widespread influence of Australia in the Pacific region makes Australia a country that has large bargaining power in exploration and exploitation projects of natural resources in the region. This article uses the concepts of the theory of Hegemony and Regionalism with descriptive qualitative research methods which sets out some examples of cases of Australia's role as a regional power in the exploitation of natural resources in the Pacific region. Australia as a regional power in the Pacific shows a tendency to control the natural resources that are buried in the region. Various methods such as military, economic and social interventions are carried out by Australia to benefit from the natural wealth in the Pacific region.
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Kiyono, Nobunaka. "Movement of Solar Power Industry of Asian Pacific Area." Seikei-Kakou 21, no. 7 (June 20, 2009): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.21.416.
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Andrejczuk, M., W. W. Grabowski, A. Gadian, and R. Burton. "Limited-area modelling of stratocumulus over South-Eastern Pacific." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2011): 25517–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-25517-2011.
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Abstract. This paper discusses the application of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to limited-area modeling of atmospheric processes over the subtropical south-eastern Pacific, with the emphasis on the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer. The simulations cover a period of 42 h selected from the VAMOS (Variability of the American Monsoon Systems) Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) field project conducted in the subtropical south-eastern Pacific in October and November~2008. Modeling results are compared with aircraft observations with the main conclusion that the simulated stratocumulus-topped boundary layer is significantly too shallow. This appears to be a combination of an already too shallow boundary layer in the dataset used to provide initial and lateral boundary conditions, and deficiencies of the boundary-layer scheme in the WRF model. We suggest that the latter comes from the scheme confusing the cloud base change of the vertical temperature and moisture gradients with the change at the boundary-layer inversion. The model does simulate the formation of mesoscale cloud-free regions, arguably similar to Pockets of Open Cells observed in nature. In the model, formation of these regions does not seem to be related to drizzle-induced transition from open- to closed-cell circulations as simulated by LES models. Instead, the cloud-free regions appear to result from mesoscale variations of the lower-tropspheric vertical velocity. Areas of negative vertical velocity with minima near the boundary layer top (a few cm s−1) seem to induce direct evaporation of the cloud layer. Parameterized boundary entrainment may play some role as well. It remains to be seen in LES studies whether the mechanism seen in the limited-area model is realistic or if it is simply an artifact of interactions between resolved and parameterized processes.
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Matthias Urban. "‘Sun’ and ‘Moon’ in the Circum-Pacific Language Area." Anthropological Linguistics 51, no. 3-4 (2009): 328–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anl.2009.0004.
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Ngarmukos, Tachapong. "Current Condition of Lead Extraction in Asian Pacific Area." Journal of Arrhythmia 27, Supplement (2011): SY01_3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4020/jhrs.27.sy01_3.
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Volkov, Anatoly F. "Integral values of biomass and stock of zooplankton in the epipelagic layer of the area 71 in the North Pacific, including the Bering and Okhotsk Seas, and patterns of distribution for mass species." Izvestiya TINRO 180, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 140–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2015-180-140-160.
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The Okhotsk and Bering Seas and the subarctic zone of the North Pacific are surveyed well by the expeditions conducted by Pacific Fish. Res. Center (TINRO) in the last three decades (115 surveys in 1984-2013), with sampling of zooplankton for monitoring of feeding resources of commercial species. Mean total zooplankton biomass and biomasses of size fractions of zooplankton, its taxonomic groups and mass species are calculated, by biostatistical areas. General patterns of the biomass distribution between the biostatistical areas are determined and presented as the charts of the biomass averaged by the areas. The most abundant species of zooplankton with similar systematic and trophic status are spatially separated that allows them to reduce competition for food, for example the pairs of small-sized, medium-sized and large-sized Copepoda species ( Pseudocalanus minutus - Oithona similis, Metridia pacifica - M. okhotensis , Calanus glacialis - Neocalanus plumchrus ), the pair of Hyperiida species ( Themisto pacifica - T. libellula ) and four Euphausia species ( Thysanoessa raschii - Th. inermis - Th. longipes - Euphausia pacifica ) in the Okhotsk Sea. Detailed tables on biomass and stock of the main components of zooplankton are presented, by regions and biostatistical areas.
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Cox, Brad. "Tropical Pacific Island Environments." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 4 (1998): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980370.
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The Pacific island region comprises a large and ecologically diverse area of the Earth, but is fragile and highly sensitive to environmental change. On some islands 80% or more of the species are endemic. These species are particularly vulnerable due to their geographic and ecological isolation. It is an area where local cultures conflict with Western development, leading to a myriad of environmental and social problems. Impacts affecting the Pacific islands include international mining, rising sea levels, land degradation, logging, toxic waste contamination of land and ocean, and contamination from nuclear testing. The extent of these problems has yet to gain international attention. Low education and communication standards in the region mean that many of the local people are not aware of environmental problems. Island governments have little political will to legislate to protect the environment. An exception is the Sustainable Development Bill that has been drafted recently in Fiji.
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FERNÁNDEZ, REBECA GRANJA, and YURI HOOKER. "Revisiting the diversity and distribution of the ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Peru." Zootaxa 4766, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 539–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4766.4.2.
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While the Ophiuroidea of Peruvian waters have long been studied, there exists inconsistencies regarding taxonomy and spatial distribution records. Based on literature review and museum records, we provide an updated checklist of the ophiuroids accompanied by the first geographical distribution analysis. Peruvian waters host 36 species of Ophiuroidea (three doubtful), yet 15 previous records of species are considered invalid for the area. We recorded five new records of species for Peru: Amphiodia oerstedi, Diopederma daniana, Ophiocomella alexandri, Ophiolepis crassa, and Ophiophthalmus normani. Peruvian maritime area is divided into four areas: The Tropical Eastern Pacific area where 16 species of ophiuroids occur, the Transition Zone with 13 species, the Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific with nine species, and the Deep Zone with 14 species. We found significant differences in species composition among areas (except among the Eastern Pacific and the Transitional Zone), and each of them is represented by particular species. According to the rarefaction curve, the inventory of ophiuroids for the country is not yet complete; therefore, we suggest performing more expeditions along the Peruvian waters focusing mainly on the deep zones which remain relatively unexplored to date.
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VILLARRUEL-ORDAZ, J. L., L. D. MALDONADO-BONILLA, A. C. SÁNCHEZ-ESPINOZA, R. GARIBAY-ORIJEL, and J. ÁLVAREZ-MANJARREZ. "Thelephora pacifica (Basidiomycota: Thelephorales), a new species of the tropical forests in the Mexican Pacific coast." Phytotaxa 634, no. 3 (January 18, 2024): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.634.3.2.
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Thelephora is a genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi distributed in angiosperm and gymnosperm forests around the world. In this study, we describe Thelephora pacifica, a new species associated with tropical oak forests in Mexico. Phylogenetically, it is the sister group of T. pseudoganbajun from China. Morphologically, it corresponds to T. vialis previously reported in Mexico. Thelephora pacifica has a flabelliform basidiocarp with a hymenophore of grayish-brown color with pinkish tinges contrasting with the yellowish-olive margin. It is distributed in the Pacific forests of Mexico, an area with a high potential for endemism.
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Zhu, Zihao,. "The Strategic Shift of U.S. Economic Framework Toward Asia Pacific: From TPP to IPEF." Communications in Humanities Research 23, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/23/20230862.
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The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) represents a significant pan-regional economic endeavor by the United States in the Indo-Pacific region following its departure from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) in January 2017. The primary objective of the IPEF is to enhance and consolidate American economic influence within the Indo-Pacific region. One of the TPP objectives encompassed this aspect. The four critical pillars of IPEF are Trade; Supply Chains; Clean Economy; and Fair Economy. Member states can choose to participate in different areas as they wish, without committing to all areas. However, the accord's true efficacy is still in doubt because there are no legally enforceable trade agreements or processes. Today, the United States still has certain challenges competing in the Asia-Pacific area for geoeconomic benefits. The paper investigates the shift in U.S. economic policy towards the Asia-Pacific region, specifically analyzing the transition from the TPP to the IPEF. The research primarily concentrates on the fundamental aspects, distinguishing features, consequences, limitations, and prospective advancements of the IPEF.
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Segal, Gerald. "Rethinking the Pacific." Review of International Studies 16, no. 3 (July 1990): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500112513.
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Have you noticed how academics specializing in British or American foreign policy are considered generalists while specialists on Chinese or Japanese foreign policy are considered 'mere' practitioners of area studies? Is it not curious when supposed journals of International Relations (like this one) have special numbers on balance of power theory and rarely draw examples from East Asia? This myopic mid-Atlanticism among students of International Relations reaches 'down' to the media world: how many realize that the majority of the troop cuts announced by Mikhail Gorbachev in December 1988 are coming from Asia.
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Squires, Richard L., and Louella R. Saul. "New Late Cretaceous gastropods from the Pacific slope of North America." Journal of Paleontology 75, no. 1 (January 2001): 46–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000031905.
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Two new genera and ten new species of shallow-marine, warm-water gastropods are reported from several Upper Cretaceous formations found between British Columbia and southern California. The buccinid Zaglenum new genus is represented by two new species and the turbinellid Fimbrivasum new genus is represented by three new species. The nododelphinulid Trochacanthus pacificus new species is the first record of this genus in the Western Hemisphere, and the procerthiid Nudivagus? califus new species could be the first record of this genus on the Pacific slope of North America. The xenophorid Xenophora (Endoptygma) hermax new species is only the second known Cretaceous species of this genus on the Pacific slope of North America, and this species establishes that Endoptygma Gabb, 1877, is a valid taxon. The neritid Otostoma sharonae new species is only the fourth known Cretaceous species of this genus on the Pacific slope of North America. The ringiculid Ringicula? (Ringiculopsis?) hesperiae new species is the first Campanian record of this genus on the Pacific slope of North America and the first recognition of this subgenus in this area.
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Shuntov, V. P., and O. S. Temnykh. "LONG-TERM AVERAGE BIOMASS AND DOMINANT FISH SPECIES IN THE BOTTOM BIOTOPES OF THE OKHOTSK SEA. PART 1. COMPOSITION AND QUANTITATIVE RATIO OF SPECIES ON SHELVES IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE SEA." Izvestiya TINRO 193 (July 9, 2018): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2018-193-3-19.
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Composition of the demersal fish community in the bottom biotopes of 14 biostatistical areas of the Okhotsk Sea is considered on the data of 9,189 standard trawl catches obtained in 95 expeditions conducted by Pacific Fish. Res. Center (TINRO) in 1977–2010. The most abundant fish species in each area are ranked by biomass. The total demersal fish biomass is estimated as 9583.0 . 103 t (2124.9 . 103 t without pollock and herring). The most numerous demersal species are: pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, yellowfin sole Limanda aspera, pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus, great sculpin Mycocephalus polyacanthocephalus, and saffron cod Eleginus gracilis.
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Hay, Douglas E., P. Bruce McCarter, Kristen S. Daniel, and Jacob F. Schweigert. "Spatial diversity of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) spawning areas." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 8 (May 14, 2009): 1662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp139.
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Abstract Hay, D. E., McCarter, P. B., Daniel, K. S., and Schweigert, J. F. 2009. Spatial diversity of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) spawning areas. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1662–1666. Eastern Pacific herring spawn in intertidal and shallow subtidal areas. Spawning sites are conspicuous: milt turns coastal waters white, sometimes for distances of many kilometres. This attribute has enabled biologists to document spawning distributions for more than 70 years throughout the 29 500 km coastline of western Canada. Spawning distributions and spatial diversity have varied over time. When aggregated over 70 years (1938–2007), spawning occurred along 5574 km or ∼20% of the total coastline. Cumulative annual spawn length ranges from 131 (in 1966) to 770 km (in 1992). We examined annual changes in spawn distribution using spatial units of variable size, ranging in area from a maximum of >1000 km2 to a minimum of <0.1 km2. Assessment of spatial diversity varied with the size of the spatial unit. Spatial diversity estimated from small spatial units (area <0.1 km2) was significantly correlated with spawning-stock biomass (SSB). In contrast, there was no correlation, and sometimes opposite temporal trends, between SSB and all larger spatial units (mean area >0.3 km2). The choice of spatial scale can affect the results from analyses of other factors, such as SSB, that could affect spatial diversity of spawning areas.
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Findlay, Christopher. "Pacific Rim: Area of Change, Area of Opportunity.David AikmanThe Chinese Connection: Getting Plugged into Pacific Rim Real Estate, Trade and Capital Markets.Michael Goldberg." Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 18 (July 1987): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2158592.
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Itoh, Tomoyuki, and Shiro Sawadaishi. "Spawning area and season of butterfly kingfish (Gasterochisma melampus), a large scombrid adapted to cooler temperate southern water." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 1 (2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17077.
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In the present study we investigated spawning of the butterfly kingfish (Gasterochisma melampus), a Scombridae species distributed in circumpolar temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. Using data from 25564 individuals collected by longline operations from 1987 to 1996, analysis of the gonadosomatic index, maturity based on oocyte size and the presence of hydrated eggs revealed that the spawning area was between longitude 85 and 130°W and latitude 28 and 41°S in the south-east Pacific Ocean, and that the spawning season was from mid-April to mid-July. Length–frequency data suggested that larger fish arrived and spawned earlier, whereas smaller fish did so later. The species has distinctive reproductive characteristics compared with other Scombridae: it produces large hydrated eggs 1.6mm in diameter, sea surface temperatures in the spawning area were as low as 14–18°C and more than 80% of fish were female. The south-east Pacific Ocean may be the only (and is at least the major) spawning area of the species. Butterfly kingfish is a single stock that migrates to the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans to feed and returns to the south-east Pacific Ocean to spawn.
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Stroganov, A. N., A. V. Semenova, M. O. Rybakov, and A. A. Smirnov. "On the effect of environmental factors on the formation of variability of the Pacific herring in the area from the White to the Yellow Seas." Trudy VNIRO 181 (2020): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2020-181-69-83.
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Pacific herring Clupea pallasii Val. — an important commercial species, the range of which covers not only the boreal waters of the Asian and American coasts of the Pacific Ocean, but also extends to the coastal waters of northern Eurasia. The article examines the features of the ecological, biological, morphological variability of the Pacific herring in the extended range from the White to the Yellow Seas, covering the waters of the Arctic, boreal, subtropical zones. The modern habitat of the Pacific herring is represented by two subunits: the ancient range (about 5 million years old) (the coastal area of the North Pacific) and the newly formed range (about 6 thousand years old) — (shelf zones of the Bering, Okhotsk, Yellow Seas, the Arctic coast of Eurasia). The highest growth rate is characteristic of herring in the boreal zone; the lowest values were found for herring from the Kara Sea and the White Sea spring-spawning herring. The results of multivariate discriminant analysis illustrate the similarity of Pacific herring in different areas of the range in terms of a set of meristic characters. The features of changes in the temporal characteristics of the spawning period in Pacific herring in different parts of the range are considered.
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Klinka, K., Q. Wang, G. J. Kayahara, R. E. Carter, and B. A. Blackwell. "Light-growth response relationships in Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpd)." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-239.
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Pacific silver fir and subalpine fir, both typically inhabiting high-elevation forests in northwestern North America, were considered shade-tolerant species, the former more tolerant than the latter. To determine their relative shade tolerance, established advance regeneration was sampled along a light gradient ranging from open areas to inside a forest stand, and analysis of irradiance, growth, and leaf measures was obtained. Relationships between the percentage of above-canopy light (in the photosynthetically active wavelengths) associated with each study tree and its 1991 height increment, 1991 lateral increment, caliper at the base of the 1991 leader, and specific leaf area were examined for individual sites, and sites were grouped according to soil moisture. There were strong, consistent, and similar relationships between irradiance, growth performance, and specific leaf area for both species. As irradiance decreased, growth performance decreased and specific leaf area increased. In spite of ecological differences between the study sites for each species, it was concluded that on fresh sites, Pacific silver fir and subalpine fir are very tolerant of shade. Both are equally well adapted to survive under high shade and snowpack by allocating more resources to caliper and lateral growth than to height growth and by increasing specific leaf area. Key words: shade tolerance, advance regeneration, irradiance, growth performance, specific leaf area, Pacific silver fir, subalpine fir.
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Naydenko, Svetlana V., and Alexey A. Khoruzhiy. "Food supply for nekton in the epipelagic layer of Pacific waters at Kuril Islands in the summer seasons of 2000s." Izvestiya TINRO 176, no. 1 (March 30, 2014): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2014-176-18-26.
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Data of 8 surveys conducted by Pacific Fish. Res. Center (TINRO) in the Pacific waters at Kuril Islands in 2004-2012 are summarized to consider forage base and food relationships of nekton and plankton and to estimate consumption of forage resourced by nekton. The total stock of zooplankton and micronekton in the epipelagic layer changed from 62 to 158 million tons over the shelf and slope of the surveyed area and from 41 to 75 million tons in its deep-water part. Mezopelagic fishes, squids, pacific salmons, and subtropical fishes were the main consumers of these forage resources in summer. The portion of zooplankton stock consumed annually by nekton was relatively low: 4.2-9.3 % for shelf and slope areas (data for 2004, 2007, and 2011) and 4.5-15.6 % for the deep-waters (data for 2004, 2007, 2009, and 2011), without significant year-to-year changes in the diet composition and feeding intensity of nekton. There is concluded that zooplankton and micronekton of the studied area serve successively the food needs of its consumers and carrying capacity of the epipelagic layer in the Pacific waters at Kuril Islands is quite substantial.
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Li, Menghao, Xiaoming Yang, Yue Wang, Yuhan Wang, and Jiangfeng Zhu. "The Use of the GWPCA-MGWR Model for Studying Spatial Relationships between Environmental Variables and Longline Catches of Yellowfin Tunas." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2024): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12061002.
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The yellowfin tuna represents a significant fishery resource in the Pacific Ocean. Its resource endowment status and spatial variation mechanisms are intricately influenced by marine environments, particularly under varying climate events. Consequently, investigating the spatial variation patterns of dominant environmental factors under diverse climate conditions, and understanding the response of yellowfin tuna catch volume based on the spatial heterogeneity among these environmental factors, presents a formidable challenge. This paper utilizes comprehensive 5°×5° yellowfin tuna longline fishing data and environmental data, including seawater temperature and salinity, published by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) and the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) for the period 2000–2021 in the Pacific Ocean. In conjunction with the Niño index, a multiscale geographically weighted regression model based on geographically weighted principal component analysis (GWPCA-MGWR) and spatial association between zones (SABZ) is employed for this study. The results indicate the following: (1) The spatial distribution of dominant environmental factors affecting the catch of Pacific yellowfin tuna is primarily divided into two types: seawater temperature dominates in the western Pacific Ocean, while salinity dominates in the eastern Pacific Ocean. When El Niño occurs, the area with seawater temperature as the dominant environmental factor in the western Pacific Ocean further extends eastward, and the water layers where the dominant environmental factors are located develop to deeper depths; when La Niña occurs, there is a clear westward expansion in the area with seawater salinity as the dominant factor in the eastern Pacific Ocean. This change in the spatial distribution pattern of dominant factors is closely related to the movement of the position of the warm pool and cold tongue under ENSO events. (2) The areas with a higher catch of Pacific yellowfin tuna are spatially associated with the dominant environmental factor of mid-deep seawater temperature (105–155 m temperature) to a greater extent than other factors, the highest correlation exceeds 70%, and remain relatively stable under different ENSO events. The formation of this spatial association pattern is related to the vertical movement of yellowfin tuna as affected by subsurface seawater temperature. (3) The GWPCA-MGWR model can fully capture the differences in environmental variability among subregions in the Pacific Ocean under different climatic backgrounds, intuitively reflect the changing areas and influencing boundaries from a macro perspective, and has a relatively accurate prediction on the trend of yellowfin tuna catch in the Pacific Ocean.
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Fu, Caihong, Norm Olsen, Nathan Taylor, Arnaud Grüss, Sonia Batten, Huizhu Liu, Philippe Verley, and Yunne-Jai Shin. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of predator-prey species interactions off western Canada." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 8 (May 12, 2017): 2107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx056.
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Abstract Ecosystem models are valuable tools for informing fisheries management due to their ability to simulate the spatial dynamics of modelled species, their trophic interactions, and their responses to fishing in an ecosystem context. In this study, we developed an OSMOSE (Object-oriented Simulator of Marine Ecosystems Exploitation) model for the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA) ecosystem off western Canada, which simulated the entire life cycle of six key species and for the first time integrated spatial population structure and “background” taxa. Background taxa are of secondary importance for the study at hand but have the potential to be important prey or predators of the key species. The primary aim of the study was to explore how the population dynamics of the key species differed over time and different management areas, with results focusing on Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii) and Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) that have been assessed on a single-species basis in the last 5 years. Results found that the population dynamics of a specific species varied in different management areas due to differences in species interactions particularly in the form of predation mortality, which supports the current area-specific assessment and management framework. The study also indicated that increasing predation mortality may have caused the decline of the Pacific Cod populations. By contrast, increasing starvation mortality was found to be a limiting factor for the Pacific Herring populations. The discoveries from these OSMOSE simulations provide important information for fisheries management within the PNCIMA ecosystem.
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Claustre, H., A. Sciandra, and D. Vaulot. "Introduction to the special section Bio-optical and biogeochemical conditions in the South East Pacific in late 2004: the BIOSOPE program." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2008): 605–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-605-2008.
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Abstract. The objectives of the BIOSOPE (BIogeochemistry and Optics SOuth Pacific Experiment) project was to study, during the austral summer, the biological, biogeochemical and bio-optical properties of different trophic regimes in the South East Pacific: the eutrophic zone associated with the upwelling regime of the Chilean coast, he mesotrophic area associated with the plume of the Marquises Islands in the HNLC (High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll) waters of this subequatorial area, and the extremely oligotrophic area associated with the central part of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG). At the end of 2004, a 55-day international cruise with 32 scientists on board took place between Tahiti and Chile, crossing the SPG along a North-West South-East transect. This paper describes in detail the objective of the BIOSOPE project, the implementation plan of the cruise, the main hydrological entities encountered along the ~8000 km South East pacific transect and ends with a general overview of the papers published in this Biogeosciences special issue.
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Claustre, H., A. Sciandra, and D. Vaulot. "Introduction to the special section bio-optical and biogeochemical conditions in the South East Pacific in late 2004: the BIOSOPE program." Biogeosciences 5, no. 3 (May 6, 2008): 679–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-679-2008.
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Abstract. The objectives of the BIOSOPE (BIogeochemistry and Optics SOuth Pacific Experiment) project was to study, during the austral summer, the biological, biogeochemical and bio-optical properties of different trophic regimes in the South East Pacific: the eutrophic zone associated with the upwelling regime off the Chilean coast, the mesotrophic area associated with the plume of the Marquises Islands in the HNLC (High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll) waters of this subequatorial area, and the extremely oligotrophic area associated with the central part of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG). At the end of 2004, a 55-day international cruise with 32 scientists on board took place between Tahiti and Chile, crossing the SPG along a North-West South-East transect. This paper describes in detail the objectives of the BIOSOPE project, the implementation plan of the cruise, the main hydrological entities encountered along the ~8000 km South East Pacific transect, and ends with a general overview of the 32 other papers published in this special issue.
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Borisenko, Galina S., Yury G. Blinov, and Victor N. Filatov. "Assessment of radiation environment in the South-Kuril fishing area and impact of radiation pollution on pacific saury in 2011-2013." Izvestiya TINRO 182, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2015-182-172-182.
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Radiation environment is assessed for the Pacific waters off Kuril Islands and effects of radiation pollution on pacific saury migrating through this area for feeding are evaluated on the samples collected by research vessels of Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO) in 2011-2013 and processed in the specially equipped laboratory of this institute. Short-term increasing of the radiation background was registered in March 2011 only, and radiation pollution of the fish tissues was not detected. Obviously, the accident at the nuclear power plant Fukushima-1 had no significant effect on pacific saury. No threat to safety of the food made of pacific saury is concluded. However, a dangerous effect of the accident is possible for other commercial species of fish, in particular long-living ones that have repeated migrations through the waters adjacent to the power plant, as sardine and mackerel. These species aren’t landed by Russian fishermen now but their fishery can be resumed under growth of their populations in future.
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Welch, D. W., A. I. Chigirinsky, and Y. Ishida. "Upper thermal limits on the oceanic distribution of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the spring." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-050.
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Pacific salmon are normally thought to be distributed throughout the Subarctic Pacific, an area where they form the dominant fish fauna. We use a series of generalized additive models to show that salmon exhibit a sharp step-function response to temperature in the oceanic eastern north Pacific in spring. The critical temperature defining the southern boundary varied by species: 10.4 °C for pink and chum salmon, 9.4 °C for coho salmon, and 8.9 °C for sockeye salmon. These thermal limits occur well to the north of the southern boundary of the Transition Zone, at widely separated geographic positions within the Subarctic Domain, and at temperatures much lower than the lethal upper limit for each species. The sharp decline in abundance with temperature, and the remarkably low temperatures at which the response occurs, suggests that thermal barriers form an effective limit to the offshore distribution of salmon in spring, and can limit the distribution of Pacific salmon to a relatively small area of the Subarctic Pacific. The strength of this response is presumably the direct result of strong evolutionary selection. Future temperature changes in the North Pacific could therefore have a direct impact on the production dynamics of Pacific salmon.