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1
Yang, Lihong, and Mark D. Reckase. "The Optimal Item Pool Design in Multistage Computerized Adaptive Tests With the p-Optimality Method." Educational and Psychological Measurement 80, no. 5 (February 6, 2020): 955–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164419901292.
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The present study extended the p-optimality method to the multistage computerized adaptive test (MST) context in developing optimal item pools to support different MST panel designs under different test configurations. Using the Rasch model, simulated optimal item pools were generated with and without practical constraints of exposure control. A total number of 72 simulated optimal item pools were generated and evaluated by an overall sample and conditional sample using various statistical measures. Results showed that the optimal item pools built with the p-optimality method provide sufficient measurement accuracy under all simulated MST panel designs. Exposure control affected the item pool size, but not the item distributions and item pool characteristics. This study demonstrated that the p-optimality method can adapt to MST item pool design, facilitate the MST assembly process, and improve its scoring accuracy.
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Hoffman, Joseph F., Alicia Dodson, and Fulgencio Proverbio. "On the functional use of the membrane compartmentalized pool of ATP by the Na+ and Ca++ pumps in human red blood cell ghosts." Journal of General Physiology 134, no. 4 (September 14, 2009): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200910270.
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Previous evidence established that a sequestered form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP pools) resides in the membrane/cytoskeletal complex of red cell porous ghosts. Here, we further characterize the roles these ATP pools can perform in the operation of the membrane's Na+ and Ca2+ pumps. The formation of the Na+- and Ca2+-dependent phosphointermediates of both types of pumps (ENa-P and ECa-P) that conventionally can be labeled with trace amounts of [γ-3P]ATP cannot occur when the pools contain unlabeled ATP, presumably because of dilution of the [γ-3P]ATP in the pool. Running the pumps forward with either Na+ or Ca2+ removes pool ATP and allows the normal formation of labeled ENa-P or ECa-P, indicating that both types of pumps can share the same pools of ATP. We also show that the halftime for loading the pools with bulk ATP is 10–15 minutes. We observed that when unlabeled “caged ATP” is entrapped in the membrane pools, it is inactive until nascent ATP is photoreleased, thereby blocking the labeled formation of ENa-P. We also demonstrate that ATP generated by the membrane-bound pyruvate kinase fills the membrane pools. Other results show that pool ATP alone, like bulk ATP, can promote the binding of ouabain to the membrane. In addition, we found that pool ATP alone functions together with bulk Na+ (without Mg2+) to release prebound ouabain. Curiously, ouabain was found to block bulk ATP from entering the pools. Finally, we show, with red cell inside-outside vesicles, that pool ATP alone supports the uptake of 45Ca by the Ca2+ pump, analogous to the Na+ pump uptake of 22Na in this circumstance. Although the membrane locus of the ATP pools within the membrane/cytoskeletal complex is unknown, it appears that pool ATP functions as the proximate energy source for the Na+ and Ca2+ pumps.
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Vukić Lušić, Darija, Nerma Maestro, Arijana Cenov, Dražen Lušić, Katarina Smolčić, Sonja Tolić, Daniel Maestro, et al. "Occurrence of P. aeruginosa in Water Intended for Human Consumption and in Swimming Pool Water." Environments 8, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8120132.
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Considering the fact that water is a basic need of every living being, it is important to ensure its safety. In this work, the data on the presence of the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa in drinking water (n = 4171) as well as in pool water (n = 5059) in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in Croatia in the five-year period (2016–2020) were analysed. In addition, the national criteria were compared with those of neighboring countries and worldwide. The proportion of P. aeruginosa-positive samples was similar for drinking water (3.9%) and pool water (4.6%). The prevalence of this bacterium was most pronounced in the warmer season. P. aeruginosa-positive drinking water samples were mostly collected during building commissioning, while pool samples were from entertainment and spa/hydromassage pools. Outdoor pools showed a higher percentage of positive samples than indoor pools, as well as the pools filled with freshwater rather than seawater. The highest P. aeruginosa load was found in rehabilitation pools. Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro are countries that have included P. aeruginosa in their national regulations as an indicator of the safety of water for human consumption as well as for bottled water, while Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have limited this requirement to bottled water only. In the case of swimming pool water, this parameter is mandatory in all countries considered in this study.
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Friesen, DK, and GJ Blair. "A dual radiotracer study of transformations of organic, inorganic and plant residue phosphorus in soil in the presence and absence of plants." Soil Research 26, no. 2 (1988): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880355.
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The rates of transfer of P from plant residues added to an acid soil into various soil P pools and the rates of transfer of inorganic P from soil solution into other soil P pools were studied by simultaneous use of 32P-labelled plant matter and 33P-labelled soil in the presence and absence of growing plants. Equilibration of 33P-labelled phosphate solution added to soil reached a steady state with soil ALP and Fe-P pools within 1 day after addition. The Fe-P pool was much more stable than the A1-P pool since it was not depleted by cropping. This non-labile pool 'fixed' over 30% of the 33P added and similar amounts of the 32P released from plant residues. About 50% of the 32P from plant residues was found in inorganic P pools 11 days after addition. This rapid release was attributed to the presence of soluble inorganic P in the residues. A further 10% was released slowly over the remainder of the experiment. Cropping only marginally slowed rates of transfer of inorganic and released residue P into non-labile pools. Cropping had no effect on the rates of release of P from crop residues.
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Vaks, J. E. "Preparation of samples with equally spaced concentrations through mixing." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1074–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.7.1074.
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Abstract Linearity, interference evaluations of the performance of clinical chemistry systems, mathematical model selection for nonlinear calibration, and other assessments often involve several human sample pools with equally spaced analyte concentrations. Sequential mixing of equal volumes, first of the low and high pools to produce the middle pool, then of the low and middle pools to produce the mid-low pool, and of the high and middle pools to produce the mid-high pool, is recommended in the NCCLS EP7-P guideline for interference studies. Proportional mixing of the low and high pools to produce all of the required pool concentrations is recommended in the NCCLS EP6-P guideline for linearity studies. Mathematical analysis and computer simulation show that the sequential mixing is much more accurate and precise than the proportional mixing. Therefore, we recommend sequential mixing for clinical chemistry application.
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Joshi, Sunendra, Wei Li, Mark Bowden, and Deb Jaisi. "Sources and Pathways of Formation of Recalcitrant and Residual Phosphorus in an Agricultural Soil." Soil Systems 2, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2030045.
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Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for sustaining life and agricultural production. Transformation of readily available P into forms that are unavailable to plants adds costs to P replenishment, which eventually translates into lower agronomic benefits and potential loss of soil P into runoff may degrade water quality. Therefore, understanding the sources and pathways of the formation of residual P pools in soils is useful information needed for the development of any technological or management efforts to minimize or inhibit the formation of such P pool and thus maximize availability to plants. In this research, we paired phosphate oxygen isotope ratios (δ18OP) with solid-state 31P NMR and quantitative XRD techniques along with general soil chemistry methods to identify the precipitation pathways of acid-extracted inorganic P (Pi) pools in an agricultural soil. Based on the comparison of isotope values of 0.5 mol L−1 NaOH-Pi, 1 mol L−1 HCl-Pi, and 10 mol L−1 HNO3-Pi pools and correlations of associated elements (Ca, Fe, and Al) in these pools, the HNO3-Pi pool appears most likely to be transformed from the NaOH-Pi pool. A narrow range of isotope values of acid-Pi pools in shallow (tilling depth) and below (where physical mixing is absent) is intriguing but likely suggests leaching of particle-bound P in deeper soils. Overall, these findings provide an improved understanding of the sources, transport, and transformation of acid-Pi pools in agricultural soils and further insights into the buildup of legacy P in soils.
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Bremset, Gunnbjørn, and Ole Kristian Berg. "Density, size-at-age, and distribution of young Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in deep river pools." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 2827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-185.
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A comparison of populations of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in four deep pools (maximum depths 2.0-4.0 m) and 12 shallow riffles in three rivers showed significantly higher density, size-at-age, and biomass of the pool-dwelling salmonids. There were 2.5 times more parr per unit of area in the pools compared with the riffles (95.3 and 37.5 parr/100 m2, respectively, p = 0.0053). The pool-dwelling trout had a larger size-at-age than riffle specimens, and the pool-dwelling salmon were larger than those found in the riffles in three of four cases (p < 0.001). The relative biomass of salmonid parr in two of the investigated pools was 6.9 and 12.0 g/m2 compared with the means of 1.6 and 3.7 g/m2 in the riffles. There are two possible explanations that are discussed for the larger size-at-age of the fish in the deep pools: (i) movements of large, dominant parr into the pools as they grow older or (ii) favorable conditions in the pools that give pool-dwelling fish an energetic advantage. In contrast with established theory, the current data show that deep pools are favorable habitats for both young Atlantic salmon and brown trout.
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Hajjartabar, M. "Poor-quality water in swimming pools associated with a substantial risk of otitis externa due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0020.
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There are many large and small public outdoor and indoor swimming pools in Tehran that hundreds of people use, especially on hot summer days. The bacteriological quality of the water of some of these pools was assayed over a period of about one year (2001-2002). To assess if these swimming pools were a health risk to users, eleven public swimming pools, in the east and northeast of the city, were examined, and the exposed people were monitored. Samples of swimming-pool waters were examined for colony counts, Escherichia coli and coliforms. In addition, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from nine (81.8%) of those pools. P. aeruginosa grew in seven (63.6%) of the swimming-pool water samples. In two (18.2%) other samples, in addition to P. aeruginosa, high rates of total bacterial count, total coliforms and faecal coliform counts were also found. At the same time, users of the swimming pools were asked to complete a questionnaire. Ear swabs were collected from 179 users with a history of ear problems during the previous two weeks. An adequate control group was chosen randomly from those who never used the investigated pools. P. aeruginosa was isolated from the ear swabs of 142 (79.3%) of the cases, as well as from 4% of the controls. Results were matched for age, sex, duration of time spent in the pools, place of occurrence and other useful information. Investigation of the contaminated swimming pools revealed that chlorination was often inadequate, especially when high numbers of people led to overuse of the pools. Although the results of this research showed that otitis externa was strongly associated with the swimming pools, due to P. aeruginosa, an extensive follow-up study is needed to determine the other possible health risks associated with public pools.
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Chisholm, RH, and GJ Blair. "Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. III. Correlations of dry matter accumulation with phosphorus pool sizes and their net transfer rate." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 5 (1988): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880827.
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Results of an experiment over five solution P concentrations ( 1 , 2, 4, 8, 16 8M P) and five harvests were used in a response surface approach to determine the size and incorporation rates of major plant P pools in white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Ladino) and stylo (Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano).At low P stylo had a greater total flux of P from the soluble P (inorganic P, ester P) pool to supply lipid and residue P (RNA, DNA, phosphoprotein) pools.At high P concentrations large soluble P pools in tops were associated with depressed dry weight accumulation in stylo compared to white clover. Possible reasons for this effect of soluble P, as related to photosynthetic rate, are discussed.Since both pool size and incorporation rate affected the efficiency of phosphorus use, the two measures were combined in a model of plant P use to assist in understanding reaction to high or low P. The model demonstrated the importance of maintenance of P supply to structural P pools, particulary phospholipids, at low P levels.Pool size and incorporation rate were combined as a transfer coefficient of P. RGR was best correlated with the transfer coefficients of structural (lipid, residue) pools in the roots rather than the tops. R2 values as high as 0.99 were obtained for relationships between structural P pools and dry weight. Strong correlations were also found when the data of both species were combined, including that the same factors were associated with RGR in different species. Selection for 'P efficiency' based on biochemical parameters is possible, but must take account of roots rather than simpler tops P concentrations.
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Leeds, J. M., M. B. Slabaugh, and C. K. Mathews. "DNA precursor pools and ribonucleotide reductase activity: distribution between the nucleus and cytoplasm of mammalian cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 12 (December 1985): 3443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.12.3443-3450.1985.
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Nuclear and whole-cell deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools were measured in HeLa cells at different densities and throughout the cell cycle of synchronized CHO cells. Nuclei were prepared by brief detergent (Nonidet P-40) treatment of subconfluent monolayers, a procedure that solubilizes plasma membranes but leaves nuclei intact and attached to the plastic substratum. Electron microscopic examination of monolayers treated with Nonidet P-40 revealed protruding nuclei surrounded by cytoskeletal remnants. Control experiments showed that nuclear dNTP pool sizes were stable during the time required for isolation, suggesting that redistribution of nucleotides during the isolation procedure was minimal. Examination of HeLa whole-cell and nuclear dNTP levels revealed that the nuclear proportion of each dNTP was distinct and remained constant as cell density increased. In synchronized CHO cells, all four dNTP whole-cell pools increased during S phase, with the dCTP pool size increasing most dramatically. The nuclear dCTP pool did not increase as much as the whole-cell dCTP pool during S phase, lowering the relative nuclear dCTP pool. Although the whole-cell dNTP pools decreased after 30 h of isoleucine deprivation, nuclear pools did not decrease proportionately. In summary, nuclear dNTP pools in synchronized CHO cells maintained a relatively constant concentration throughout the cell cycle in the face of larger fluctuations in whole-cell dNTP pools. Ribonucleotide reductase activity was measured in CHO cells throughout the cell cycle, and although there was a 10-fold increase in whole-cell activity during S phase, we detected no reductase in nuclear preparations at any point in the cell cycle.
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Leeds, J. M., M. B. Slabaugh, and C. K. Mathews. "DNA precursor pools and ribonucleotide reductase activity: distribution between the nucleus and cytoplasm of mammalian cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 12 (December 1985): 3443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.12.3443.
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Nuclear and whole-cell deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools were measured in HeLa cells at different densities and throughout the cell cycle of synchronized CHO cells. Nuclei were prepared by brief detergent (Nonidet P-40) treatment of subconfluent monolayers, a procedure that solubilizes plasma membranes but leaves nuclei intact and attached to the plastic substratum. Electron microscopic examination of monolayers treated with Nonidet P-40 revealed protruding nuclei surrounded by cytoskeletal remnants. Control experiments showed that nuclear dNTP pool sizes were stable during the time required for isolation, suggesting that redistribution of nucleotides during the isolation procedure was minimal. Examination of HeLa whole-cell and nuclear dNTP levels revealed that the nuclear proportion of each dNTP was distinct and remained constant as cell density increased. In synchronized CHO cells, all four dNTP whole-cell pools increased during S phase, with the dCTP pool size increasing most dramatically. The nuclear dCTP pool did not increase as much as the whole-cell dCTP pool during S phase, lowering the relative nuclear dCTP pool. Although the whole-cell dNTP pools decreased after 30 h of isoleucine deprivation, nuclear pools did not decrease proportionately. In summary, nuclear dNTP pools in synchronized CHO cells maintained a relatively constant concentration throughout the cell cycle in the face of larger fluctuations in whole-cell dNTP pools. Ribonucleotide reductase activity was measured in CHO cells throughout the cell cycle, and although there was a 10-fold increase in whole-cell activity during S phase, we detected no reductase in nuclear preparations at any point in the cell cycle.
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Zhang, Lin, Huajie Guan, Qiuyun Luo, Lifang Yuan, Yulan Mao, Xiaojun Wu, Zhizhong Pan, Junzhong Lin, and Jianhong Peng. "Prognostic impact of acellular mucin pools towards the patients with locally advanced rectal cancer achieving pathological complete response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy." Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 13 (January 2020): 175628482091125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756284820911259.
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Background: To date, the prognostic significance of acellular mucin pools in tumors from patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) undergoing preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and subsequently obtaining pathological complete response (pCR) has not been well determined. Our current study aimed to explore the prognostic impact on these patients of acellular mucin pools. Methods: We collected clinical data from 117 consecutive LARC patients who achieved pCR after preoperative CRT and then underwent radical resection. Two groups of patients were generated, according to the presence or absence of acellular mucin pools. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were compared between the two groups of patients. Results: A total of 27 (23.1%) patients presented with acellular mucin pools. At a median follow-up period of 64 months, patients with acellular mucin pool showed a 5-year DFS rate (96.3% versus 83.7%, p = 0.110) and 5-year OS rate (100% versus 87.5%, p = 0.054) statistically similar to those of patients without acellular mucin pools. In univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses, the presence of acellular mucin pools was not determined as an independent risk factor for DFS [hazard ratio (HR): 0.222; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.029–1.864; p = 0.145] or OS (HR: 0.033; 95% CI: 0.000–9.620; p = 0.238). Conclusions: Acellular mucin pools had no significant prognostic impact on LARC patients showing pCR after preoperative CRT.
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Roediger, Lana M., and Toby F. Bolton. "Abundance and distribution of South Australia's endemic sea star, Parvulastra parvivipara (Asteroidea: Asterinidae)." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 3 (2008): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07084.
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Parvulastra parvivipara is one of the smallest sea stars. It is restricted to tide pools on seven granite platforms within 200 km of coastline on the Eyre Peninsula of South Australia. This species exhibits intragonadal brooding and cannibalism of offspring, and gives birth to non-dispersive juveniles. Its distribution is variable, with specimens occupying few of the many seemingly similar tide pools at each site at differing densities. The abundance and distribution of P. parvivipara were examined in relation to twelve ecological variables of tide pools at all known mainland sites. An estimate of overall population size was also made. Multiple regression analyses showed that the abundance of P. parvivipara was negatively associated with wave-exposure and positively associated with the structural complexity of tide pools. A multiple logistic regression also indicated that the presence of sea stars (distribution) was more likely in structurally complex tide pools with low wave-exposure. Additionally, increasing elevation of a tide pool relative to the high-tide margin within the intertidal zone reduced the likelihood of finding sea stars. It is suggested that the variable abundance and distribution of P. parvivipara may be driven by broad scale ecological variables (e.g. complexity and wave-exposure), localised population extinctions (within tide pools) and recolonisation of tide pools via transportation of individuals across the rock platforms by wave-energy. It is also suggested that strikingly high abundances of P. parvivipara in some tide pools are likely to result from the reproductive mode of this species where each hermaphroditic individual gives birth to cohorts of up to twenty non-dispersive juveniles.
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Bernard, A. G. "Factors Influencing the Bacteriological Quality of Spa-Pool Waters in New South Wales (Australia)." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0041.
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The increasing popularity in the use of spa pools during the 1970's and 1980's and the accompanying incidents of folliculitis and ear infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with spa-pool use has necessitated the development of bacteriological and chemical guidelines for spa-pool water quality. The New South Wales (N.S.W.) Department of Health introduced a bacteriological standard for swimming pools and spa-pools in 1981 based on the findings of a series of surveys aimed at identifying the principal factors influencing the bacteriological quality of spa waters. Four surveys are summarised in this paper. The major findings described are the tenfold higher recovery of P. aeruginosa from spa-pools than from outdoor pools; the need for at least 2.0 milligrams per litre (mg/L) free chlorine residual in order to achieve reliable satisfactory water quality in spas compared with a requirement of 1.0mg/L to achieve the same quality in outdoor pools; the need to maintain pH below 8.0 in order to ensure efficient chlorine disinfection; the apparent inability of bromochlorodimethylhydantoin to adequately disinfect spas during heavy bather load periods; and the success of the Health Department's spa-pool operator education program which resulted in a 30% reduction in the incidence of bacteriologically unsatisfactory spa-pool waters in N.S.W. between 1980 and 1986.
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Rice, Scott A., Ben van den Akker, Francesco Pomati, and David Roser. "A risk assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools: a review." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 2 (May 14, 2012): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.020.
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Despite routine monitoring and disinfection, treated swimming pools are frequently contaminated with the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which can represent a significant public health threat. This review was undertaken to identify the current understanding of risk factors associated with pool operation with respect to P. aeruginosa. The ecology and factors that promote growth of P. aeruginosa in the pool environment are complex and dynamic and so we applied a systematic risk assessment approach to integrate existing data, with the aim to improve pool management and safety. Sources of P. aeruginosa, types of infections, dose responses, routes of transmission, as well as the efficacy of current disinfectant treatments were reviewed. This review also highlights the critical knowledge gaps that are required for a more robust, quantitative risk assessment of P. aeruginosa. Quantitative risk management strategies have been successfully applied to drinking water systems and should similarly be amenable to developing a better understanding of the risk posed by P. aeruginosa in swimming pools.
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Bathija, Geeta V., and Roopakala Narasimha. "A cross-sectional study on health related behaviors among swimming pool users and sanitary conditions of swimming pools in Hubballi city." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 5174. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195465.
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Background: With evolving and advancing civilization, man-made water recreational environments such as swimming pools, not only offer health promotions and social benefits but are also accompanied with health risks. It is necessary to properly manage and consistently monitor swimming pool to make sure about water treatment methods and health, to protect health of the users. This study aimed to assess the health related behaviours in swimming pool users and to study sanitary condition of swimming pool.Methods: A cross-sectional study done in Hubballi city among swimming pool users. A semi-structured pre-tested self-administered questionnaire applied to 200 participants of 3 swimming pools. Data collected regarding socio-demographic details, swimming pool regulations, health related events and health benefits and sanitary conditions of swimming pool.Results: Among 200 participants, 65% were males and 35% were females. 78.5% of the participants had knowledge about swimming pool regulation. 68% had unhealthy habits in swimming pool, among these 62% had at least one reported symptom. 73% of males had unhealthy habits and 57% had at least one reported symptom (p<0.05 significant). As the experience in swimming increases, unhealthy habits decreases (p<0.05 significant) and symptoms will be decreased (p<0.05 significant).Conclusions: In our study majority of the participants had unhealthy habits and knowledge about swimming pool regulations. All swimming pools were chlorinated and pH was maintained within WHO recommended guidelines.
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Wintemute, Garen J., and Mona A. Wright. "Swimming Pool Owners' Opinions of Strategies for Prevention of Drowning." Pediatrics 85, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.85.1.63.
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Training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation for pool owners and mandatory placement of a barrier around pools, two commonly suggested strategies for prevention of drowning, will depend, in part, on the support of pool owners to be successfully implemented. To measure this support, an equal probability sample of 795 Sacramento County households with pools was surveyed. An 80% response rate was achieved. A large majority (86%) favored voluntary cardiopulmonary resiscitation training, and a plurality (40%) favored required cardiopulmonary resuscitation certification for poo1 owners. However, 61% opposed a universal barrier requirement, and 49% objected to a barrier requirement for new pools only. Respondents with small children at home were more likely (P = .0001) to support a required barrier. The previous occurrence of a significant immersion event had surprisingly little effect. The results suggest some specific directions for programs to prevent swimming pool drownings.
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Schets, F. M., H. H. J. L. van den Berg, R. Baan, G. Lynch, and A. M. de Roda Husman. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa on vinyl-canvas inflatables and foam teaching aids in swimming pools." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 4 (June 11, 2014): 772–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.066.
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Swimming pool-related Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections mainly result in folliculitis and otitis externa. P. aeruginosa forms biofilms on surfaces in the swimming pool environment. The presence of P. aeruginosa on inflatables and foam teaching aids in 24 public swimming pools in the Netherlands was studied. Samples (n = 230) were taken from 175 objects and analysed for P. aeruginosa by culture. Isolated P. aeruginosa were tested for antibiotic resistance by disk diffusion. P. aeruginosa was detected in 63 samples (27%), from 47 objects (27%) in 19 (79%) swimming pools. More vinyl-canvas objects (44%) than foam objects (20%) were contaminated, as were wet objects (43%) compared to dry objects (13%). Concentrations were variable, and on average higher on vinyl-canvas than on foam objects. Forty of 193 (21%) P. aeruginosa isolates from 11 different objects were (intermediate) resistant to one or more of 12 clinically relevant antibiotics, mostly to imipenem and aztreonam. The immediate risk of a P. aeruginosa infection from exposure to swimming pool objects seems limited, but the presence of P. aeruginosa on pool objects is unwanted and requires attention of pool managers and responsible authorities. Strict drying and cleaning policies are needed for infrequently used vinyl-canvas objects.
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Singh, A., S. E. Baer, U. Riebesell, A. C. Martiny, and M. W. Lomas. "C : N : P stoichiometry at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study station in the North Atlantic Ocean." Biogeosciences 12, no. 21 (November 9, 2015): 6389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6389-2015.
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Abstract. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability, in addition to other macro- and micronutrients, determine the strength of the ocean's carbon (C) uptake, and variation in the N : P ratio of inorganic nutrient pools is key to phytoplankton growth. A similarity between C : N : P ratios in the plankton biomass and deep-water nutrients was observed by Alfred C. Redfield around 80 years ago and suggested that biological processes in the surface ocean controlled deep-ocean chemistry. Recent studies have emphasized the role of inorganic N : P ratios in governing biogeochemical processes, particularly the C : N : P ratio in suspended particulate organic matter (POM), with somewhat less attention given to exported POM and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Herein, we extend the discussion on ecosystem C : N : P stoichiometry but also examine temporal variation in stoichiometric relationships. We have analyzed elemental stoichiometry in the suspended POM and total (POM + DOM) organic-matter (TOM) pools in the upper 100 m and in the exported POM and subeuphotic zone (100–500 m) inorganic nutrient pools from the monthly data collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site located in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean. C : N and N : P ratios in TOM were at least twice those in the POM, while C : P ratios were up to 5 times higher in TOM compared to those in the POM. Observed C : N ratios in suspended POM were approximately equal to the canonical Redfield ratio (C : N : P = 106 : 16 : 1), while N : P and C : P ratios in the same pool were more than twice the Redfield ratio. Average N : P ratios in the subsurface inorganic nutrient pool were ~ 26 : 1, squarely between the suspended POM ratio and the Redfield ratio. We have further linked variation in elemental stoichiometry to that of phytoplankton cell abundance observed at the BATS site. Findings from this study suggest that elemental ratios vary with depth in the euphotic zone, mainly due to different growth rates of cyanobacterial cells. We have also examined the role of the Arctic Oscillation on temporal patterns in C : N : P stoichiometry. This study strengthens our understanding of the variability in elemental stoichiometry in different organic-matter pools and should improve biogeochemical models by constraining the range of non-Redfield stoichiometry and the net relative flow of elements between pools.
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Wang, X., D. W. Lester, C. N. Guppy, P. V. Lockwood, and C. Tang. "Changes in phosphorus fractions at various soil depths following long-term P fertiliser application on a Black Vertosol from south-eastern Queensland." Soil Research 45, no. 7 (2007): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07069.
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Long-term removal of grain P and soil test data suggested that the Colwell phosphorus (P) extraction from the surface 0.10 m of a Black Vertosol from south-eastern Queensland was a poor indicator of run-down of soil P pools. We proposed that plants were also accessing P from layers below 0.10 m or from surface soil P pools not extracted by the Colwell extraction. Both topsoil and subsoil samples in 1994 and 2003 were collected from nil and 20 kg P/ha per crop treatments in a long-term N × P field experiment established in 1985 for detailed P fractionation. An uncropped reference soil was also taken in 2003 from an adjacent area. The long-term effect of the field treatments on soil P fractions was evaluated by comparing the reference site, which was assumed to represent the original soil condition, to the 2003 samples. Without addition of P fertiliser, 55%, 35%, and 10% of total P removal were from 0 to 0.10, 0.10 to 0.30, and 0.30 to 0.60 m, respectively, compared with the uncropped reference soil. Labile fractions comprising resin, bicarbonate, and hydroxide pools in the top 0.10 m decreased by approximately 60% and accounted for 15% of the total P decrease from 0 to 0.60 m depth. Acid and residual-P fractions decreased by 50% and 20%, respectively, and accounted for ~20% and 15% of the total P decrease. In contrast, P addition at 20 kg P/ha per crop over 18 crops doubled the resin and bicarbonate inorganic P (NaHCO3-Pi) pools in the surface 0.10 m. Hydroxide (NaOH-Pi) and acid extracted inorganic P increased by 25% and 10%, respectively, while the residual-P pool decreased by about 15%. Below 0.10 m, very little P was removed by the first 3 extractants. Most of the P was present in the acid and residual fractions irrespective of fertiliser application. The acid and residual-P dropped by 30% and 12%, respectively, at 0.10–0.30 m and 12% and 8% at 0.30–0.60 m. When comparing the experimental soil samples in 2003 with those in 1994, similar trends were observed in the changes of each soil P fraction. In the surface 0.10 m, acid and residual-P pools decreased greatly and explained almost all of the total P decrease in the surface soil without P input. With P addition, labile pools acted as the main sink for P. The acid pool increased by 7%, while the residual-P showed a decrease in the topsoil. Total P level was elevated noticeably in this soil layer. However, at 0.10–0.30 m depth, acid and residual pools were the dominant fractions and decreased significantly irrespective of P fertiliser addition. Below 0.30 m, no significant changes were detected for each fraction and total P. The results suggest that crops had accessed significant amounts of P at 0.10–0.30 m depth irrespective of P fertiliser application, and that subsoil sampling (0.10–0.30 m) should be considered in order to improve the monitoring of soil P status. However, choice of appropriate extractants for monitoring subsoil P reserves is yet to be undertaken.
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KUBEMCDOWELL, M. "Looking back at The Quiet Pools." Journal of Social and Biological Systems 14, no. 1 (1991): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-1750(91)90036-p.
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Schiemann, Donald A. "Experiences With Bacteriological Monitoring of Pool Water." Infection Control 6, no. 10 (October 1985): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700063505.
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AbstractA bacteriological study was completed on pools and whirlpools operated by hotels and private health clubs in the metropolitan area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and fecal streptococci were found only when other indices showed a drastic deterioration in water quality. Aerobic plate counts were higher, and staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurred more often in whirlpools than in swimming pools. There was a correlation between aerobic plate counts and the presence of staphylococci and P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa was rare in swimming pools in the absence of staphylococci; however, in whirlpools the organism was often found in the absence of staphylococci, and when aerobic plate counts were low. P. aeruginosa and plate counts in excess of 3,000 per ml occurred more frequently in whirlpools when the free chlorine residual was less than one part per million. The surface film showed concentrations of staphylococci far greater than the pool water. Whirlpools appear to present a different ecosystem that favors the establishment of P. aeruginosa. Staphylococci, but not Staphylococcus aureus, are useful in indicators of pool water quality but better laboratory methodology is required. Additional attention should be directed to the bacteriology of the water surface film, which presents a more direct hazard to bathers.
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Hinojosa-Garro, Demián, Joselito Arceo-Gómez, Luis Zambrano, and Luis H. Escalera-Vázquez. "Fish diet composition in permanent and semi-permanent pools in tropical wetlands of the Yucatan Peninsula." Neotropical Ichthyology 11, no. 4 (2013): 881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252013000400016.
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We compared fish diet composition between permanent (P) and semi-permanent (SP) pools in Petenes Biosphere Reserve (PBR), Campeche. A total of 445 gut contents were examined to determine stomach relative fullness (RF), fish diet as index of niche breadth (INB) and diet overlap. In SP pools, species showed a RF of 1.66 (57.20 % empty stomachs) whereas in P pools, the RF was 2.91 (31.16%). We classified fish diet into six trophic groups: detritivorous, herbivorous-detritivorous, insectivorous, piscivorous, omnivorous and malacophagous. Species in P pools were found to be specialist. Conversely, species present in both habitats shifted to generalist patterns. There was a 54.0% dissimilarity in fish diet composition between pools. From all items identified, detritus (21.33% of the total dissimilarity), aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates (12.31%), fish remains (10.29%), plant remains (7.37%), and crustaceans (2.74%) distinguished diets between pools. Significant diet overlaps (>0.6) and low INB values (<0.3) were observed in P pools, whereas in SP pools, intermediate-low diet overlaps (<0.4) and higher INB values (>0.5) were observed. In SP pools seasonality had a strong effect on fish diet, increasing the frequency of food items such as terrestrial insects, amphipods and arachnids, during the rainy season while P pools showed lower variation. Thus, fish trophic habits appear to be regulated by pools hydrology.
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Aarons, S. R., H. M. Hosseini, L. Dorling, and C. J. P. Gourley. "Dung decomposition in temperate dairy pastures. II. Contribution to plant-available soil phosphorus." Soil Research 42, no. 1 (2004): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03009.
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Changes in dung and soil inorganic and organic P pools were measured in an experiment investigating the effects of dung on soil properties in 2 grazed dairy pasture systems (low and high input). Total dung P and bicarbonate-extractable P pools were measured in decomposing pads and compared with the changes in inorganic and organic bicarbonate-extractable soil P, P sorption, and microbial P flush of soils beneath dung pads and control 'pads' where nothing was applied. Bicarbonate-extractable total P in the dung pads declined to the same level in both systems by the last sample date. Organic P comprised a similar proportion (36%) of the bicarbonate-extractable total P pool in dung from both low and high input systems. However, the transformations of dung P were different in each system, with the bicarbonate-extractable total P in the low input dung increasing by 25% before declining, and a greater decrease in percentage bicarbonate-extractable organic P in this system.Bicarbonate-extractable soil organic P did not vary under dung pads despite the large increases in Olsen and Colwell P observed. Soil Olsen P trends observed in the low and high input systems indicate a potential for leaching losses of P in high input systems compared with low. This increase in soil Olsen P was not due to decreased P sorption as dung did not reduce the sorption capacity of the soil. Microbial soil P increased under dung pads only after 60 days in this experiment. Neither the organic P nor microbial P pools contributed significantly to soil labile P pools in these temperate dairy pasture systems. The transformations of P thought to occur during the decomposition of dung are discussed.
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McLaren, T. I., M. J. Bell, I. J. Rochester, C. N. Guppy, M. K. Tighe, and R. J. Flavel. "Growth and phosphorus uptake of faba bean and cotton are related to Colwell-P concentrations in the subsoil of Vertosols." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 8 (2013): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13025.
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Recent studies report low and variable phosphorus (P) fertiliser use efficiency (PUE) for cotton in the northern grains region (NGR) of eastern Australia. This may be due to cotton accessing P pools that are not currently tested for in the subsoil (10–30 cm) or variation in response to P source and placement strategy. Two glasshouse studies were used to investigate this, incorporating two soil P tests to assess readily and slowly available P pools (Colwell, and a dilute acid colloquially referred to as the BSES extractant), and five different P fertiliser placement strategies in the subsoil. Eighteen Vertosols were collected across southern to central Queensland in the NGR, and then used to grow faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) sequentially in the same 28-L pot. Readily available P pools assessed by Colwell-P were of major importance for faba bean and cotton dry matter, as well as for tissue P concentrations. Cotton was less responsive to extractable subsoil P concentrations than faba bean, suggesting either greater internal PUE or improved ability to accumulate P under conditions of limited availability. We recommend that subsoil P fertilisation should occur before sowing faba bean to maximise PUE in a cotton–faba bean rotation. Faba bean and cotton both recovered more P when the subsoil was fertilised, but no individual P fertiliser placement strategy was superior. Phosphorus extracted using the BSES method was not correlated with faba bean or cotton dry matter or tissue P concentration over the single crop cycle. We also recommend that Colwell-P be measured in the topsoil and subsoil to understand the quantity of plant-available P in Vertosols of the NGR, and that further research is needed to describe the resupply of the readily available P pool from slowly available P pools during a single crop cycle.
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Lippai, Anett, Rózsa Farkas, Sára Szuróczki, Attila Szabó, Tamás Felföldi, Marwene Toumi, and Erika Tóth. "Microbiological investigations of two thermal baths in Budapest, Hungary. Report: effect of bathing and pool operation type on water quality." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 6 (October 7, 2020): 1020–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.027.
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Abstract In Hungary, which is famous for its thermal baths, according to the regulations, waters are investigated in hygienic aspects with standard cultivation methods. In the present study, two thermal baths were investigated (the well and three different pool waters in both) using cultivation methods, taxon-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), multiplex PCRs and next-generation amplicon sequencing. Mainly members of the natural microbial community of the well waters and bacteria originating from the environment were detected but several opportunistic pathogenic taxa, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. stutzeri, Acinetobacter johnsoni, Acinetobacter baumanni, Moraxella osloensis, Microbacterium paraoxydans, Legionella spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Staphylococcus aureus were revealed by the applied methods. Pools with charging-unloading operation had higher microscopic cell counts, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, number of cocci, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus compared to the recirculation systems. Bacteria originating from human sources (e.g., skin) were identified in the pool waters with less than 1% relative abundance, and their presence was sporadic in the pools. Comparing the microbiological quality of the pools based on the first sampling time and the following four months' period it was revealed that recirculation operation type has better water quality than the charging-unloading pool operation from a hygienic point of view.
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Niederberger, Jörg, Martin Kohler, and Jürgen Bauhus. "Distribution of phosphorus fractions with different plant availability in German forest soils and their relationship with common soil properties and foliar P contents." SOIL 5, no. 2 (July 23, 2019): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-189-2019.
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Abstract. Repeated, grid-based forest soil inventories such as the National Forest Soil Inventory of Germany (NFSI) aim, among other things, at detecting changes in soil properties and plant nutrition. In these types of inventories, the only information on soil phosphorus (P) is commonly the total P content. However, total P content in mineral soils of forests is usually not a meaningful variable with respect to predicting the availability of P to trees. Here we tested a modified sequential P extraction according to Hedley (1982) to determine the distribution of different plant-available P fractions in soil samples (at depths of 0–5 and 10–30 cm) from 146 NFSI sites, encompassing a wide variety of soil conditions. In addition, we analyzed relationships between these P fractions and common soil properties such as pH, texture, and soil organic carbon content (SOC). The total P content among our samples ranged from approximately 60 to 2800 mg kg−1. The labile, moderately labile, and stable P fractions contributed to 27 %, 51 %, and 22 % of the total P content, respectively, at a depth of 0–5 cm. At a depth of 10–30 cm, the labile P fractions decreased to 15 %, whereas the stable P fractions increased to 30 %. These changes with depth were accompanied by a decrease in the organic P fractions. High P contents were related to high pH values. While the labile Hedley P pool increased with decreasing pH in absolute and relative terms, the stable Hedley P pool decreased in absolute and relative terms. Increasing SOC in soils led to significant increases in all Hedley P pools and in total P. In sandy soils, the P content across all fractions was lower than in other soil texture types. Multiple linear regression models indicated that Hedley P pools and P fractions were moderately well related to soil properties (with r2 values that were mostly above 0.5), and that the sand content of soils had the strongest influence. Foliar P contents in Pinus sylvestris were reasonably well explained by the labile and moderately labile P pool (r2 = 0.67) but not so for Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica. Foliar P contents in all three species could not be related to specific Hedley P pools. Our study indicates that soil properties such as pH, SOC content, and soil texture may be used to predict certain soil Hedley P pools with different plant availability on the basis of large soil inventories. However, the foliar P contents of tree species cannot be sufficiently well predicted by the soil variables considered here.
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Singh, A., S. E. Baer, U. Riebesell, A. C. Martiny, and M. W. Lomas. "C : N : P stoichiometry at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study station in the North Atlantic Ocean." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 12 (June 19, 2015): 9275–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-9275-2015.
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Abstract. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability determine the strength of the ocean's carbon (C) uptake, and variation in the N : P ratio in inorganic nutrients is key to phytoplankton growth. A similarity between C : N : P ratios in the plankton biomass and deep-water nutrients was observed by Alfred C. Redfield around 80 years ago and suggested that biological processes in the surface ocean controlled deep ocean chemistry. Recent studies have emphasized the role of inorganic N : P ratios in governing biogeochemical processes, particularly the C : N : P ratio in suspended particulate organic matter (POM), with somewhat less attention given to exported POM and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Herein, we extend the discussion on ecosystem C : N : P stoichiometry but also examine temporal variation of stoichiometric relationships. We have analysed elemental stoichiometry in the suspended POM and total (POM + DOM) organic matter (TOM) pools in the upper 100 m, and in the exported POM and sub-euphotic zone (100–500 m) inorganic nutrient pools from the monthly data collected at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site located in the western part of the North Atlantic Ocean. C : N : P ratios in the TOM pool were more than twice that in the POM pool. Observed C : N ratios in suspended POM were approximately equal to the canonical Redfield Ratio (C : N : P = 106 : 16 : 1), while N : P and C : P ratios in the same pool were more than twice the Redfield Ratio. Average N : P ratios in the subsurface inorganic nutrient pool were ~ 26 : 1, squarely between the suspended POM ratio and the Redfield ratio. We have further linked variation in elemental stoichiometry with that of phytoplankton cell abundance observed at the BATS site. Findings from this study suggest that the variation elemental ratios with depth in the euphotic zone was mainly due to different growth rates of cyanobacterial cells. These time-series data have also allowed us to examine the potential role of climate variability on C : N : P stoichiometry. This study strengthens our understanding of elemental stoichiometry in different organic matter pools and should improve biogeochemical models by constraining the range of non-Redfield stoichiometry.
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Baller, Johnna L., Stephen D. Kachman, Larry A. Kuehn, and Matthew L. Spangler. "38 Using pooled data for single-step genomic prediction: Impact of within-pool variance and size." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.017.
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Abstract Economically relevant traits (ERT) are routinely collected within commercial segments of the beef industry but are rarely included in genetic evaluations because of unknown pedigrees. Individual relationships could be resurrected with genomics, which would be costly; pooling DNA and phenotypic data provides a cost-effective solution. A simulated beef cattle population consisting of 15 generations was genotyped with approximately 50k markers (841 quantitative trait loci were located across the genome) and phenotyped for a moderately heritable trait. Individuals from generation 15 were included in pools (observed genotype and phenotype were mean values of a group). Estimated breeding values (EBV) were generated from a single-step GBLUP model. The effects of pooling strategy (random and minimizing or uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation), pool size (1, 2, 10, 20, 50, 100, or no data from generation 15), and generational gaps of genotyping on EBV accuracy (correlation of EBV with true breeding values) were quantified. Greatest EBV accuracies of sires and dams were observed when no gap between genotyped parents and pooled offspring occurred. The EBV accuracies resulting from pools were greater than no data from generation 15 regardless of sire or dam genotyping. Minimizing phenotypic variation increased EBV accuracy by 8% and 9% over random pooling and uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation, respectively. Pool size of 2 was the only scenario that did not significantly decrease EBV accuracy compared to individual data when pools were formed randomly or by uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation (P > 0.05). Pool sizes of 2, 10, 20, or 50 did not generally lead to EBV accuracies that were statistically different than individual data when pools were constructed to minimize phenotypic variation (P > 0.05). Pooled genotyping to garner commercial-level phenotypes for genetic evaluations seems plausible, although differences exist depending on pool size and pool formation strategy. The USDA is an equal opportunity employer.
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Alamgir, Md, Ann McNeill, Caixian Tang, and Petra Marschner. "Changes in soil P pools during legume residue decomposition." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 49 (June 2012): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.01.031.
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Ducros, Véronique, Patrice Faure, Monique Ferry, François Couzy, Isabelle Biajoux, and Alain Favier. "The sizes of the exchangeable pools of selenium in elderly women and their relation to institutionalization." British Journal of Nutrition 78, no. 3 (September 1997): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970158.
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Exchangeable pools of Se after an intravenous injection of 74Se-enriched isotope as sodium selenite were measured in two groups (n 9) of elderly women (free-living aged 64–82 years and institutionalized aged 68–82 years), and a comparison group (n 9) of young women aged 31–40 years to evaluate the effect of age and institutionalization on Se reserves. Dietary Se intake was not different among the three groups. Plasma Se and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) levels were significantly lower in the institutionalized elderly women (P < 0.05). In each of the three groups, two pools were determined from our model. The size of the first pool and the sum of the two pools were lower in the group of institutionalized elderly women than in the other two groups. The significant correlation between plasma Se level and total Se pool size (r 0.66, P < 0.01) indicated that this last variable could serve as a new marker of Se status. Finally, these data suggest that the Se status of elderly women is more related to lifestyle, in terms of institutionalization or not, than to age per se.
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Daniszewski, Piotr, and Beata Draszawka-Bołzan. "Selected Parameters of Water Quality of the Swimming Pools Port in Szczecin." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 4 (November 19, 2012): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-1vpvi7.
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To estimate differentiation of water chemistry in reservoirs of swimming pools port in Szczecin, in time of 2004 - 2008. In arbitrary appointed times 5 physical and chemical indicators of water quality were determined to evaluate general status and water condition - temperature, pH, COD-Cr, BOD5, Clˉ.
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Frkova, Zuzana, Chiara Pistocchi, Yuliya Vystavna, Katerina Capkova, Jiri Dolezal, and Federica Tamburini. "Phosphorus dynamics during early soil development in a cold desert: insights from oxygen isotopes in phosphate." SOIL 8, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-1-2022.
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Abstract. At the early stages of pedogenesis, the dynamics of phosphorus (P) in soils are controlled by microbial communities, the physicochemical properties of the soil and the environmental conditions. While various microorganisms involved in carrying out biogeochemical processes have been identified, little is known about the actual contribution of microbial processes, such as organic P hydrolysis and microbial P turnover, to P cycling. We thus focused on processes driven by microbes and how they affect the size and cycling of organic and inorganic soil P pools along a soil chronosequence in the Chamser Kangri glacier forefield (Western Himalayas). The rapid retreat of the glacier allowed us to study the early stages of soil formation under a cold arid climate. Biological P transformations were studied with the help of the isotopic composition of oxygen (O) in phosphate (δ18OP) coupled to sequential P fractionation performed on soil samples (0–5 cm depth) from four sites of different age spanning 0 to 100–150 years. The P bound to Ca, i.e., 1 M HCl-extractable P, still represented 95 % of the total P stock after approximately 100 years of soil development. Its isotopic composition was similar to the parent material at the most developed site. Primary phosphate minerals, possibly apatite, mostly comprised this pool. The δ18OP of the available P and the NaOH-extractable inorganic P instead differed from that of the parent material, suggesting that these pools underwent biological turnover. The δ18OP of the available P was mostly controlled by the microbial P, suggesting fast exchanges occurred between these two pools possibly fostered by repeated freezing–thawing and drying–rewetting cycles. The release of P from organic P becomes increasingly important with soil age, constituting one-third of the P flux to available P at the oldest site. Accordingly, the lighter isotopic composition of the P bound to Fe and Al oxides at the oldest site indicated that this pool contained phosphate released by organic P mineralization. Compared to previous studies on early pedogenesis under alpine or cold climate, our findings suggest a much slower decrease of the P-bearing primary minerals during the first 100 years of soil development under extreme conditions. However, they provide evidence that, by driving short-term P dynamics, microbes play an important role in controlling the redistribution of primary P into inorganic and organic soil P pools.
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Mat Hassan, Hasnuri, Petra Marschner, Ann McNeill, and Caixian Tang. "Growth, P uptake in grain legumes and changes in rhizosphere soil P pools." Biology and Fertility of Soils 48, no. 2 (August 14, 2011): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-011-0612-y.
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Mat Hassan, Hasnuri, Hasbullah Hasbullah, and Petra Marschner. "Growth and rhizosphere P pools of legume–wheat rotations at low P supply." Biology and Fertility of Soils 49, no. 1 (May 6, 2012): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-012-0695-0.
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Cyraniak, Emil, Piotr Daniszewski, and Beata Draszawka-Bołzan. "Characteristics of Selected Quality Parameters of the Swimming Pools Port in Swinoujscie." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 5 (December 19, 2012): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-59m893.
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To estimate differentiation of water chemistry in reservoirs of swimming pools port in Świnoujście, in time of 2004 - 2008. In arbitrary appointed times 5 physical and chemical indicators of water quality were determined to evaluate general status and water condition - temperature, pH, NO3-, PO43-, Ptot.. Port of Świnoujście is a sea port located on the Gulf of Pomorską, on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, on the islands of Usedom and Wolin. The Port is located at the Świna, in Świnoujście, West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The port can be placed on ships with a maximum length of 42.0 m and width 260,0 m, draught 12.8 m. The tides in the Harbor, but the water level fluctuations are possible with sudden currents entering and outgoing, which depending on the direction of prevailing winds and reaching speeds of up to 1.5 knots. At the entrance to the port at the West breakwater, It is Western.The primary function of the port of Świnoujście is the transshipment of cereals, ores, oil, paper, cellulose, general cargo, coal, iron. Trying to test water were collected by PN/C-04632.03 with a depth of about. 0.5 m below the water surface. The temperature at the place of sampling were numbered, pH.Collected water samples were fixed in accordance with the recommendations in the Polish Standard-PN/C-04632.04. Other indicators for the quality of the waters have been tagged within 24 hours from the moment of download attempts. The quality objectives was evaluated according to the criteria recommended to evaluate inland surface waters referred to in regulation of the Minister of the environment of 11 February 2004 on the classification for the present status of surface water and groundwater, how to conduct monitoring and how to interpret the results and presentation of these waters. Due to the exposure of the docks the port Świnoujście on the pollution associated with cross-what are the cereals, ores, oil, cellulose, carbon, iron, general research evaluation of the water quality of these pools, you can assess the status of water in order to keep these waters.
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Cyraniak, Emil, Piotr Daniszewski, and Beata Draszawka-Bołzan. "Characteristics of Selected Quality Parameters of the Swimming Pools Port in Szczecin." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 5 (December 19, 2012): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-897g1x.
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To estimate differentiation of water chemistry in reservoirs of swimming pools port in Szczecin, in time of 2004 - 2008. In arbitrary appointed times 5 physical and chemical indicators of water quality were determined to evaluate general status and water condition - temperature, pH, NO3-, PO43-, Ptot.. Port of Szczecin is located on the Oder river and its right shoulder Regalicy. Is located in the western part of the port of Szczecin, in the northern part of the Valley of the lower Oder river on May. The port consists of water bodies which are branches of the Oder river and the channels: Mielenski, Grabowski, Dunczyca Channel Figh, Wroclaw, Parnica, Channel Channel Debicki and Lake Dabie. Trying to test water were collected by PN/C-04632.03 with a depth of about. 0.5 m below the water surface. The temperature at the place of sampling were numbered, pH. Collected water samples were fixed in accordance with the recommendations in the Polish Standard-PN/C-04632.04. Other indicators for the quality of the waters have been tagged within 24 hours from the moment of download attempts. The quality objectives was evaluated according to the criteria recommended to evaluate inland surface waters referred to in regulation of the Minister of the environment of 11 February 2004 on the classification for the present status of surface water and groundwater, how to conduct monitoring and how to interpret the results and presentation of these waters. Due to the exposure of the docks the port Szczecin on the pollution associated with cross-what are the cereals, ores, oil, cellulose, carbon, iron, general research evaluation of the water quality of these pools, you can assess the status of water in order to keep these waters.
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Hernández-Suárez, Carlos M., Osval A. Montesinos-López, Graham McLaren, and José Crossa. "Probability models for detecting transgenic plants." Seed Science Research 18, no. 2 (June 2008): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258508975565.
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AbstractWhen detecting the adventitious presence of transgenic plants (AP), it is important to use an appropriate testing method in the laboratory. Dorfman's group testing method is effective for reducing the number of laboratory analyses, but does not consider the case where AP is diluted below the sensitivity of the analyses, which causes the rate of false negatives to increase. The objective of this study is to propose binomial and negative binomial probabilistic models for determining the required sample size (n), number of pools (g), and size of the pool (k) for detecting individuals possessing AP with a probability ≥ (1 − α) (for a small α) given: (1) pool size (k); (2) estimated proportion of individuals with AP in the population (p); (3) concentration of the trait of interest (AP) in individual seeds (w); and (4) detection limit of the test (c) (AP concentration in a pool below which it cannot be detected). The proposed models consider the different rates of false positives (δ) and false negatives (λ), and the assessment of consumer and producer risks. Results have shown that when using the negative binomial, a required sample size n can be determined that guarantees a high probability that m individuals or g pools containing AP will be found. The pools formed have an optimum size, such that one element with AP will be detected at a low cost. The negative binomial distribution should be used when it is known that the proportion of individuals with AP in the population is p < 0.1; thus, it is guaranteed that m individuals or g pools of individuals with AP will be detected with high probability.
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Daniszewski, Piotr, and Beata Draszawka-Bołzan. "Water Quality of the Surfaces Waters of the Swimming Pools Port in Swinoujscie." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 4 (November 19, 2012): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-79iyba.
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To estimate differentiation of water chemistry in reservoirs of swimming pools port in Swinoujscie, in time of 2004 - 2008. In arbitrary appointed times 5 physical and chemical indicators of water quality were determined to evaluate general status and water condition - temperature, pH, COD-Cr, BOD5, Clˉ.
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Li, Qinglin, Jiquan Chen, Daryl L. Moorhead, Jared L. DeForest, Randy Jensen, and Rachel Henderson. "Effects of timber harvest on carbon pools in Ozark forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 11 (November 2007): 2337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-086.
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We quantified and compared carbon (C) pools at a Missouri Ozark experimental forest 8 years after different harvest treatments. Total C pools were 182, 170, and 130 Mg C·ha–1 for the control (no-harvest management; NHM), single-tree, uneven-age management (UAM), and clearcut even-age management (EAM) stands, respectively. Harvesting reduced the live tree C pool by 31% in the UAM, 93% in EAM stands, and increased the coarse woody debris (CWD) C pool by 50% in UAM and 176% for EAM, compared with NHM stands. UAM significantly (p = 0.02) increased the mineral soil C pool by 14%, whereas EAM had no effect. More interestingly, the distribution of C among various components (i.e., live, dead wood, CWD, litter, and soil) ranged from 0.7% to 29% on NHM stands and from 0.1% to 43% on EAM stands. Soil nitrogen (N) (%) was significantly correlated with soil C (%) in the UAM stands, whereas soil temperature was negatively related to live tree C. Soil N (%) and canopy cover were significantly correlated with live tree and soil C (%) pools at EAM stands. Our results revealed that the largest C pool in these forests was living trees. The soil and CWD C pool sizes suggest the importance of dynamics of decaying harvest debris, which influences N retention.
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Rosenfeld, Jordan, Marc Porter, and Eric Parkinson. "Habitat factors affecting the abundance and distribution of juvenile cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 766–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-010.
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The distribution, abundance, and habitat associations of juvenile anadromous coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were evaluated using survey data from 119 sites in coastal British Columbia. Both cutthroat and coho occurred at their highest densities in very small streams (<5 m channel width), and bankfull channel width was the single best predictor of cutthroat presence (p = 0.0001) and density (R2 = 0.55). Within a channel, densities of coho and larger (yearling and older) cutthroat parr were highest in pools, while densities of young-of-the-year cutthroat were significantly lower in pools and highest in shallower habitats. Abundance of larger cutthroat parr and pool habitat were positively correlated with large woody debris (LWD) within a subset of intermediate-gradient gravel-cobble streams, where pools appear to be limiting to larger cutthroat parr abundance. More than 50% of pools were formed by scour associated with LWD in streams ranging from 1.2 to 11 m channel width, and pools formed by LWD scour were on average 10% deeper than pools formed by other mechanisms. Disproportionate use of small streams by cutthroat indicates that protection of small stream habitat is important for long-term conservation of sea-run populations.
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Lusk, Mary G., and Kylie Chapman. "Chemical Fractionation of Sediment Phosphorus in Residential Urban Stormwater Ponds in Florida, USA." Urban Science 5, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5040081.
Full textAbstract:
Stormwater ponds collect and transform pollutants (including nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus) in urban runoff and are often hydrologically connected to downstream waters, making it important to maximize their pollutant retention efficiency. A key mechanism for phosphorus (P) removal in stormwater ponds is sedimentation. However, sediment P in stormwater ponds may be present in several chemical forms with varying bioavailability and potential to move from sediments into the overlying water column. The purpose of this study was to characterize the chemical fractions of sediment P in residential urban stormwater ponds, with the goal of better understanding expected movement of P from sediments to water. We used a chemical fractionation scheme to separate sediment P into the following pools: loosely adsorbed and readily available P, Fe- and Al-bound P, Ca- and Mg-bound P, NaOH-exchangeable organic P, and refractory P. From six stormwater ponds in the Tampa Bay, Florida urban area, we found the pool of readily available P was less than 3% of total sediment P, and the refractory P pool was 28–40% of Total P. However, both Fe/Al-bound and Ca/Mg-bound P each accounted for about 18% of total sediment P. These latter pools may become available under anoxic or low pH (<6) conditions, respectively, demonstrating that a change in environmental conditions could cause internal P loading from sediments to pond water.
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Tessari, Paolo, Edward Kiwanuka, Michela Zanetti, and Rocco Barazzoni. "Postprandial body protein synthesis and amino acid catabolism measured with leucine and phenylalanine-tyrosine tracers." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 284, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): E1037—E1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00416.2002.
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Whether phenylalanine-tyrosine (Phe-Tyr) tracers yield estimates of postprandial protein synthesis comparable to those of the widely used leucine (Leu) tracer is unclear. We measured Leu oxidation (Ox), Phe hydroxylation (Hy), and their disposal into whole body protein synthesis before and after the administration of a mixed meal (62 kJ/kg body wt, 22% of energy as protein), over 4 h in healthy subjects. Both plasma and intracellular precursor pools were used. The amino acid data were extrapolated to body protein by assuming a fixed ratio of Leu to Phe in the proteins. In the postabsorptive state, whole body protein synthesis (expressed as mg · kg−1 · min−1) was similar between Leu and Phe-Tyr tracers irrespective of the precursor pool used. After the meal, Leu Ox, Phe Hy, and body protein synthesis increased ( P ≤ 0.01 vs. basal). With the use of intracellular precursor pools, the increase of protein synthesis with Phe-Tyr (+0.51 ±0.21 mg · kg−1 · min−1) and Leu tracers (+0.57 ± 0.14) were similar ( P = not significant). In contrast, with plasma pools the increase of protein synthesis was more than twofold greater with Phe-Tyr (+1.17 ± 0.19 mg · kg−1 · min−1) than that with Leu (0.50 ± 0.13 mg · kg−1 · min−1, P < 0.01). Direct correlations were found between Leu and Ox [using both plasma and intracellular pools ( r ≤ 0.65, P ≤ 0.01)] but not between Phe and either plasma or intracellular Hy. In conclusion, 1) Phe-Tyr and Leu tracers yield comparable estimates of body protein synthesis postprandially, provided that intracellular precursor pools are used; 2) both Leu Ox and Phe Hy are stimulated by a mixed meal; 3) Phe does not correlate with Hy, which might be better related to the (unknown) portal Phe.
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Kusumawathie, P. H. D., A. R. Wickremasinghe, N. D. Karunaweera, and M. J. S. Wijeyaratne. "Larvivorous Potential of the Guppy, Poecilia reticulata, in Anopheline Mosquito Control in Riverbed Pools Below the Kotmale Dam, Sri Lanka." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 20, no. 1 (January 2008): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539507308507.
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The larvivorous potential of Poecilia reticulata was studied in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, the number of anopheline larvae consumed per fish per day and the number of larvae in fecal matter per fish were determined. In the field study, 29 of 60 selected riverbed pools in Kotmale oya, below the Kotmale dam, were stocked with P reticulata, whereas the rest served as controls. Anopheline larval surveys were carried out starting from 1 day prior to stocking of fish and on selected days subsequently. P. reticulata consumed an average of 117 ± 32.33 larvae per fish per day. Fecal matter of P. reticulata contained an average of 2.7 ± 2.68 larvae per fish . There was a significant reduction in the number of pools positive for anopheline larvae ( P < .001) after stocking fish and the number of larvae per pool ( P < .001) and per 100 dips ( P < .001) as compared with controls.
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Kaptein, E. M., M. T. Hoopes, M. Parise, and S. G. Massry. "rT3 metabolism in patients with nephrotic syndrome and normal GFR compared with normal subjects." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 260, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): E641—E650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.4.e641.
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To evaluate reverse 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) metabolism in nephrotic syndrome, serum rT3 kinetic studies from 10 nephrotics (mean urinary protein losses 7.0 g/day) with normal glomerular filtration rates (GFR; creatinine clearance 107 ml/min) were compared with 9 normal healthy subjects. Serum disappearance data were analyzed in a three-pool model, including rapidly (liver and kidney) and slowly (muscle, skin, and brain) equilibrating pools exchanging with serum, with all losses from the rapidly equilibrating pool. Serum free thyroxine (T4), determined by equilibrium dialysis, and parathyroid hormone levels were unaltered; total T4, T3, and rT3, and free rT3, albumin, and transferrin levels were significantly decreased; and free fractions of T4 and rT3 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were increased. Despite reduced rT3 binding in serum, fractional transfer rates from serum to extravascular sites and serum clearance rates of total rT3 were unaltered. Free hormone clearance, serum appearance, and maximum hormone production rates were decreased. Total hormone transfer rates between serum and tissue pools and rT3 mass in serum and both tissue pools were reduced. Binding in the slowly equilibrating pool was decreased, and binding in both rapidly and slowly equilibrating pools was correlated with the free fraction of rT3 (r = -0.79, P = 0.007, and r = -0.70, P less than 0.025, respectively), with a shift of rT3 from the slow to the rapid pool. These findings suggest that binding of rT3 and T4 to serum carrier proteins is reduced, the transfer process for rT3 from serum to extravascular sites is decreased by factors in addition to reduced serum binding, degradation of rT3 is impaired, and decreased slow-pool binding may reflect reduced rT3 binding to serum-derived proteins in interstitial fluid. Furthermore, rT3 production rates are reduced, despite normal serum free T4 levels, accounting for low serum free rT3 concentrations. Total rT3 levels are decreased because of decrements in both serum binding and production rates.
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Fantuzzi, Gugliemina, Elena Righi, Guerrino Predieri, and Gabriella Aggazzotti. "Cutaneous symptoms in indoor swimming pools workers." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (September 19, 2013): 4934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2013.p-1-14-04.
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Rider, E. D., A. H. Jobe, M. Ikegami, T. Yamada, and S. Seidner. "Antenatal betamethasone dose effects in preterm rabbits studied at 27 days gestation." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 1134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.3.1134.
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Pregnant rabbits received bethamethasone (0.05, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.5 mg.kg-1.day-1) or vehicle control for 2 days before delivery of fetuses at 27 days gestation to evaluate dose-related effects on surfactant pool sizes with and without ventilation, pressure-volume measurements, lung protein leaks, and precursor incorporation into lung saturated phosphatidylcholine (PC). Alveolar wash-saturated PC pool sizes in betamethasone-exposed fetuses were less than in controls (P less than 0.01). At higher doses, total lung saturated PC also decreased (P less than 0.01). Maximal lung volumes on pressure-volume loops were larger than controls only at the 0.4 mg.kg-1.day-1 dose (P less than 0.05). The larger maximal volumes, despite decreased saturated PC pools, indicated increased responsiveness of the steroid-treated lungs to the smaller saturated PC pool sizes. Vascular-to-alveolar iodinated albumin leak decreased with steroid treatment independently of dose (P less than 0.01). No consistent pattern of increased precursor incorporation into saturated PC by lung slices was seen. Our results indicate that, in preterm rabbits exposed to a range of maternal corticosteroid doses, the beneficial lung maturational effect of structural alterations with increased responses to endogenous saturated PC pools was maximal even at the lowest dose.
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Habimana, Richard, Kiplangat Ngeno, Anselme Shyaka, Martin Ntawubizi, Janvier Mahoro, Claire d'andre Hirwa, Angelique Ingabire, Lucy Kiptui, Isidore Mapendo Gafarasi, and Tobias Okeno Otieno. "Growth performance and immune response to Newcastle disease in four gene pools of indigenous chicken in Rwanda." Genetic Resources 1, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46265/genresj.lpjs9396.
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In Rwanda, the most prevalent livestock farming activity carried out to improve livelihoods in rural areas is poultry farming. The most common bird species raised for egg and meat production is indigenous chicken (IC). Despite its economic significance, the improvement programs in Rwanda have given IC little attention. There is, therefore, little documentation on their production and disease resistance performance. This study aimed at evaluating the growth performance and immunologic response of IC against Newcastle disease vaccine in four gene pools in Rwanda. One hundred eighty-nine (189) IC from four gene pools were kept on-station using a completely randomized design. Thereafter, the IC were vaccinated with a live commercial Newcastle disease virus. Data on body weight were collected weekly for 20 weeks whereas serum samples were collected after 35 days. Antibody responses were determined using indirect ELISA. Analysis of variance was performed using the SAS Generalised Linear Model procedure. Growth patterns were modelled using the logistic function. Results revealed a highly significant difference (P<0.001) for growth performance and antibody response to Newcastle disease vaccine among the four gene pools. Gene pool A was the heaviest (1.6 kg) in the period of 20 weeks and gene pool C expressed the highest immune response (8,161antibody titres) for Newcastle disease vaccine (P<0.001). The results indicated that the selection of gene pool A in breeding could yield IC with good growth performance trait whilst gene pool C could be selected for its higher immunity against Newcastle disease virus.
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PUECH, M. C., J. M. McANULTY, M. LESJAK, N. SHAW, L. HERON, and J. M. WATSON. "A statewide outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in New South Wales associated with swimming at public pools." Epidemiology and Infection 126, no. 3 (June 2001): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801005544.
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From December 1997 to April 1998, 1060 laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis cases were reported in New South Wales, Australia. In a case-control study, compared with 200 controls, the 100 cases were younger (mean age 4·2 versus 7·1 years; P < 0·0001), more likely to report swimming at a public pool (59% versus 38%; adjusted OR and 95% CI = 2·7; 1·4–5·1) and swimming in a dam, river or lake (OR = 4·8; 1·1–20·3) but less likely to report drinking bottled water (OR = 0·4; 0·2–0·9). In subgroup analyses, in rural areas illness was associated mainly with contact with another person with diarrhoea, and in urban areas illness was associated with swimming in a public pool. Cryptosporidium oocysts were more commonly detected in pools to which at least two notified cases had swum (P = 0·04). Outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis can be prolonged, involve multiple pools and be difficult to control.
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Lane, Henry S., J. Brian Jones, and Wendy L. McDonald. "Pooled sample testing for Bonamia ostreae: A tale of two SYBR Green real-time PCR assays." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 29, no. 5 (June 23, 2017): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717717558.
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Pooled testing of samples is a common laboratory practice to increase efficiency and reduce expenses. We investigated the efficacy of 2 published SYBR Green real-time PCR assays when used to detect the haplosporidian parasite Bonamia ostreae in pooled samples of infected oyster tissue. Each PCR targets a different gene within the B. ostreae genome: the actin 1 gene or the 18S rRNA gene. Tissue homogenates (150 mg) of the New Zealand flat oyster Ostrea chilensis were spiked with ~1.5 × 103 purified B. ostreae cells to create experimental pools of 3, 5, and 10. Ten positive replicates of each pool size were assayed twice with each PCR and at 2 different amounts of DNA template. The PCR targeting the actin 1 gene was unable to reproducibly detect B. ostreae in any pool size. Conversely, the 18S rRNA gene PCR could reproducibly detect B. ostreae in pools of up to 5. Using a general linear model, there was a significant difference in the number of pools that correctly detected B. ostreae between each PCR ( p < 0.01) and each pool size ( p < 0.01). It is likely that the single copy actin 1 gene is more likely to be diluted and not detected by pooling than the multi-copy 18S rRNA gene. Our study highlights that validation data are necessary for pooled sample testing because detection efficacy may not be comparable to individual sample testing.