Academic literature on the topic 'P pools'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'P pools.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "P pools"
1
Yang, Lihong, and Mark D. Reckase. "The Optimal Item Pool Design in Multistage Computerized Adaptive Tests With the p-Optimality Method." Educational and Psychological Measurement 80, no. 5 (February 6, 2020): 955–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164419901292.
Full textAbstract:
The present study extended the p-optimality method to the multistage computerized adaptive test (MST) context in developing optimal item pools to support different MST panel designs under different test configurations. Using the Rasch model, simulated optimal item pools were generated with and without practical constraints of exposure control. A total number of 72 simulated optimal item pools were generated and evaluated by an overall sample and conditional sample using various statistical measures. Results showed that the optimal item pools built with the p-optimality method provide sufficient measurement accuracy under all simulated MST panel designs. Exposure control affected the item pool size, but not the item distributions and item pool characteristics. This study demonstrated that the p-optimality method can adapt to MST item pool design, facilitate the MST assembly process, and improve its scoring accuracy.
2
Hoffman, Joseph F., Alicia Dodson, and Fulgencio Proverbio. "On the functional use of the membrane compartmentalized pool of ATP by the Na+ and Ca++ pumps in human red blood cell ghosts." Journal of General Physiology 134, no. 4 (September 14, 2009): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200910270.
Full textAbstract:
Previous evidence established that a sequestered form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP pools) resides in the membrane/cytoskeletal complex of red cell porous ghosts. Here, we further characterize the roles these ATP pools can perform in the operation of the membrane's Na+ and Ca2+ pumps. The formation of the Na+- and Ca2+-dependent phosphointermediates of both types of pumps (ENa-P and ECa-P) that conventionally can be labeled with trace amounts of [γ-3P]ATP cannot occur when the pools contain unlabeled ATP, presumably because of dilution of the [γ-3P]ATP in the pool. Running the pumps forward with either Na+ or Ca2+ removes pool ATP and allows the normal formation of labeled ENa-P or ECa-P, indicating that both types of pumps can share the same pools of ATP. We also show that the halftime for loading the pools with bulk ATP is 10–15 minutes. We observed that when unlabeled “caged ATP” is entrapped in the membrane pools, it is inactive until nascent ATP is photoreleased, thereby blocking the labeled formation of ENa-P. We also demonstrate that ATP generated by the membrane-bound pyruvate kinase fills the membrane pools. Other results show that pool ATP alone, like bulk ATP, can promote the binding of ouabain to the membrane. In addition, we found that pool ATP alone functions together with bulk Na+ (without Mg2+) to release prebound ouabain. Curiously, ouabain was found to block bulk ATP from entering the pools. Finally, we show, with red cell inside-outside vesicles, that pool ATP alone supports the uptake of 45Ca by the Ca2+ pump, analogous to the Na+ pump uptake of 22Na in this circumstance. Although the membrane locus of the ATP pools within the membrane/cytoskeletal complex is unknown, it appears that pool ATP functions as the proximate energy source for the Na+ and Ca2+ pumps.
3
Vukić Lušić, Darija, Nerma Maestro, Arijana Cenov, Dražen Lušić, Katarina Smolčić, Sonja Tolić, Daniel Maestro, et al. "Occurrence of P. aeruginosa in Water Intended for Human Consumption and in Swimming Pool Water." Environments 8, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8120132.
Full textAbstract:
Considering the fact that water is a basic need of every living being, it is important to ensure its safety. In this work, the data on the presence of the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa in drinking water (n = 4171) as well as in pool water (n = 5059) in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in Croatia in the five-year period (2016–2020) were analysed. In addition, the national criteria were compared with those of neighboring countries and worldwide. The proportion of P. aeruginosa-positive samples was similar for drinking water (3.9%) and pool water (4.6%). The prevalence of this bacterium was most pronounced in the warmer season. P. aeruginosa-positive drinking water samples were mostly collected during building commissioning, while pool samples were from entertainment and spa/hydromassage pools. Outdoor pools showed a higher percentage of positive samples than indoor pools, as well as the pools filled with freshwater rather than seawater. The highest P. aeruginosa load was found in rehabilitation pools. Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro are countries that have included P. aeruginosa in their national regulations as an indicator of the safety of water for human consumption as well as for bottled water, while Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have limited this requirement to bottled water only. In the case of swimming pool water, this parameter is mandatory in all countries considered in this study.
4
Friesen, DK, and GJ Blair. "A dual radiotracer study of transformations of organic, inorganic and plant residue phosphorus in soil in the presence and absence of plants." Soil Research 26, no. 2 (1988): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880355.
Full textAbstract:
The rates of transfer of P from plant residues added to an acid soil into various soil P pools and the rates of transfer of inorganic P from soil solution into other soil P pools were studied by simultaneous use of 32P-labelled plant matter and 33P-labelled soil in the presence and absence of growing plants. Equilibration of 33P-labelled phosphate solution added to soil reached a steady state with soil ALP and Fe-P pools within 1 day after addition. The Fe-P pool was much more stable than the A1-P pool since it was not depleted by cropping. This non-labile pool 'fixed' over 30% of the 33P added and similar amounts of the 32P released from plant residues. About 50% of the 32P from plant residues was found in inorganic P pools 11 days after addition. This rapid release was attributed to the presence of soluble inorganic P in the residues. A further 10% was released slowly over the remainder of the experiment. Cropping only marginally slowed rates of transfer of inorganic and released residue P into non-labile pools. Cropping had no effect on the rates of release of P from crop residues.
5
Vaks, J. E. "Preparation of samples with equally spaced concentrations through mixing." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1074–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.7.1074.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Linearity, interference evaluations of the performance of clinical chemistry systems, mathematical model selection for nonlinear calibration, and other assessments often involve several human sample pools with equally spaced analyte concentrations. Sequential mixing of equal volumes, first of the low and high pools to produce the middle pool, then of the low and middle pools to produce the mid-low pool, and of the high and middle pools to produce the mid-high pool, is recommended in the NCCLS EP7-P guideline for interference studies. Proportional mixing of the low and high pools to produce all of the required pool concentrations is recommended in the NCCLS EP6-P guideline for linearity studies. Mathematical analysis and computer simulation show that the sequential mixing is much more accurate and precise than the proportional mixing. Therefore, we recommend sequential mixing for clinical chemistry application.
6
Joshi, Sunendra, Wei Li, Mark Bowden, and Deb Jaisi. "Sources and Pathways of Formation of Recalcitrant and Residual Phosphorus in an Agricultural Soil." Soil Systems 2, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2030045.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for sustaining life and agricultural production. Transformation of readily available P into forms that are unavailable to plants adds costs to P replenishment, which eventually translates into lower agronomic benefits and potential loss of soil P into runoff may degrade water quality. Therefore, understanding the sources and pathways of the formation of residual P pools in soils is useful information needed for the development of any technological or management efforts to minimize or inhibit the formation of such P pool and thus maximize availability to plants. In this research, we paired phosphate oxygen isotope ratios (δ18OP) with solid-state 31P NMR and quantitative XRD techniques along with general soil chemistry methods to identify the precipitation pathways of acid-extracted inorganic P (Pi) pools in an agricultural soil. Based on the comparison of isotope values of 0.5 mol L−1 NaOH-Pi, 1 mol L−1 HCl-Pi, and 10 mol L−1 HNO3-Pi pools and correlations of associated elements (Ca, Fe, and Al) in these pools, the HNO3-Pi pool appears most likely to be transformed from the NaOH-Pi pool. A narrow range of isotope values of acid-Pi pools in shallow (tilling depth) and below (where physical mixing is absent) is intriguing but likely suggests leaching of particle-bound P in deeper soils. Overall, these findings provide an improved understanding of the sources, transport, and transformation of acid-Pi pools in agricultural soils and further insights into the buildup of legacy P in soils.
7
Bremset, Gunnbjørn, and Ole Kristian Berg. "Density, size-at-age, and distribution of young Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in deep river pools." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 12 (December 1, 1997): 2827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-185.
Full textAbstract:
A comparison of populations of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in four deep pools (maximum depths 2.0-4.0 m) and 12 shallow riffles in three rivers showed significantly higher density, size-at-age, and biomass of the pool-dwelling salmonids. There were 2.5 times more parr per unit of area in the pools compared with the riffles (95.3 and 37.5 parr/100 m2, respectively, p = 0.0053). The pool-dwelling trout had a larger size-at-age than riffle specimens, and the pool-dwelling salmon were larger than those found in the riffles in three of four cases (p < 0.001). The relative biomass of salmonid parr in two of the investigated pools was 6.9 and 12.0 g/m2 compared with the means of 1.6 and 3.7 g/m2 in the riffles. There are two possible explanations that are discussed for the larger size-at-age of the fish in the deep pools: (i) movements of large, dominant parr into the pools as they grow older or (ii) favorable conditions in the pools that give pool-dwelling fish an energetic advantage. In contrast with established theory, the current data show that deep pools are favorable habitats for both young Atlantic salmon and brown trout.
8
Hajjartabar, M. "Poor-quality water in swimming pools associated with a substantial risk of otitis externa due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0020.
Full textAbstract:
There are many large and small public outdoor and indoor swimming pools in Tehran that hundreds of people use, especially on hot summer days. The bacteriological quality of the water of some of these pools was assayed over a period of about one year (2001-2002). To assess if these swimming pools were a health risk to users, eleven public swimming pools, in the east and northeast of the city, were examined, and the exposed people were monitored. Samples of swimming-pool waters were examined for colony counts, Escherichia coli and coliforms. In addition, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from nine (81.8%) of those pools. P. aeruginosa grew in seven (63.6%) of the swimming-pool water samples. In two (18.2%) other samples, in addition to P. aeruginosa, high rates of total bacterial count, total coliforms and faecal coliform counts were also found. At the same time, users of the swimming pools were asked to complete a questionnaire. Ear swabs were collected from 179 users with a history of ear problems during the previous two weeks. An adequate control group was chosen randomly from those who never used the investigated pools. P. aeruginosa was isolated from the ear swabs of 142 (79.3%) of the cases, as well as from 4% of the controls. Results were matched for age, sex, duration of time spent in the pools, place of occurrence and other useful information. Investigation of the contaminated swimming pools revealed that chlorination was often inadequate, especially when high numbers of people led to overuse of the pools. Although the results of this research showed that otitis externa was strongly associated with the swimming pools, due to P. aeruginosa, an extensive follow-up study is needed to determine the other possible health risks associated with public pools.
9
Chisholm, RH, and GJ Blair. "Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. III. Correlations of dry matter accumulation with phosphorus pool sizes and their net transfer rate." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 5 (1988): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880827.
Full textAbstract:
Results of an experiment over five solution P concentrations ( 1 , 2, 4, 8, 16 8M P) and five harvests were used in a response surface approach to determine the size and incorporation rates of major plant P pools in white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Ladino) and stylo (Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano).At low P stylo had a greater total flux of P from the soluble P (inorganic P, ester P) pool to supply lipid and residue P (RNA, DNA, phosphoprotein) pools.At high P concentrations large soluble P pools in tops were associated with depressed dry weight accumulation in stylo compared to white clover. Possible reasons for this effect of soluble P, as related to photosynthetic rate, are discussed.Since both pool size and incorporation rate affected the efficiency of phosphorus use, the two measures were combined in a model of plant P use to assist in understanding reaction to high or low P. The model demonstrated the importance of maintenance of P supply to structural P pools, particulary phospholipids, at low P levels.Pool size and incorporation rate were combined as a transfer coefficient of P. RGR was best correlated with the transfer coefficients of structural (lipid, residue) pools in the roots rather than the tops. R2 values as high as 0.99 were obtained for relationships between structural P pools and dry weight. Strong correlations were also found when the data of both species were combined, including that the same factors were associated with RGR in different species. Selection for 'P efficiency' based on biochemical parameters is possible, but must take account of roots rather than simpler tops P concentrations.
10
Leeds, J. M., M. B. Slabaugh, and C. K. Mathews. "DNA precursor pools and ribonucleotide reductase activity: distribution between the nucleus and cytoplasm of mammalian cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 12 (December 1985): 3443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.12.3443-3450.1985.
Full textAbstract:
Nuclear and whole-cell deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools were measured in HeLa cells at different densities and throughout the cell cycle of synchronized CHO cells. Nuclei were prepared by brief detergent (Nonidet P-40) treatment of subconfluent monolayers, a procedure that solubilizes plasma membranes but leaves nuclei intact and attached to the plastic substratum. Electron microscopic examination of monolayers treated with Nonidet P-40 revealed protruding nuclei surrounded by cytoskeletal remnants. Control experiments showed that nuclear dNTP pool sizes were stable during the time required for isolation, suggesting that redistribution of nucleotides during the isolation procedure was minimal. Examination of HeLa whole-cell and nuclear dNTP levels revealed that the nuclear proportion of each dNTP was distinct and remained constant as cell density increased. In synchronized CHO cells, all four dNTP whole-cell pools increased during S phase, with the dCTP pool size increasing most dramatically. The nuclear dCTP pool did not increase as much as the whole-cell dCTP pool during S phase, lowering the relative nuclear dCTP pool. Although the whole-cell dNTP pools decreased after 30 h of isoleucine deprivation, nuclear pools did not decrease proportionately. In summary, nuclear dNTP pools in synchronized CHO cells maintained a relatively constant concentration throughout the cell cycle in the face of larger fluctuations in whole-cell dNTP pools. Ribonucleotide reductase activity was measured in CHO cells throughout the cell cycle, and although there was a 10-fold increase in whole-cell activity during S phase, we detected no reductase in nuclear preparations at any point in the cell cycle.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "P pools"
1
Chavosh, Alireza <1980>. "Patent nonnuse: are patent pools as possible solution?" Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7097/.
Full textAbstract:
Studies have depicted that the rate of unused patents comprises a high portion of patents in North America, Europe and Japan. Particularly, studies have identified a considerable share of strategic patents which are left unused due to pure strategic reasons. While such patents might generate strategic rents to their owner, they may have harmful consequences for the society if by blocking alternative solutions that other inventions provide they hamper the possibility of better solutions. Accordingly, the importance of the issue of nonuse is highlighted within the literature on strategic patenting, IPR policy and innovation economics. Moreover, the current literature has emphasized on the role of patent pools in dealing with potential issues such as excessive transaction cost caused by patent thickets and blocking patents. In fact, patent pools have emerged as policy tools facilitating technology commercialization and alleviating patent litigation among rivals holding overlapping IPRs. In this dissertation I provide a critical literature review on strategic patenting, identify present gaps and discuss some future research paths. Moreover, I investigate the drivers of strategic non-use of patents with particular focus on unused strategic play patents. Finally, I examine if participation intensity in patent pools by pool members explains their willingness to use their non-pooled patents. I also investigate which characteristics of the patent pools are associated to the willingness to use non-pooled patents through pool participation. I show that technological uncertainty and technological complexity are two technology environment factors that drive unused play patents. I also show that pool members participating more intensively in patent pools are more likely to be willing to use their non-pooled patents through pool participation. I further depict that pool licensors are more likely to be willing to use their non-pooled patents by participating in pools with higher level of technological complementarity to their own technology.
2
Piegholdt, Christiane [Verfasser]. "Effects of tillage intensity on soil C, N, and P pools with different stability / Christiane Piegholdt." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1046205781/34.
Full text
3
Viereck, Nanna. "In vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy for the study of P pools and their dynamics in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi /." Roskilde : Roskilde University, Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry; Risø National Laboratory, Plant Research Department, 2002. http://rubdoc.ruc.dk/epublisher/document.asp?func=show&id=103&type=0&service=01.
Full text
4
Dineen, Brian R. "The effects of customizing recruitment information to individual job seekers in a web-based recruitment context a multi-level experimental investigation /." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1054653747.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 324 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 205-217). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
5
Alencar, Anuska Irene de. "A coopera??o em crian?as de rede p?blica de Natal/RN:uma abordagem evolucionista." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17200.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
AnuskaIA.pdf: 788750 bytes, checksum: 3e9eb68e01cc2a95f7315ab5b061a6b4 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2008-03-06Cooperation is a well known behavior and influenced by all cultures. Probably selective pressures brought advantages to individuals that cooperate, and then this behavior is current in human societies. Most of it is studied about cooperation and natural selection was understood by the game theory, a mathematical approach that helps to understand the conflict and cooperation. We believe that natural selection and game theory could facilitate understanding these behaviors and two theoretical articles were written regarding this view. It was also found that most of data about cooperation was obtained in (with) adults. Since game theory is effective to understand this phenomenon, and to be used and understood, two games were used with five and eleven year old children: the common pool and public goods games. The results are presented in four empirical articles. We found that children respond to social dilemmas of game theory like the adults do. They adjust their rounds regarding the feedback obtained of their partness; in the beginning they cooperate and reduce the degree of cooperation along (throughout) the following session; in the absence of punition the level of opportunism increased, mainly in larger groups; boys and girls behave differently when donate. This research suggest that cooperation has an evolutionary basis in human and it is since earlier in the behavioral pattern shown by adults.
A coopera??o ? um comportamento bastante difundido e estimulado em todas as culturas. Provavelmente press?es seletivas trouxeram vantagens para indiv?duos que cooperavam, e por essa raz?o, esse comportamento est? presente nas sociedades humanas. Muito do que se estuda sobre coopera??o e sele??o natural foi compreendida utilizando a teoria dos jogos, uma abordagem matem?tica que ajuda compreender o conflito e a coopera??o. Acreditamos a sele??o natural e a teoria dos jogos podem nos ajudar a compreender esses comportamentos e escrevemos dois dois artigos te?ricos abordando essa id?ia. Verificamos tamb?m, que muito dos achados sobre coopera??o foram realizados com adultos. Pelo fato da teoria dos jogos ser eficaz para compreender esse fen?meno, e de f?cil aplica??o e compreens?o, utilizamos dois jogos em crian?as de 5 a 11 anos de idade: o jogo da terra dos comuns e o dos bens p?blicos. Os achados est?o relatados em quatro artigos emp?ricos. Neles verificamos que as crian?as respondem aos dilemas sociais da teoria dos jogos de forma semelhante aos adultos. Elas ajustam as jogadas em fun??o do retorno que obt?m dos companheiros; s?o cooperativas no in?cio e reduzem a coopera??o ao longo das sess?es; na aus?ncia de puni??o o n?vel de oportunismo aumentou, principalmente nos grupos grandes; meninos e meninas se comportam de forma diferente na de realizar as doa??es. O conjunto deste trabalho sugere que a coopera??o tem uma base evolutiva em humanos e que ela est? presente desde cedo nos padr?es apresentados pelos adultos
6
Stefanelo, Josiani Cristina [UNESP]. "Estudo das propriedades elétro-óptica de dispositivos eletroluminescentes confeccionados com um compósito híbrido." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91900.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2009-10-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
stefanelo_jc_me_rcla.pdf: 1971755 bytes, checksum: f2545c6a190dc7a872bf14f2c2b4fce6 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um dispositivo eletroluminescente (EL) constituído de um compósito híbrido (CH), formado por uma blenda polimérica e um material EL inorgânico. A blenda é composta por um polímero condutor, a poli(o-metoxianilina) (POMA) dopada com ácido tolueno sulfônico (TSA), e um polímero isolante, o poli(fluoreto de vinilideno-co-trifluoretileno) (P(VDF-TrFE)). A esta blenda é acrescentado um material EL inorgânico, o silicato de zinco dopado com Manganês (Zn2SiO4:Mn), formando assim, o compósito híbrido. O dispositivo foi construído depositando o compósito por drop casting sobre um substrato de óxido de estanho dopado com flúor (FTO) e após cristalização em uma estufa foi depositado um eletrodo de metal por evaporação à vácuo formando uma estrutura tipo “sanduíche”. Neste trabalho foram construídos dispositivos com eletrodo superior de Alumínio (Al) e Ouro (Au), denominados: FTO/CH/Al e FTO/CH/Au. O comportamento elétrico dos dispositivos de FTO/CH/Al foram analisados aplicando-se as teorias de Emissão Termoiônica, Emissão Schottky e Emissão Poole-Frenkel, o que tornou possível encontrar alguns parâmetros como: altura da barreira para a junção metal/CH, condutividade do CH e fator de retificação. O dispositivo de FTO/CH/Au foi caracterizado pela técnica de espectroscopia de impedância, sendo obtido também a altura da barreira para a junção metal/CH, a condutividade do CH, além da constante dielétrica do compósito e como variam esses dois últimos parâmetros com a temperatura. A aplicação das teorias de Emissão Termoiônica, Emissão Schottky e Emissão Poole-Frenkel produziram resultados semelhantes aos obtidos pela técnica de espectroscopia de impedância. Os espectros de luminescência apresentaram um pico em l = 528 nm com estabilidade temporal de emissão comparável a dos dispositivos inorgânicos puros.
In this work was developed an electroluminescent (EL) device made up with a hybrid composite (CH), that is formed by a polymeric blend and an inorganic EL material. The conductive polymer, poly(o-methoxyaniline) (POMA) doped with p-Toluene sulphonic acid (TSA), and an isolating polymer, the poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDFTrFE)), was used to make the polymer blend. An inorganic EL material, the zinc silicate manganese-doped (Zn2SiO4:Mn), was added to the blend, forming the hybrid composite. The composite was deposited by drop-casting over a Fluoride Tin Oxide substrate (FTO) and after the crystallization in an oven a metal electrode was deposited by vacuum evaporation, forming a type “sandwich” structure. In this work were constructed different devices. Aluminum (Al) and Gold (Au) were used as upper electrodes, therefore the device structures were: FTO/CH/Al and FTO/CH/Au. To analyze the electrical behavior of the FTO/CH/Al device was applied the theories of Thermionic Emission, Schottky Emission and Poole- Frenkel Emission. Using these theories was possible to obtain parameters such as; the barrier height from the metal/CH junction, CH conductivity and diode rectifier factor. The FTO/CH/Au device was characterized using the impedance spectroscopy technique. For this device was also possible to obtain the barrier height from the metal/CH junction, CH conductivity and CH dielectric constant. For the last two parameters the dependence with the temperature were also observed. The application of the theories of Thermionic Emission, Schottky Emission and Poole-Frenkel Emission produced similar results to that obtained by the impedance spectroscopy technique. The luminescence spectra, for the devices, showed a peak at l = 528 nm with emission stability in time that it is comparable of pure inorganic devices.
7
Rahm, Fredrik. "Chiral Pyridine-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis. Synthesis and Applications." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemistry, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3564.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with the design and syntheses of chiral,enantiopure pyridinecontaining ligands and their applicationsin asymmetric catalyis.
Chiral pyridyl pyrrolidine ligands and pyridyl oxazolineligands were synthesized and employed in thepalladium-catalysed allylic alkylation of 1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate with dimethyl malonate. Theinfluence of the steric properties of the ligands wereinvestigated.
Ditopic ligands, containing crown ether units as structuralelements, were synthesized and some of the ligands were used asligands in the palladiumcatalysed allylic alkylation of1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate with dimethyl malonate. A smallrate enhancement was observed, compared with analogous ligandslacking the crown ether unit, when these ditopic ligands wereused in dilute systems.
A modular approach was used to synthesize chiralenantiomerically pure pyridyl alcohols and C2-symmetric2,2-bipyridines, with the chirality originating from thechiral pool. Electronic and steric properties of the compoundswere varied and they were used as ligands in theenantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. Thesense of asymmetric induction was found to be determined by theabsolute configuration of the carbinol carbon atom. Theelectronic properties of the ligands had a minor influence onthe levels of enantioselectivity induced by the ligands.
Chiral pyridyl phosphinite ligands and pyridyl phosphiteligands were synthesized from the pyridyl alcohols andevaluated as ligands in palladiumcatalysed allylic alkylations.With the phosphinite ligands, the sense of chiral induction wasfound to be determined by the absolute configuration of theformer carbinol carbon atom. A kinetic resolution of theracemic starting material was observed with one of thephosphite ligands. Moderate enantioselectivities wereachieved.
Kewords:asymmetric catalysis, chiral ligand, chiralpool, oxazoline, crownether, ditopic receptor, bipyridine,pyridyl alcohol, modular approach, P,Nligand, diethylzinc,allylic alkylation.
8
Widmer, Johannes. "Charge transport and energy levels in organic semiconductors." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-154918.
Full textAbstract:
Organic semiconductors are a new key technology for large-area and flexible thin-film electronics. They are deposited as thin films (sub-nanometer to micrometer) on large-area substrates. The technologically most advanced applications are organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photovoltaics (OPV). For the improvement of performance and efficiency, correct modeling of the electronic processes in the devices is essential. Reliable characterization and validation of the electronic properties of the materials is simultaneously required for the successful optimization of devices. Furthermore, understanding the relations between material structures and their key characteristics opens the path for innovative material and device design. In this thesis, two material characterization methods are developed, respectively refined and applied: a novel technique for measuring the charge carrier mobility μ and a way to determine the ionization energy IE or the electron affinity EA of an organic semiconductor. For the mobility measurements, a new evaluation approach for space-charge limited current (SCLC) measurements in single carrier devices is developed. It is based on a layer thickness variation of the material under investigation. In the \"potential mapping\" (POEM) approach, the voltage as a function of the device thickness V(d) at a given current density is shown to coincide with the spatial distribution of the electric potential V(x) in the thickest device. On this basis, the mobility is directly obtained as function of the electric field F and the charge carrier density n. The evaluation is model-free, i.e. a model for μ(F, n) to fit the measurement data is not required, and the measurement is independent of a possible injection barrier or potential drop at non-optimal contacts. The obtained μ(F, n) function describes the effective average mobility of free and trapped charge carriers. This approach realistically describes charge transport in energetically disordered materials, where a clear differentiation between trapped and free charges is impossible or arbitrary. The measurement of IE and EA is performed by characterizing solar cells at varying temperature T. In suitably designed devices based on a bulk heterojunction (BHJ), the open-circuit voltage Voc is a linear function of T with negative slope in the whole measured range down to 180K. The extrapolation to temperature zero V0 = Voc(T → 0K) is confirmed to equal the effective gap Egeff, i.e. the difference between the EA of the acceptor and the IE of the donor. The successive variation of different components of the devices and testing their influence on V0 verifies the relation V0 = Egeff. On this basis, the IE or EA of a material can be determined in a BHJ with a material where the complementary value is known. The measurement is applied to a number of material combinations, confirming, refining, and complementing previously reported values from ultraviolet photo electron spectroscopy (UPS) and inverse photo electron spectroscopy (IPES). These measurements are applied to small molecule organic semiconductors, including mixed layers. In blends of zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and C60, the hole mobility is found to be thermally and field activated, as well as increasing with charge density. Varying the mixing ratio, the hole mobility is found to increase with increasing ZnPc content, while the effective gap stays unchanged. A number of further materials and material blends are characterized with respect to hole and electron mobility and the effective gap, including highly diluted donor blends, which have been little investigated before. In all materials, a pronounced field activation of the mobility is observed. The results enable an improved detailed description of the working principle of organic solar cells and support the future design of highly efficient and optimized devicesOrganische Halbleiter sind eine neue Schlüsseltechnologie für großflächige und flexible Dünnschichtelektronik. Sie werden als dünne Materialschichten (Sub-Nanometer bis Mikrometer) auf großflächige Substrate aufgebracht. Die technologisch am weitesten fortgeschrittenen Anwendungen sind organische Leuchtdioden (OLEDs) und organische Photovoltaik (OPV). Zur weiteren Steigerung von Leistungsfähigkeit und Effizienz ist die genaue Modellierung elektronischer Prozesse in den Bauteilen von grundlegender Bedeutung. Für die erfolgreiche Optimierung von Bauteilen ist eine zuverlässige Charakterisierung und Validierung der elektronischen Materialeigenschaften gleichermaßen erforderlich. Außerdem eröffnet das Verständnis der Zusammenhänge zwischen Materialstruktur und -eigenschaften einen Weg für innovative Material- und Bauteilentwicklung. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation werden zwei Methoden für die Materialcharakterisierung entwickelt, verfeinert und angewandt: eine neuartige Methode zur Messung der Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit μ und eine Möglichkeit zur Bestimmung der Ionisierungsenergie IE oder der Elektronenaffinität EA eines organischen Halbleiters. Für die Beweglichkeitsmessungen wird eine neue Auswertungsmethode für raumladungsbegrenzte Ströme (SCLC) in unipolaren Bauteilen entwickelt. Sie basiert auf einer Schichtdickenvariation des zu charakterisierenden Materials. In einem Ansatz zur räumlichen Abbildung des elektrischen Potentials (\"potential mapping\", POEM) wird gezeigt, dass das elektrische Potential als Funktion der Schichtdicke V(d) bei einer gegebenen Stromdichte dem räumlichen Verlauf des elektrischen Potentials V(x) im dicksten Bauteil entspricht. Daraus kann die Beweglichkeit als Funktion des elektrischen Felds F und der Ladungsträgerdichte n berechnet werden. Die Auswertung ist modellfrei, d.h. ein Modell zum Angleichen der Messdaten ist für die Berechnung von μ(F, n) nicht erforderlich. Die Messung ist außerdem unabhängig von einer möglichen Injektionsbarriere oder einer Potentialstufe an nicht-idealen Kontakten. Die gemessene Funktion μ(F, n) beschreibt die effektive durchschnittliche Beweglichkeit aller freien und in Fallenzuständen gefangenen Ladungsträger. Dieser Zugang beschreibt den Ladungstransport in energetisch ungeordneten Materialien realistisch, wo eine klare Unterscheidung zwischen freien und Fallenzuständen nicht möglich oder willkürlich ist. Die Messung von IE und EA wird mithilfe temperaturabhängiger Messungen an Solarzellen durchgeführt. In geeigneten Bauteilen mit einem Mischschicht-Heteroübergang (\"bulk heterojunction\" BHJ) ist die Leerlaufspannung Voc im gesamten Messbereich oberhalb 180K eine linear fallende Funktion der Temperatur T. Es kann bestätigt werden, dass die Extrapolation zum Temperaturnullpunkt V0 = Voc(T → 0K) mit der effektiven Energielücke Egeff , d.h. der Differenz zwischen EA des Akzeptor-Materials und IE des Donator-Materials, übereinstimmt. Die systematische schrittweise Variation einzelner Bestandteile der Solarzellen und die Überprüfung des Einflusses auf V0 bestätigen die Beziehung V0 = Egeff. Damit kann die IE oder EA eines Materials bestimmt werden, indem man es in einem BHJ mit einem Material kombiniert, dessen komplementärer Wert bekannt ist. Messungen per Ultraviolett-Photoelektronenspektroskopie (UPS) und inverser Photoelektronenspektroskopie (IPES) werden damit bestätigt, präzisiert und ergänzt. Die beiden entwickelten Messmethoden werden auf organische Halbleiter aus kleinen Molekülen einschließlich Mischschichten angewandt. In Mischschichten aus Zink-Phthalocyanin (ZnPc) und C60 wird eine Löcherbeweglichkeit gemessen, die sowohl thermisch als auch feld- und ladungsträgerdichteaktiviert ist. Wenn das Mischverhältnis variiert wird, steigt die Löcherbeweglichkeit mit zunehmendem ZnPc-Anteil, während die effektive Energielücke unverändert bleibt. Verschiedene weitere Materialien und Materialmischungen werden hinsichtlich Löcher- und Elektronenbeweglichkeit sowie ihrer Energielücke charakterisiert, einschließlich bisher wenig untersuchter hochverdünnter Donator-Systeme. In allen Materialien wird eine deutliche Feldaktivierung der Beweglichkeit beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen eine verbesserte Beschreibung der detaillierten Funktionsweise organischer Solarzellen und unterstützen die künftige Entwicklung hocheffizienter und optimierter Bauteile
9
Mat, Hassan Hasnuri. "Effects of legume growth and residue decomposition on growth and phosphorus uptake in following wheat." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/77827.
Full textAbstract:
In phosphorus (P) deficient soils, several legumes have been shown to mobilise less labile P pools and to have a greater capacity to take up P than cereals. In conditions where N was not
limiting, some legumes can increase the growth and P uptake of the following cereals which may be related to P mobilisation by the legumes. There is little information about the size of
various soil P pools in the rhizosphere of legumes in soil fertilised with P although P fertiliser is often added to legumes to improve N₂ fixation. The aims of this study were to (i) compare the growth, P uptake and the concentration of rhizosphere soil P pools of different grain legumes, (ii) compare the decomposition rate of grain legume and wheat residues, and (iii) determine the effect of legume pre-crops and residue addition on growth, P uptake and concentrations of rhizosphere P pools of the following wheat. A series of plant growth experiments were carried out in a glasshouse to compare the growth of the different grain legumes and wheat and the concentrations of P pools of the rhizosphere soil. The soil pH determines the dominant P forms, therefore, two soils which were low in available P and contrasting pH (a loamy sand soil pH 8.8 and a sandy loam pH 5.4) were used in separate experiments to which soluble P was added to ensure good plant growth. Additionally, another experiment was conducted in the alkaline soil with lower P supply. Nodulated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus
angustifolius L.) and wheat were grown until maturity. Plant dry weight and P uptake were measured, sequential P fractionation was employed to determine the concentrations of P pools in the rhizosphere of the legumes and wheat. Irrespective of soil pH and P supply, growth and P uptake were greatest in faba bean whereas the less labile P pools were most strongly depleted in the rhizosphere of white lupin despite its lower growth and P uptake compared to faba bean. In the alkaline soil with high P supply, compared to the unplanted control soil, the depletion of labile pools (resin P and NaHCO₃) were greater in the rhizosphere of faba bean whereas in the alkaline soil with low P supply and the acidic soil, white lupin depleted most of the labile pools more strongly than the other legumes. An incubation study was carried out to compare the decomposition rate and the available N and P concentrations after addition of the legume and wheat residues. Shoots, roots and the combination of shoots and roots of wheat, faba bean, chickpea and white lupin were mixed into the loamy sand soil. The decomposition rate was measured over 42 days by determining soil CO₂ release and the concentrations of available P and N in the soil were measured on days 0 and 42. Chickpea shoot residue decomposed faster than the other residues. Compared to the control soil without residue addition, resin P concentration was increased with legume residue addition but not with wheat residue addition. Inorganic N was increased significantly with addition of faba bean and white lupin residues compared to the un-amended control whereas wheat residue addition had no effect. In order to differentiate between the effect of the legume pre-crop alone and that of legume pre-crop and their residue on the following wheat, soil grown with legumes from which rootand shoot residues were removed or added back were planted with wheat. Growth, P uptake and concentrations of rhizosphere P pools of the following wheat were measured. Generally, growth was greater in wheat grown in the previously unplanted soil than in the pre-cropped soils. Among the pre-crops, in the alkaline and acidic soils with high P supply, the growth of the following wheat was greater in legume pre-crop soil without residue than with residue addition. The reverse was true for plant P concentration in the alkaline soil whereas in the acidic soil, plant P concentration was similar among the treatments. Varying results with residue addition on the growth of following wheat were observed in the alkaline soil with low P supply, but residue addition consistently increased wheat P concentration. In the loamy sand
(pH 8.8) with high P supply, regardless of the pre-crops, wheat depleted the less labile residual P, NaOH-Pi and particularly NaOH-Po, whereas in the sandy loam (pH 5.4), the depletion was greatest in resin P. Similarly, in the loamy sand soil with low P supply, wheat after legumes depleted labile and less labile pools more than wheat after wheat. Generally, the addition of pre-crop residues increased the size of organic P pools in the rhizosphere of wheat grown in pre-crop soils. The results of this study showed that in the alkaline loamy sand, among the legumes only those with the greatest depletion of either labile or less labile pools (faba bean at high P and white lupin at low P supply) enhanced the growth of the following wheat. At high P supply, the pre-crop faba bean with greatest depletion of labile pools resulted in a greater depletion of less labile pools by the following wheat than the other legumes. At low P supply, the pre-crop white lupin with greatest depletion of labile and less labile pools induced a greater depletion of the less labile pools in the rhizosphere of wheat. On the other hand, in the acidic sandy loam, the legumes with the greatest depletion of most pools (labile and less labile) did not increase the growth of the following wheat compared to legumes with little depletion.
Furthermore, the addition of legume pre-crop residues increased the concentration of organic P pools in the rhizosphere of the following wheat compared to pre-crop alone but generally
decreased wheat growth.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, 2012
10
Erinle, Kehinde Olajide. "Effect of crop residue quality on phosphorus pools in the detritusphere and P uptake by wheat." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/123091.
Full textAbstract:
Little is known about the effect of the influence of water availability, crop residue quality and plant growth on phosphorus (P) pools in the detritusphere, the soil adjacent to plant residues. The detritusphere soil was generated in microcosms as described in Ha et al. (2007). The soil at 0-2 mm distance from the surface of soil incubated in PVC caps was collected as the detritusphere soil and used for further experiments. Bioavailable P pools (readily available P pools: CaCl2 and anion exchange P; P bound to soil particles: citrate and HCl P; acid phosphatase and microbial P), available N and microbial N were measured in the detritusphere. The experiment described in Chapter 2 investigated the influence of drying and rewetting on soil P pools in the detritusphere of two crop residues, young faba bean residue (C/P 38) and mature barley straw (C/P 255). The detritusphere and unamended control soils were dried to approximately 5% water holding capacity (WHC) and kept dry for two weeks followed by rapid rewetting to 50% WHC, or maintained at 50% of WHC. Rewetting of dry soils induced a respiration flush and the flush was greater with faba bean than barley. P pools were higher with faba bean than with barley, due to lower C/P ratio of the former. In general, drying and rewetting had little effect on P pools. In Chapter 3, an experiment is described that assessed the influence of soil water availability on P pools in the detritusphere of crop residues. Detritusphere was generated with barley straw (C/P 255) or barley straw mixed with faba bean residue at a 75:25 ratio (C/P 200) in soil at 50% WHC. Water availability in the detritusphere soils was reduced to -0.320 and -1.700 MPa (30% and 10% WHC), or maintained at -0.078 MPa (50% WHC). In the detritusphere of the residue mix, soil respiration, P pools and available N were lower at -1.700 MPa than at -0.078 MPa. However, water availability had little effect in barley detritusphere. The aim of the experiment described in Chapter 4 was to elucidate the effect of soil amendment with inorganic N and P on P pools in the detritusphere of mature barley straw (C/N 95; C/P 255). Addition of inorganic N to soil increased P pools likely due to enhanced mineralisation of native soil organic matter. Barley straw decomposition reduced available P pools in the detritusphere, particularly in soil to which inorganic P was added. In Chapter 5, an experiment was described to determine the influence of a change of residue types on P pools in the detritusphere of crop residues with differing C/P ratios. In the first experiment, after two weeks of incubation at 50% WHC, with young faba bean residue (L) or mature barley straw (H), the residues were replaced with either a H or L, resulting in four residue treatments: high-high (HH), high-low (HL), low-low (LL) or low-high (LH), which were incubated for another 14 days. On day 14, P pools and available N were higher, but MBP and MBN were lower in L than in H. On day 28, P pools and available N followed the order LL>HL>LH>HH, whereas MBN and MBP were highest in HL. The experiment described in Chapter 6 aimed to determine the influence of residue C/P ratio on changes in P pools and N availability in wheat rhizosphere. Pre-germinated wheat seeds were sown in unamended soil or soil amended with two crop residues (young faba bean residue, C/P 38; mature barley straw, C/P 255). After 28 days with faba bean, P uptake in wheat was higher than with barley straw and control. P pools were lower in the interface of wheat rhizosphere and faba bean detritusphere than in detritusphere alone, due to plant uptake. With barley straw, presence of wheat roots had no effect on P pools.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, 2019
Books on the topic "P pools"
1
Eynon, Robert. Y gêm p^wl. Caerdydd: CBAC, 1998.
Find full text
2
Stewart, Alva W. Public Opinion Pools Benefits and Dangers: A Brief Checklist (Public Administration Series/P-2641). Vance Bibliographies, 1989.
Find full text
3
P Is for POOPs: A Rhyming ABC Children's Book about POOPING Animals. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full text
4
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Grade 3 the Swimming Pool Project: Leveled Reader 6-Pack Level P. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2021.
Find full text
5
Leone, Gisel. La informalidad laboral en las confecciones. Teseo, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55778/ts878830568.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Con la presente tesis, me propongo realizar una primera aproximación acerca del problema del trabajo informal que afrontan los trabajadores y las trabajadoras de la confección de indumentaria en Argentina en el período que identificaremos como “neoliberalismo tardío”. Para el desarrollo de la investigación hemos tomado como referencia a los y las trabajadores/as no registrados/as en los institutos de seguridad social, principalmente de los talleres de Flores en Ciudad de Buenos Aires y de Lanús en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, así como también algunas experiencias en polos textiles del Movimiento de Trabajadores Excluidos (MTE) y la Confederación de Trabajadores de la Economía Popular (CTEP).</p><p>De acuerdo con la legislación argentina, el registro de la contratación de los/las trabajadores/as por parte de los empleadores en el sistema de Seguridad Social les otorga varios derechos asociados con protecciones diversas vinculadas con la jubilación, la salud y otras, de las que carecen los trabajadores no registrados, lo cual establece notorias desventajas y desigualdades entre unos y otros.</p><div><br /><div><p></p></div></div>
6
Snyder, Jean E. St. George’s Becomes Mr. Burleigh’s Church. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039942.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines Harry T. Burleigh's career as baritone soloist for St. George's Episcopal Church and its choir. Burleigh, then twenty-seven years old, auditioned at St. George's in 1894. The drama around Burleigh's hiring as baritone soloist for the St. George's Protestant Episcopal congregation where financier J. P. Morgan was chief warden is legendary. He was recommended by Jeannette Thurber to the rector, Rev. William S. Rainsford. This chapter first considers the controversy that surrounded Burleigh's inclusion in the St. George's audition pool before discussing Burleigh's early years as a member and soloist for St. George's Choir and his role in producing a series of minstrel shows for the St. George's Men's Club. It also discusses the effect of the Rev. Karl Reiland, the new rector, on Burleigh's role in the St. George's choir and congregation. Finally, it describes St. George's commemoration of Burleigh for his fiftieth anniversary in 1944 as member and soloist and shows that his influence on the St. George's congregation continued long after his death.
Book chapters on the topic "P pools"
1
Pfahler, V., J. Adu-Gyamfi, D. O’Connell, and F. Tamburini. "Extraction Protocol." In Oxygen Isotopes of Inorganic Phosphate in Environmental Samples, 17–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97497-8_2.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractStudies showed that the δ18OP is a useful tool to study P in the environment. Adequate extraction protocols for the targeted P pools of the study are a prerequisite for a successful study. Likewise, for most environmental samples, including water, soil, sediment and plant samples, it is crucial that the samples are processed as soon as possible after they have been taken to avoid any alterations of the original δ18OP signature. This is especially true when more bioavailable P pools, like soluble reactive P (SRP) in water samples, are extracted and analysed. Brucite precipitation of water samples should be directly done in the field, fresh soil and sediment samples have to be extracted within 7 days (if microbial P is targeted, on the day of sampling), and plant samples have to be extracted within a few hours of sampling or be frozen. The chapter briefly describes the P cycle in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and give an overview about extracting the most common P pools for δ18OP analysis: soluble reactive P in water samples, sequentially extracted P pools of soil, sediment, fertilizer and plant samples.
2
Mortensen, P. B., H. S. Jensen, E. K. Rasmussen, and B. Thamdrup. "Seasonal variation in P-pools, porewater SRP and P-release in a coastal marine sediment." In Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Phosphorus in Sediments, 101–2. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1598-8_12.
Full text
3
Le Roux, M. R., S. Khan, and A. J. Valentine. "Assimilate Allocation Between the Organic Acid and Amino Acid Pools in Lupinus angustifolius under P Stress." In Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Towards Poverty Alleviation through Sustainable Agriculture, 279–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8252-8_108.
Full text
4
Pfahler, V., J. Adu-Gyamfi, and F. Tamburini. "How to Design a Study Including the Analysis of δ18OP." In Oxygen Isotopes of Inorganic Phosphate in Environmental Samples, 51–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97497-8_5.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTo plan a research study, one needs to (1) establish a research question, (2) make a set of observations, (3) form a hypothesis in an attempt to explain the observations and (4) test the hypothesis based on the data collected. The following questions should be addressed when designing a study including the analysis of δ18OP: (i) what is the research hypothesis? (ii) what is the main objective of the study? (iii) what are the aims to address these objectives? and (iv) which techniques are appropriate to address such research question. In addition, one needs to consider (1) which kind of samples needs to be collected, e.g. soil, vegetation or water? (2) in case of soil and sediment samples, which sampling depths and increments need to be sampled? (3) which P pools need to be extracted and analysed for the corresponding δ18OP values? (4) when and how often should samples be taken and (5) how many samples can be processed per week?
5
Brodie, Allan. "P. Brannon, The Illustrated Historical and Picturesque Guide to Poole and Bournemouth, and the Surrounding Country (1856)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 175–81. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003112990-28.
Full text
6
Brodie, Allan. "P. Brannon, The Illustrated Historical and Picturesque Guide to Poole and Bournemouth, and the Surrounding Country (1856)." In Travel and Tourism in Britain, 1700–1914, 217–23. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003112990-35.
Full text
7
Lillebo, Ana Isabel, Mogens René Flindt, Miguel Ângelo Pardal, Irene Martins, João Magalhães Neto, and João Carlos Marques. "Nutrient dynamics in the intertidal pools of the Mondego estuary: II - seasonal efflux of PO4-P and NH4-N in bare bottom and vegetated pools." In Aquatic ecology of the Mondego River basin global importance of local experience, 257–72. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-0336-0_16.
Full text
8
"Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium." In Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium, edited by RANDAL R. PIETTE and ALAN D. NIEBUR. American Fisheries Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874257.ch38.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Abstract</em>.—Male flathead catfish <em>Pylodictis olivaris</em> from the Fox (<EM>N</EM> = 24) and Wolf (<EM>N </EM>= 20) rivers in Wisconsin were implanted with 575-d radio transmitters and tracked over a 3-year period. Mean overall range of Fox River fish was 32.1 km (5.5–77.4 km) and 57.6 km (2.3–158.5 km) for Wolf River fish. Mean range was not significantly different between rivers (<EM>P</EM> = 0.158). Summer ranges averaged 16.7, 6.8, and 12.9 km for Fox River fish and 7.6, 5.6, and 4.5 km for Wolf River fish during three summers. Winter ranges averaged 2.4 and 5.9 km for Fox River fish and 3.6 and 1.9 km for Wolf River fish during two winters. Summer ranges were significantly greater than winter ranges (<EM>P</EM> = 0.048). Fish showed strong river and site fidelity returning to the same river reach and often the same woody structure in successive years during spawning and summer period. Summer site fidelity was 89% in the Fox River and 87% in the Wolf River. Winter site fidelity was 56% in the Fox River and 86% in the Wolf River. Most fish returned to wintering areas in the upper river lakes; however, 31% of Fox River fish and 25% of Wolf River fish wintered in the rivers in deep pool habitat. Fish that wintered in the rivers returned to the same pools in successive years. Upstream movement began in late April and May when water temperatures approached 15°C and stabilized in mid-June when water temperatures reached 20°C. Downstream movement began in August and peaked in September when water temperatures declined from 20°C to 15°C. Mean depth at fish locations during mid-April to mid-September averaged 2.1 m for the Fox River and 3.6 m for the Wolf River. Large woody structure was the dominant cover type used by Fox (83%) and Wolf (69%) river fish during the same time period.
9
Olaleye, Adesola, Regina Mating, Tumelo Nkheloane, Tutu K. Samuel, and Tolu Yetunde Akande. "Wetland Health in Two Agro-Ecological Zones of Lesotho: Soil Physico-Chemical Properties, Nutrient Dynamics and Vegetation Isotopic N15." In Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101836.
Full textAbstract:
Monitoring is essential to evaluate the effects of wetland restoration projects. Assessments were carried-out after 6 years of restoration efforts on a wetland located in two agro-ecological zones (AEZ): the Mountains agro-ecological zone–Khalongla-lithunya (KHL) and the Foot Hills–Ha-Matela (HM). The former was under conservation and the latter non-conserved. Mini-pits were dug along transects for soil sampling. Runoff water was collected from installed piezometers into pre-rinsed plastic bottles with de-ionized water once a month for between 3 and 6 months. Soil and water samples were analyzed in the laboratory for Ca, Mg, K, Na, total nitrogen, and phosphorus, and soil samples were further analyzed for Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn and vegetation isotopic N15. Water quality, soil organic matter (SOM), carbon pools, base cations, ratios (silt:clay & SOM:silt clay), texture, and N-15 isotopes were chosen as indicators. Results showed that base cations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the groundwater and soils of KHL wetlands compared with those from the HM. The soils of the KHL wetlands have higher (p < 0.05) clay, silt contents, SOM, and silt clay ratios compared with the HM. Furthermore, results of the N15 isotopes were between 2.52 and 2.93% (KHL) compared with 2.00 and 6.18% (HM). Similarly, the results of the δ13C showed significant negative values at KHL (28.13–28%) compared with HM (11.77–12.72%). The study concludes that after five years of rehabilitating the KHL wetlands, the soil indicators showed that restoration efforts are positive compared with the HM wetlands that are non-conserved.
10
"The Formal Realism of Reverent Natural History: Tide-pools, Aquaria, and the Seashore Natural Histories of P. H. Gosse and G. H. Lewes." In The Divine in the Commonplace, 112–44. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108631952.004.
Full textConference papers on the topic "P pools"
1
Brunjes, Lars, Aggelos Kiayias, Elias Koutsoupias, and Aikaterini-Panagiota Stouka. "Reward Sharing Schemes for Stake Pools." In 2020 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurosp48549.2020.00024.
Full text
2
Batista, Valério Ramos, Francisco de Assis Zampirolli, and José Artur Quilici-Gonzalez. "An Optimal Cleaning Robot for all Kinds of Reflection Pools." In Modelling, Simulation and Identification / 841: Intelligent Systems and Control. Calgary,AB,Canada: ACTAPRESS, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2316/p.2016.840-021.
Full text
3
Grigoryan, Vardges, Ashot Grigoryan, Vahan Grigoryan, and Aram Sahakyan. "Ensuring Stability of Trenches by Combining Bands with Transverse Drainages." In The 13th International Conference on Contemporary Problems of Architecture and Construction. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3527f0.
Full textAbstract:
The work concerns the use of polyvinyl chloride joints as a modern method of stabilizing the trenches in military construction built on unstable water-saturated slopes by combining it with a transverse drainage. Employment of the method will reduce the hydrostatic pressure on the trench walls, excluding the possibility of collapse, and will increase the efficiency of service at military bases. Polyvinyl chloride joints are used in hydraulic engineering in a number of countries, in the construction of artificial canals, swimming pools and flood protection. The novelty of this method is its usage in flooded areas, which at the same time prevents landslides by organizing drainage.
4
Pedvis, L. G., T. Wong, J. Wylie, and M. M. Frojmovic. "DIFFERENTIAL INHIBITION OF THE PLATELET ACTIVATION SEQUENCE: SHAPE CHANGE, MICRO- AND MACRO- AGGREGATION, BY A STABLE PROSTACYCLIN ANALOGUE (IL0PR0ST)." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643451.
Full textAbstract:
The relative sensitivities of ADP-induced activation, and prostaglandin-mediated inhibition, were determined for rates of platelet shape change (SC), early platelet recruitment measured by electronic particle counting (PA), and turbidometrically-measured aggregation (TA). Studies were performed in stirred citrated platelet-rich plasma from 7 healthy human donors. The [ADP]½ ([ADP] giving half maximal rate) was determined for the sequence of activation steps expanding on Holmsen’s classical scheme: unactivated platelets → SC → PA → TA. Distinct ADP sensitivities were obtained from log dose-response studies, with a relative dose dependency in the order of [ADP] ½ TA → [ADP] ½ PA → [ADP]> SC of 4:3:1. Sex differences in ADP sensitivities ([ADP]½), for rates of early platelet recruitment measured at 3 seconds were studied from a pool of 20 females and 19 males. Values obtained between the two sexes were comparable (p > 0.05) and independent of hematocrit. Differential inhibition of the above activation scheme was evaluated with Iloprost (ZK 36 374), a stable carbacyclin analogue of prostacyclin (PGI2), with similar potency as PGI2 for the same platelet receptors. Log dose - response curves for inhibition were measured at one high [ADP] (> 1.5 μM) for all 3 parameters, or at respective [ADP]½ values for each parameter. IC5u values ([ZK J causing 50% of inhibition) for inhibition of TA:PA:SC were found in the relative ratios of ∽ 1:3:5, when normalized and expressed as nM ZK per pM ADP used as activator. Thus, ∽ 3x and ∽ 5x more ZK, and likely PGI2, is required to respectively inhibit PA and SC, than that needed to inhibit TA. As observed above for activation, no sex differences in ZK sensitivities were observed (p > 0.1) for 6 males and 6 females. The range of ZK used in this study was below the threshold (∽ 3 nM) generally reported for measurable increases in total basal cyclic 3’ ,5’ adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This suggests that for each parameter, any increase in cAMP may be associated with selective intracellular pools. The relationship between ZK or PGI2 and intracellular signals remains to be determined.
5
Cumming, A. M., R. T. Wensley, S. E. Cottrell, and I. W. Delamore. "A STUDY ON THE RECOVERY OF FACTOR VIII PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY FROM RECALCIFIED, HEPARINISED, CITRATED PLASMA." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644156.
Full textAbstract:
This study has been carried out to investigate the potential for increasing the recovery of factor VIII procoagulant activity (factor VIII:C),in cryoprecipitates and concentrates, by the use of heparin anticoagulant. Jhctor VIII:C in citrated plasmahas been shown to be stabilised by recalcification and heparinisation of the plasma. Donations of substantially platelet-free and platelet-product-free plasma, anticoagulated by acid citrate dextrose formula A anticoagulant (ACD A), were collected using a combined membrane filtration/centrifugation plasmapheresis device (the HemaSciences "Autopheresis C"(R)). Samples of this plasma were heparinised (over a range from0.1 to 12.8 iu/ml) and physiological Ca2+ levels were restored, levels of fibrinopeptide A (FpA) of less than 5 ng/ml were measured in all samples(including following the incubation of plasmas at 21 °C for 24 hours). This indicated minimal thrombin generation at plasma heparin concentrations as low as 0.1 iu/ml. Fibrinogen degradation fragment BJ3 1542 levelsin these plasmas were comparable to those in ACD A control plasmas and there was no upward trend with increasing heparin concentration. This suggested that heparin-induced formation of plasmin would not adversely affect the stability of factor VIII:C in plasma treated in this way. Cryoprecipitates were prepared in a routine manner from ACD A plasmas collected, by plasmapheresis, into bags containing sufficient heparin and Cacl2 to achieve plasma heparin levels of 0.1 iu/ml and physiological Ca2+ concentrations. (As a result of thissecondary heparinisation, there was no infusion of heparin into the donors). Analysis of the cryoprecipitates revealed no resolubilisation problems, a significant (P<0.02) gain inthe yield of factor VIIIsC comparedwith ACD A control cryoprecipitates, and a mean factor VIIIsC specific activity of 0.11 iu/mg of total protein (S. D. 0.03, 6 experiments). Pools of plasma collected in the above manner are currently being fractionated to evaluate the resulting factor VIII concentrates.
6
Tysnes, Q.-B., A. J. M. Verhoeven, G. M. Aarbakke, and H. Holmsen. "Phosphoinositide metabolism in resting and thrombin-stimulated human platelets: Evidence for metabolic homogeneity." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644517.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of differences in specific radioactivity (SA), separate pools of phosphoinositides have recently been proposed in platelets. Human platelets were labelled for 60 min with [32p]p- and subsequently transferred to a phosphate- and Ca2+free Tyrode’s solution by gel-filtration. Thereafter, the platelets were either incubated at 37°C for 120 min, a condition which induces increase in specific labelling of the diester phosphate of phosphatitylinositol (PI), or stimulated with 0.5 U/ml of thrombin. The changes in SA of both diester and monoester phosphates of the phosphoinositides were detrmined. Immediately after the gel filtration, the SA of the diester phosphate of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) were both similar to that of PI and amounted to 4% or the SA of the monoester groups of PIP and PIP2- Whereas the SA of the monoester phosphate essentially remained constant and the same for PIP and PIP2 during the entire incubation, the SA of their diester phosphates increased gradually in parallel to that of PI, and reached 20% of the monoster groups after 120 min. The effect of thrombin was studied at 15, 60 and 180 sec after the addition. The absolute radioactivity of both diester and monoester phosphates of all phosphoinositides increased conciderably after an initial decrease. However, for the monoester groups, the changes in radioactivity were parallelled by the changes in mass for both PIP and PIP2. Thrombin therefore induced no changes in SA of the monoester phosphates. In contrast, the SA of the diester phosphates increased 5-fold and remained similar for all three phosphoinositides during the 180 sec of stimulation.In conclusion, our results demonstrate close metabolic equilibrium between all three phosphoinositides.Thrombin-induced changes in SA of PIP and PIP2 are purely secondary to changes in specific labelling of the diester phosphate.
7
Richards, Dylan, Jude Chavez, Matthew Pearson, and Craig Field. "Self-determination theory correlates of cannabis-related outcomes among a large, multi-site sample of college student." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.18.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Self-determination theory (SDT) is a general theory of human motivation that has been applied to understand why people engage in healthy behaviors. That is, more autonomous reasons for engaging in healthy behaviors is associated with an increased likelihood of initiating and maintaining healthy behaviors. Recent research has shown that this framework is useful for understanding engagement in harm reduction behaviors for alcohol among college students. It stands to reason that this framework may be equally useful for cannabis with the potential to inform intervention efforts for reducing harms associated with unhealthy cannabis use. In the present study, we examined autonomous functioning and psychological need satisfaction per SDT as correlates of cannabis-related outcomes among a large, multi-site sample of college students who use cannabis. Method: Participants were 5497 students recruited from Psychology Department participant pools at 10 universities in 8 states across the U.S (AK, CA, CO, ID NM, TX, VA, WA) who completed an online survey for partial course credit. We restricted analyses to those who reported consuming cannabis at least once in the past month (n=1398, about one-fourth of the total sample). The analytic sample was 20.25 years of age on average (SD=3.88) and mostly female (68.9%) and non-Hispanic white (59.4%). Participants completed measures assessing the three facets of autonomous functioning (authorship, interest-taking, and susceptibility to control) and satisfaction and frustration of the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, as well as a variety of measures assessing cannabis-related outcomes, including severity of use (i.e., Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test [CUDIT]), negative consequences (i.e., Marijuana Consequences Questionnaire [MACQ]), and harm reduction behaviors (i.e., Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana [PBSM]). Results: Consistent with hypotheses, overall autonomous functioning was positively correlated with PBSM (r=.179, p<.001) and negatively correlated with CUDIT (r=-.160, p<.001) and MACQ (r=-.092, p=.017). Separating autonomous functioning by subscale (i.e., domain), the correlations were largest in magnitude for the authorship domain (r=.250, r=-.240, and r=-.168, respectively, p<.001). Also consistent with hypotheses, greater satisfaction of each psychological need was positively correlated with PBSM (.149<rs<.203, ps<.001) and negatively correlated with CUDIT (-.146<rs<-.120, ps<.01) and MACQ (-.171<r<-.132, ps<.01); generally, these correlations were largest in magnitude for relatedness satisfaction. In contrast, greater frustration of each psychological need was negatively correlated with PBSM (-.144<rs<-.121, ps<.001) and positively correlated with CUDIT (.199<rs<.229, ps<.001) and MACQ (.133<rs<.215, ps<.01); the correlations were largest in magnitude for relatedness frustration with PBSM and competence frustration with CUDIT and MACQ. Conclusions: The present study is the first to demonstrate that higher autonomous functioning and greater psychological need satisfaction are protective factors for cannabis-related outcomes, including less consumption, fewer negative consequences, and more frequent use of harm reduction behaviors. SDT provides a rich framework for understanding not only why college students may engage in healthy cannabis-related behaviors, but also the conditions that foster that engagement, making it an ideal theory to inform cannabis interventions. The present findings warrant replication but suggest promise for SDT as a framework for understanding cannabis-related outcomes that future research should investigate further.
8
Burden, Clare. "P-170 Managing a change project – hospice hydrotherapy pool." In Dying for change: evolution and revolution in palliative care, Hospice UK 2019 National Conference, 20–22 November 2019, Liverpool. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-huknc.192.
Full text
9
Krishnamoorthy, G., S. Borodai, R. Rawat, J. Spinti, and P. J. Smith. "Numerical Modeling of Radiative Heat Transfer in Pool Fire Simulations." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81095.
Full textAbstract:
Different approaches to modeling radiative heat transfer in Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of a 38 cm diameter methane pool fire are compared. The P-1 radiation model and the discrete ordinates method are spatially decomposed to solve the radiative transport equation (RTE) on parallel computers. The radiative properties are obtained in the form of mean absorption coefficients from total emissivity data or of spectral absorption coefficients extracted from a narrow band model (RADCAL). The predictions are compared with experimental data. The different approaches are able to predict total radiative heat loss fractions with only a moderate loss of accuracy. However, only the discrete ordinates method is able to qualitatively predict the distributions of the radiative heat flux vectors in regions away from the fire. Results obtained from the calculations performed with the gray property model are very close to those obtained with non-gray calculations. Employing the P-1 radiation model with the gray property model provides adequate coupling between the hydrodynamics and radiative heat transfer while decreasing computational time by about 20% compared to the discrete ordinates method in moderate size grids. The computational savings associated with the P-1 model can become significant in LES calculations that are performed on large computational grids (employing hundreds to thousands of processors) to resolve structures on the scale of the pool diameter. Such resolution is necessary to capture both the large structures on the scale of the pool fire and the smaller regions of air engulfments and visible flame structures that are pivotal to characterizing soot location and temperature.
10
Yang, Pan, Zhuang Zhao, Jing Han, Yi Zhang, and Lianfa Bai. "High Signal to Noise Ratio Weld Pool Imaging Device Research in CMT+P." In ICVIP 2018: 2018 the 2nd International Conference on Video and Image Processing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3301506.3301536.
Full textReports on the topic "P pools"
1
Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.