Journal articles on the topic 'P-I diagram'

Phase diagrams including absolute negative pressure regions of thermotropic liquid crystals give useful information on science and technology. A phase diagram was depicted for ca. 40mg of a thermotropic liquid crystal in a pressure vs. temperature (P-T) plane by the Berthelot method using a metal tube. N-I phase transitions occurred even under-10MPa, and a polymorphism of the crystalline phase was observed.

Given a set of points P = {p1, p2, …, pn} in the Euclidean plane, with each point piassociated with a given direction vi∈ V. P(pi, vi) defines a half-plane and L(pi, vi) denotes the baseline that is perpendicular to viand passing through pi. Define a region dominated by piand vias a Baseline Bounded Half-Plane Voronoi Region, denoted as V or(pi, vi), if a point x ∈ V or(pi, vi), then (1) x ∈ P(pi, vi); (2) the line segment l(x, pi) does not cross any baseline; (3) if there is a point pj, such that x ∈ P(pj, vj), and the line segment l(x, pj) does not cross any baseline then d(x, pi) ≤ d(x, pj), j ≠ i. The Baseline Bounded Half-Plane Voronoi Diagram, denoted as V or(P, V), is the union of all V or(pi, vi). We show that V or(pi, vi) and V or(P, V) can be computed in O(n log n) and O(n2log n) time, respectively. For the heterogeneous point set, the same problem is also considered.

Roy Harrod (1951, p. 453) explicitly states that he “supplied a diagram purporting to reconcile the classical theory [of interest] with [Keynes's] theory, and he incorporated it in the [General Theory]-the only diagram in it!” (italics added). John M. Keynes (1936, p. 180n) himself writes: “This diagram was suggested to me by Mr. R.F. Harrod.” Furthermore, Harrod, in a letter to Ralph Hawtrey (19 June 1951) also says: “I was myself responsible for the diagram on page 180 which was an attempt to demonstrate to Maynard that his theories were not quite so out of line with the classical position as he supposed” (quoted in Warren Young 1987, p. 136). Now Rod O'Donnell (1999) claims that Harrod never supplied a diagram but only suggested how one could be drawn. Thus both Harrod and Keynes have misled us about the genesis of the only diagram in the General Theory. O'Donnell advances arguments in support of his claim which do not appear convincing.

I present evolutionary tracks and curves of constant central hydrogen abundance in diagrams based on frequencies of high-order, low-degree p modes. For stars with masses between 0.7 and 1.5 M⊙, a clean separation is obtained between the effects of varying mass and varying evolutionary state.

The paper aims to provide an analysis and accuracy assessment of the interpolation of real indicator diagrams, averaged over 50 runs, performed with the use of glued functions which analytically describe the form of those diagrams. The analysis and accuracy assessment were carried out for values of mean indicated pressure p¬i and indicated efficiency determined for real and interpolated diagrams. The paper also presents the analysis and assessment of error in the determination of the mean maximum pressure value in the working cycle of the AD3.152 UR engine fuelled by diesel oil, pure methyl ester of rapeseed oil fatty acids FAME and the blend of both fuels marked B20. When the indicator diagram was taken experimentally, the engine operated in the mode of external speed characteristics at the crankshaft rotational velocity n=2000 rpm.

In this paper, we propose to compute Voronoi diagrams over mesh surfaces driven by an arbitrary geodesic distance solver, assuming that the input is a triangle mesh as well as a collection of sites P = { Pi } m i =1 on the surface. We propose two key techniques to solve this problem. First, as the partition is determined by minimizing the m distance fields, each of which rooted at a source site, we suggest keeping one or more distance triples, for each triangle, that may help determine the Voronoi bisectors when one uses a mark-and-sweep geodesic algorithm to predict the multi-source distance field. Second, rather than keep the distance itself at a mesh vertex, we use the squared distance to characterize the linear change of distance field restricted in a triangle, which is proved to induce an exact VD when the base surface reduces to a planar triangle mesh. Specially, our algorithm also supports the Euclidean distance, which can handle thin-sheet models (e.g. leaf) and runs faster than the traditional restricted Voronoi diagram (RVD) algorithm. It is very extensible to deal with various variants of surface-based Voronoi diagrams including (1) surface-based power diagram, (2) constrained Voronoi diagram with curve-type breaklines, and (3) curve-type generators. We conduct extensive experimental results to validate the ability to approximate the exact VD in different distance-driven scenarios.

We consider two-class linear classification in a high-dimensional, small-sample-size setting. Only a small fraction of the features are useful, these being unknown to us, and each useful feature contributes weakly to the classification decision. This was called the rare/weak (RW) model in our previous study ( Donoho, D. & Jin, J. 2008 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105 , 14 790–14 795). We select features by thresholding feature Z -scores. The threshold is set by higher criticism (HC). For 1≤ i ≤ N , let π i denote the p -value associated with the i th Z -score and π ( i ) denote the i th order statistic of the collection of p -values. The HC threshold (HCT) is the order statistic of the Z -score corresponding to index i maximizing . The ideal threshold optimizes the classification error. In that previous study, we showed that HCT was numerically close to the ideal threshold. We formalize an asymptotic framework for studying the RW model, considering a sequence of problems with increasingly many features and relatively fewer observations. We show that, along this sequence, the limiting performance of ideal HCT is essentially just as good as the limiting performance of ideal thresholding. Our results describe two-dimensional phase space , a two-dimensional diagram with coordinates quantifying ‘rare’ and ‘weak’ in the RW model. The phase space can be partitioned into two regions—one where ideal threshold classification is successful, and one where the features are so weak and so rare that it must fail. Surprisingly, the regions where ideal HCT succeeds and fails make exactly the same partition of the phase diagram. Other threshold methods, such as false (feature) discovery rate (FDR) threshold selection, are successful in a substantially smaller region of the phase space than either HCT or ideal thresholding. The FDR and local FDR of the ideal and HC threshold selectors have surprising phase diagrams, which are also described. Results showing the asymptotic equivalence of HCT with ideal HCT can be found in a forthcoming paper ( Donoho, D. & Jin, J. In preparation ).

Experimental results are summarized on the P–T–m diagram. In pure [C₃mim][I], amorphous phase appeared both at low-temperature and high-pressure. Stoichiometric [C₃mim][I₃] promotes crystallization, while non-stoichiometric [C₃mim][I_3.66] indicates anomalies.

Abstract We present an analysis of 991 heartbeat stars (HBSs) from the OGLE Collection of Variable Stars. The sample consists of 512 objects located toward the Galactic bulge, 439 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, and 40 in the Small Magellanic Cloud. We model the I-band OGLE light curves using an analytical model of flux variations reflecting tidal deformations between stars. We present distributions of the model parameters that include the eccentricity, orbital inclination, and argument of the periastron but also the period–amplitude diagrams. On the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, our HBS sample forms two separate groups of different evolutionary status. The first group, including about 90 systems with short orbital periods (P ≲ 50 days), consists of an early-type primary star lying on (or close to) the main sequence. The second group, including about 900 systems with long orbital periods (P ≳ 100 days), contains a red giant (RG). The position of the RG HBSs on the period–luminosity diagram strongly indicates their binary nature. They appear to be a natural extension of confirmed binary systems that include the OGLE ellipsoidal and long secondary period variables. We also present a time-series analysis leading to detection of tidally excited oscillations (TEOs). We identify such pulsations in about 5% of stars in the sample with a total of 78 different modes. This first relatively large homogeneous sample of TEOs allowed us to construct a diagram revealing the correlation between the TEO’s orbital harmonic number and the eccentricity of the host binary system.

We performed a systematic study of the crystal structure, physical properties, and electronic structure of PbFCl-type intermetallic APX(A=Zr, Hf, X=S and Se) superconductor. We successfully synthesized single-phase polycrystalline samples for the Se substitution range of 0.4≤x≤0.8 in Zr(P2-xSex) using high pressure technique. On the other hand, S substitution range in Zr(P2-xSx) was narrow of 0.4≤x≤0.6, the S substitution range in Hf(P2-xSx) was narrow of x≈0.55, and the Se substitution range in Hf(P2-xSex) was also very narrow of x≈0.4. Zr(P2-xSex) exhibits a dome-like superconducting phase diagram for the substitution amount x. The superconducting transition temperature (Tc) is achieved at approximately x≈0.75 at which point the Tcis 6.3 K for Zr(P1.25Se0.75), 5.5 K for Hf(P1.30Se0.70), 5.0 K for Zr(P1.325S0.675), and 4.6 K for Hf(P1.50S0.50), respectively. Tcfor Zr(P1.25Se0.75) is increased from 6.3 K to 7.6 K by partially substituting a non-magnetic rare earth Sc atom for Zr. Single crystals of Zr(P1.25Se0.75) and partially substituted by Sc atom for Zr site of the ZrP2-xSexwere also grain grown using high pressure technique. Plate-like single crystal with approximate edge sizes of up to 500 × 300 × 20 μm3for (Zr0.50Sc0.50)PSe nominal composition was obtained. Tc= 8.36 K was reached and the Hc1//c-axis(0) and Hc1⊥c-axis(0) roughly determined are 0.0045 T and 0.0038 T, respectively. Assuming the type-II superconductivity in dirty limit, the Hc2//c-axis(0) value of 1.33 T was also obtained. In this presentation, the crystal growth and physical properties of this APX(A=Zr, Hf, X=S and Se) superconductor has reported.

AbstractIn this paper, the EndoFEM incorporated with a node duplicated and then unloaded crack extension methodology, is employed to produce the CT specimen of A1 2024-T3 with initial fatigue crack and then to simulate its stable crack growth under Mode I condition. Using the experimental P-LLD data, the P-Δa diagram can be estimated by the effective compliance method. This results in a further simulation of crack extending procedures which can obtain the stress-plastic strain distributions of growing crack front and their crack opening profiles, CTOD and CTOA vs. Δa Diagram, COD and COA measured at 5 positions behind the original crack tip vs. Δa diagram. The results mentioned above have excellent agreements with results of related experiments and other computational simulations.In consequence, the paper proposes a single fracture parameter of crack growth which can be casted in the future studies of EndoFEM simulation: (1) Within the crack initiation range whose crack extension rates da/dP has the lowest constant value, the COA measured at 0.5mm behind the original crack tip is takes as 5°; (2) Within the stable crack growth region whose crack extension rates are nonlinearly and monotonically increasing with finite values, the COA measured at 1mm behind the current crack tip is also taken as 5°.

<p>This study aims to analyze the disclosure distribution of the position regency/city in Central Java based on the linkage of Economic Growth (EG) and Human Development Index (HDI). The study uses secondary data in the form of cross-sectional regional regency/city based on EG and HDI components. Data analysis uses regency/city distribution plot diagram based on EG and HDI components in the Cartesian diagram which divides the space into 4 Quadrants, namely: Quadrant I of the regency/city distribution plots with high EG and HDI, Quadrant II of the regency/city distribution plots with low EG and high HDI, Quadrant III of the regency/city distribution plots with high EG and low HDI, and Quadrant IV of the regency/city distribution plots with low EG and HDI. This study concludes that the position of cities in Central Java in general is in line with the Quadrant I group, the HDI of regency/city in the area of the ex-Semarang and ex-Surakarta residency is in Quadrant I. Other regencies/cities are spread in Quadrant II, III, and IV.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><strong> : </strong>human development index, economic growth, Central Java, distribution plot</p><p> </p>

The red/near-infrared emission spectrum from a 370-W atmospheric pressure helium microwave-induced plasma (MIP) has been characterized for eleven nonmetals with a Fourier transform spectrometer and silicon photodiode detector. A comprehensive list of all observed lines and relative intensities has been tabulated for MIP-excited emissions of C, H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, P, S, Si, and the helium background in the diode detector region 15,750 to 8500 cm−1 (6349–11,764 Å). Many of these red/near-infrared lines (especially of phosphorus and silicon) are reported for the first time in an analytically useful plasma. Data for silicon and phosphorus are shown to fit known Grotrian diagrams. The data of this paper were used with corresponding known upper-state energies and transitions to construct a partial Grotrian diagram for helium plasma emissions of iodine.

Wild cherry is one of the noble hardwood species that increase the biodiversity of our forests and at the same time it could increase the income for forest owners. The preconditions for achieving these goals are the high quality of stem and appropriate silvicultural management. This means that wild cherry should occupy the main crown layer in the stand. The height/frequency diagram depicts two groups of wild cherry trees in the stand belonging to dominant/codominant and suppressed tree classes. Height periodic increment (measured between the years 2001 and 2007) is significantly (<I>p</I> < 0.01) different in these two groups confirming that there is no transition chance for the trees from the suppressed group to become a part of the main crown layer and play the role of future crop tree. The same is true of the diameter/frequency diagram which also has a two-peak shape remaining also at the end of the surveyed period. Our result suggests that silvicultural care should be focused only on trees belonging to future crop trees.

ABSTRACT We present the first Hubble diagram of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) out to a redshift of two, together with constraints on the matter density, ΩM, and the dark energy equation-of-state parameter, w(≡p/ρ). We build a sample of 20 cosmologically useful SLSNe I based on light curve and spectroscopy quality cuts. We confirm the robustness of the peak–decline SLSN I standardization relation with a larger data set and improved fitting techniques than previous works. We then solve the SLSN model based on the above standardization via minimization of the χ2 computed from a covariance matrix that includes statistical and systematic uncertainties. For a spatially flat Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model, we find $\Omega _{\rm M}=0.38^{+0.24}_{-0.19}$, with an rms of 0.27 mag for the residuals of the distance moduli. For a w0waCDM cosmological model, the addition of SLSNe I to a ‘baseline’ measurement consisting of Planck temperature together with Type Ia supernovae, results in a small improvement in the constraints of w0 and wa of 4 per cent. We present simulations of future surveys with 868 and 492 SLSNe I (depending on the configuration used) and show that such a sample can deliver cosmological constraints in a flat ΛCDM model with the same precision (considering only statistical uncertainties) as current surveys that use Type Ia supernovae, while providing a factor of 2–3 improvement in the precision of the constraints on the time variation of dark energy, w0 and wa. This paper represents the proof of concept for superluminous supernova cosmology, and demonstrates they can provide an independent test of cosmology in the high-redshift (z &gt; 1) universe.

The I{\overline 1} structures of four natural Ca-rich plagioclase feldspars formed at high temperature were analysed using single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction. The neutron time-of-flight Laue diffractometer at the ORNL Spallation Neutron Source (Tennessee, USA) combined with a single-crystal X-ray diffraction instrument were able to reveal some new details about these already intensively studied structures. The split oxygen atoms refined from the neutron diffraction data show the underlying mechanism of Ca–Na ordering and the anisotropic P{\overline 1} ordering along thec-axis. The compositional ranges covered by the samples studied are quite rare for I{\overline 1} structures. The incommensurately modulatede2 structure of some plagioclase samples can easily be confused with an I{\overline 1} structure from the diffraction pattern, which puts some previously published I{\overline 1} structures into question. An incomplete phase diagram for Ca-rich plagioclase feldspar is proposed to explain the rarity of the I{\overline 1} structure in this compositional range, and a time–temperature–transformation diagram for the composition ∼An66is provided accordingly.

Molecular hydrogen forms the archetypical quantum solid. Its quantum nature is revealed by behavior which is classically impossible and by very strong isotope effects. Isotope effects betweenH2,D2, and HD molecules come from mass difference and the different quantum exchange effects: fermionicH2molecules have antisymmetric wavefunctions, while bosonicD2molecules have symmetric wavefunctions, and HD molecules have no exchange symmetry. To investigate how the phase diagram depends on quantum-nuclear effects, we use high-pressure and low-temperature in situ Raman spectroscopy to map out the phase diagrams ofH2–HD–D2with various isotope concentrations over a wide pressure–temperature (P-T) range. We find that mixtures ofH2, HD, andD2behave as an isotopic molecular alloy (ideal solution) and exhibit symmetry-breaking phase transitions between phases I and II and phase III. Surprisingly, all transitions occur at higher pressures for the alloys than either pureH2orD2. This runs counter to any quantum effects based on isotope mass but can be explained by quantum trapping of high-kinetic energy states by the exchange interaction.

Hasil analisis kimia secara umum menunjukkan kesamaan antara granit dan sedimen permukaan dasar laut. Perbedaan hanya pada dua unsur, yaitu Al2O3 dan Fe2O3; kandungan Al2O3 pada granit antara 12,63 - 15,58% dan Fe2O3 antara 1,26 - 1,78%, sedangkan sedimen permukaan dasar laut Al2O3 berkisar antara 2,10 - 3,29% dan Fe2O3 antara 7,57 - 12,88%. Hasil analisis pada Diagram Harker menunjukkan penyebaran granit dan sedimen dasar laut membentuk pola searah, mengiindikasikan pola ko-magmatik. Selanjutnya, untuk menentukan tipe granit di P. Singkep dalam kaitannya dengan kandungan timah, dua diagram SiO2 vs FeOtot/MgO dan ACF telah digunakan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa granit Singkep termasuk daerah transisi antara tipe A dan tipe I&S dan tipe S yang kaya ilmenit dan berassosiasi dengan konsentrat timah. Kata kunci: granit, sedimen dasar laut, kimia, tipe I&S, tipe S, timah, Pulau Singkep Results of chemical analyses generally show the similarities between the granites and the seafloor sediments. The difference is only in the two elements, namely Al2O3 and Fe2O3; Al2O3 contents. In the granite ranges between 12.63 to 15.58% and the Fe2O3 ranges between 1.26 to 1.78%; while the seafloor sediment shows Al2O3 between 2.10 to 3, 29% and Fe2O3 between 7.57 to 12.88%. Results of the analysis on the Harker Diagram shows the distribution of the granites and the seafloors sediments form the unidirectional pattern, indicates the co-magmatic pattern. Furthermore, to determine the type of granite in Singkep Island in relation with the tin content two diagram of SiO2 vs FeOtot/MgO and ACF are used. The result shows that the Singkep granite belong to the the transition area between the A and I&S and the S type which rich of ilmenite and associated with tin concentrate. Keywords: granite, sea floor sediments, chemicals, I&S type, S type, tin, Singkep Island

Flips occur in the theory of minimal models of algebraic varieties. For an introduction and references see [1, lecture no. 5]. For varieties X− and X+, I denote the canonical class by K− and respectively. A flip is a diagram X−→X←X+ of normal complex quasiprojective 3-folds satisfying the conditions:1. both morphisms are birational and projective, contracting only finitely many curves C±⊂X± to an isolated singular point P∈X;2. the divisors −K− and K+ are relatively ample, that is, −K−Γ>0 for any curve Γ contracted by the morphism X−→X and similarly for K+;3. the two varieties X− and X+ have only terminal singularities.A diagram satisfying condition 1 is called a flip diagram. It is said to be directed by the canonical class if it also satisfies condition 2. Notice that condition 3 is overstated since under all the other conditions X+ will automatically have terminal singularities (see [4, 5-1-11(2)]).

An increasing threat of global terrorism has led to concerns about bombings of buildings, which could cause minor to severe structural damage. After such an event, it is important to rapidly assess the damage to the building to ensure safe and efficient emergency response. Current methods of visual inspection and non-destructive testing are expensive, subjective, and time consuming for emergency responders' usage immediately after an attack. On the other hand, vibration-based damage detection methods with wireless smart sensors could provide rapid assessment of structural characteristics with low cost. For blast analysis, structural response is usually determined using a simplified SDOF version of the undamaged structure, such as used in a Pressure-Impulse (P-I) Diagram, or using more complex FEM (finite element method) models. However, the simplified models cannot take into account damage caused by blast focus at a specific location or on a specific element, which may induce local failure leading to potential progressive collapse, and the more complex FEM models take too long to derive applicable results to be effective for a rapid structural assessment. In this paper, a new method to incorporate vibration-based damage detection methods to calculate the multi degree of freedom structural stiffness for determining structural condition is provided to create a framework for the rapid structural condition assessment of buildings after a terrorist attack. The stiffness parameters are generated from the modal analysis of the measured vibration on the building, which are then used in a numerical simulation to determine its structural response from the blast. The calculated structural response is then compared to limit conditions that have been developed from ASCE blast design codes to determine the damage assessment. A laboratory-scale building frame has been employed to validate the developed use of experimentally determined stiffness by comparing the P-I diagram using the experimental stiffness with that from numerical models. The reasonable match between the P-I diagrams from the numerical models and the experiments shows the positive potential of the method. The framework and examples of how to develop a rapid condition assessment are presented.

<p class="Default">Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM) Kluster kerajinan adalah entitas usaha yang menghasilkan produk-produk yang sangat bergantung pada keahlian tenaga pengrajin yang tersedia. Dengan kata lain, modal insani dan modal sosial memiliki peran penting dalam pengembangan kinerja UKM kluster ini. Hasil analisis Diagram Ishikawa menyatakan bahwa permasalahan utama dari rendahnya kinerja UKM berasal dari faktor sumberdaya manusia. Namun, hasil ini bertentangan dengan hasil <em>Importance-Performance Analysis</em>. Pemilik UKM lebih mementingkan sarana prasarana untuk diperbaiki. Oleh karena itu, kesalahan persepsi inilah yang perlu diperbaiki melalui rancangan peningkatan kinerja UKM kluster kerajinan Kota Depok dengan <em>The House Model</em><em>.</em><em></em></p>Kata kunci : <em>i</em><em>mportance-</em><em>performance analysis</em>, <em>i</em><em>shikawa</em><em> diagram analysis</em>, kerajinan, kinerja UKM, <em>the house model</em>

<p class="Default">Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM) Kluster kerajinan adalah entitas usaha yang menghasilkan produk-produk yang sangat bergantung pada keahlian tenaga pengrajin yang tersedia. Dengan kata lain, modal insani dan modal sosial memiliki peran penting dalam pengembangan kinerja UKM kluster ini. Hasil analisis Diagram Ishikawa menyatakan bahwa permasalahan utama dari rendahnya kinerja UKM berasal dari faktor sumberdaya manusia. Namun, hasil ini bertentangan dengan hasil <em>Importance-Performance Analysis</em>. Pemilik UKM lebih mementingkan sarana prasarana untuk diperbaiki. Oleh karena itu, kesalahan persepsi inilah yang perlu diperbaiki melalui rancangan peningkatan kinerja UKM kluster kerajinan Kota Depok dengan <em>The House Model</em><em>.</em><em></em></p>Kata kunci : <em>i</em><em>mportance-</em><em>performance analysis</em>, <em>i</em><em>shikawa</em><em> diagram analysis</em>, kerajinan, kinerja UKM, <em>the house model</em>

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of extended 14-core schematic diagram mapping prostate biopsy for improving the cancer detection rate (CDR) and accuracy of Gleason score. Material and Method: This study included 184 patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided lateral sextant biopsy (group I) and 196 patients who underwent extended 14-core biopsy (group II). Inclusion criteria for prostate biopsy were elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (>4.0 ng/ml) and/or suspicious digital rectal examination (DRE). Results: Median patient age was 69.68 years (±7.89) and 70.07 years (±8.83) for group I and II, respectively. Median pre-biopsy PSA was 18.04 (range: 8.42-22.35) and 15.83 ng/ml (range: 6.54-21.72) for group I and II. Out of the first group, 65 (35.3%) patients had prostate cancer, whereas 78 (40.0%) patients of group II had cancers. The overall cancer detection rate was significantly higher in group II (40.0%) than group I (35.3%), p=0.034, and in particular showed a significant increase in the cancer detection rate in the subgroup with PSA level between 4-10 ng/ml. Moreover, rising Gleason sum after radical prostatectomy was 1 in 3 (11.1%) patients and 2 in 1 (3.7%) patient. Conclusion: Extended 14-core schematic diagram mapping prostate biopsy significantly increased the cancer detection rate of prostate cancer and increased the accuracy of biopsy Gleason score. Thus, schematic diagram mapping prostate biopsy should be the standard ultrasound guided prostate biopsy in our institute for increasing the cancer detection rate and also for planning treatments.

На основании анализа характера фазовых равновесий в двойных системах, ограняющих диаграмму состояний тройной системы Ge – P – Sn, предложены теоретически возможные схемы ее фазового субсолидусного разграничения. Исследование методом рентгенофазового анализа образцов, принадлежащих политермическим сечениям Sn4P3-Ge, Sn4P3-GeP, показало, что разделение трехкомпонентной диаграммы состояния ниже солидуса осуществляется с помощью сечений Sn4P3-Ge, Sn4P3 -GeP и SnP3-GeP. Построенная по данным дифференциального термического анализа фазовая диаграмма сечения Sn4P3-Ge представляет диаграмму эвтектического типа с координатами эвтектической точки 800 К, 15 mol % Ge. REFERENCES Castellanos-Gomez A. Why all the fuss about 2D semiconductors? Nature Photonics, 2016, v. 10, pp. 202-204. https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2016.53 Hasan M. Z., Kane C. L. Colloquium: Topological insulators. Mod. Phys., 2010, v. 82, pp. 3045–3067. https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.82.3045 Piot P., Behrens C., Gerth C., Dohlus M., Lemery F., Mihalcea D., Stoltz P., Vogt M. Erratum: Generation and Characterization of Electron Bunches with Ramped Current Profi les in a Dual-Frequency Superconducting Linear Accelerator. Rev. Lett., 2012, v. 108, pp. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.108.229902 Dávila M. E., Xian L, Cahangirov S., Rubio A., Le Lay G. Germanene: a novel two-dimensional germanium allotrope akin to graphene and silicene . New J. Phys., 2014, v. 16, pp. 095002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/16/9/095002 Lalmi B., Oughaddou H., Enriquez H., Kara A., Vizzini S., Ealet B., Aufray B. Epitaxial growth of a silicene sheet. Phys. Lett., 2010, v. 97, pp. 223109. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3524215 Kara H., Enriquez H., Seitsonen Ari P., Lew Yan Voon L.C., Vizzini S., Aufray B., Oughaddou H. Corrigendum to “A review on silicene – New candidate for electronics”. Sci. Rep., 2012, v. 67, pp. 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2012.01.001 Barreteau C, Michon B, Besnard C, Giannini E. High-pressure melt growth and transport properties of SiP, SiAs, GeP, and GeAs 2D layered semiconductors. Cryst Growth., 2016, v. 443, pp. 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.03.019 Ugai Ya. A., Sokolov L.I., Goncharov E.G. P-T-X diagramma sostoyaniya sistemy GeP i termodinamika vzaimodeystviya komponentov [P-T-X GeP system state diagram and thermodynamics of componentinteraction] // Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 1978, v. 23(7), рр. 1907–1911. (in Russ.) Lee K., Synnestvedt S., Bellard M., Kovnir K. GeP and (Ge1−Sn )(P1−Ge ) (x≈0.12, y≈0.05): Synthesis, structure, and properties of two-dimensional layered tetrel phosphides. Solid State Chem., 2015, v. 224, pp. 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jssc.2014.04.021 Vivian A. C. Inst. Met, 1920, v. 23, pp. 325-336. Zavrazhnov A. Yu., Semenova G. V., Proskurina E. Yu., Sushkova T.P. Phase diagram of the Sn–P system. Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2018, v. 134(1), pp. 475–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7123-0 Olesinski R. W., Abbaschian G. J. The Ge−Sn (Germanium−Tin) system. Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams, 1984, v. 5(3), pp. 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02868550 Glazov V. M., Pavlova L. M. Khimicheskaya termodinamika i fazovyye ravnovesiya [Chemical thermodynamics and phase equilibria]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ, 1988, 560 p. (in Russ.) Emsley J. The elements: Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1991. Arita M. Kamo K. Measurement of Vapor Pressure of Phosphorus over Sn–P Alloys by Dew Point Method. Jpn. Inst. Met, 1985, v. 26(4), pp. 242–250. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.26.242

This paper presents a brief review on the ternary phase equilibria in the ternary AV–BVI–I systems (AV = Sb, Bi; BVI = S, Se, Te). These systems includes the series of ternary compounds those are very attractive source materials for photo-, thermos- and ferroelectric energy transformation along the recently discovered semiconductors that exhibit Rashba-type spin splitting in their surface states. In the Rashba semiconductors, a unique toroidal 3D Fermi surface appears on the crystal surface, which leads to unusual properties that make it possible to realize unique electronic devices based on these compounds. The thorough knowledge on the ternary phase diagram of these systems shed light on the chemical and structural design of new multifunctional materials with tunable properties. This knowledge is very important whenfocusing on the chemistry of such multifunctional materials based on complex element systems. REFERENCES Audzijonis A., Sereika R., Ћaltauskas R. Antiferroelectric phase transition in SbSI and SbSeI crystals. Solid State Commun., 2008, v. 147(3–4), pp. 88–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2008.05.008 Łukaszewicz K., Pietraszko A., Kucharska M. Diffuse Scattering, Short Range Order and Nanodomains in the Paraelectric SbSI. Ferroelectrics, 2008, v. 375(1), pp.170–177. https://doi.org/1080/00150190802438033 Audzijonis A., Gaigalas G., Ţigas L., Sereika R., Ţaltauskas R., Balnionis D., Rëza A. Electronic structure and optical properties of BiSeI crystal. Phys. Status Solidi B, 2009, v. 246(7), pp. 1702–1708. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200945110 Audzijonis A., Zaltauskas R., Sereika R., Zigas L., Reza A. Electronic structure and optical properties of BiSI crystal. J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 2010, v. 71(6), pp. 884-891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2010.03.042 Ganose A. M., Butler K. T., Walsh A., Scanlon D. O. Relativistic electronic structure and band alignment of BiSI and BiSeI: candidate photovoltaic materials. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, v. 4(6), pp. 2060-2068. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta09612j Gerzanich E.I., Fridkin V.M. Ferroelectric materials of type AVBVICVII. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1982. (in Russ.) Pierrefeu A., Steigmeier E. F., Dorner B. Inelastic neutron scattering in SbSI near the ferroelectric phase transformation. Phys. Status Solidi B, 1977, v. 80(1), pp. 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2220800119 Žičkus K., Audzijonis A., Batarunas J., Šileika A. The fundamental absorption edge tail of ferroelectric SbSI. Phys. Status Solidi B, 1984, v. 125(2), pp. 645–651. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221250225 Rao K. K., Chaplot S. L. Dynamics of Paraelectric and Ferroelectric SbSI. Phys. Status Solidi B, 1985, v. 129(2), pp. 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221290204 Grigas J., Talik E., Lazauskas V. Splitting of the XPS in ferroelectric SbSI crystals. Ferroelectrics, 2003, v. 284(1), pp. 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/00150190390204790 Audzijonis A., Ћaltauskas R., Ћigas L., Vinokurova I. V., Farberovich O. V., Pauliukas A., Kvedaravičius A. Variation of the energy gap of the SbSI crystals at ferroelectric phase transition. Physica B, 2006, v. 371(1), pp. 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005. 09.039 Nowak M., Nowrot A., Szperlich P., Jesionek M., Kępińska M., Starczewska A., Mistewicz K., Stróż D., Szala J., Rzychoń T., Talik E., Wrzalik R. Fabrication and characterization of SbSI gel for humidity sensors. Sens. Actuators A, 2014, v. 210, pp. 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2014.02.012 Ishizaka K., Bahramy M. S., Murakawa H., Sakano M., Shimojima T., Sonobe T., Koizumi K., Shin S., Miyahara H., Kimura A., Miyamoto K., Okuda T., Namatame H., Taniguchi M., Arita R., Nagaosa N., Kobayashi K., Murakami Y., Kumai R., Kaneko Y., Onose Y., Tokura Y. Giant Rashba-type spin splitting in bulk BiTeI. Nat. Mater., 2011, v. 10(7), pp. 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3051 Landolt G., Eremeev S. V., Koroteev Yu. M., Slomski B., Muff S., Neupert T., Kobayashi M., Strocov V. N., Schmitt T., Aliev Z. S., Babanly M. B., Amiraslanov I. R., Chulkov E. V., Osterwalder J., Dil J. H. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2012, v. 109(11), p. 116403. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.109.116403 Bahramy M. S., Yang B.-J., Arita R., Nagaosa N. Emergence of non-centrosymmetric topological insulating phase in BiTeI under pressure. Nature Commun., 2012, v. 3(1), p. 679. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1679 Landolt G., Eremeev S. V., Tereshchenko O. E., Muff S., Slomski B., Kokh K. A., Kobayashi M., Schmitt T., Strocov V. N., Osterwalder J., Chulkov E. V., Dil J. H. Bulk and surface Rashba splitting in single termination BiTeCl. New J. Phys., 2013, v. 15(8), p. 085022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/8/085022 Fiedler S., Bathon T., Eremeev S. V., Tereshchenko O. E., Kokh K. A., Chulkov E. V., Sessi P., Bentmann H., Bode M., Reinert F. Termination-dependent surface properties in the giant-Rashba semiconducto rsBiTeX(X=Cl, Br, I). Phys. Rev. B., 2015, v. 92(23), p. 235430. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.92.235430 Bahramy M. S., Ogawa N. Bulk Rashba semiconductors and related quantum phenomena. Adv. Mater., 2017, v. 29(25), p. 1605911. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201605911 Gottstein G. Physical Foundations of Materials Science. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, XIV, 2004, 502 p. Babanly M. B., Chulkov E. V., Aliev Z. S., Shevelkov A. V., Amiraslanov I. R. Phase diagrams in materials science of topological insulators based on metal chalcogenides. Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 2017, v. 62(13), pp. 1703–1729. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0036023617130034 Žičkus K., Audzijonis A., Batarunas J., Šileika A. The fundamental absorption edge tail of ferroelectric SbSI. Phys. Status Solidi B., 1984, v. 125(2), pp. 645–651. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221250225 Belyayev L. M., Lyakhovitskaya V. A., Netesov G. B., Mokhosoev M.V., Aleykina S.M. Synthesis and crystallization of antimony sulfoiodide. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1965, v. 1(12), pp. 2178–2181. (in Russ.) Ryazantsev A. A., Varekha L. M., Popovkin B. A., Lyakhovitskaya V. A., Novoselova A. V. Р–T–x phase diagram of the SbI3–Sb2S3 system. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1969, v. 5(7), pp. 1296–1297 (in Russ.) Aliev Z. S., Musayeva S. S., Babanly M. B. The phase relationships in the Sb–S–I system and thermodynamic properties of the SbSI. J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 2017, v. 38, pp. 887–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-017-0601-4 Lukaszewicz K., Pietraszko A., Stepen’ Damm Yu., Kajokas A. Crystal structure and phase transitions of the ferroelectric antimony sulfoiodide SbSI. Part II. Crystal structure of SbSI in phases I, II and III. Pol. J. Chem., 1997, v. 71, pp. 1852–1857. Itoh K., Matsunaga H. A study of the crystal structure in ferroelectric SbSI. Zeitschrift für Krist., 1980, v. 152(3-4), p. 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1980.152.3-4.309 Aliev Z. S., Musaeva S. S., Babanly D. M., Shevelkov A. V., Babanly M. B. Phase diagram of the Sb–Se–I system and thermodynamic properties of SbSeI. J. Alloys Compd., 2010, v. 505(2), pp. 450–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.06.103 Belotskiy D. P., Lapshin V. F., Boychuk R. F., Novalkovskiy N. P. The Sb2Sе3–SbI3 system. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1972, v. 8(3), pp. 572–574. (in Russ.) Dolgikh V. A., Popovkin B. A., Odin I. N., Novoselova A. V. Р–Т–х phase diagram of the Sb2Sе3–SbI3 system. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1973, v. 9(6), pp. 919–922. (in Russ.) Rodionov Yu. I., Klokman V. V., Myakishev K. G. The solubility of semiconductor compounds AIIBVI, AIVBIV and AVBVI in halide melts. Russ. J. Inorg. Chem., 1973, v. 17(3), pp. 846–849. (in Russ.) Chervenyuk G. I., Niyger F. V., Belotskiy D. P., Novalkovskiy N. P. Investigation of the phase equilibria in the SbSI–Sb, SbSI–S, SbSI–I systems. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1977, v. 13(6), pp. 989–991. (in Russ.) Aliev Z. S., Babanly M. B., Babanly D. M., Shevelkov A. V., Tedenac J. C. Phase diagram of the Sb–Te–I system and thermodynamic properties of SbTeI. Int. J. Mat. Res., 2012, v. 103(3), pp. 290–295. https://doi.org/10.3139/146.110646 Belotskiy D. P., Antipov I. N., Nadtochiy V. F., Dodik S.M. Physicochemical investigations of the PbI2–SnI2, CdI2–ZnI2, BiI3–SbI3, Sb2Te3–SbI3, Bi2Te3–BiI3 systems. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1969, v. 5(10), pp. 1663–1667. (in Russ.) Belotskiy D. P., Dodik S. M., Antipov I. N., Nefedov Z. I. Synthesis and investigation of the telluroiodides of antimony and bismuth. Ukr. Chem. J., 1970, v. 36, pp. 897–900. (in Russ.) Aleshin V. A., Valitova N. R., Popovkin B. A., Novoselova A. V. P-T-x phase diagram of the antimony iodide system – antimony telluride. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Zhur. Fiz. Khim., 1974, v. 48, p. 2395. (in Russ.) Valitova N. R., Popovkin B. A., Novoselova A. V., Aslanov L. A. The compound SbTeI. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1973, v. 9, pp. 2222–2223. (in Russ.) Turyanitsa I. D., Olekseyuk I. D., Kozmanko I. I. Investigation of the Sb2Te3–SbI3 system and properties of the compound SbTeI. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1973, v. 9(8), pp. 433–1434. (in Russ.) Voutsas G. P., Rentzeperis P. J. The crystal structure of antimony selenoiodide, SbSeI. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 1983, v. 161(1–2), pp. 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1982.161.1-2.111 Kikuchi A., Oka Y., Sawaguchi E. Crystal Structure Determination of SbSI. J. Phys. Soc. Jap., 1967, v. 23(2), pp. 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.23.337 Kichambare P., Sharon M. Preparation, characterization and physical properties of mixed Sb1–xBixTeI. Solid State Ionics, 1997, v. 101–103, pp. 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(97)84024-6 Shevelkov A. V., Dikarev E. V., Shpanchenko R. V., Popovkin B.A. Crystal structures of bismuth tellurohalides BiTeX (X = Cl, Br, I) from X-ray powder diffraction data. J. Solid State Chem., 1995, v. 114(2), pp. 379–395. https://doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1995.1058 Aliev Z. S., Jafarov Y. I., Jafarli F. Y., Shevelkov A. V., Babanly M. B. The phase equilibria in the Bi–S–I ternary system and thermodynamic properties of the BiSI and Bi19S27I3 ternary compounds. J. Alloys Compd. 2014, v. 610, pp. 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.05.015 Ryazantsev T. A., Varekha L. M., Popovkin B. A., Novoselova A. V. P-T-x phase diagram of the BiI3–Bi2S3 system. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1970, v. 6, pp. 1175–1179. (in Russ.) Oppermann H., Petasch U. Zu den pseudobinären Zustandssystemen Bi2Ch3-BiX3 und den ternären Phasen auf diesen Schnitten (Ch = S, Se, Te; X = Cl, Br, I), I: Bismutsulfi dhalogenide/The Pseudobinary Systems Bi2Ch3–BiX3 and the Ternary Phases on their Boundary Lines (Ch = S, Se, Te; X = Cl, Br, I), I: Bismuth Sulfi de Halides. Z. Naturforsch. 2003, v. 58b, pp. 725–740. https://doi.org/10.1515/znb-2003-0803 (in German) Haase-Wessel W. Die Kristallstruktur des Wismutsulfi djodids (BiSJ). Naturwissenschaften, 1973, v. 60, pp. 474–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00592859 (in German) Miehe G., Kupcik V. Die Kristallstruktur des Bi(Bi2S3)9J3. Naturwissenschaften, 1971, v. 58, pp. 219–219. DOI: 10.1007/bf00591851 (in German) Turjanica I. D., Zajachkovskii N. F., Zajachkovskaja N. F., Kozmanko I. I. Investigation of the BiI3–Bi2Se3 system. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1974, v. 11(10), p. 1884. (in Russ.) Belotskii D. P., Lapsin V. F., Baichuk R. F. The BiI3–Bi2Se3 system. Izv. Akad. Nauk Neorg. Mater., 1971, v. 7(11), p. 1936. (in Russ.) Dolgikh V. A., Odin I. N., Popovkin B. A., Novoselova A. V. P-T-x phase diagram of the BiI3–Bi2Se3 system. Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Dep. VINITI., 1973, v. 23(3), Dep. No. 5683-73. (in Russ.) Dolgikh V. A., Popovkin B. A., Ivanova G. I., Novoselova A. V. Investigation of the sublimation of the SbSeI and BiSeI. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1975, v. 11(4), p. 637. (in Russ.) Petasch U., Goebel H., Oppermann H. Untersuchungen zum quasibinären System Bi2Se3/BiI3. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1998, v. 624, p. 1767. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3749(1998110)624:11<1767::aidzaac1767>3.0.co;2-t (in German) Doenges E. Z. Über Chalkogenohalogenide des dreiwertigen Antimons und Wismuts. II. Über Selenohalogenide des dreiwertigen Antimons und Wismuts und über Antimon(III)-selenid Mit 2 Abbildungen. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1950, v. 263(5–6), pp. 280–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19502630508 (in German) Braun T. P., DiSalvo F. J. Bismuth selenide iodide. Acta Crystallogr., 2000, v. C56(1), pp. e1–e2. https://doi.org/10.1107/s0108270199016017 Chervenyuk G. I., Babyuk P. F., Belotskii D. P., Chervenyuk T. G. Phase equilibria in the Bi–Se–I system along the BiSeI–Bi and BiSeI–BiI sections. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1982, v. 18, pp. 1569–1572. (in Ukr.) Babanly M. B., Tedenac J. C., Aliev Z. S., Balitsky D. M. Phase equilibriums and thermodynamic properties of the system Bi–Te–I. J. Alloys Compd., 2009, v. 481, pp. 349–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.02.139 Horak J., Rodot H. Preparation de cristaux du compose BiTeI. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Serie B, 1968, v. 267(6), pp. 363–366. Valitova N. R., Aleshin V. A., Popovkin B. A., Novoselova A. V. Investigation of the P-T-x phase diagram for the BiI3–Bi2Te3 system. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1976, v. 12(2), pp. 225–228. (in Russ.) Tomokiyo A., Okada T., Kawanos S. Phase diagram of system (Bi2Te3)–(BiI3) and crystal structure of BiTeI. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1977, v. 16(6), pp. 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1143/jjap.16.291 Evdokimenko L. T., Tsypin M. I. The effect of halogens on the structure and properties of alloys based on Bi2Te3. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Neorg. Mater., 1971, v. 7(8), pp. 1317–1320. (in Russ.) Savilov S. V., Khrustalev V. N., Kuznetsov A. N., Popovkin B. A., Antipin Ju.M. New subvalent bismuth telluroiodides incorporating Bi2 layers: the crystal and electronic structure of Bi2TeI. Russ. Chem. Bull., 2005, v. 54(1), pp. 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-005-0221-8

AbstractThe results of studying a HIT (heterojunction with an intrinsic thin layer) Ag/ITO/ a -Si:H( p )/ a -Si:H( i )/ c -Si( n )/ a -Si:H( i )/ a -Si:H( n ^+)/ITO/Ag solar cell by the capacitance–voltage characteristic and current deep-level relaxation transient spectroscopy methods are presented. The temperature dependence of the capacitance–voltage characteristics of the HIT structure and deep-energy-level parameters are studied. The results of comprehensive studies by the above methods are used to determine the features of the energy-band diagram of actual HIT structures.

Multivariate analysis is increasingly used to include all dimensions of quality concept, in light of rapid development of customer requirements. With the recent advances in information technology and in recording, large amounts of multivariate data are now needed to be analyzed. Many charting procedures are based on Mahalanobis distance, but their applicability relies heavily on the requirement of normality and their performance is related to the choice of a type I error rate. An alternative charting scheme based on data depth is pursued and its performance is assessed through a real example. This performance and that of a T2 chart for individual observations are discussed. Using the centre-outward ranking, this new method named DD-diagram is used to detect any multivariate quality datum that one of its components exceeds its limiting variation interval. For a given error-free sample, the DD-diagram can be used to signal out any point of another observed sample taken from a multivariate quality process. This new scheme based on data depth uses a properly chosen limiting variation line or Lvalue in order to evaluate the outlyingness of every point in the observed sample in all directions of the considered P-variates of quality process.

Reactive power concrete (RPC) possesses high compressive strength, toughness, and durability, and it is increasingly being used in important buildings. The column is an important load-bearing member of a building, and its failure under blast loading results in building collapse. Based on these attributes, the dynamic response and the degree of damage to the RPC column are critical in assessing building performance. Due to the lack of methods, the progress of the study is relatively slow. In order to solve these issues, the dynamic response of the RPC column is studied based on the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom method and P-I curve in this paper. During the model validation phase, the deformation of the RPC column predicted using the ESDOF approach correlates well with the explosion simulation and test results. The P-I curves of the typical RPC column were also determined, and some data were analyzed to evaluate the influence of different key parameters, such as slenderness ratio, cross-sectional dimension, and axial compression ratio. The results show that the RPC column is susceptible to shear, bending, and bending-shear failure in the impulse load region, quasi-static load region, and dynamic load region, respectively. The cross-sectional dimension and slenderness ratio exhibit the greatest influence on P-I curves among the five parameters. With the increasing cross-sectional dimension and slenderness ratio, the overpressure asymptote of bending response increases by 4.2 times and decreases by about 57.3%. Furthermore, combined with the P-I curve features, it is found that reasonably increasing the cross-sectional dimensions and RPC strength could simultaneously improve the comprehensive anti-blast performance of RPC columns. This study was carried out to obtain the effect of the five parameters mentioned above on the degree of damage under different blast loading, which can provide a valuable reference for the dynamic response of RPC columns.

Near-ideal p-CdS/n-Si heterojunction (HJ) band edge lineup has been investigated for the first time with the aid of I–V and C–V measurements. The heterojunction was obtained by the deposition of CdS films prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis technique (CSP), on the monocrystalline n-type silicon. The experimental data of the conduction band offset, ΔEc and the valence band offset, ΔEc were compared with theoretical values. The band offsets ΔEc=530 meV and ΔEv=770 meV were obtained at 300 K. The energy band diagram of p-CdS/n-Si HJ was constructed. The C–V measurements depicted that the junction was an abrupt type and the built-in voltage was determined from the C-2–V plot.

Originally, the Carnot cycle was a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that provided an upper limit on the efficiency that any classical thermodynamic engine can achieve during the conversion of heat into work, or conversely, the efficiency of a refrigeration system in creating a temperature difference by the application of work to the system. The first aim of this paper is to introduce and study the economic Carnot cycles concerning Roegenian economics, using our thermodynamic–economic dictionary. These cycles are described in both a Q−P diagram and a E−I diagram. An economic Carnot cycle has a maximum efficiency for a reversible economic “engine”. Three problems together with their solutions clarify the meaning of the economic Carnot cycle, in our context. Then we transform the ideal gas theory into the ideal income theory. The second aim is to analyze the economic Van der Waals equation, showing that the diffeomorphic-invariant information about the Van der Waals surface can be obtained by examining a cuspidal potential.

Abstract - PT.I is a company that produces synthetic rattan furniture on an export scale. The various products at PT.I are an attraction for consumers, such as classic and modern weaving models. However, the number of defects produced is higher than the tolerance limit company. Based on data from the weaving section, it shows that there are 5 types of defects that are not in accordance with the standards and quality that have been determined by the company. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of defects that often occur in PT. I and identify the main factors causing product defects using the SPC method. The seven tools consist of a check sheet, histogram, stratification, scatter diagram, p control chart, Pareto diagram, and fishbone diagram. The results showed that the number of defects in October and November exceeded the limit set by the company. The highest level of disability occurred in October. The higher the number of production, the higher the number of product defects. Based on the results of the p control chart, it can be seen that the product is outside the control limits that it should have. The process is in a state of uncontrollability or is still experiencing deviations. To suppress or reduce the number of product defects that occur in production, 3 types of dominant defects can be applied, namely the woven model (254 units), loose woven (122 units), and nail-looking woven (119 units). Factors causing defects in production are derived from human factors/workers, methods, materials/raw materials and work environment.

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is one of the most widely used donor dopants for fabricating a low-resistivity silicon (Si) substrate. However, its volatile nature and the relatively small equilibrium segregation coefficient in Si at the melting temperature of Si impede the efficient and effective growth of low-resistivity Czochralski (CZ) Si single crystal. The primary objective of this work is to theoretically perceive the influence of germanium co-doping on the heavily P-doped Si crystal by means of CALculation of PHase Diagrams (CALPHAD) approaches and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Phase equilibria at the Si-rich corner of the Si-Ge-P system has been thermodynamically extrapolated based on robust thermodynamic descriptions of involved binary systems, where Si-P and Ge-P have been re-assessed in this work. Phase diagram calculation results indicate that at a given P concentration (e.g. 0.33 at.% P) Ge co-doping lowers the solidification temperature of the Si(Ge, P) alloys, as well as the relevant equilibrium segregation coefficients of P in the doped Si. DFT calculations simulated the formation of (i) monovacancy in Si as well as (ii) solutions of Si(P) and Si(Ge) with one dopant substitutionally inserted in 64- and 216-atom Si cubic supercells. Binding energies were calculated and compared for Ge-Ge, Ge-P and P-P bonds positioning at the first nearest-neighbors (1NN) to the third nearest-neighbors (3NN). P-P bonds have the largest bonding energy from 1NN to 3NN configurations. The climbing image nudged elastic band method (CL-NEB) was utilized to calculate the energy barriers of P 1NN jump in the 64-atom Si cubic supercell with/without a neighboring Ge atom. With Ge present, a higher energy barrier for P 1NN jump was obtained than that without involving Ge. This indicates that Ge can impede the P diffusion in Si matrix.

<p><em>This research aims to </em><em>identify how to increase customer satisfaction of internet banking service quality at PT Bank Pembangunan Daerah Jawa Tengah Pati Branch Office with five dimensions of service quality which were tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy.</em></p><p><em>In this research, the sampling technique used was purposive sampling technique. The data in this research were obtained from observations and distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents. Data analysis methods used are validity test, reliability test, satisfaction index test, satisfaction gap test and satisfaction mapping with cartesian diagram.</em></p><em>Based on the result of the validity and reliability test, the indicators like tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy are valid and reliable. Based on the result of the satisfaction index analysis, the weighting score of internet banking quality service is 4,219. That score is between 3,43 – 4,23 wich means Satisfied. Based on the result of the satisfaction gap test the increase of satisfaction established on the fourteen sub-indicators show satisfaction, and four sub-indicators show dissatisfaction. Meanwhile, when viewed from the cartesian diagram mapping result, there are four indicators that fall into the quadrant I, four indicators in the quadrant II, four indicators in the quadrant III, and six indicators in the quadrant IV.</em>

Homologous series RO-C6H4-CH=CH-COO-C6H4-CO-CH=CH-C6H4-OC14H29(P) of chalconyl novel derivatives have been synthesized and studied with a views to understand and establish the relation between molecular structure and the liquid crystal (LC) properties of thermotropic mesomorphs Series consists of thirteen homologues. Five homologues (C1 to C5) are nonliquid crystal (NLC) and the rest of the homologues (C6 to C18) are enantiotropically nematogenic without exhibition of smectic property. Transition temperatures and textures were determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage (POM). Transition curves of a phase diagram (N-I and Cr-I/N) behaved in normal manner. N-I transition curve exhibited odd-even effect with negligible abnormality in its behaviour at the C14 homologue. Thermal stability for nematic is 99.75°C.The degree of mesomorphism vary minimum 19°C at the C6 homologue to maximum 28°C at the C8 homologue. Analytical and spectral data confirms the molecular structures of the novel homologues. Evaluated thermal data of present novel series are compared with other structurally similar homologous series. Textures of Nematic phase are threded or schlieren.