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Academic literature on the topic 'P-length'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "P-length"

Alhazov, Artiom, Rudolf Freund, and Sergiu Ivanov. "Length P Systems." Fundamenta Informaticae 134, no. 1-2 (2014): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2014-1088.

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Shpyrko, O. A. "The derived p-length of finite p-soluble groups." Moscow University Mathematics Bulletin 69, no. 5 (September 2014): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0027132214050015.

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Grittini, Nicola. "p-length and character degrees in p-solvable groups." Journal of Algebra 544 (February 2020): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalgebra.2019.09.034.

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Heden, Olof. "On perfect p-ary codes of length p + 1." Designs, Codes and Cryptography 46, no. 1 (November 13, 2007): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10623-007-9133-y.

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Ballester-Bolinches, Adolfo, Luis M. Ezquerro, and Ning Su. "On bounds for the $$p$$ p -length of finite $$p$$ p -soluble groups." Collectanea Mathematica 67, no. 3 (May 5, 2015): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13348-015-0144-0.

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Mann, Avinoam. "The Derived Length of p-Groups." Journal of Algebra 224, no. 2 (February 2000): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jabr.1998.8045.

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Ballester-Bolinches, Adolfo, Ramón Esteban-Romero, and Luis M. Ezquerro. "On the p-length of some finite p-soluble groups." Israel Journal of Mathematics 204, no. 1 (June 25, 2014): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11856-014-1095-y.

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GONZÁLEZ-SÁNCHEZ, JON, and FRANCESCA SPAGNUOLO. "A BOUND ON THE p-LENGTH OF P-SOLVABLE GROUPS." Glasgow Mathematical Journal 57, no. 1 (August 26, 2014): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017089514000196.

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AbstractLet G be a finite p-solvable group and P a Sylow p-subgroup of G. Suppose that $\gamma_{\ell (p-1)}(P)\subseteq \gamma_r(P)^{p^s}$ for ℓ(p−1) < r + s(p − 1), then the p-length is bounded by a function depending on ℓ.

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Yamamoto, Hiromichi. "On weighted extremal length and $p$-capacity." Hiroshima Mathematical Journal 20, no. 3 (1990): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32917/hmj/1206129053.

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Camacho, L. M., E. M. Cañete, J. R. Gómez, and B. A. Omirov. "p -Filiform Leibniz algebras of maximum length." Linear Algebra and its Applications 450 (June 2014): 316–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2014.03.004.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "P-length"

Alessi, Dario <1990&gt. "Reviewing interactions between uranyl’s oxygen atom, hydrogen, p block elements, and their effects in uranium-oxygen bond length." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18359.

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Thanks to the Cambridge Structural Database, in this thesis work has been selected several uranyl’s ion crystal structures, which share interactions between uranyl’s oxygen and block p elements, or hydrogen. These interactions belong to hydrogen bond, chalcogen and halogen bond or, in a more generic way, short contact interactions. In order to select the structures, the research fields were limited for certain elements to a value within their Van der Waals peak. It was evaluated the influence that these interactions provide to the uranyl’s ion bond length (U=Oyl) from two points of view: a) by considering the type of interacting element and b) by considering the type of donor atom in equatorial position. The data collected were also used to verify the existence of a trend that correlates the interaction length, or nature of equatorial ligands, to the uranyl’s bond length. A comparation between the IR and Raman data, provided by the original works, completes the overview. In conclusion, the main synthetic routes to achieve the structures analysed in this research were highlighted.

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Masetti, Lucia. "Measurement of the K± -> p+p-e±v(-)e [K ± pi + pi - e + - (-) v e] form factors and of the pp [pi pi] scattering length a00." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=981815189.

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Li, Lingjun. "Statistical Inference for Change Points in High-Dimensional Offline and Online Data." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1586206330858843.

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Campos, Ana Rita Coimbra Pina de. "A Extensão Média de Enunciado como indicador de desenvolvimento linguístico no português europeu." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Saúde, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/7743.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Perturbações da Linguagem na Criança
A Extensão Média do Enunciado (EME) é um índice que resulta do rácio entre o número de morfemas (EME-m) ou número de palavras (EME-p) e o número de enunciados produzidos pela criança. Este índice tem vindo a ser estudado e utilizado em diferentes países e línguas, e, apesar de muitos estudos o apontarem como um bom indicador de desenvolvimento gramatical e linguístico, outros são controversos, principalmente quando aplicados a línguas com morfologia flexional mais rica, como o caso do português. Dada a escassez de dados para o português europeu, confinados a duas faixas etárias, e atendendo às evidências de que a EME-m e a EME-p apresentam uma boa correlação, neste estudo procurou-se analisar a EME-p, dos três aos sete anos. Os principais objetivos da presente dissertação são verificar se a EME-p será um bom indicador de desenvolvimento gramatical e linguístico, através da sua correlação com a idade e analisando diferenças entre faixas etárias, entre contextos de discurso (narrativo e espontâneo) e o nível de escolaridade (pré-escolar e escolar). Participaram no estudo cinquenta crianças, monolingues do português europeu e com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem, a frequentar centros educativos do Concelho de Santa Comba Dão. Foram gravadas, em dois momentos, amostras de discurso, espontâneo e narrativo, perfazendo, pelo menos, cem enunciados, que, posteriormente, foram transcritos através do Software Computerized Language Analysis (CLAN), que também realizou, de forma automática, o cálculo da EME-p. Os resultados indicam uma associação forte entre a idade e a EME-p, apesar de não existirem diferenças entre todas as faixas etárias, e uma correlação positiva entre a EME-p e o desenvolvimento da linguagem de crianças monolingues do português europeu. O valor da EME-p em discurso narrativo é estatisticamente superior ao seu valor em discurso espontâneo e o grupo em idade pré-escolar apresentou menor desempenho do que o grupo escolar. Em suma, considera-se que a EME-p pode fornecer informação pertinente sobre o desenvolvimento expressivo morfossintático da criança, contudo não poderão ser considerados valores padrão nem se poderá utilizar este índice como critério de diagnóstico.
The Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) is an index that results from the ratio between the number of morphemes (MLUm) or number of words (MLUw) and the number of utterances produced by the child. This index has been studied and used in different countries and languages and although many studies tell us that it is a good grammatical and linguistic development indicator, others are controversial, especially when applied to languages with richer inflectional morphology, such as Portuguese. Given the lack of data for European Portuguese confined to two age groups, and given the evidence that MLUm and MLUw have a good correlation, in this study we tried to analyze the MLUw in a group from three to seven years old. The main objectives of this dissertation are to check if the MLUw is a good indicator of grammatical and linguistic development, verifying its correlation with age and analyzing differences between age groups, discourse contexts (narrative and spontaneous) and the level of education (pre -school and school-age). In this study participated fifty children. They all were monolingual speakers of European Portuguese with typical language development, attending educational centers of the municipality of Santa Comba Dão. Speech samples were recorded in two different moments, in spontaneous speech and narrative context, making at least an hundred utterances which were later transcribed through Computerized Language Analysis Program (CLAN) which also calculated automatically the MLUw. The results indicate a strong association between age and the MLUw, although there are no significant differences between all age groups, and a positive correlation between MLUw and the development of European Portuguese children. The value of the MLUw in narrative discourse is statistically higher than in spontaneous speech and the group of pre-school age showed lower performance than the school-age group. In short, it is considered that the MLUw can provide relevant information on child development of morphosyntactic expressive competence, but cannot be considered as normative data or for diagnostic criterion.

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Pescante, Fabio <1986&gt. "La relazione tra product line length e performance. Il caso della piastrella di ceramica." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4092.

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La tesi studia la relazione intercorrente tra le decisioni di product line length e le performance aziendali. Si esaminano le determinanti delle decisioni di product line length e si opera una review della letteratura che ha studiato il legame tra product line e performance. L'analisi empirica si focalizza su un'eccellenza del "made in Italy": la piastrella di ceramica.

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Yang, Hongwei. "THE N-P SCATTERING CROSS SECTION FROM 90 KEV TO 1.8 MEV." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/physastron_etds/33.

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There have been very few measurements of the total cross section for n-p scattering below 500 keV. In order to differentiate among NN potential models, improved cross section data between 20 and 600 keV are required. We measured the n-p and n-C total cross sections in this energy region by transmission; a collimated neutron beam was passed through CH2 and C samples and transmitted neutrons were detected by a BC-501A deuterated liquid scintillator. Cross sections were obtained by taking the ratios of normalized neutron yields with the samples in the beam and with no sample in the beam. Both better precision and larger range between 90 keV and 1.8 MeV results are presented. The parameters resulting from fitting effective range theory to the data for n-p scattering are in good agreement with parameters determined from previous fits.

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Guidi, Mònica. "Micro RNA-Mediated regulation of the full-length and truncated isoforms of human neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 3 (NTRK 3)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7114.

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Neurotrophins and their receptors are key molecules in the development of the
nervous system. Neurotrophin-3 binds preferentially to its high-affinity receptor
NTRK3, which exists in two major isoforms in humans, the full-length kinaseactive
form (150 kDa) and a truncated non-catalytic form (50 kDa). The two
variants show different 3'UTR regions, indicating that they might be differentially
regulated at the post-transcriptional level. In this work we explore how
microRNAs take part in the regulation of full-length and truncated NTRK3,
demonstrating that the two isoforms are targeted by different sets of microRNAs.
We analyze the physiological consequences of the overexpression of some of the
regulating microRNAs in human neuroblastoma cells. Finally, we provide
preliminary evidence for a possible involvement of miR-124 - a microRNA with no
putative target site in either NTRK3 isoform - in the control of the alternative
spicing of NTRK3 through the downregulation of the splicing repressor PTBP1.
Las neurotrofinas y sus receptores constituyen una familia de factores cruciales
para el desarrollo del sistema nervioso. La neurotrofina 3 ejerce su función
principalmente a través de una unión de gran afinidad al receptor NTRK3, del cual
se conocen dos isoformas principales, una larga de 150KDa con actividad de tipo
tirosina kinasa y una truncada de 50KDa sin dicha actividad. Estas dos isoformas
no comparten la misma región 3'UTR, lo que sugiere la existencia de una
regulación postranscripcional diferente. En el presente trabajo se ha explorado
como los microRNAs intervienen en la regulación de NTRK3, demostrando que las
dos isoformas son reguladas por diferentes miRNAs. Se han analizado las
consecuencias fisiológicas de la sobrexpresión de dichos microRNAs utilizando
células de neuroblastoma. Finalmente, se ha estudiado la posible implicación del
microRNA miR-124 en el control del splicing alternativo de NTRK3 a través de la
regulación de represor de splicing PTBP1.

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Peretzki, Patrick [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Seibt, Michael [Gutachter] Seibt, and Christian [Gutachter] Jooß. "Implementation and quantification of scanning transmission EBIC experiments for measuring nanometer diffusion lengths in manganite-titanite p-n heterojunctions / Patrick Peretzki ; Gutachter: Michael Seibt, Christian Jooß ; Betreuer: Michael Seibt." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1175204919/34.

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Li, Yih-An, and 李益安. "In Derived Length of p-Group of Maximal Class For p=7,11." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07409292031081982190.

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碩士
國立高雄師範大學
數學研究所
86
A p-group G of order pn is said to be of maximal class if it has nilpotent class n-1. Most groups we consider here are p-groups of maximal class. The study of derived length m(p) of a p-group of maximal class is mostly contributed by N. Blackburn. In 1958, N. Blackburn showed that m(2)=2;m(3)=2;m(5)=3. In 1962, J.L. Alperin showed that "To every prime p there exist an integer m(p) such that if G is a p-group of maximal class then the derived length of G is at most m(p)". In this thesis, we shall study the case p = 7 and p=11.

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曾鈺婷. "Concept of Average Run Length for Coverage Interval & p values for Gene Expression Analysis." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12876198101850364007.

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Books on the topic "P-length"

1960, Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu d., and Bodhi Bhikkhu, eds. The middle length discourses of the Buddha: A new translation of the Majjhima Nikp-saya. Boston: Wisdom Publications in association with the Barre Center for Buddhist Studies, 1995.

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publishing, ob ob. Animal Healthcare Log Book: Keep Record Your Show Animals or Livestock P Hoto , Informations ,vaccinations, Lineage,medicals Treatements, Species ,sir Name,physical Observations,Height/Length... Track Veterinaries Visit. Independently Published, 2020.

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Finlay, Esmé, and Diaa Osman. Decompressive Surgery for Malignant Spinal Cord Compression (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0013.

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Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) is a potentially disabling complication associated with advanced cancer. To address whether decompressive surgery followed by radiation therapy is superior to radiation therapy alone, this multi-institutional randomized trial compared outcomes among 101 patients with MESCCC. The study assessed functional outcomes such as ability to ambulate posttreatment, length of ambulation and maintained continence posttreatment, survival time after intervention, and additional functional, quality of life, and medication use outcomes. The practice-changing results of this study indicate that patients who received decompressive surgery and radiation had a longer length of posttreatment ambulation (122 days vs. 13 days, P = 0.03), better overall survival (126 days vs. 100 days, Relative risk 0.60, P = 0.033), lower doses of palliative medications, as well as better performance on several other secondary outcomes. From this landmark study, in appropriately selected patients with MESCC, surgery followed by radiation has become the standard of care.

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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The kinematics of a point particle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0020.

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This chapter discusses the kinematics of point particles undergoing any type of motion. It introduces the concept of proper time—the geometric representation of the time measured by an accelerated clock. It also describes a world line, which represents the motion of a material point or point particle P, that is, an object whose spatial extent and internal structure can be ignored. The chapter then considers the interpretation of the curvilinear abscissa, which by definition measures the length of the world line L representing the motion of the point particle P. Next, the chapter discusses a mathematical result popularized by Paul Langevin in the 1920s, the so-called ‘Langevin twins’ which revealed a paradoxical result. Finally, the transformation of velocities and accelerations is discussed.

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McCleary, Richard, David McDowall, and Bradley J. Bartos. Statistical Conclusion Validity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 addresses the sub-category of internal validity defined by Shadish et al., as statistical conclusion validity, or “validity of inferences about the correlation (covariance) between treatment and outcome.” The common threats to statistical conclusion validity can arise, or become plausible through either model misspecification or through hypothesis testing. The risk of a serious model misspecification is inversely proportional to the length of the time series, for example, and so is the risk of mistating the Type I and Type II error rates. Threats to statistical conclusion validity arise from the classical and modern hybrid significance testing structures, the serious threats that weigh heavily in p-value tests are shown to be undefined in Beyesian tests. While the particularly vexing threats raised by modern null hypothesis testing are resolved through the elimination of the modern null hypothesis test, threats to statistical conclusion validity would inevitably persist and new threats would arise.

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Schultz, Celia E. Fulvia. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697136.001.0001.

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Fulvia: Playing for Power at the End of the Roman Republic is the first full-length biography focused solely on Fulvia, daughter of Sempronia and Bambalio, who is best known as the wife of Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony). Born into a less prestigious branch of an aristocratic Roman clan in the last decades of the Roman Republic, Fulvia first rose to prominence as the wife of P. Clodius Pulcher, scion of one of the city’s most powerful families and one of its most infamous and scandalous politicians. In the aftermath of his murder, Fulvia refused to shrink from the glare of public scrutiny and helped to prosecute the man responsible. Later, as the wife of Antonius, she was the most powerful woman in Rome, at one point even taking an active role in the military conflict between Antonius’s allies and Octavian, the future emperor Augustus. Her husbands’ enemies painted her as domineering, vicious, greedy, and petty—a caricature of woman who pushed against the boundary of female propriety, a woman about whom there was “nothing feminine except her form.” This biography peels away the invective to reveal a strong-willed, independent woman who was, by many traditional measures, a successful Roman matrona: she was never single for long, her husbands flourished, her children were many, and there was barely a whiff of sexual impropriety about her. On top of all that, Fulvia proved herself, over and over again, to be a valuable asset, a shrewd political ally, and a fearless defender of her family’s interests.

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Kelly, Phil. Defending Classical Geopolitics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.279.

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Three successive parts are presented within this article, all intended to raise the visibility and show the utility of classical geopolitics as a deserving and separate international-relations model: (a) a common traditional definition, (b) relevant theories that correspond to that definition, and (c) applications of certain theories that will delve at some depth into three case studies (the Ukrainian shatterbelt, contemporary Turkish geopolitics, and a North American heartland).The placement of states, regions, and resources, as affecting international relations and foreign policies, defines classical geopolitics. This definition emphasizes the application of spatially composed unbiased theories that should bring insight into foreign-affairs events and policies. Specifically, a “model” contains theories that correspond to its description. A “theory” is a simple sentence of probability, with “A” happening to likely affect “B.” Importantly, models are passive; they merely hold theories. In contrast, theories possess their own titles and perform actively when taken from such models.Various methodological challenges are presented: (a) combining concepts with theories, (b) estimating probability for testing theories, (c) claiming the “scientific,” (d) accounting for determinism, (e) revealing a dynamic environment for geopolitics, (f) separating realism from geopolitics, and (g) drawing classical geopolitics away from the critical. Certain theories that are placed within the geopolitical model are examined next: (a) heartlands and rimlands, (b) land and sea power, (c) choke points and maritime lines of communication, (d) offshore balancing, (e) the Monroe doctrine, (f) balances of power, (g) checkerboards, (h) shatterbelts, (i) pan-regions, (j) influence spheres, (k) dependency, (l) buffer states, (m) organic borders, (n) imperial thesis, (o) borders/wars, (p) contagion, (q) irredentism, (r) demography, (s) fluvial laws, (t) petro-politics, and (u) catastrophic events in nature. Additional theories apply elsewhere in the article as well.Of the three case studies, the Ukrainian shatterbelt represents the sole contemporary geopolitical configuration of this type, a regional conflict coupling with a strategic rivalry. Here, partisans of the civil war between the eastern and the western sectors of the country have joined with the Russians against the Europeans and Americans, respectively. Next, Turkey’s pivotal location has afforded it both advantages and disadvantages, a topic discussed at some length earlier in the article. Its “zero-problems” strategy of seeking positive relations with neighbors has now been forced to change tactics, reflective of new forces within and beyond the country. Finally, a North American heartland compares nicely to Halford Mackinder’s earlier Eurasia heartland thesis, with the American perhaps proving more stable, wealthy, and enduring, based in large part on its stronger geopolitical features.

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Skiba, Grzegorz. Fizjologiczne, żywieniowe i genetyczne uwarunkowania właściwości kości rosnących świń. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_gs_2020.

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Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

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Maximal Function Methods for Sobolev Spaces. American Mathematical Society, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "P-length"

Aref’eva, I. Ya. "Physics at the Planck Length and p-Adic Field Theories." In Differential Geometric Methods in Theoretical Physics, 387–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9148-7_39.

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Lim, Andrew, and Zhou Xu. "A Fixed-Length Subset Genetic Algorithm for the p-Median Problem." In Genetic and Evolutionary Computation — GECCO 2003, 1596–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45110-2_42.

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Bastos, Gustavo Terra, and Marinês Guerreiro. "Idempotents Generators for Minimal Cyclic Codes of Length p n q." In Coding Theory and Applications, 345–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17296-5_37.

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Laaouine, Jamal. "On the Hamming and Symbol-Pair Distance of Constacyclic Codes of Length $$p^s$$ over $$\mathbb {F}_{p^m}+ u\mathbb {F}_{p^m}$$." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 137–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61143-9_12.

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Sidorov, S. V., and P. A. Shcherbakov. "On the Period Length Modulo p of the Numerators of Convergents for the Square Root of a Prime Number p." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 136–47. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24145-1_11.

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Sahoo, Priyabrata, and Karali Patra. "Influences of Feed Rate and Machining Length in Micro-milling of P-20 Steel." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 119–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1307-7_13.

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Dritsos, Stephanos, and Dimitrios Baros. "Modification and Strengthening of a Characteristic Reinforced Concrete Building in Patras, Greece." In Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures, 21–41. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.021.

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<p>The design and application of strengthening measures aiming to effectively counter possible weaknesses related to the extensive architectural modification of a characteristic reinforced concrete building is discussed in this chapter. Several balconies were removed as part of the architectural interventions. Externally bonded reinforcement consisting of steel and fibre reinforced polymer laminates was applied as an “answer” to possible changes in flexural stress of selected structural elements in the immediate area of the demolitions. A unique anchorage system was also designed and applied as an answer to the loss of development length of the main reinforcement bars of selected beams due to the removal of their cantilever parts.</p>

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Swain, Sanjit Kumar, Sudhansu Mohan Biswal, Umakanta Nanda, D. Siva Patro, Suraj Kumar Nayak, and Birendra Biswal. "Impact of p-GaN Gate Length on Performance of AlGaN/GaN Normally-off HEMT Devices." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 803–9. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1906-8_81.

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Presland, Rob, Alistair Boyce, and Engliang Chin. "Thorndon Container Wharf: Temporary Works for Recovery of Container Operations (New Zealand)." In Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures, 127–44. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.127.

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<p>The Thorndon Container Wharf sustained severe damage in the November 2016 M7.8 Kaikoura earthquake. Substantialworks, of a temporary nature, were required to restore thewharf for container handling operations. The temporary securing works included gravel columns within the reclamation fill and restraining and underpinning of the wharf. All of these works were designed and constructed over a 9-month period to provide a temporary facility for container handling operations for a period of up to 3 years. The temporary securingworks were required to secure the container cranes, maintain support to the wharf structure, and ensure the reclamation behind the wharf had sufficient strength to support lateral loads imposed by the restraining system. This was to enable container operations to recommence and to maintain business continuity, pending action on replacement or reinstatement of the container wharf. This paper outlines the development of the design of the temporary works to secure and return to operations a 125- m working length of wharf and reclamation.</p>

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Das, Bhaskar, J. Schulze, and Udayan Ganguly. "Effect of Delta-p Doping and i-Region Length Scaling on Ion/Ioff in Si NIPIN Diode for Selector Application." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 671–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97604-4_103.

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Conference papers on the topic "P-length"

Boltar, K., and N. Iakovleva. "Diffusion length in p-type HgCdTe expitaxial layer determination." In Moscow, Russia, edited by Anatoly M. Filachov, Vladimir P. Ponomarenko, and Alexander I. Dirochka. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.628908.

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Hafiz, Shopan, Sebastian Metzner, Fan Zhang, Morteza Monavarian, Vitaliy Avrutin, Hadis Morkoç, Christopher Karbaum, et al. "Determination of carrier diffusion length in p- and n-type GaN." In SPIE OPTO, edited by Jen-Inn Chyi, Yasushi Nanishi, Hadis Morkoç, Joachim Piprek, Euijoon Yoon, and Hiroshi Fujioka. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2040645.

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Dutta, Sagarmoy, and Piyush P. Kurur. "Quantum cyclic code of length dividing p^t + 1." In 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory - ISIT. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2011.6034210.

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Kobayashi, T., and H. Azuma. "The High Resolution Short Length P&S Wave Velocity Mesurement." In Near Surface Geoscience 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131380.

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Yin, Gaofei, and Ainong Li. "PLC-P: A canopy reflectance model for sloping terrain based on path length correction and P-theory." In 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2017.8127846.

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Lee, Tae-Hwan, Hee-Heon Jung, and Jin-Ho Chung. "A New One-Coincidence Frequency-Hopping Sequence Set of Length p2 - p." In 2018 IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itw.2018.8613534.

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Wee, Danny, Giacinta Parish, and Brett Nener. "Determination of diffusion length of p-type GaN from spectral-response measurements." In 2006 Conference on Optoelectronic and Microelectronic Materials and Devices. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/commad.2006.4429932.

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Tan, Y., B. Kotecha, A. Karupaiah, P. Verma, and Z. Saleem. "G243(P) Audit of Paediatric Handovers: SBAR Quality and Length of Handover." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the Annual Conference, 24–26 May 2017, ICC, Birmingham. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313087.237.

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Monks, N., A. Kantheti, R. Roots, and A. Kumar. "G429(P) Reducing length of hospital admission using a neonatal sepsis protocol." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference and exhibition, 13–15 May 2019, ICC, Birmingham, Paediatrics: pathways to a brighter future. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-rcpch.414.

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KONG, QINGJUN, and XIUYUN GUO. "ON THE LENGTH OF CONJUGACY CLASSES AND P-NILPOTENCE OF FINITE GROUPS." In Proceedings of the Second International Congress in Algebra and Combinatorics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812790019_0014.

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Reports on the topic "P-length"

Robert J. Goldston. Scrape-off Layer Flows With Pressure Gradient Scale Length ~ {rho}{sub p}. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1073492.

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Nam, Jae Hyun, Hee Jin Kwack, Woo Seob Ha, and Jee-Eun Chung. Resuscitation fluids for patients with risk factors of multiple organ failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0091.

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Review question / Objective: P: patients with risk factors of multiple organ failure I: balanced crystalloids C: normal saline O: mortality, in-hospital mortality, renal failure, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay. Condition being studied: In clinical field, aggressive fluid resuscitation therapy is administered to prevent the progression of multiple organ failures by maintaining tissue and organ perfusion. Normal saline is frequently used, but it has been some concerns. Although large-scale studies with balanced crystalloids have been conducted, they couldn’t reach significant conclusions due to the diversity of disease severity. Therefore, we aims to evaluate and identify the best fluid for patients at high risk of multiple organ failure by comparing the effects of normal saline and balanced crystalloids.

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Liao, DaHan. Scattering From the Finite-Length, Dielectric Circular Cylinder. Part 2 - On the Validity of an Analytical Solution for Characterizing Backscattering from Tree Trunks at P-Band. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada622303.

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Wang, Yao, Jeehee Lim, Rodrigo Salgado, Monica Prezzi, and Jeremy Hunter. Pile Stability Analysis in Soft or Loose Soils: Guidance on Foundation Design Assumptions with Respect to Loose or Soft Soil Effects on Pile Lateral Capacity and Stability. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317387.

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The design of laterally loaded piles is often done in practice using the p-y method with API p-y curves representing the behavior of soil at discretized points along the pile length. To account for pile-soil-pile interaction in pile groups, AASHTO (2020) proposes the use of p-multipliers to modify the p-y curves. In this research, we explored, in depth, the design of lateral loaded piles and pile groups using both the Finite Element (FE) method and the p-y method to determine under what conditions pile stability problems were likely to occur. The analyses considered a wide range of design scenarios, including pile diameters ranging from 0.36 m (14.17 inches) to 1.0 m (39.37 inches), pile lengths ranging from 10 m (32.81 ft) to 20 m (65.62 ft), uniform and multilayered soil profiles containing weak soil layers of loose sand or normally consolidated (NC) clay, lateral load eccentricity ranging from 0 m to 10 m (32.81 ft), combined axial and lateral loads, three different pile group configurations (1×5, 2×5, and 3×5), pile spacings ranging from 3 to 5 times the pile diameter, two different load directions (“strong” direction and “weak” direction), and two different pile cap types (free-standing and soil-supported pile caps). Based on the FEA results, we proposed new p-y curve equations for clay and sand. We also examined the behavior of the individual piles in the pile groups and found that the moment applied to the pile cap is partly transferred to the individual piles as moments, which is contrary to the assumption often made that moments are fully absorbed by axial loads on the group piles. This weakens the response of the piles to lateral loading because a smaller lateral pressure is required to produce a given deflection when moments are transferred to the head of the piles as moments. When the p-y method is used without consideration of the transferred moments, unconservative designs result. Based on the FEA results, we proposed both a new set of p-multipliers and a new method to use when moment distribution between piles is not known, using pile efficiency instead to calculate the total capacity of pile groups.

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Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch, and Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.

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Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.

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Jackson, Caesar R. A {sup 2}H(n,p)2n experiment to measure accurately the neutron-neutron scattering length. Final report for reporting period May 1, 1995 - October 31, 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/765646.

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Badami, Kaswan, Budi Setiadi Daryono, Achmad Amzeri, and Syaiful Khoiri. COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROTIC STUDIES ON HYBRID MELON (Cucumis melo L.) POPULATIONS FOR FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2020.3.

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In different crop plants, combining ability and heterosis are used as important diagnostic tools for assessing the performance of parental genotypes and their hybrids. This research aimed to evaluate heterotic and combining ability effects in the diallel crosses of melon (Cucumis melo L.) for yield- and quality-related traits. Seven melon (C. melo L.) genotypes were grown and crossed in a complete diallel fashion to produce F1 hybrids. During the 2019 crop season, 49 melon genotypes (7 parents + 42 F1 hybrids) were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Observations were made for seven characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences among the melon genotypes for harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit diameter and merely significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for fruit weight. Combining ability analysis revealed that mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) were significant for fruit diameter but were nonsignificant for all other traits. However, mean squares due to specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for all traits. The parental genotypes PK-165, PK-464, and PK-669 exhibited the highest and desirable GCA effects for yield and quality traits. Hence, these genotypes could be used to generate high-yielding hybrid/open-pollinated cultivars. GCA:SCA ratios further revealed that the traits of harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit weight were controlled by dominant gene action, whereas fruit diameter was managed by additive and dominant genes. The majority of the traits were controlled by nonadditive gene action, verifying that the said breeding material could be efficiently used for the production of hybrid cultivars on the basis of heterotic effects.

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Liu, Yuxin, Shuangqing Zhai, Xiuchao Liu, and Jintao Liu. Traditional Chinese medicine therapies for cervical spondylotic radiculopathy: A protocol for Bayesian network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0114.

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Review question / Objective: P: Patients diagnosed with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR). I: The treatmen group will be treated with traditional Chinese medicine therapies (with/without additional treatment) including acupuncture of several types (acupuncture, acupoint sticking, acupoint injection, electroacupuncture and so on), massage, cervical traction, fire needle, traditional Chinese medicine hot compress, or their combination. No restrictions are imposed on length of the treatment period, times of treatment, and frequency of treatment. C: The traditional Chinese medicine therapies (with/without additional treatment) including acupuncture of several types (acupuncture, acupoint sticking, acupoint injection, electroacupuncture and so on), massage, cervical traction, fire needle, traditional Chinese medicine hot compress, or their combination will be included in this review. S: Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) will be included.

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Lucas, Brian. Lessons Learned about Political Inclusion of Refugees. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.114.

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Most refugees and other migrants have limited opportunities to participate in politics to inform and influence the policies that affect them daily; they have limited voting rights and generally lack effective alternative forms of representation such as consultative bodies (Solano & Huddleston, 2020a, p. 33). Political participation is ‘absent (or almost absent) from integration strategies’ in Eastern European countries, while refugees and other migrants in Western Europe do enjoy significant local voting rights, stronger consultative bodies, more funding for immigrant organisations and greater support from mainstream organisations (Solano & Huddleston, 2020a, p. 33).This rapid review seeks to find out what lessons have been learned about political inclusion of refugees, particularly in European countries.In general, there appears to be limited evidence about the effectiveness of attempts to support the political participation of migrants/refugees. ‘The engagement of refugees and asylum-seekers in the political activities of their host countries is highly understudied’ (Jacobi, 2021, p. 3) and ‘the effects that integration policies have on immigrants’ representation remains an under-explored field’ (Petrarca, 2015, p. 9). The evidence that is available often comes from sources that cover the entire population or ethnic minorities without specifically targeting refugees or migrants, are biased towards samples of immigrants who are long-established in the host country and may not be representative of immigrant populations, or focus only on voting behaviour and neglect other forms of political participation (Bilodeau, 2016, pp. 30–31). Statistical data on refugees and integration policy areas and indicators is often weak or absent (Hopkins, 2013, pp. 9, 28–32, 60). Data may not distinguish clearly among refugees and other types of migrants by immigration status, origin country, or length of stay in the host country; may not allow correlating data collected during different time periods with policies in place during those periods and preceding periods; and may fail to collect a range of relevant migrant-specific social and demographic characteristics (Bilgili et al., 2015, pp. 22–23; Hopkins, 2013, p. 28).

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wu, ruiqing. Efficacy and Complications of Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF) for lumbar spinal stenosis：A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0085.

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Review question / Objective: P? Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. I? Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF). C? Other lumbar interbody fusions. O?Predefined outcome measures were preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale back and/or leg pain (VAS-BP) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score; operation time; intraoperative blood loss; length of hospital stay; and the complications, reoperation and fusion rate. S: randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or nonrandomized cohort studies. Condition being studied: Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF) can be widely used for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis, and this study aims to summarize the efficacy and complications of this procedure for lumbar spinal stenosis. Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF) for the treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis.for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis, and this study aims to summarize the efficacy and complications of this procedure for lumbar spinal stenosis.Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF) for the treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis.

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