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Fawwas Asrory, Fahriza, Seniola Sima Datuan, Anthonius Dhinar Hasto Wisnugroho, and Ramy Yahya. "ANALISIS RISIKO RANTAI PASOK MENGGUNAKAN METODE SUPPLY CHAIN OPERATION REFERENCE (SCOR) DAN HOUSE OF RISK (HOR) PADA RUMAH PRODUKSI BERAS SIUNG MAS PT BERAU COAL." Industri Inovatif : Jurnal Teknik Industri 14, no. 1 (April 11, 2024): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/industri.v14i1.8309.
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Rumah produksi Beras Siung Mas didirikan oleh Yayasan Dharma Bhakti Berau Coal dan menjadi unit bisnis yang dikelola oleh tim Community Enterprise Development (CED) sebagai upaya memberdayakan dan membangun kemandirian petani lokal di Kabupaten Berau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi risiko rantai pasok pada jaringan rantai pasok rumah produksi Beras Siung Mas. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi risiko menggunakan metode SCOR dan HOR diperoleh 20 kejadian risiko dan 27 sumber risiko dengan 4 sumber risiko prioritas yaitu: waktu proses pengeringan yang lama (A9), pengaruh cuaca (A4), penyimpanan gabah terlalu lama (A17) dan proses pengeringan yang kurang sempurna (A8). Ada 10 rekomendasi mitigasi risiko untuk menangani sumber risiko prioritas dan kemudian dilakukan perangkingan berdasarkan nilai Effectiveness to Difficulty (ETD) yaitu: dilakukan pengukuran kadar air untuk gabah (PA10), memperbanyak pembelian gabah kering siap giling dari petani (PA2), pembuatan Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) proses pengeringan gabah (PA9), melakukan pembalikan gabah secara berkala selama proses penjemuran (PA1), menerapkan sistem FIFO (First In First Out) (PA8), memberikan label tanggal masuk gabah ke gudang (PA7), memperbaiki tempat penjemuran gabah (PA3), menyediakan stok gabah siap giling (PA4), menerapkan manajemen pemilihan musim tanam yang tepat (PA5) dan penamahan tenaga kerja (PA6).
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Riskiana, Wulan, Moehamad Aman, and Affan Rifa'i. "Analisis Risiko Rantai Pasok Dengan House of Risk di PT. Petrogas Prima Service." Borobudur Engineering Review 1, no. 2 (September 28, 2021): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/benr.3165.
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Perkembangan manajemen rantai pasok menfokuskan pada kajian tentang efektifitas dan efisiensi aliran barang, sistem informasi dan aliran keuangan sehingga mencakup semua rantai pasok dengan semua pihak yang bersangkutan. Salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam PT Petrogas Prima Services perusahaan repair tabung gas LPG volume 3 kg adalah keterlambatan kedatangan material. Pada pengiriman sealtape hanya 97,4% dari pemesanan, Pada pemesanan valve melebihi hari pengiriman dan pada saat distribusi terdapat kendala yang tidak bisa diprediksi. Oleh kerena itu, dibutuhkan manajemen rantai pasok untuk koordinasi dan mengelola aktifitas rantai pasok supaya proses produksi berjalan dengan baik dan tidak ada keterlambatan produksi maupun distribusi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis risiko pada aktivitas rantai pasok mengunakan metode House of Risk. Dari House of risk fase I menghasilkan 5 penyebab risiko dominan yaitu gangguan teknis (mesin tidak optimal), karyawan kurang teliti, perencanan kurang maksimal, babhan baku tidak sesuai dan system informasi yang tidak efektif. Melalui House of Risk Fase II dihasilkan 13 langkah aksi pencegahan yang direkomendasikan bagi perusahaan untuk mengurangi potensi kejadian risiko, yaitu melakukan pemeriksaan rutin (PA2), melakukan pencegahan (PA4), menyusun SOP perawatan (mesin/transportasi) (PA1), pembagian sift kerja yang sesuai (PA5), menejemen persediaan sperpart mesin (PA3), pengendalian bahan baku (PA11), pengadaan training (PA6), menyusun SOP pengadaan (inventory) dan supplier (PA8), meningkatkan pengelolaan terhadap menenjemen (PA9), menyusun alternative perencanaan (PA10), pelatihan (PA13), pemberian sangsi disiplin (PA7), dan dukungan software (PA12).
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Robinson, D. L., S. Dominik, A. J. Donaldson, and V. H. Oddy. "Repeatabilities, heritabilities and correlations of methane and feed intake of sheep in respiration and portable chambers." Animal Production Science 60, no. 7 (2020): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18383.
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Context Knowledge of genetic and phenotypic variation and the accuracy of different measurement techniques is needed to successfully reduce livestock methane (CH4) emissions. Aims To estimate repeatabilities, heritabilities and genetic correlations of respiration-chamber (RC) and portable accumulation-chamber (PAC) measurements using two different protocols but the same management and feeding conditions. Methods Australian Information Nucleus Flock ewes were measured in seven test-batches. The 510 ewes were removed from pasture and habituated to chaffed alfalfa and cereal hay at 1.5–1.6 times maintenance. Methane was measured in RC for two 22-h periods approximately 14 days apart, and 40 min in PAC, either immediately after removal from individual pens (with feed as described above, PAC0), or 1-h after withdrawing feed (PAC1). There were up to 48 PAC0 tests per day (at 0930 hours, 1100 hours, 1230 hours, 1400 hours in 12 PAC) and 24 PAC1 tests per day (at 1100 hours and 1300 hours). Test methods (RC, PAC0, PAC1) were analysed as different traits in a multi-trait repeated-measures model. Key results Before adjustment for liveweight (Lwt) or feed intake (FI), CH4 was highly repeatable (RC 78%, PAC0 83%, PAC1 82%), with heritabilities of 39–55%, permanent environmental (PE) animal variances 23–43% of phenotypic variances (Vp), high genetic correlations between methods (98–100%), and lower PE correlations (44–58%). A second PAC test on the same day decreased CH4 by 8–12% compared with the ewe’s first test that day. Heritabilities of FI from 0800 hours until the test was complete (FIOD) were 16–17% (PAC) and 25% (RC) before adjusting for Lwt, with high PE variances (PAC 67–73%, RC 41% of Vp). FI in the previous 24 h was highly heritable and much less variable than was FIOD in the RC, suggesting that testing introduced additional variation by disrupting feeding patterns. After adjusting CH4 for Lwt, FIOD and FI in the previous 24 h and Lwt, some additive genetic variation remained, averaging 17% of Vp. Multivariate models of CH4 and FI, fitting a single animal term (representing genetic+PE variation) showed high animal correlations between FI and CH4, namely, 90–95% before, and 86–95% after adjusting for Lwt. Conclusions PAC measurements are heritable and highly correlated with RC measurements under similar management conditions. The high genetic and animal correlations of PAC CH4 and FI imply that CH4 is a useful proxy for FI of grazing animals.
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Oh, Soyeon, Dae-Hyun Hahm, and Yong-Bok Choi. "Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Prepolymer Allyl 2-cyanoacrylate and 2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate Mixture Adhesives for Topical Wound Closure." Materials 16, no. 9 (April 27, 2023): 3427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093427.
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The development of a new skin adhesive that can be used inside and outside the body, which prevents infection and has fewer scars and less side effects, is currently attracting attention from the scientific community. To improve biocompatibility, prepolymer allyl 2-cyanoacrylate (PAC) and 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (OC) were mixed in various proportions and tested for their therapeutic potential as skin adhesives. A series of skin adhesive samples prepared by mixing PAC, OC, and additives with % (w/w) ratios of 100:0:0, 0:100:0, 70:0:30, 40:30:30, and 30:40:30 were tested to determine their antimicrobial activity, cell cytotoxicity, and formaldehyde release. The additives include myristic acid and dibutyl sebacate as plasticizers and butylated hydroxyanisole as an antioxidant. It was observed that the samples containing 70% PAC (PAC7) or 40% PAC (PAC4) with 30% additives had the highest antimicrobial activities against various microbial cells and no cytotoxicity regarding in vitro fibroblast cell growth. In addition, these formulations of adhesive samples released formaldehyde within the levels permitted for medical devices. Taken together, the mixture of PAC and OC as a topical skin adhesive for wound closure was found to be biocompatible, mechanically stable and safe, as well as effective for wound healing.
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Wang, Shuo, Anne H. Blaes, Josef Coresh, Corinne E. Joshu, James S. Pankow, Bharat Thyagarajan, Elizabeth A. Platz, Weihua Guan, and Anna Prizment. "Abstract A022: Proteomic age acceleration associated with all-cause mortality in cancer survivors in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. [R]." Cancer Research 83, no. 2_Supplement_1 (January 15, 2023): A022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.agca22-a022.
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Abstract Background: Longer lifespan and improved cancer treatment led to a rapid rise in the number of cancer survivors. However, many cancer survivors have physiological dysregulations at earlier chronological ages than those without cancer, suggesting that cancer survivors’ biological age is higher than their chronological age, i.e., they have accelerated aging. Cancer survivors’ biological age may be estimated by a novel proteomic aging clock (PAC). The deviation of PAC from chronological age is called proteomic age acceleration (PAA). To our knowledge, no studies examined whether PAA in cancer survivors is associated with increased all-cause mortality. We studied PAAs of two PACs – a newly created clock in ARIC (so called, “new” PAC) and the published 491-protein clock by Lehallier [2020] in relation to all-cause mortality in cancer survivors. Methods: ARIC is a prospective cohort of White and Black women and men, followed in 1987-2019. In 2011-13 (Visit 5), 5000 plasma proteins were measured using SomaScan, an aptamer-based assay. Using elastic net regression (alpha=0.5), we constructed a new PAC in a training set of two-thirds randomly selected cancer-free participants (N = 2466). This clock included 619 proteins and was internally validated in the remaining 1233 cancer-free participants (test set). We also computed Lehallier’s PAC using weights estimated in ARIC. We calculated PAA as residuals after regressing PAC on chronological age. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality per 1 standard deviation (SD, ~2.6 yrs for PAAs for both PACs) increase in PAA in 806 survivors of all cancer at Visit 5, and survivors of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer. HRs were adjusted for chronological age, sex, race, center, education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, eGFR, physical activity, time since cancer diagnosis, diabetes, and aspirin use. Results: 272 deaths were identified in 4963 person-yrs (median follow-up=6.98 yrs). In the test set, both PACs were correlated with chronological age [Pearson correlation coefficient (r): new PAC=0.75; Lehallier’s PAC=0.70] and with each other [r=0.89]. For both PACs, those with higher PAA tended to be White and have lower physical activity and a lower eGFR. Both PAAs were significantly associated with all-cause mortality in cancer survivors [per 1 SD: HR (95% CI): new PAC=1.42 (1.24-1.62); Lehallier’s PAC=1.40 (1.22-1.61)]. The HRs were not modified by sex or race. Both PAAs were significantly associated with all-cause mortality in 169 breast cancer survivors [HR: new PAC=1.54 (1.05-2.25); Lehallier’s PAC=1.72 (1.13-2.64)]. PAA of the new PAC was also associated with all-cause mortality in 78 colorectal cancer survivors [HR=1.96 (1.19-3.22)]. PAA for each PAC was not associated with all-cause mortality in 255 prostate cancer survivors. Conclusion: Proteomic aging clocks hold the promise as a potential biomarker for premature mortality in cancer survivors. Funding: NHLBI, NCI, NPCR Citation Format: Shuo Wang, Anne H. Blaes, Josef Coresh, Corinne E. Joshu, James S. Pankow, Bharat Thyagarajan, Elizabeth A. Platz, Weihua Guan, Anna Prizment. Proteomic age acceleration associated with all-cause mortality in cancer survivors in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. [R] [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Aging and Cancer; 2022 Nov 17-20; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;83(2 Suppl_1):Abstract nr A022.
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Cai, J., M. F. Burrow, D. J. Manton, and J. E. A. Palamara. "Using Proanthocyanidin as a Root Dentin Conditioner for GIC Restorations." Journal of Dental Research 100, no. 10 (July 14, 2021): 1072–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345211018182.
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Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are considered the material of choice for restoration of root carious lesions (RCLs). When bonding to demineralized dentin, the collapse of dentinal collagen during restorative treatment may pose challenges. Considering its acidic nature and collagen biomodification effects, proanthocyanidin (PAC) could be potentially used as a dentin conditioner to remove the smear layer while simultaneously acting to biomodify the dentinal collagen involved in the bonding interface. In this study, 6.5% w/v PAC was used as a conditioner for sound (SD) and laboratory demineralized (DD) root dentin before bonding to resin-modified GIC (FII), casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP)–modified GIC (FVII), or a high-viscosity GIC (FIX). Root dentin conditioned with deionized distilled water (DDW) or polyacrylic acid (PAA) served as controls. Results indicated FII showed higher shear bond strength (SBS) on SD than the other 2 GICs, especially in PAA-conditioned samples; FIX showed significantly higher SBS than FII and FVII on PAA- or PAC-conditioned DD. In each category of GIC, PAA and PAC did not have a significant influence on SBS in most cases compared to DDW except for a significant decrease in PAC-conditioned SD bonded to FII and a significant increase in PAA-conditioned DD bonded to FIX. The bonding interface between GIC and SD was generally more resistant to the acid-base challenge than DD. Although the alterations in failure modes indicated a compromised interfacial interaction between GICs and PAC-treated root dentin, biomodification effects of PAC on dentin were observed from Raman microspectroscopy analysis in terms of the changes in mineral-to-matrix ratio and hydroxyproline-to-proline ratio of dentin adjacent to the bonding interface, especially of DD. Results from this study also indicated the possibility of using in situ characterization such as Raman microspectroscopy as a complementary approach to SBS test to investigate the integrity of the bonding interface.
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Zuza, Milena, Nenad Milosavic, and Zorica Knezevic-Jugovic. "Immobilization of alginate-PAC on Sepabeads EC-HA support." Chemical Industry 65, no. 4 (2011): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind110318041z.
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Penicillin acylase (PAC) is an important industrial enzyme for the production of many ?-lactam antibiotics. It is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of penicillin G (Pen G) to generate phenylacetic acid (PAA) and 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). In this paper, in order to prevent enzyme inactivation, an attempt of coupling enzyme modification and immobilization was presented. Chemical modification was promoted to introduce carbohydrate moiety into the PAC molecule, capable of being covalently linked to an amino support. This seems to provide a possibility to couple the enzyme without risking a reaction at the active site which might cause a loss of activity. PAC molecules were modified by cross-linking with polyaldehyde derivatives of alginate in order to add them new and useful functions. Immobilization of alginate-PAC on Sepabeads EC-HA was used as a model system in order to demonstrate the potential of this strategy. Optimal conditions for covalent immobilization of alginate-PAC from Escherichia coli on support Sepabeads EC-HA, were investigated. The immobilized enzyme was then characterized by evaluating the potential effects of immobilization on its thermal stability, temperature and pH profile in comparison with native non-modified PAC and modified non-immobilized PAC. The maximum amount of the alginate-PAC coupled on the dry support of 99 mg/g was satisfactory. Deactivation rate constants at 50 ?C for free PAC, alginate-PAC and alginate-PAC immobilized on Sepabeads EC-HA were 2,32; 50,65 and 1,68 h-1, respectively. Alginate-PAC and alginate-PAC immobilized on Sepabeads EC-HA had the same pH and temperature optimum as the native non-modified PAC.
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Ferreira, P. B., P. R. N. Rorato, F. C. B. Mello, B. Bevilaqua, A. Macedo, and L. B. P. Brittes. "Egg production evaluation of laying hens by multivariate analysis." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, no. 3 (June 2017): 676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8540.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the existence of differences between hens from the Barred Plymouth Rock (PRB) breed and White Plymouth Rock (PRW) breed by multivariate analysis of weekly egg production and cumulative during the years of 1998 and 2010, from the Laboratório de Avicultura (LAVIC) of the Departamento de Zootecnia at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). For the analysis of the univariate and multivariate variance, the experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (breed) and 299 repetitions of the PRW breed and 350 of the PRB breed. The parameters analyzed were the weekly productions of eggs per bird from the 21st to the 50th week of age (P21, P22, ..., P50) and production of eggs accumulated being from the 21st to the 25th (PA1), 21st to the 30th (PA2), 21st to the 35th (PA3), 21st to the 40th (PA4), 21st to the 45th (PA5) and 21st to 50th (PA6). Analyzes of univariate and multivariate variance were conducted and the comparison of means were made by "T" Student and Wilks respectively (P < 0, 05). Based on the results, an analysis of the principal components was performed with parameters PA1, PA2, PA4, PA5 and PA6. With the average egg production per family accumulated, a cluster analysis using Euclidean distance and single linkage method (nearest neighbors) was performed. The first two principal components meet the total variation in egg production accumulated from the 21st to 25th, 21st to 30th, 21st to 40th, 21st to 45th and 21st to 50th weeks of age. Most of the phenotypic variation of the layers can be explained by the production of eggs accumulated from the 21st until the 40th week of age, and this variable is highly correlated with total egg production. Families from the PRW and PRB breed form seven distinct groups, but homogeneous by the similarity between them. This allows direct crossings between different groups, in the pursuit for heterosis.
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Santos, Cleusa, Melissa Yaakoub, Luciano Rodrigues de Souza Coutinho, and Claudia March. "PAC:." SER Social 12, no. 26 (August 10, 2010): 116–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/ser_social.v12i26.12710.
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O propósito deste trabalho é analisar o novo orçamento do PAC - Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento, apresentado pelo governo Lula para a infra-estrutura, e o PAC para a saúde, através de algumas análises acerca das características deste programa, sejam aquelas que aprofundam o modelo neoliberal sejam as que enfatizam o modelo desenvolvimentista.
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Coutaz, Joëlle. "PAC." ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 19, no. 2 (October 1987): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/36111.1045592.
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Motamed, Kouros, Larn Hwang, Chao Hsiao, and Vuong N. Trieu. "Evaluation of a nonbiologic nanoparticle form of paclitaxel in metastatic pancreatic cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e15076-e15076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e15076.
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e15076 Background: The (nab-Pac)/Gemcitabine (Gem) combination has recently been shown to impart a significant survival advantage over Gem alone in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. The goal of this study was to define a non-biologic, nanoparticle paclitaxel (NBN-Pac) which has a similar toxicity profile and utilizes the same albumin-mediated transport mechanism. Herein, we report in vitro, preclinical and phase I clinical results for this NBN-Pac in metastatic pancreatic cancer. Methods: In vitro drug cytotoxicity was measured as mean IC50 values following a 72-h exposure in four pancreatic cell lines (MIA Paca-2 and Capan-1 and multi-drug resistant cell lines PANC-1 and ASPC-1). In vivo anti-tumor activities were assessed in xenografted MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 models in nude mice treated with three i.v. doses of NBN-Pac (20, 50 mg/kg) and Taxol (20 mg/kg) on days 0, 3, and 6 (q3dx3), and twelve i.v. doses of Gem (140 mg/kg) on every 3 days (q3dx12). A phase I clinical trial (N=18) was conducted to determine the MTD and the recommended phase II dose of the combination therapy with NBN-Pac (220-300 mg/m2, q3w) and Gem (1250 mg/m2) as primary endpoints in first line treatment of subjects with advanced pancreatic cancer. Reduction in the plasma levels of CA19-9 was measured as a PD biomarker. Results: The mean IC50 value of NBN-Pac in four pancreatic cell lines was approximately 30-fold lower than that of Gem. NBN-Pac formulation (50 mg/kg) produced superior anti-tumor activity in the two xenograft models tested over Taxol and Gem at clinically equivalent doses. Our phase I trial established the MTD of this NBN-Pac formulation as 300mg/m2. Moreover, 5 out of 16 subjects (31.3%) were CR or PR with 95% exact confidence interval of (11.0%, 58.7%). The median PFS time was 5.6 month (95% C.I = 2.9). The median OS time could not be estimated as the survival rate did not fall below 50%. Other safety variables revealed no significant abnormality that may have affected the result of the study. Conclusions: NBN-Paclitaxel formulation has superior anti-tumor activity vs. Taxol and Gem in in vitro toxicity assays, preclinical models of pancreatic cancer, as well in a phase I clinical study in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Kurysheva, N. I., G. A. Sharova, and E. I. Belikova. "Studying the role of the choroid and lens in the development of primary anterior chamber angle closure." National Journal glaucoma 21, no. 1 (March 14, 2022): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53432/2078-4104-2022-21-1-3-13.
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PURPOSE. To study the role of the choroid and lens in the development of primary anterior chamber angle closure.MATERIAL AND METHODS. The study included 90 patients aged 47 to 80 years (30 with primary angle closure (PAC), 30 with suspected primary angle closure (PACs), and 30 in the control group) who underwent swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). The following parameters were analyzed: subfoveolar choroidal thickness (SFCT), intraocular pressure (IOP), axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens vault (LV), iris curvature (ICurv) and iris thickness (IT750), angle opening distance (AOD500, AOD750), and trabecular-iris space area (TISA500, TISA750).RESULTS. SFCT in PAC (341±59 µm) and PACs (340±51 µm) was higher than in the control group (257.0±37.0 µm, p<0.05). In PAC and PACs, the correlations of SFCT with age, AL, LV, ICurv, IT750 were revealed (p<0.05 for each), as well as correlations of LV with age, IOP, ACD, ICurv, IT750, AOD500, AOD750, TISA500, TISA750 were found (p<0.05 for each). The correlation of SFCT with IOP was determined only in PAC (p=-0.476; p=0.008).CONCLUSION. The increase in the choroidal thickness in macula in both PACs and PAC compared with the controls, as well as the correlations of subfoveolar choroidal thickness with lens vault and iris parameters suggest the involvement of the choroid in the pathogenesis of primary angle closure disease (PACD). The correlations of lens vault with IOP, as well as the parameters of anterior chamber and iris indicate the prevailing role of the lens in the development of PACD and the need for its early replacement.
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Estival, Laurence. "La Pac est morte, vive la Pac !" Alternatives Économiques 262, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ae.262.0045.
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Tabah, Ashley, David Huggar, Jonathan Kish, Bela Bapat, Djibril Liassou, Ajeet Gajra, Talia Miller, Ronda Copher, and Manali I. Patel. "Real-world outcomes of pembrolizumab plus carboplatin plus paclitaxel or nab-paclitaxel in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e21717-e21717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e21717.
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e21717 Background: Pem+carbo+pac or nab-pac are approved first-line (1L) treatments for metastatic squamous NSCLC since 10/30/2018. Difference in real-world outcomes of these triplet combinations are unknown. Methods: Providers from community oncology practices in the USA reviewed the charts of consecutive NSCLC patients initiating 1L treatment with either pem+carbo+pac (“pac”) or pem+carbor+nab-pac (“nab-pac”) from 06/01/18-12/31/18; data were collected 11/22/2019-12/23/2019. Patient characteristics, treatment patterns, grade 3/4 toxicities, disease response, date of progression/death were retrospectively abstracted into an electronic case report form (eCRF). Univariate statistics were used to compare demographics, clinical characteristics and treatment patterns between cohorts. Overall survival (OS) from 1L was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of death between the two cohorts adjusted for multiple variables. Results: eCRFs were completed for 254 patients: nab-pac = 115, pac = 139. Median follow-up was 13.1 mos in both cohorts. No differences in demographics/clinical characteristics were noted (table). Median duration of therapy was 3.9 mos (nab-pac) and 3.8 mos (pac) (p = 0.58). Objective response rate: nab-pac = 69.6%, pac = 69.8% (p = 0.96). Receipt of maintenance therapy: nab-pac = 44.4%, pac = 48.9% (p = 0.47) . Median time to progression was 6.4 mos for nab-pac (n = 32) and 3.5 mos for pac (n = 29) (p = 0.10). 13.9% of nab-pac and 7.9% of pac patients had grade 3/4 toxicities (p = 0.16). At data cut-off, 18 nab-pac (15.7%) and 30 pac (21.6%) patients were deceased. Median OS from initiation of 1L was not reached. 12-month OS: nab-pac = 87.8% (95% CI: 81.8-93.8), pac = 79.3% (95% CI: 72.5-86.2). Adjusting for sex, age, race, PD-1 expression level, charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and ECOG-PS patients treated with nab-pac had a 40% reduction in mortality risk (HR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.30-1.01, p = 0.05). Conclusions: No significant differences in demographics and clinical characteristics between patients treated with nab-pac or pac were observed. Median duration of treatment was equivalent with a marginally longer 12-month survival rate, and a lower adjusted mortality risk, among patients treated with nab-pac. [Table: see text]
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Zhao, P., S. Takizawa, H. Katayama, and S. Ohgaki. "Factors causing PAC cake fouling in PAC–MF (powdered activated carbon-microfiltration) water treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 6-7 (March 1, 2005): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0642.
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Two pilot-scale powdered activated carbon–microfiltration (PAC–MF) reactors were operated using river water pretreated by a biofilter. A high permeate flux (4 m/d) was maintained in two reactors with different particle sizes of PAC. High concentration (20 g/L) in the PAC adsorption zone demonstrated 60–80% of organic removal rates. Analysis on the PAC cake fouling demonstrated that attached metal ions play more important role than organic matter attached on PAC to the increase of PAC cake resistance. Effects of factors which may cause PAC cake fouling in PAC-MF process were investigated and evaluated by batch experiments, further revealing that small particulates and metal ions in raw water impose prominent influence on the PAC cake layer formation. Fe (II) precipitates after being oxidized to Fe (III) during PAC adsorption and thus Fe(III) colloids display more significant effect than other metal ions. At a high flux, PAC cake layer demonstrated a higher resistance with larger PAC due to association among colloids, metals and PAC particles, and easy migration of small particles in raw water into the void space in the PAC cake layer. Larger PAC possesses much more non-uniform particle size distribution and larger void space, making it easier for small colloids to migrate into the voids and for metal ions to associate with PAC particles by bridge effect, hence speeding up and intensifying the of PAC cake fouling on membrane surface.
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Havrilesky, Laura J., Angeles Alvarez Secord, Kathleen M. Darcy, Deborah K. Armstrong, and Shalini Kulasingam. "Cost Effectiveness of Intraperitoneal Compared With Intravenous Chemotherapy for Women With Optimally Resected Stage III Ovarian Cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, no. 25 (September 1, 2008): 4144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.13.1961.
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Purpose To determine the cost effectiveness of intraperitoneal versus intravenous regimens for adjuvant treatment of optimally resected stage III ovarian cancer. Patients and Methods A decision model was developed to compare the cost effectiveness at 7-, 11.5-, and 35-year horizons of intravenous carboplatin and paclitaxel (IV-CARBO/PAC), intravenous cisplatin and paclitaxel (IV-CIS/PAC), or intravenous paclitaxel followed by intraperitoneal cisplatin and paclitaxel (IP-CIS/PAC). Survival data were from women participating in representative Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) protocols. Medicare reimbursement rates and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Database were used to estimate costs for treatment regimens and grade 3 to 4 adverse effects, respectively. Results Median predicted survival was 66, 57, 51, and 48 months for IP-CIS/PAC, IV-CARBO/PAC, IV-CIS/PAC (GOG 172), or IV-CIS/PAC (GOG 158), respectively. Across a range of analyses, IV-CIS/PAC was more costly and had lower life expectancy than IV-CARBO/PAC. Compared with IV-CARBO/PAC, IP-CIS/PAC had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $180,022 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) saved at a 7-year time horizon, $71,835/QALY at 11.5 years, and $32,053/QALY over a lifetime. Extending the survival advantage of IP-CIS/PAC over 11.5 years and a lifetime results in ICERs of $26,249 and $23,973, respectively. Assuming IP-CIS/PAC and IV-CIS/PAC were equally effective when administered on an outpatient basis, the ICER of IP-CIS/PAC compared with IV-CARBO/PAC was $26,311. Conclusion Inpatient IP-CIS/PAC, while not cost effective compared with IV-CARBO/PAC at 7 years, becomes cost effective if a longer time horizon is modeled and/or a survival benefit can be assumed to persist longer than currently available data. Outpatient IP-CIS/PAC may also be cost effective compared with IV-CARBO/PAC if proven as effective as inpatient IP-CIS/PAC.
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Matsui, Y., Y. Nakano, H. Hiroshi, N. Ando, T. Matsushita, and K. Ohno. "Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol adsorption on super-powdered activated carbon in the presence of natural organic matter." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 11 (December 1, 2010): 2664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.415.
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Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) are naturally occurring compounds responsible for musty-earthy-odors in surface water supplies. They are a severe problem confronting utilities worldwide. Adsorption by powdered activated carbon (PAC) is a widely used process to control this problem, but it has low efficiency, which engenders large budget spending for utilities services. Super-powdered activated carbon (S-PAC) is activated carbon with much finer particles than those of PAC. Experiments on geosmin and 2-MIB adsorptions on S-PAC and PAC were conducted. Geosmin and 2-MIB adsorption capacities on S-PAC were not smaller than those on PAC although natural organic matter, which adversely impacted the adsorption capacity of geosmin and 2-MIB, was more adsorbed on S-PAC than on PAC, meaning that the adsorption competition is less severe for S-PAC than for PAC.
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Begum, S., M. Amiruzzaman, A. Ahmed, SH Omy, and MM Rohman. "Investigation on genetic control for yield and yield contributing traits in advanced generation of maize (Zea mays L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 4 (February 27, 2018): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v42i4.35799.
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Twenty five cross progeny of maize developed by Plant Breeding Division of BARI were evaluated by determining general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects following line × tester design involving five female lines and five testers for grain yield and other yield contributing traits. Highly significant genotypic variances specified inclusive inconsistency existed among the genotypes. None of the lines showed significant GCA effects for all the characters, but the line Pac-60/S4-3 and Pac-60/S4-9 showed negative GCA effect for days to 50% tasseling and silking which is desirable to develop early variety. Additionally, the line Pac-60/S4-9, Pac-60/S4-18 and Pac-60/S4-21 showed negative GCA effect for plant and ear height which is also desirable to develop dwarf variety. Nevertheless, none of the cross showed significant SCA effect for any character studied, but crosses Pac-60/S4-21×BIL-113, Pac-60/S4-21×Utn/S4-15, Pac-60/S4-18×Utn/S4-8, Pac-60/S4-3×BIL-113, Pac-60/S4-3×Utn/S4-18, Pac-60/S4-9×Utn/S4-15, Pac-60/S4-9×BIL-113 and Pac-60/S4-21×Utn/S4-10 had higher yield with positive SCA effects. However, considering yield data along with lodging percentage, five crosses namely Pac-60/S4-21×BIL-113, Pac-60/S4-21×Utn/S4-15, Pac-60/S4-21×Utn/S4-10 Pac-60/S4-9×Utn/S4-15 and Pac-60/S4-3×BIL-113 showed better performance.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(4): 715-724, December 2017
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Scambia, Giovanni, Sileny N. Han, Amit M. Oza, Nicoletta Colombo, Ana Oaknin, Francesco Raspagliesi, Robert Michael Wenham, et al. "Randomized phase II study of sapanisertib (SAP) + paclitaxel (PAC) versus PAC alone in patients (pts) with advanced, recurrent, or persistent endometrial cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 6087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.6087.
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6087 Background: SAP (TAK-228, MLN0128) is a selective dual inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin complexes 1 and 2. In endometrial tumor xenograft models, SAP+PAC exhibited stronger antitumor efficacy than PAC alone. Methods: Female pts with histologic/cytologic diagnosis of endometrial cancer were randomized to receive SAP 4 mg by mouth (days [d] 2–4, 9–11, 16–18, 23–25) plus PAC 80 mg/m2 intravenously (d 1, 8, 15), or PAC alone, in 28-day cycles until unacceptable toxicity or disease progression. Randomization was stratified by histologic subtype, lines of prior chemotherapy (1 vs. 2), and prior taxane therapy. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS); secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR; ORR + stable disease), and safety. Additional treatment arms of SAP alone (weekly dosing) and SAP+TAK-117 were closed after futility analyses. Results: 180 pts were randomized to SAP+PAC (n=90) or PAC (n=90); 86 and 87 pts received SAP+PAC and PAC, respectively; 3 pts from each arm were ongoing on treatment at data cut (30 July 2019). Baseline characteristics were balanced between arms. After a median follow-up of 17.2 vs. 14.4 mos with SAP+PAC vs. PAC, median PFS was 5.6 mos vs. 3.7 mos (hazard ratio [HR] 0.82; 95% CI 0.58–1.15). In pts with endometrioid histology (n=116), median PFS was 5.7 mos with SAP+PAC vs 3.3 mos with PAC (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.43–1.03). In pts with nonendometrioid histology (n=64), median PFS was 3.6 mos with SAP+PAC vs. 5.4 mos with PAC (HR 1.09; 95% CI 0.62–1.90). Median OS was 13.7 mos with SAP+PAC vs. 14.6 mos with PAC (HR 1.01; 95% CI 0.67–1.53). Confirmed ORR was 24% with SAP+PAC vs. 18% with PAC (endometrioid, 23% vs. 16%; nonendometrioid, 28% vs. 22%); CBR was 80% vs. 58% (endometrioid, 84% vs. 55%; nonendometrioid, 72% vs. 63%). Median number of cycles received was 5 (range 1–23) with SAP+PAC and 4 (range 1–37) with PAC. Rates of grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were 90% with SAP+PAC vs. 54% with PAC; the most common included anemia (21% vs.12%), neutropenia (12% vs. 3%), fatigue (12% vs. 5%), hypophosphatemia (12% vs. 1%), and pulmonary embolism (11% vs. 3%). Conclusions: Median PFS was longer with SAP+PAC vs. PAC in pts with endometrial cancer but did not reach statistical significance. PFS was particularly longer in the endometrioid subtype but again was not significant, and further studies are warranted. Incidence of grade ≥3 TEAEs was higher with SAP+PAC vs. PAC, but SAP+PAC toxicity was manageable, with no new safety signals. Clinical trial information: NCT02725268.
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Robertozzi, Christian A. "APMA PAC." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 98, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0980084.
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Rashid, Omer, Will Bamford, Paul Coulton, Reuben Edwards, and Jurgen Scheible. "PAC-LAN." Computers in Entertainment 4, no. 4 (October 2006): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1178418.1178425.
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Czyż, Anna Sylwia. "Wizerunki Michała Kazimierza Paca – przegląd ikonografii hetmana litewskiego i wojewody wileńskiego." Artifex Novus, no. 4 (March 9, 2021): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/an.7927.
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W artykule zebrano i omówiono portrety Michała Kazimierza Paca, hetmana wielkiego litewskiego i wojewody wileńskiego, jednej ze znakomitszych postaci swoich czasów. Wizerunki Paca nie doczekały się do tej pory szerszych omówień. W artykule ukazano je w kontekście awansów na kolejne urzędy, co wymagało podjęcia szeregu działań z autokreacją. Jej częścią były też herby i eksponowanie powiązań genealogicznych. W artykule omówiono całą znaną ikonografię hetmana, a także wzajemne zależności pomiędzy portretami.
Summary:
The article deals with the little-known portraits of Michał Kazimierz Pac. They demonstrate that he did take proven self-aggrandizement measures used by others to portray themselves as public figures and as individual full of virtues. However, Pac concentrated on his soldierly service, disregarding his offices of the Vilnian voivode, possibly because he considered them prestigious but not so much important as his laudable hetmanly deeds on the battlefield. Also, there are no private or collective portraits of Michał Kazimierz Pac in his iconography, other than the frescos from the church in Pożajście, although these forms of artistic communication were known and used in the Polish and Lithuanian Commonwealth. The most likely explanation of these two “gaps” is that Pac never married and devoted whole his life to the military career and to the building of the church under the invocation of St. Peter and St. Paul in the Antokol in Vilnius as his monument.
Pac took care of his promotion after earning the field baton, which event started his further career. The compositional scheme he chose, codified by the lost full-body portrait by Daniel Schulz, was augmented in time by the addition of pieces of armor. This pattern was later repeated a number of times, growing in new attributes of the hetman’s office and in military staffage, as seen in the portrait from the Antokol church. The equestrian portrait (woodcut) of the hetman is an outstanding and early milestone in the formation of his public image.
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Mansour, Wissam, Eric B. Milbrandt, and Lillian L. Emlet. "PAC in FACTT: Time to PAC it in?" Critical Care 12, no. 1 (2008): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc6767.
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Özcan, Ezgi, Michelle R. Rozycki, and David A. Sela. "Cranberry Proanthocyanidins and Dietary Oligosaccharides Synergistically Modulate Lactobacillus plantarum Physiology." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030656.
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Plant-based foods contain bioactive compounds such as polyphenols that resist digestion and potentially benefit the host through interactions with their resident microbiota. Based on previous observations, we hypothesized that the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum interacts with cranberry polyphenols and dietary oligosaccharides to synergistically impact its physiology. In this study, L. plantarum ATCC BAA-793 was grown on dietary oligosaccharides, including cranberry xyloglucans, fructooligosaccharides, and human milk oligosaccharides, in conjunction with proanthocyanidins (PACs) extracted from cranberries. As a result, L. plantarum exhibits a differential physiological response to cranberry PACs dependent on the carbohydrate source and polyphenol fraction introduced. Of the two PAC extracts evaluated, the PAC1 fraction contains higher concentrations of PACs and increased growth regardless of the oligosaccharide, whereas PAC2 positively modulates its growth during xyloglucan metabolism. Interestingly, fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are efficiently utilized in the presence of PAC1, as this L. plantarum strain does not utilize this substrate typically. Relative to glucose, oligosaccharide metabolism increases the ratio of secreted acetic acid to lactic acid. The PAC2 fraction differentially increases this ratio during cranberry xyloglucan fermentation compared with PAC1. The global transcriptome links the expression of putative polyphenol degradation genes and networks and metabolic phenotypes.
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Gouda, Mohamed, and Hany M. Abd El-Lateef. "Novel Cellulose Derivatives Containing Metal (Cu, Fe, Ni) Oxide Nanoparticles as Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors for C-Steel in Acidic Chloride Solutions." Molecules 26, no. 22 (November 19, 2021): 7006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26227006.
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Novel environmentally-friendly corrosion inhibitors based on primary aminated modified cellulose (PAC) containing nano-oxide of some metals (MONPs), for instance iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs), and nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs), were successfully synthesized. The as-prepared PAC/MONPs nanocomposites were categorized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and selected area diffraction pattern (SAED) techniques. The data from spectroscopy indicated that successful formation of PAC/MONPs nanocomposites, as well as the TEM images, declared the synthesized PAC/Fe3O4NPs, PAC/CuONPs, and PAC/NiONPs with regular distribution with particle size diameters of 10, 23 and 43 nm, respectively. The protection performance of the as-prepared PAC and PAC/MONPs nanocomposites on the corrosion of C-steel in molar HCl was studied by the electrochemical and weight-loss approaches. The outcomes confirmed that the protection power increased with a rise in the [inhibitor]. The protection efficiency reached 88.1, 93.2, 96.1 and 98.6% with 250 ppm of PAC/CuONP, PAC/Fe3O4NPs, and PAC/NiONPs, respectively. PAC and all PAC/MONPs nanocomposites worked as mixed-kind inhibitors and their adsorption on the C-steel interface followed the isotherm Langmuir model. The findings were reinforced by FT-IR, FE-SEM and EDX analyses.
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Wilson, Oliver W. A., Christopher M. Bopp, Zack Papalia, and Melissa Bopp. "Physical Activity Counseling in College Students." Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine 3, no. 17 (September 1, 2018): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/tjx.0000000000000068.
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ABSTRACT Many college students are insufficiently physically active, and health care practitioner consultations represent an opportunity to provide at risk students with physical activity counseling (PAC). This study examined whether any demographic or physiological variables differentiated those who had received PAC and those who did not. An objective fitness assessment and survey collected data from college students concerning the following: demographics; body composition; aerobic fitness; cholesterol, lipid, and glucose levels; muscular endurance; physical activity (PA) levels; health care and PAC; PA information sources; and depression. Parametric and nonparametric techniques were used to examine differences between those who did and did not receive PAC, by location of counseling, and between those who did and did not report depressive symptoms. Rates of PAC were high, with only total cholesterol differentiating those who did and did not receive PAC. Study design prevented the determination of whether students or health care providers initiated PAC and what form of PAC was provided. Vigorous PA was significantly lower among those who reported mental health–related symptoms. Findings suggest a lack of targeted PAC among the least active, least fit, or most overweight/obese. Further investigation is warranted on the use of PAC at campus health services. In particular, the initiation of PAC, the PAC techniques/strategies used by physicians, and the short- and long-term effectiveness of PAC on PA and associated health outcomes. Barriers to student health care center physicians providing PAC also require further investigation, as does the effectiveness of any PAC and any support provided by physical fitness professionals that students may be referred to in both the short and long term.
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Matsui, Y., R. Murase, T. Sanogawa, N. Aoki, S. Mima, T. Inoue, and T. Matsushita. "Micro-ground powdered activated carbon for effective removal of natural organic matter during water treatment." Water Supply 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0073.
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For the purpose of enhancing the adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) from water sources, commercially available powdered activated carbon (PAC) was further ground to produce PAC of micrometre-sized particles, and the effects of PAC size on adsorption of NOM were investigated. The micrometre-sized PAC (median particle diameter, 0.8 and 3.8 μm) removed NOM much better than did asreceived PAC (33 μm). Only one-tenth the dose of micrometre-sized PAC had the same effect as a full dose of the as-received PAC. The micro-grinding of PAC to micrometre sizes was effective at increasing its adsorption kinetics: adsorption of NOM to the micrometre-sized PAC reached 80% of equilibrium within only 1 min of contact time. The micro-grinding of PAC was also effective at increasing its adsorption capacity for NOM and polystyrene sulfonate-MW1800, but not for the small molecule phenol. This appeared to be due to an increase in mesopore surface area probably by fracture of ink-bottle pore structures during the micro-grinding. The micro-grinding enhanced the adsorption affinity of PAC for NOM that was strongly UV260-absorbent but not for NOM with low UV260 absorbance.
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Wang, Yan, Feng Zhang, Yongbao Chu, Baoyu Gao, and Qinyan Yue. "The dye or humic acid water treatment and membrane fouling by polyaluminum chloride composited with sodium alginate in coagulation–ultrafiltration process." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 10 (May 1, 2013): 2202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.106.
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Composite flocculants have been extensively studied and applied in recent years in order to improve the water treatment efficiency. In this study, a new composite flocculant prepared by polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and sodium alginate (SA) was used to treat dye and humic acid water in the coagulation–ultrafiltration process. The subsequent effects of PAC/SA on ultrafiltration membrane fouling were investigated by calculating the Modified Fouling Index (MFI). The results showed that the application of PAC/SA could not only restrict the membrane fouling but also improve the removal efficiency of the coagulation–ultrafiltration process. MFI of PAC/SA was the lowest, followed by PAC and the raw water for coagulated effluents filtered by ultrafiltration membrane. For example, MFI of PAC/SA was 0.40 s mL−2 for reactive blue KGL (denoted as RB-KGL) treatment, while that of PAC was 2.26 s mL−2. The removal efficiencies were improved as coagulation was used as pretreatment of ultrafiltration membrane. And PAC/SA could form the higher removal efficiency than PAC, especially for RB-KGL. The color removal efficiency of PAC/SA was 96.36% for RB-KGL treated by coagulation–ultrafiltration process, which was higher than that of PAC (85.62%).
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Senadheera, Dodamgodage Gihanee M. "Effective Concept Classes of PAC and PACi Incomparable Degrees, Joins and Embedding of Degrees." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 29, no. 2 (June 2023): 298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bsl.2022.39.
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AbstractThe Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) learning is a machine learning model introduced by Leslie Valiant in 1984. The PACi reducibility refers to the PAC reducibility independent of size and computation time. This reducibility in PAC learning resembles the reducibility in Turing computability. The ordering of concept classes under PAC reducibility is nonlinear, even when restricted to particular concrete examples.Due to the resemblance to Turing Reducibility, we suspected that there could be incomparable PACi and PAC degrees for the PACi and PAC reducibilities as in Turing incomparable degrees. In 1957 Friedberg and in 1956 Muchnik independently solved the Post problem by constructing computably enumerable sets A and B of incomparable degrees using the priority construction method. We adapt this idea to PACi and PAC reducibilities and construct two effective concept classes C and D such that C is not reducible to D and vice versa. When considering PAC reducibility it was necessary to work on the size of an effective concept class, thus we use Kolmogorov complexity to obtain the size. The non-learnability of concept classes in the PAC learning model is explained by the existence of PAC incomparable degrees.Analogous to the Turing jump, we give a jump operation on effective concept classes for the zero jump. To define the zero jump operator for PACi degrees the join of all the effective concept classes is constructed and proved that it is a greatest element. There are many properties proven for existing degrees. Thus we can explore proving those properties to PACi and PAC degrees. But if we prove an embedding from those degrees to PACi and PAC degrees then those properties will be true for PACi and PAC degrees without explicitly proving them.Abstract prepared by Dodamgodage Gihnee M. Senadheera and taken directly from the thesisE-mail: senadheerad@winthrop.eduURL: https://www.proquest.com/docview/2717762461/abstract/ACD19F29A8774AF6PQ/1?accountid=13864
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Cordeiro, Kleber Veras, Ramón Yuri Ferreira Pereira, João Pedro Santos Cardoso, Marcos de Oliveira Sousa, Samuel Ferreira Pontes, Paula Sara Teixeira de Oliveira, Gilberto Mota Marques, Selma Maria Dias de Moraes Costa, Milena Maria Tomaz de Oliveira, and Raissa Rachel Salustriano da Silva-Matos. "Eficiência do uso de substratos alternativos na produção de mudas de mamoeiro." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): e715997795. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7795.
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Na formação de mudas de mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) a combinação do substrato ideal para obter mudas de qualidade é fundamental. Com isso, avaliou-se a influência do caule decomposto de babaçu (CDB), palha de arroz carbonizada (PAC) e solo (S) na formação de mudas de mamoeiro. Um experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 12 tratamentos (substratos) e 4 repetições, sendo: T1 - 0% PAC + 60% CDB + 40% S; T2 - 10% PAC + 50% CDB + 40% S; T3 - 20% PAC + 40% CDB + 40% S; T4 - 30% PAC + 30% CDB + 40% S; T5 - 40% PAC + 20% CDB + 40% S; T6 - 50% PAC + 10% CDB + 40% S; T7 - 0% PAC + 100% CDB; T8 - 20% PAC + 80% CDB; T9 - 40% PAC + 60% CDB; T10 - 60% PAC + 40% CDB; T11 - 80% PAC + 20% CDB e T12 - 100% PAC. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância pelo teste “F” e as médias comparadas pelo Teste de Duncan. Com exceção do índice de velocidade de emergência, os resultados diferiram estatisticamente para as variais area foliar, altura da planta, diametro do caule, comprimento radicular, volume radicular, massa fresca da parte aerea e sistema radicular, massa seca da parte aerea e sistema radicular e indice de qualidade de Dickson, obtendo maior eficiência com o substrato T5 seguido pelo T6. Os resultados indicaram a viabilidade de uso da palha de arroz carbonizada e caule decomposto de babaçu na formação de mudas de mamoeiro.
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POLKOWSKA, O. P. NICHOLAS MARIE. "ON SIMPLICITY OF BOUNDED PSEUDOALGEBRAICALLY CLOSED STRUCTURES." Journal of Mathematical Logic 07, no. 02 (December 2007): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219061307000639.
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Bounded PAC substructures of models of stable theory T are generalizations of bounded PAC fields and bounded PAC beautiful pairs generalize Poizat's beautiful pairs. Both notions were introduced in the authors Ph.D. thesis. In this paper, we prove that under the assumption that the PAC property is first order for T, the theory of any bounded PAC structure is simple. Moreover, if the PAC property is first order for T and T does not have the finite cover property, then the theory of any bounded PAC beautiful pair is simple. We, also, give a characterization of dividing in both cases.
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Robazza, Alberto, Claudia Welter, Christin Kubisch, Flávio César Freire Baleeiro, Katrin Ochsenreither, and Anke Neumann. "Co-Fermenting Pyrolysis Aqueous Condensate and Pyrolysis Syngas with Anaerobic Microbial Communities Enables L-Malate Production in a Secondary Fermentative Stage." Fermentation 8, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100512.
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The pyrolytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals is a promising option for the valorization of agricultural and forestry residues. However, technological developments are still needed to maximize product recovery and carbon fixation of the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis aqueous condensate (PAC), a pyrolysis by-product, has a high water content and is highly toxic, hampering its use. The anaerobic digestion of PAC from different biomasses has been proven a viable technology for PAC valorization and detoxification, but its toxicity limits the methanogenic potential. Alternatively, methanation or VFA production from syngas by anaerobic mixed cultures are technologies of scientific interest. This study investigates the potential of a two-stage process to convert the carbon and energy in syngas and PAC into L-malate. PAC and syngas were co-fermented by two mixed cultures at 37 and 55 °C, identifying kinetic inhibitions and the effects of increasing PAC concentrations on the product pool. The media from selected mixed culture fermentations were then inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae for L-malate production. The results show that mixed cultures can perform simultaneous syngas fermentation and PAC detoxification. While PAC concentrations above 2% completely inhibited methanogenesis, CO consumption was inhibited at PAC concentrations above 5%, regardless of the temperature. In fermentations where PAC inhibited methanation, the mixed cultures channelled the carbon and electrons from syngas and PAC to volatile fatty acids or acetate/H2 production, depending on the incubation temperature. Substantial detoxification of PAC was observed under PAC concentrations up to 10% independently of the rates of syngas metabolism. PAC detoxification enabled the further valorization of the acetate produced via syngas and PAC fermentations into L-malate, achieving yields up to 0.17 mM/mM. These results are promising for the development of an integrated process that simultaneously detoxifies and recovers value from gaseous and aqueous waste streams originating from pyrolysis.
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Chang, Jiawei, Zoe H. Y. Lo, Shafi Alenizi, and Zaklina Kovacevic. "Re-Shaping the Pancreatic Cancer Tumor Microenvironment: A New Role for the Metastasis Suppressor NDRG1." Cancers 15, no. 10 (May 16, 2023): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15102779.
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Pancreatic cancer (PaC) is a highly aggressive disease, with poor response to current treatments and 5-year survival rates of 10–15%. PaC progression is facilitated by its interaction with the complex and multifaceted tumor microenvironment (TME). In the TME, cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells constantly communicate with each other via the secretion and uptake of factors including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, metabolites, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), reshaping the landscape of PaC. Recent studies demonstrated that the metastasis suppressor N-myc downstream regulated 1 (NDRG1) not only inhibits oncogenic signaling pathways in PaC cells but also alters the communication between PaC cells and the surrounding stroma. In fact, NDRG1 was found to influence the secretome of PaC cells, alter cancer cell metabolism, and interfere with intracellular trafficking and intercellular communication between PaC cells and surrounding fibroblasts. This review will present recent advancements in understanding the role of NDRG1 in PaC progression, with a focus on how this molecule influences PaC-stroma communication and its potential for re-shaping the PaC TME.
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Yang, Cambridge, Michael Littman, and Michael Carbin. "Computably Continuous Reinforcement-Learning Objectives Are PAC-Learnable." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 9 (June 26, 2023): 10729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i9.26273.
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In reinforcement learning, the classic objectives of maximizing discounted and finite-horizon cumulative rewards are PAC-learnable: There are algorithms that learn a near-optimal policy with high probability using a finite amount of samples and computation. In recent years, researchers have introduced objectives and corresponding reinforcement-learning algorithms beyond the classic cumulative rewards, such as objectives specified as linear temporal logic formulas. However, questions about the PAC-learnability of these new objectives have remained open. This work demonstrates the PAC-learnability of general reinforcement-learning objectives through sufficient conditions for PAC-learnability in two analysis settings. In particular, for the analysis that considers only sample complexity, we prove that if an objective given as an oracle is uniformly continuous, then it is PAC-learnable. Further, for the analysis that considers computational complexity, we prove that if an objective is computable, then it is PAC-learnable. In other words, if a procedure computes successive approximations of the objective's value, then the objective is PAC-learnable. We give three applications of our condition on objectives from the literature with previously unknown PAC-learnability and prove that these objectives are PAC-learnable. Overall, our result helps verify existing objectives' PAC-learnability. Also, as some studied objectives that are not uniformly continuous have been shown to be not PAC-learnable, our results could guide the design of new PAC-learnable objectives.
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London, Martin J., Thomas E. Moritz, William G. Henderson, Gulshan K. Sethi, Maureen M. O'Brien, Gary K. Grunwald, Catherine B. Beckman, A. Laurie Shroyer, and Frederick L. Grover. "Standard versus Fiberoptic Pulmonary Artery Catheterization for Cardiac Surgery in the Department of Veterans Affairs." Anesthesiology 96, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 860–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200204000-00013.
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Background Controversy exists regarding the utility of continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation (STvo2) during cardiac surgery. During a multicenter, prospective, observational study in the Department of Veterans Affairs (Cooperative Study #5), frequency of use of standard pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) and STvo2-PAC was recorded. Here the authors relate these data to clinical outcomes. Methods Logistic and Cox regression models evaluating the association of PAC type with mortality, one or more postoperative complications, cardiac complications, time to extubation, and intensive care unit length of stay were constructed. The number of thermodilution cardiac outputs and arterial blood gas analyses performed in the first 24 h postoperatively were compared. Results Data from 3,265 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization (81.7%) or valve replacement-repair (18.3%) were considered. STvo2-PAC was used in 49% and PAC in 51% of patients. In the 14 hospitals, STvo2-PAC was used in all patients in four, in some patients in four, and never in six. No association of STvo2-PAC use with outcome were observed aside from unexplained hospital level effects. A small but statistically significant reduction in the number of arterial blood gas analyses (8 +/- 3 vs. 10 +/- 4, P < 0.0001, STvo2-PAC vs. PAC, respectively) and thermodilution cardiac outputs (14 +/- 8 vs. 15 +/- 9, P < 0.0001, STvo2-PAC vs. PAC, respectively) was observed with use of STvo2-PAC. Conclusions Despite higher cost, STvo2-PAC was commonly used in this cohort. Our analysis failed to detect associations with improved outcomes aside from a small reduction in resource utilization. The precise role of STvo2-PAC remains uncertain.
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Arıkan, Erdal. "Systematic Encoding and Shortening of PAC Codes." Entropy 22, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22111301.
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Polarization adjusted convolutional (PAC) codes are a class of codes that combine channel polarization with convolutional coding. PAC codes are of interest for their high performance. This paper presents a systematic encoding and shortening method for PAC codes. Systematic encoding is important for lowering the bit-error rate (BER) of PAC codes. Shortening is important for adjusting the block length of PAC codes. It is shown that systematic encoding and shortening of PAC codes can be carried out in a unified framework.
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Wang, Zheng, Dong Zhang, Ping Xia, Hui Ye, and Wen Qi Zhou. "Removal of Geosmin by Powered Activated Carbon as an Emergency Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.616.
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The removal of geosmin by powered activated carbon (PAC) was studied at laboratory to select suitable PAC type and the removal efficiencies of geosmin by PAC in different application point as an emergency method were evaluated. The adsorption efficiency of coal-based PAC on geosmin was superior to that of bamboo-based PAC. The contact time and PAC dose were two important factors that affect the removal effect of geosmin. Geosmin could be controled below 10ng/L at 200ng/L of initial concentration.
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Matsui, Y., R. Murase, T. Sanogawa, N. Aoki, S. Mima, T. Inoue, and T. Matsushita. "Rapid adsorption pretreatment with submicrometre powdered activated carbon particles before microfiltration." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 6-7 (March 1, 2005): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0644.
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Manufacturer-supplied powdered activated carbon (PAC) was ground to produce submicrometre particles (0.8 and 0.6 μm median diameter) for use as an adsorbent before microfiltration (MF) for drinking water treatment. Batch tests revealed that the microground PAC adsorbed natural organic matter (NOM) much more rapidly and had a higher adsorptive capacity than ordinary PAC. The water samples pretreated with the submicrometre PAC were subjected to MF, and the results of experiments with different PAC contact times revealed that a 1 min retention time was sufficient for adsorptive removal of NOM. The use of submicrometre PAC permitted not only shorter PAC contact times but also a 75% reduction in dose.
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Yang, Junhua, Jianan Chen, Maria del Carmen Vitery, James Osei-Owusu, Jiachen Chu, Haiyang Yu, Shuying Sun, and Zhaozhu Qiu. "PAC, an evolutionarily conserved membrane protein, is a proton-activated chloride channel." Science 364, no. 6438 (April 25, 2019): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav9739.
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Severe local acidosis causes tissue damage and pain, and is one of the hallmarks of many diseases including ischemia, cancer, and inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms of the cellular response to acid are not fully understood. We performed an unbiased RNA interference screen and identified PAC (TMEM206) as being essential for the widely observed proton-activated Cl− (PAC) currents (ICl,H). Overexpression of human PAC in PAC knockout cells generated ICl,H with the same characteristics as the endogenous ones. Zebrafish PAC encodes a PAC channel with distinct properties. Knockout of mouse Pac abolished ICl,H in neurons and attenuated brain damage after ischemic stroke. The wide expression of PAC suggests a broad role for this conserved Cl− channel family in physiological and pathological processes associated with acidic pH.
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Duran, Adrià, Pedro E. Guerrero, Maria Rosa Ortiz, Dúnia Pérez del Campo, Ernesto Castro, Adelaida Garcia-Velasco, Esther Fort, et al. "Characterization of Mesothelin Glycosylation in Pancreatic Cancer: Decreased Core Fucosylated Glycoforms in Pancreatic Cancer Patients’ Sera." Biomedicines 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 1942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10081942.
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Currently, there are no reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer (PaC). Glycoproteomic approaches that analyze the glycan determinants on specific glycoproteins have proven useful to develop more specific cancer biomarkers than the corresponding protein levels. In PaC, mesothelin (MSLN) is a neo-expressed glycoprotein. MSLN glycosylation has not been described and could be altered in PaC. In this work, we aimed to characterize MSLN glycans from PaC cells and serum samples to assess their potential usefulness as PaC biomarkers. First, we analyzed MSLN glycans from PaC cell lines and then we developed an enzyme-linked lectin assay to measure core fucosylated-MSLN (Cf-MSLN) glycoforms. MSLN glycans from PaC cells were analyzed by glycan sequencing and through Western blotting with lectins. All of the cell lines secreted MSLN, with its three N-glycosylation sites occupied by complex-type N-glycans, which were mainly α2,3-sialylated, core fucosylated and highly branched. The Cf-MSLN glycoforms were quantified on PaC serum samples, and compared with MSLN protein levels. The Cf-MSLN was significantly decreased in PaC patients compared to control sera, while no differences were detected by using MSLN protein levels. In conclusion, Cf-MSLN glycoforms were differently expressed in PaC, which opens the way to further investigate their usefulness as PaC biomarkers.
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Jin, Young-Hee, Jihye Lee, Sangeun Jeon, Seungtaek Kim, Jung Sun Min, and Sunoh Kwon. "Natural Polyphenols, 1,2,3,4,6-O-Pentagalloyglucose and Proanthocyanidins, as Broad-Spectrum Anticoronaviral Inhibitors Targeting Mpro and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2." Biomedicines 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051170.
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The natural plant dietary polyphenols 1,2,3,4,6-O-Pentagalloylglucose (PGG) and proanthocyanidin (PAC) have potent antioxidant activity and a variety of pharmacological activities, including antiviral activity. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effect of PGG and PAC on SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, and elucidated its mode of action. PGG and PAC have dose-dependent inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero cells. PGG has a lower IC50 (15.02 ± 0.75 μM) than PAC (25.90 ± 0.81 μM), suggesting that PGG has better inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 than PAC. The PGG and PAC inhibit similar Mpro activities in a protease activity assay, with IC50 values of 25–26 μM. The effects of PGG and PAC on the activity of the other essential SARS-CoV-2 viral protein, RdRp, were analyzed using a cell-based activity assay system. The activity of RdRp is inhibited by PGG and PAC, and PGG has a lower IC50 (5.098 ± 1.089 μM) than PAC (21.022 ± 1.202 μM), which is consistent with their inhibitory capacity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. PGG and PAC also inhibit infection by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. These data indicate that PGG and PAC may be candidate broad-spectrum anticoronaviral therapeutic agents, simultaneously targeting the Mpro and RdRp proteins of SARS-CoV-2.
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Liu, Rui, Xi Chen, Yiqi Du, Weiyan Yao, Lin Shen, Cheng Wang, Zhibin Hu, et al. "Serum MicroRNA Expression Profile as a Biomarker in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Pancreatic Cancer." Clinical Chemistry 58, no. 3 (March 1, 2012): 610–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.172767.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Detection of pancreatic cancer (PaC), particularly at early stages, remains a great challenge owing to lack of specific biomarkers. We sought to identify a PaC-specific serum microRNA (miRNA) expression profile and test its specificity and sensitivity as a biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of PaC. METHODS We obtained serum samples from 197 PaC cases and 158 age- and sex-matched cancer-free controls. We screened the differentially expressed serum miRNAs with Illumina sequencing by synthesis technology using pooled serum samples followed by RT-qPCR validation of a large number of samples arranged in multiple stages. We used risk score analysis to evaluate the diagnostic value of the serum miRNA profiling system. To assess the serum miRNA–based biomarker accuracy in predicting PaC, we performed additional double-blind testing in 77 PaC cases and 52 controls and diagnostic classification in 55 cases with clinically suspected PaC. RESULTS After the selection and validation process, 7 miRNAs displayed significantly different expression levels in PaC compared with controls. This 7 miRNA–based biomarker had high sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing various stages of PaC from cancer-free controls and also accurately discriminated PaC patients from chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients. Among the 7 miRNAs, miR-21 levels in serum were significantly associated with overall PaC survival. The diagnostic accuracy rate of the 7-miRNA profile was 83.6% in correctly classifying 55 cases with clinically suspected PaC. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the 7 miRNA–based biomarker can serve as a novel noninvasive approach for PaC diagnosis and prognosis.
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Takizawa, S., P. Zhao, S. Ohgaki, and H. Katayama. "Kinetic analysis of PAC cake-layer formation in hybrid PAC-MF systems." Water Supply 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.006.
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Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of backwashing and air-scouring to prevent cake-layer formation on the membranes in a hybrid PAC-MF process. The membrane filtration chamber used in this study was separated into two zones; namely, the PAC adsorption zone (PAZ) and the membrane filtration zone (MFZ). In MFZ tubular ceramic membranes were installed, and powdered activated carbon (PAC) was suspended in PAZ at a concentration of 20 g/L by aeration. Air-scouring and backwashing rates were gradually increased to see if these physical cleaning measures can reduce or maintain the filtration resistance due to formation of PAC cake layer on the membrane. Two types of saw-dust PAC having different sizes were used to find the difference of the effects of air-scouring and backwashing. A smaller PAC (Shirasagi C1, Japan EnviroChemicals, Co.) showed a slower increasing rate of filtration resistance than the larger PAC (Shirasagi S-10, Japan EnviroChemicals, Co.). It was found that air-scouring didn't reduce the rate of cake fouling formation of PAC S-10, but can quite effectively reduce the rate of PAC C-1 attachment to the membrane. On the contrary, backwashing was not effective for PAC C-1, but quite effective for PAC S-10. PAC C1 formed a porous cake with low specific resistance, which can be easily removed by air-scouring, but cannot be removed by backwashing. On the other hand, PAC S-10 formed a tight cake layer because suspended particles get in to the void space between the PAC S-10. A dynamic model was proposed to explain the effect of air-scouring and backwashing to removal cake layer from the membranes.
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Chen, Jian-Shiuh, and Chin Hung Yang. "Porous asphalt concrete: A review of design, construction, performance and maintenance." International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 13, no. 6 (November 2020): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0039-7.
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AbstractPorous asphalt concrete (PAC) is an open-graded friction course that is specifically designed to have high air void contents for removing water from the pavement surface. PAC surfaces, which include open-graded friction courses, permeable friction courses, and drainage asphalt pavements, have increasingly gained acceptance among agencies and industry in the world. PAC might be susceptible to freeze-thaw damage in cold climates and require winter maintenance practices. The life span of PAC pavements shows a large variation depending on climates, traffic volumes and loadings, design and construction practices. The objective of this paper was to review design, construction, and performance that could maximize the advantages and minimize the disadvantages associated with the use of PAC mixtures. A consolidated review of the worldwide literature on PAC applications was conducted, with attention to the use of PAC in agency practices, and specifications for PAC from the world were evaluated. Based on an analysis of the results of this review, two key features were emphasized: (1) a recommended practice for material selection and design of PAC, and (2) a recommended practice for PAC construction and maintenance. Key points include a careful assessment of the PAC drainage and an adequate asphalt content to improve the performance of the pavement surface. A proper binder content stabilized by additives such as fibers and polymers is essential to ensure sufficient film thickness that is critical to the durability of the PAC mix in the long run.
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Matsui, Y., Y. Fukuda, T. Inoue, T. Matsushita, N. Aoki, and S. Mima. "Enhancing an adsorption-membrane hybrid system with microground activated carbon." Water Supply 4, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2004): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0108.
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The effects of particle size and mixing method of adsorbent during pretreatment in a microfiltration system were investigated. Micrometre-size powdered activated carbons (PACs) obtained by pulverization of an as-received PAC removed natural organic matter (NOM) from water much more efficiently than the as-received PAC, without additional membrane fouling and trans-membrane pressure buildup. The dosage of micrometre-size PAC required for pretreatment was one-sixth the equipollent dosage of the as-received PAC. The coagulant – PAC dosing sequence did not affect the extent of NOM removal, suggesting that the reduction of PAC-pore-blocking macromolecules by coagulation before PAC adsorption was not a key factor in improving the final extent of NOM removal. The mechanism of the enhanced adsorption by micrometre-size PAC seems to involve increases in the adsorption capacity itself, as well as increases in adsorption kinetics.
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Kozachik, Sharon L., and Gayle G. Page. "A Hyperresponsive HPA Axis May Confer Resilience Against Persistent Paclitaxel-Induced Mechanical Hypersensitivity." Biological Research For Nursing 18, no. 3 (October 27, 2015): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800415609418.
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Paclitaxel (PAC) treatment is associated with persistent, debilitating neuropathic pain that affects the hands and feet. Female sex and biological stress responsivity are risk factors for persistent pain, but it is unclear whether these important biologically based factors confer risk for PAC-induced neuropathic pain. To determine the relative contributions of sex and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis stress responsivity to PAC-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, we employed a PAC protocol consisting of three, 2-week cycles of every-other-day doses of PAC 1 mg/kg versus saline (Week 1) and recovery (Week 2), totaling 42 days, in mature male and female Fischer 344, Lewis, and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, known to differ in HPA axis stress responsivity. Mechanical sensitivity was operationalized using von Frey filaments, per the up–down method. Among PAC-injected rats, SD rats exhibited significantly greater mechanical hypersensitivity relative to accumulative PAC doses compared to Fischer 344 rats. Lewis rats were not significantly different in mechanical hypersensitivity from SD or Fischer 344 rats. At the end of the protocol, PAC-injected SD rats exhibited profound mechanical hypersensitivity, whereas the PAC-injected Fischer 344 rats appeared relatively resilient to the long-term effects of PAC and exhibited mechanical sensitivity that was not statistically different from their saline-injected counterparts. Sex differences were mixed and noted only early in the PAC protocol. Moderate HPA axis stress responsivity may confer additional risk for the painful effects of PAC. If these findings hold in humans, clinicians may be better able to identify persons who may be at increased risks for developing neuropathic pain during PAC therapy.
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Perschel, Frank Holger, Rudolf Schemer, Lysann Seiler, Martin Reincke, Jaap Deinum, Christiane Maser-Gluth, David Mechelhoff, Rudolf Tauber, and Sven Diederich. "Rapid Screening Test for Primary Hyperaldosteronism: Ratio of Plasma Aldosterone to Renin Concentration Determined by Fully Automated Chemiluminescence Immunoassays." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.033159.
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Abstract Background: The ratio of plasma aldosterone concentration to plasma renin activity (PAC/PRA) is the most common screening test for primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA), but it is not standardized among laboratories. We evaluated new automated assays for the simultaneous measurement of PAC and plasma renin concentration (PRC). Methods: We studied 76 healthy normotensive volunteers and 28 patients with confirmed PHA. PAC and PRC were measured immunochemically in EDTA plasma on the Nichols Advantage® chemiluminescence analyzer, and PRA was determined by an activity assay. Results: In volunteers, PAC varied from 33.3 to 1930 pmol/L, PRA from 1.13 to 19.7 ng · mL−1 · h−1 (0.215 ng · mL−1 · h−1 = 1 pmol · L−1 · s−1), and PRC from 5.70 to 116 mU/L. PAC/PRA ratios ranged from 4.35 to 494 (pmol/L)/(ng · mL−1 · h−1) and PAC/PRC ratios from 0.69 to 71.0 pmol/mU. In PHA patients, PAC ranged from 158 to 5012 pmol/L, PRA from 0.40 to 1.70 ng · mL−1 · h−1, and PRC from 0.80 to 11.7 mU/L. PAC/PRA ratios were between 298 and 6756 (pmol/L)/(ng · mL−1 · h−1) and PAC/PRC ratios between 105 and 2328 pmol/mU. Whereas PAC or PRC showed broad overlap between PHA patients and volunteers, the PAC/PRC ratio indicated distinct discrimination of these two groups at a cutoff of 71 pmol/mU. Conclusion: The PAC/PRC ratio offers several practical advantages compared with the PAC/PRA screening method. The present study offers preliminary evidence that it may be a useful screening test for PHA. Further studies are required to validate these results, especially in hypertensive cohorts.
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Lv, Jing, Tianhua Zhou, Qiang Du, Kunlun Li, and Liangwei Jin. "Research on the Bond Behavior of Preplaced Aggregate Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Columns." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020300.
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In order to investigate the bond behavior of preplaced aggregate concrete-filled steel tube (CFT-PAC) columns and the difference of bond behavior between CFT-PAC columns and normal concrete-filled steel tube (CFT-NC) columns, a total of 11 columns were prepared and the push-out tests were conducted. The experimental parameters included the type of concrete (preplaced aggregate concrete and normal concrete), concrete strength (C40, C50 and C60), cross-section dimension (D = 219 mm, 299 mm and 351 mm) and the thickness of steel tube (t = 6 mm and 8 mm). The results indicated that the CTF-PAC columns had a similar load-slip curves with CFT-NC columns. The bond stresses of the CFT-PAC columns were higher than that of the PAC-NC columns at the same concrete strength. Increasing compressive strength of PAC increased the critical bond strength and bond strength of CFT-PAC columns. With an increase of the L/D ratio, both of the slip corresponding to peak load and bond strength of CFT-PAC columns exhibited an increasing trend. A rise in the D/t ratio led to a decrease in the bond stress of CFT-PAC columns and an increase in slip corresponding to the peak load of CFT-PAC columns. The proposed bond stress–slip relationship model considerably matched the bond stress–slip relationship of CFT-PAC columns.
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Varkki Chacko, Ravi, Kenny Kim, Kate Jung, Gordon Shulman, Maurizio Corbetta, and Eric Leuthardt. "2371." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1, S1 (September 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.226.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Attention is a cognitive function that binds perception and behavior. Recent evidence suggests that attention involves phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) of neural signals. PAC occurs when the amplitude of one frequency (frequency for amplitude) is maximal at particular phases of another frequency (frequency for phase). However, some studies suggest PAC improves attention, while others maintain that PAC inhibits attention. The present study seeks to determine whether PAC promotes or inhibits neural signals that underlie attention. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Six adult epilepsy patients with implanted electrodes participated in a cued attention task. Subjects participated in a cued attention task where they oriented attention to one side of the screen at a time and discriminated between stimuli as fast as possible with mouse clicks. Perception-related electrodes discriminated the location and/or shape of the target. These were determined with a cluster-based permutation test. Behavior-related electrodes predicted reaction time (RT) with neural activity prior to target appearance. These were determined with correlations between PAC and RT. PAC was calculated using the modulation index (MI). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found 47 perception-related electrodes that discriminated location and/or shape of target (p<0.05, FDR corrected). We found 27 behavior-related electrodes where PAC prior to the target predicted RT (p<0.05 FDR corrected). There was little overlap between the perception-related and behavior-related electrodes (3%). PAC also did not discriminate left-sided and right-sided cues. In addition, behavior-related electrodes had less local neural activity and higher PAC during the period of cued attention than perception-related electrodes. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: PAC minimally facilitates perceptual aspect of visual attention. However, PAC facilitate response speed. We suggest that PAC might improve response speed by “quieting” task irrelevant neural activity. For the same reason, PAC is absent in electrodes that are actively processing meaningful streams of visual data. These findings highlight separable aspects of the human attention system and how PAC contributes to both. Future directions include determining differences in PAC for attentional disorders like ADHD and neurological neglect.
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Ujang, Z., Y. L. Au, and H. Nagaoka. "Comparative study on microbial removal in immersed membrane filtration (IMF) with and without powdered activated carbon (PAC)." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0217.
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This paper describes an investigation on the effect of microbial removal using IMF for high quality drinking water production. The comparison of IMF and IMF-PAC configuration was carried out in the study to highlight the importance of PAC in the system. The specific objective of this study was to study the effect of PAC adsorption in the IMF-PAC system particularly in removing microbial substances from contaminated raw water. A bench scale IMF-PAC configuration using a flat sheet microfiltration membrane was set up for experimental purposes. Experimentally, the result has shown high removal of microbial substances with the IMF-PAC system compared to IMF. The result of E.coli removal achieved was below the detectable level due to the microbial size, which is bigger than membrane pore size. The addition of PAC has shown a direct effect on total microbial removal. The adsorption of microbial onto PAC surfaces reduced the amount of smaller microbial present in permeate samples. As a conclusion, the configuration of IMF is a promising separation process in removing microbial substances, especially when the system is combined with PAC.