Academic literature on the topic 'P-T-d paths'

Consider a Riccati foliation whose monodromy representation is non-elementary and parabolic and consider a non-invariant section of the fibration whose associated developing map is onto. We prove that any holonomy germ from any non-invariant fibre to the section can be analytically continued along a generic Brownian path. To prove this theorem, we prove a dual result about complex projective structures. Let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$ be a hyperbolic Riemann surface of finite type endowed with a branched complex projective structure: such a structure gives rise to a non-constant holomorphic map ${\mathcal{D}}:\tilde{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^{1}$, from the universal cover of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$ to the Riemann sphere $\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^{1}$, which is $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}$-equivariant for a morphism $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}:\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{1}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4})\rightarrow \mathit{PSL}(2,\mathbb{C})$. The dual result is the following. If the monodromy representation $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}$ is parabolic and non-elementary and if ${\mathcal{D}}$ is onto, then, for almost every Brownian path $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$ in $\tilde{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}}$, ${\mathcal{D}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}(t))$ does not have limit when $t$ goes to $\infty$. If, moreover, the projective structure is of parabolic type, we also prove that, although ${\mathcal{D}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}(t))$ does not converge, it converges in the Cesàro sense.

The general ( α , t ) -path sum-connectivity index of a molecular graph originates from many practical problems, such as the three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationships (3D QSAR) and molecular chirality. For arbitrary nonzero real number α and arbitrary positive integer t, it is defined as t χ α ( G ) = ∑ P t = v i 1 v i 2 ⋯ v i t + 1 ⊆ G [ d G ( v i 1 ) d G ( v i 2 ) ⋯ d G ( v i t + 1 ) ] α , where we take the sum over all possible paths of length t of G and two paths v i 1 v i 2 ⋯ v i t + 1 and v i t + 1 ⋯ v i 2 v i 1 are considered to be one path. In this work, one important class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their structures are firstly considered, which play a role in organic materials and medical sciences. We try to compute the exact general ( α , 2 ) -path sum-connectivity indices of these hydrocarbon systems. Furthermore, we exactly derive the monotonicity and the extremal values of these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for any real number α . These valuable results could produce strong guiding significance to these applied sciences.

A function h is mentioned as a C -exponential mean labeling of a graph G V , E that has s vertices and r edges if h : V G ⟶ 1 , 2 , 3 , ⋯ , r + 1 is injective and the generated function h ∗ : E G ⟶ 2 , 3 , 4 , ⋯ , r + 1 defined by h ∗ a b = 1 / e h b h b / h a h a 1 / h b − h a , for all a b ∈ E G , is bijective. A graph which recognizes a C -exponential mean labeling is defined as C -exponential mean graph. In the following study, we have studied the exponential meanness of the path, the graph triangular tree of T n , C m P n , cartesian product of two paths P m ▫ P n , one-sided step graph of S T n , double-sided step graph of 2 S T 2 n , one-sided arrow graph of A r s , double-sided arrow graph of D A r s , and subdivision of ladder graph S L t .

SUMMARY Knowledge of attenuation structure is important for understanding subsurface material properties. We have developed a double-difference seismic attenuation (DDQ) tomography method for high-resolution imaging of 3-D attenuation structure. Our method includes two main elements, the inversion of event-pair differential ${t^*}$ ($d{t^*}$) data and 3-D attenuation tomography with the $d{t^*}$ data. We developed a new spectral ratio method that jointly inverts spectral ratio data from pairs of events observed at a common set of stations to determine the $d{t^*}$ data. The spectral ratio method cancels out instrument and site response terms, resulting in more accurate $d{t^*}$ data compared to absolute ${t^*}$ from traditional methods using individual spectra. Synthetic tests show that the inversion of $d{t^*}$ data using our spectral ratio method is robust to the choice of source model and a moderate degree of noise. We modified an existing velocity tomography code so that it can invert $d{t^*}$ data for 3-D attenuation structure. We applied the new method to The Geyser geothermal field, California, which has vapour-dominated reservoirs and a long history of water injection. A new Qp model at The Geysers is determined using P-wave data of earthquakes in 2011, using our updated earthquake locations and Vp model. By taking advantage of more accurate $d{t^*}$ data and the cancellation of model uncertainties along the common paths outside of the source region, the DDQ tomography method achieves higher resolution, especially in the earthquake source regions, compared to the standard tomography method using ${t^*}$ data. This is validated by both the real and synthetic data tests. Our Qp and Vp models show consistent variations in a normal temperature reservoir that can be explained by variations in fracturing, permeability and fluid saturation and/or steam pressure. A prominent low-Qp and Vp zone associated with very active seismicity is imaged within a high temperature reservoir at depths below 2 km. This anomalous zone is likely partially saturated with injected fluids.

The Gander Lake Subzone of northeast Newfoundland preserves a complex tectonothermal evolution resulting from continental collision of Gondwana and Laurentia following closure of the Iapetus ocean. Field, petrographic, geothermobarometric studies and isotopic age data define five northeastsouthwest trending domains, each with a characteristic P-T-t-d evolutionary path, which reveal elements of the overall tectonothermal evolution in this sector of the Appalachians. Domain I preserves deformed low grade metasediments and east vergent flat-lying 02 folds formed at c. 470 Ma. Domain 2 preserves focusing of later progressive deformation (D3wEST) into a steep, predominantly sinistral high strain zone characterised by andalusite ~ kyanite ~ sillimanite indicative of a clockwise metamorphic path (peak conditions c. 650°C, 5.5 kbar). In domain 3, deformed metasediments (D2-D3EAsT) display an eastward increase in structural complexity and metamorphic grade to a peak of c. 600°C. Domain 4 displays progressive amphibolite facies deformation (D3EAsT) characterised by prograde andalusite ~ sillimanite-bearing (c. 425 Ma) migmatites with peak conditions of c. 700°C, 4.5 kbar. Retrograde 04 deformation and metamorphism is concentrated in steep narrow high strain zones. S4WES~amphibolite to greenschist facies shear fabrics (predominantly dextral) overprint prograde fabrics (S3WEST)within domain 2 and are cross-cut by the c. 427 Ma Middle Brook Granite, Locally in domains 3 and 4 prograde (D3EAsT) fabrics are overprinted by amphibolite to upper greenschist facies S4EAST fabrics which also form the dominant fabric in c. 417 Ma syntectonic granites. D5-06 retrogressive deformation is pervasive in a c. 2 km wide mylonitic zone adjacent to the Dover Fault. D5 dextral greenschist-facies ductile structures are cut by the c. 385 Ma Newport Granite which in tum is cut by 06 sub-greenschist facies brittle dextral faults. In combination, the domains preserve A) low grade deformation (Ordovician?) associated with easterly thrusting of the Dunnage Zone over the Gander Zone, B) Silurian rIletamorphism and deformation progressively partitioned into high strain zones and, C) Devonian retrograde ductile-brittle shearing and brittle faulting local to the Dover Fault. The spatial and temporal coincidence of transpressive deformation, moderate to high grade metamorphism and voluminous granite magmatism in the east portion of the Gander Zone is taken to relate to sinistrally oblique collision between two major crustal blocks during the Silurian. Devonian reactivation juxtaposed part of the high grade Gander Zone against the low grade Avalon block across the brittle-ductile Dover Fault.

Cette thèse est centrée sur la ceinture orogénique Attico-Cycladique formée durant l'orogénèse Alpine. Par une approche multi-méthodes et multi-échelles combinant géologie structurale, pétrographie, thermobarométrie des assemblages minéraux, géochimie élémentaire et isotopique, et données PVTX des inclusions fluides associées, ce travail vise à caractériser et comprendre les relations entre circulations fluides, interactions fluides/roches, déformation, et mobilisation-transport-dépôt des métaux. Les marbres et schistes de la péninsule du Lavrion et de l'île d'Eubée témoignent d'une évolution orogénique complexe marquée par une phase d'enfouissement à l'Eocène suivie par deux phases d'exhumation successives syn-et post-orogéniques. Les minéralisations de type Cu-Pb-Zn-Fe-Ag de la région du Lavrion sont synchrones de l’activation du détachement post-orogénique et de la mise en place de plutons de granodiorite. Leurs positions structurales témoignent d’un piégeage depuis un régime de déformation ductile jusqu'à fragile. Les minéralisations mises en place durant le régime de déformation ductile à ductile-fragile (skarn et remplacement de carbonate) sont associées à la décarbonatation des niveaux de marbres et à la circulation des fluides magmatiques. L'exhumation progressive de la racine orogénique se traduit par la transition des roches depuis une déformation ductile vers un régime fragile associé à l’ouverture du système aux fluides de surface et notamment aux fluides météoriques. Cette circulation est responsable d’une remobilisation des métaux des minéralisations primaires permettant alors une seconde phase de précipitation dans un régime cassant (veines épithermales)
This thesis is focused on the Attico-Cycladic orogenic wedge formed during the Alpine orogeny. From a multi-method and multi-scale approach using structural geology, petrography, mineral thermobarometry, element and isotope geochemistry, and PVTX data of associated fluid inclusions, this study deciphers the relationships between fluid circulation, fluid-rock interactions and mobilisation-transport-deposits of metals. Marbles and schists from the Evia Island and the Lavrion peninsula testify to a complex orogenic history marked by an Eocene burial phase followed by syn- and post-orogenic exhumation. Cu-Pb-Zn-Fe-Ag mineralisations from the Lavrion area are synchronous with the formation of the low-angle post-orogenic detachment and the emplacement of granodioritic magmas. The structural position of the deposits attests of an emplacement during ductile to brittle deformation conditions. Deposits associated with ductile to ductile-brittle deformation (skarn, carbonate replacement) are related to a marble decarbonation and magmatic fluid circulation. The progressive exhumation of the orogenic wedge allows the transition toward brittle conditions and opens the system to surficial meteoritic fluids. This meteoritic fluid circulation is responsible to remobilisation of metals from primary deposits allowing thus a second phase of deposition in a pure brittle deformation (epithermal veins)

The Lower Units of Alpine Corsica (France) include a stack of tectonic units detached from the European plate margin. These units, that crop out in the central Corsica along a narrow strip at the boundary between the Hercynian Corsica (to the west) and the Alpine Corsica (to the east), are directly thrust on the Hercynian Corsica (i.e. the European plate not involved in the Alpine Orogeny) and topped by the Schistes Lustrés Complex (i.e. the oceanic and continental units buried at the deepest level during the Alpine Orogeny). Slices of the Schistes Lustrés Complex are also found within the Lower Units. In this thesis, the Lower Units cropping out in six selected areas, from Asco and Fium’Orbo valleys, have been studied, in order to provide stratigraphic, structural and metamorphic data needed to constrain their tectonic history. The Hercynian Corsica and the Schistes Lustrés Complex strictly associated to the Lower Units have been also characterized in terms of stratigraphy, structural and metamorphic features. Moreover, some geochronological data related to the Lower Units have been provided, in order to constrain the events that affected these units. The collected data indicate that the stratigraphic log of the Lower Units consists of a Paleozoic basement intruded by Permo-Carboniferous metagranitoids associated to a Permian to Middle - Late Eocene metasedimentary covers. All the formations of this succession are affected by a polyphase deformation history (D1-D3 phase) and the associated multi-step metamorphism as highlighted by the 3 generations of phyllosilicates grown along the S1 and S2 foliations. The study of the metamorphism associated the mesoand micro-structures has indicated that the Lower Units underwent to HP/LT metamorphic conditions (early D1 phase) followed by a polyphase retrograde metamorphism (late D1-D2-D3). The deformation and metamorphic history of the Lower Units is coherent with their subduction and rapid exhumation in the continental collision setting during the Late Eocene–Oligocene time span. The tectono-metamorphic study of several of these units pointed out a clear linkage between their positions in the tectonic stack and the P-T conditions reached during their subduction/exhumation paths. Although the deformation history shows common features in all the Lower Units, several differences in their metamorphism have been observed, in particular concerning the P-T values related to the geobaric and geothermic peaks. The comparison between several areas indicates that these variations can be found systematically in the Alpine Corsica, even if the maximum depth reached by the Lower Units never exceed ~50 km. Investigating the last stages of the exhumation of the Lower Units emerges that the switching from convergence to extension that affected the Western Mediterranean Sea during the Oligocene played an important role in terms of mechanics, leading to the collapse of the orogenic wedge (i.e. the last ductile event) and the activation of a strike-slip fault system (i.e. the Central Corsica Shear Zone). Extending the tectono-metamorphic study to the rim of the Hercynian Corsica at the boundary with the Alpine Corsica and to the slices of the Schistes Lustrés Complex sandwiched between the Lower Units, it made possible to describe the main tectono-metamorphic events that affected the Lower Units as (1) the subduction at depth of the continental crust, (2) its exhumation in a still convergent setting and 3) its further exhumation in an extensional setting.

SECTION A. Understanding the relationships of inclusion trail geometries in porphyroblasts relative to matrix foliations is vital for unravelling complex deformation and metamorphic histories in highly tectonized terranes and the approach used to thin sectioning rocks is critically important for this. Two approaches have been used by structural and metamorphic geologists. One is based on fabric orientations with sections cut perpendicular to the foliation both parallel (P) and normal (N) to the lineation, whereas the other uses geographic orientations and a series of vertical thin sections. Studies using P and N sections reveal a simple history in comparison with studies using multiple-vertical thin sections. The reason for this is that inclusion trails exiting the porphyroblasts into the strain shadows in P and N sections commonly appear continuous with the matrix foliation whereas multiple vertical thin sections with different strikes reveal that they are actually truncated. Such truncations or textural unconformities are apparent from microstructures, textural relationships, compositional variations and FIA (Foliation Intersection Axis) trends. A succession of four FIA trends from ENE-WSW, E-W, N-S to NE-SW in the Robertson River Metamorphics, northern Queensland, Australia, suggests that these truncations were formed because of the overprint of successive generations of orthogonal foliations preserved within porphyroblasts from growth during multiple deformation events. At least four periods involving multiple phases of porphyroblast growth can be delineated instead of just the one previously suggested from an N and P section approach. SECTION B. A succession of four foliation intersection/inflection axes preserved in porphyroblasts (FIAs) trending ENE-WSW, E-W, N-S and NE-SW has been distinguished in the Proterozoic Robertson River Metamorphics (Georgetown Inlier, Queensland, Australia) based upon relative timing plus inclusion texture and orientation. The successions of asymmetries of inclusion trails defining these FIAs document the geometry of deformation associated with folding and fabric development during discreet episodes of bulk shortening. The successions of asymmetries bear no relationship to the geometry of macroscale folds present in the area suggesting that these folds predate porphyroblast growth, the widespread metamorphism and matrix fabric development. The onset of regional macro-scale folding may have begun soon after the deposition at around 1655 Ma in Georgetown Inlier. These folds were then amplified, overturned and refolded during NNWSSE, N-S, E-W and NW-SE regional bulk shortening. Earlier deformations were erased from the matrix because of bedding-induced shearing (reactivation) on the limbs of pre-existing macro-scale folds. Four foliations, S1 to S4, identified in the matrix provided information about the youngest deformations preserved in these rocks. SECTION C. Contouring XMn, XFe and XCa for garnet porphyroblasts and XAn for plagioclase inclusions in the MnNCKFMASH system provides an estimation of the P-T variation during the growth history of these porphyroblasts. Integration of this approach with relative timing constraints obtained from successions of Foliation Intersection/Inflection Axes within porphyroblasts (FIAs) reveals a more extensive P-T-D history than previously recognised in the Robertson River Metamorphics, Georgetown Inlier (NE Australia). A succession of four FIA trends (ENE-WSW, E-W, N-S, NE-SW) reveals three extended periods of garnet porphyroblast growth and two of staurolite growth in this region. Chemically zoned garnet porphyroblasts were selected based on successively formed FIAs in their cores from four representative rock samples. The intersection of XMn, XFe and XCa isopleths for the cores of the successively generated garnet porphyroblasts plus that of XCa and XAn isopleths for garnet and plagioclase inclusions suggests that pressures progressively increased from 3.2 to 5.8 kb and at temperatures from 530º to 560º C. This accompanied an orogenic progression from NNWSSE (O1), N-S (O2) to E-W (O3) shortening. The maximum pressures and temperatures achieved, around 6-7 kb at 590º-610º C, were followed by decompression and retrograde metamorphism with andalusite replacing an early formed generation of staurolite. These rocks were overprinted by NW SE shortening (O4) occurring synchronously with low pressure – high temperature metamorphism, resulting in the overprint of early minerals by sillimanite and prograde muscovite. This last event was attributed to widespread granitic intrusion in all NE Australian Craton at around 1550 Ma. SECTION D. Electron microprobe dating of monazite confirms the relative timing of a succession of Foliation Intersection Axis trends in porphyroblasts (FIAs) and two extended periods of metamorphism, revealing a lengthy history of orogenesis in the Robertson River Metamorphics (NE Australia). A complete pressure-temperature-deformation-time (P-T-D-t) path has been deciphered involving an early clockwise P-T loop (not previously recognized in the NE Australian Craton) followed by an anticlockwise P-T trajectory. Metamorphism continued episodically throughout orogenesis changing from medium pressures and temperatures to lower pressures and higher temperatures after an intervening retrogressive phase. Successive generations of fine-grained monazite (5μm-20μm) were identified using microstructure and FIA trends and then dated. The succession of four FIAs trending ENE-WSW (FIA1), E-W (FIA2), N-S (FIA3), NE-SW (FIA4) plus four matrix structures, S1-S4 reveal three periods of garnet and two of staurolite growth, and suggest that monazite grains were episodically grown, dissolved and regrown due to successive periods of foliation development or reactivation. Isopleth thermobarometery, using P-T pseudosections in the MnNCKFMASH system for garnet porphyroblasts selected based on FIA trends in their core, reveal that the pressure increased progressively from 3- 4kb at 530º-550ºC to 6-7kb at 600º-620ºC during medium pressure temperature metamorphism. This was accompanied by changing bulk shortening directions from NNW-SSE to N-S to E-W (perpendicular to FIAs 1,2 and 3). The development of FIA1 and FIA2 occurred between ca.1655 (depositional age) and 1592 Ma. FIA3 developed over a 30 Ma period from 1592 Ma to 1559 Ma. Retrogressive metamorphism, decompression and exhumation occurred over a 10 Ma period. Further metamorphism accompanied regional granite intrusion around ca. 1550 Ma and generated lower pressure - higher temperature metamorphism during the development of FIA4 (NW-SE bulk shortening). This period of orogenesis possibly extended for another 30-50 Ma based on the ages obtained from the youngest foliations in the matrix. Correlation of these data with other NE Australian Proterozoic Inliers suggests that they were all once part of a single orogen that developed from 1655 to 1500 Ma.

SECTION A. Understanding the relationships of inclusion trail geometries in porphyroblasts relative to matrix foliations is vital for unravelling complex deformation and metamorphic histories in highly tectonized terranes and the approach used to thin sectioning rocks is critically important for this. Two approaches have been used by structural and metamorphic geologists. One is based on fabric orientations with sections cut perpendicular to the foliation both parallel (P) and normal (N) to the lineation, whereas the other uses geographic orientations and a series of vertical thin sections. Studies using P and N sections reveal a simple history in comparison with studies using multiple-vertical thin sections. The reason for this is that inclusion trails exiting the porphyroblasts into the strain shadows in P and N sections commonly appear continuous with the matrix foliation whereas multiple vertical thin sections with different strikes reveal that they are actually truncated. Such truncations or textural unconformities are apparent from microstructures, textural relationships, compositional variations and FIA (Foliation Intersection Axis) trends. A succession of four FIA trends from ENE-WSW, E-W, N-S to NE-SW in the Robertson River Metamorphics, northern Queensland, Australia, suggests that these truncations were formed because of the overprint of successive generations of orthogonal foliations preserved within porphyroblasts from growth during multiple deformation events. At least four periods involving multiple phases of porphyroblast growth can be delineated instead of just the one previously suggested from an N and P section approach. SECTION B. A succession of four foliation intersection/inflection axes preserved in porphyroblasts (FIAs) trending ENE-WSW, E-W, N-S and NE-SW has been distinguished in the Proterozoic Robertson River Metamorphics (Georgetown Inlier, Queensland, Australia) based upon relative timing plus inclusion texture and orientation. The successions of asymmetries of inclusion trails defining these FIAs document the geometry of deformation associated with folding and fabric development during discreet episodes of bulk shortening. The successions of asymmetries bear no relationship to the geometry of macroscale folds present in the area suggesting that these folds predate porphyroblast growth, the widespread metamorphism and matrix fabric development. The onset of regional macro-scale folding may have begun soon after the deposition at around 1655 Ma in Georgetown Inlier. These folds were then amplified, overturned and refolded during NNWSSE, N-S, E-W and NW-SE regional bulk shortening. Earlier deformations were erased from the matrix because of bedding-induced shearing (reactivation) on the limbs of pre-existing macro-scale folds. Four foliations, S1 to S4, identified in the matrix provided information about the youngest deformations preserved in these rocks. SECTION C. Contouring XMn, XFe and XCa for garnet porphyroblasts and XAn for plagioclase inclusions in the MnNCKFMASH system provides an estimation of the P-T variation during the growth history of these porphyroblasts. Integration of this approach with relative timing constraints obtained from successions of Foliation Intersection/Inflection Axes within porphyroblasts (FIAs) reveals a more extensive P-T-D history than previously recognised in the Robertson River Metamorphics, Georgetown Inlier (NE Australia). A succession of four FIA trends (ENE-WSW, E-W, N-S, NE-SW) reveals three extended periods of garnet porphyroblast growth and two of staurolite growth in this region. Chemically zoned garnet porphyroblasts were selected based on successively formed FIAs in their cores from four representative rock samples. The intersection of XMn, XFe and XCa isopleths for the cores of the successively generated garnet porphyroblasts plus that of XCa and XAn isopleths for garnet and plagioclase inclusions suggests that pressures progressively increased from 3.2 to 5.8 kb and at temperatures from 530º to 560º C. This accompanied an orogenic progression from NNWSSE (O1), N-S (O2) to E-W (O3) shortening. The maximum pressures and temperatures achieved, around 6-7 kb at 590º-610º C, were followed by decompression and retrograde metamorphism with andalusite replacing an early formed generation of staurolite. These rocks were overprinted by NW SE shortening (O4) occurring synchronously with low pressure – high temperature metamorphism, resulting in the overprint of early minerals by sillimanite and prograde muscovite. This last event was attributed to widespread granitic intrusion in all NE Australian Craton at around 1550 Ma. SECTION D. Electron microprobe dating of monazite confirms the relative timing of a succession of Foliation Intersection Axis trends in porphyroblasts (FIAs) and two extended periods of metamorphism, revealing a lengthy history of orogenesis in the Robertson River Metamorphics (NE Australia). A complete pressure-temperature-deformation-time (P-T-D-t) path has been deciphered involving an early clockwise P-T loop (not previously recognized in the NE Australian Craton) followed by an anticlockwise P-T trajectory. Metamorphism continued episodically throughout orogenesis changing from medium pressures and temperatures to lower pressures and higher temperatures after an intervening retrogressive phase. Successive generations of fine-grained monazite (5μm-20μm) were identified using microstructure and FIA trends and then dated. The succession of four FIAs trending ENE-WSW (FIA1), E-W (FIA2), N-S (FIA3), NE-SW (FIA4) plus four matrix structures, S1-S4 reveal three periods of garnet and two of staurolite growth, and suggest that monazite grains were episodically grown, dissolved and regrown due to successive periods of foliation development or reactivation. Isopleth thermobarometery, using P-T pseudosections in the MnNCKFMASH system for garnet porphyroblasts selected based on FIA trends in their core, reveal that the pressure increased progressively from 3- 4kb at 530º-550ºC to 6-7kb at 600º-620ºC during medium pressure temperature metamorphism. This was accompanied by changing bulk shortening directions from NNW-SSE to N-S to E-W (perpendicular to FIAs 1,2 and 3). The development of FIA1 and FIA2 occurred between ca.1655 (depositional age) and 1592 Ma. FIA3 developed over a 30 Ma period from 1592 Ma to 1559 Ma. Retrogressive metamorphism, decompression and exhumation occurred over a 10 Ma period. Further metamorphism accompanied regional granite intrusion around ca. 1550 Ma and generated lower pressure - higher temperature metamorphism during the development of FIA4 (NW-SE bulk shortening). This period of orogenesis possibly extended for another 30-50 Ma based on the ages obtained from the youngest foliations in the matrix. Correlation of these data with other NE Australian Proterozoic Inliers suggests that they were all once part of a single orogen that developed from 1655 to 1500 Ma.

Intuitionistic fuzzy sets are defined in 1983 by Atanassov as a generalization of some existing models like fuzzy sets, interval-valued fuzzy sets and L-fuzzy sets. From applicability point of view, the intuitionistic fuzzy modelling provided new vistas in artificial intelligence, expert systems, neural networks, data bases, and decision making, to mention only the main tracks. The usage of intuitionistic fuzzy models in Learning (levels of learning evaluation [1, 7], e-Learning quality evaluation [4, 6], machine learning algorithms [3, 5, 6], quality evaluation [2], etc.) has begun recently. This paper describes the usage of intuitionistic-fuzzy way of thinking and modelling to investigate the Bloom's educational objectives. The first section establishes the aim of the paper and outlines the most important aspects of intuitionistic-fuzzy modelling: state of the art, intuitionistic-fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy numbers and operators, and applicability. The second section considers the cognitive domain and presents the usage of intuitionistic-fuzzy approach on Bloom's categories: Knowledge, Comprehension, Applicability, Analysis and Synthesis, and Evaluation. The third section is dedicated to the usage of intuitionistic fuzzy machine learning from machine architectures (in general neuro-intuitionistic-fuzzy structures) to their performance evaluation. Finally, concluding remarks on the power of intuitionistic fuzzy approaches to enable creative ways of thinking in research and development are provided. Keywords: Levels of Learning, Machine Learning, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Models and Strategies, e-Learning Selected references [1] Hosseini R., Kardan A., Intuitionistic Fuzzy-Based Method for Assessing the Learner's Knowledge Level and Personalization of Learning Path, Proceedings of ICVL 2011, pp. 441-447, 2011. [2] Hristova M., Sotirova E., Multifactor method of teaching quality estimation at universities with intuitionistic fuzzy evaluation, Twelfth Int. Conf. on IFSs, Sofia, 17-18 May 2008, NIFS Vol. 14(2), pp. 80-83, 2008. [3] Kazakov A. D., On Intuitionistic fuzzy machine learning, 2005, http://www.dmitry- kazakov.de/fuzzy_ai/on_fuzzy_machine_learning.htm [4] Melo-Pinto, P., T. Kim, K. Atanassov, E. Sotirova, A. Shannon and M. Krawczak, Generalized net model of e-learning evaluation with intuitionistic fuzzy estimations, Issues in the Representation and Processing of Uncertain and Imprecise Information, Warszawa, pp. 241-249, 2005. [5] Sotirov S., Atanassov K., Intuitionistic Fuzzy Feed Forward Neural Network, Cybernetics and Information Technologies, 9(2), pp. 62-68, 2009. [6] Sotirov, S., D. Orozova, E. Sotirova, Neural network for defining intuitionistic fuzzy sets in e-learning, Proc. of 13th Int. Conf. on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets, Sofia, NIFS Vol. 15(2), pp. 33-36, 2009. [7] Sotirova E., Classification of the students' intuitionistic fuzzy estimations by a 3-dimensional self organizing map, 7th IWIFS, 2011, Conference proceedings, "Notes on IFS", 17(4), pp. 39-44, 2011.