Journal articles on the topic 'P.A.O.K. (Soccer team)'
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Los Arcos, Asier, and Asier Gonzalez-Artetxe. "Physical fitness performance, playing position and competitive level attained by elite junior soccer players." Kinesiology 53, no. 1 (2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.53.1.6.
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The aim of this study was to look into the alleged impact of the physical fitness performance of elite junior soccer players on the professional career according to playing position. The physical tests (sprint test, countermovement jump [CMJ], and maximal aerobic speed [MAS]) performed by 165 players enrolled in the junior team of a Spanish 1st Division club (1998-2010) were evaluated. Players were classified as those who were promoted to the reserve team (Reserve Team) and those who were not (non-Reserve Team), and as those who were promoted to the Spanish 1st/2nd Divisions (PFL) and those who were not (NPFL) until the 2020-2021 season. Overall, no significant differences (p>.05) were found between the Reserve Team and non-Reserve Team or between the PFL and NPFL players in neuromuscular performance. Aerobic fitness was greater (p<.05; ES = .79 ± .60 , moderate; mean difference = 3.0%) for the Reserve Team lateral midfielders in comparison to that for the non-Reserve Team. The results suggest that the impact of physical fitness on the promotion of elite junior soccer players is limited.
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Machado, Guilherme, Maickel Bach Padilha, Sixto González Víllora, Filipe Manuel Clemente, and Israel Teoldo. "The effects of positional role on tactical behaviour in a four-a-side small-sided and conditioned soccer game." Kinesiology 51, no. 2 (2019): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.51.2.15.
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In soccer, different tactical behaviours of individuals are necessary to perform well as a team. The demands put on players from different positional roles can be manipulated in training through small-sided and conditioned games and tactical behaviours might be stimulated. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of positional role in tactical behaviour of U-17 youth soccer players based on core tactical principles in a four-a-side small-sided and conditioned game. The sample was comprised of 268 U-17 youth Brazilian soccer players. They were of five positional roles: centre backs; fullbacks; defensive midfielders; offensive midfielders; and forwards. The instrument used to collect and analyse data was the System of Tactical Assessment in Soccer (FUT-SAT). Results revealed that players of different positional roles showed no differences in the quantity of tactical actions performed. Moreover, forwards showed lower quality of tactical behaviour in the defensive phase (M=69.1, SD=16.0; p<.05) compared to fullbacks (M=77.0, SD=13.1; p<.05) and worse in actions far from the ball that ensured team cohesion in the defensive phase (M=69.7, SD=22.8; p<.05) compared to fullbacks (M=80.1, SD=18.4; p<.05). This study showed that the four-a-side format allows U-17 players to perform a similar quantity of tactical actions regardless of their positional role, but the player’s positional role influence quality of their tactical behaviour. Therefore, this structure might be used for trainings that promotes similar tasks and stimuli for players’ development that do not focus on specific tactical roles.
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Moreira Praça, Gibson, and Pablo Juan Greco. "Network analysis in small-sided and conditioned soccer games." Kinesiology 49, no. 2 (2017): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.49.2.8.
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The purpose of this article was to investigate the influence of additional players and playing position on the network properties during 2x4 minutes small-sided and conditioned games (SSCG) in soccer. Eighteen young soccer players (age 16.4±0.7 years), six defenders, six midfielders, and six forwards, voluntarily participated in SSCGs with different task conditions (4vs.3, with an additional player inside the pitch, 3vs.3+2, with two support players at the side of the pitch, and 3vs.3, numerical equality). General (density, total links and clustering coefficient) and individual (degree centrality, degree prestige, and page rank) network properties were analyzed using the SocNetV® software. Results showed higher values of density (F=59.354, p=.001), total links (F=40.951, p=.001), and clustering coefficient (F=21.851, p=.001) during the 4vs.3 SSCG. Besides, midfielders showed higher values of degree centrality than defenders and forwards (F=10.669, p=.001). Midfielders and forwards also showed higher values of degree prestige than defenders (F=5.527, p=.005). These results indicate that both task condition and playing position influence the general and individual network properties during SSCGs. For this reason, it is suggested that both task condition and team composition need to be adjusted to the coaches’ purpose for each training session in order to maximize the possibilities of cooperation among the teammates.
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McLaren, Colin D., and Kevin S. Spink. "Team Member Communication and Perceived Cohesion in Youth Soccer." Communication & Sport 6, no. 1 (December 2, 2016): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479516679412.
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Although it is assumed that athletes need to consider the member-to-member interactions that take place within a team before drawing an accurate perception about the team’s level of cohesion, little research to date has addressed this assumption. The purpose of this study was to examine the intrateam communication and cohesion relationship to determine which types of communication would be associated with perceived task and social cohesiveness in a sample of youth athletes. Youth soccer players ( N = 139, k = 13) completed measures of intrateam communication and task and social cohesion halfway through a competitive season. Separate multilevel analyses were run predicting task and social cohesion. For task cohesion, acceptance, positive conflict, and negative conflict communication emerged as significant predictors, p < .001, accounting for 40% of the total variance. For social cohesion, distinctiveness, positive conflict, and negative conflict communication were significant predictors, p < .001, accounting for 27% of the total variance. Findings provide initial evidence establishing a link between intrateam communication and cohesion in the youth sport context but more importantly suggest both similarities and differences with respect to the specific types of intrateam communication that are associated with task and social cohesion.
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Casanova, Natalina R., Bruno R. Travassos, Sandra S. Ferreira, Nuno D. Garrido, and Aldo M. Costa. "Concentration of salivary cortisol and testosterone in elite women football players." Kinesiology 52, no. 1 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.52.1.1.
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This study aims to evaluate the relation between salivary concentrations of cortisol (C), testosterone (T), the ratio T:C and the individual performance of top-level female soccer athletes during official matches. Eighteen female athletes from a national soccer team (age 23.06 ± 4.33 years) participated in the study. Four official matches were analysed and the on-field time of each player as well as the index of individual effectiveness were calculated. Players were classified in two clusters according to their individual performance (cluster 1 – poor individual performance; cluster 2 – good individual performance) using K-means and their hormonal variables were compared. The players of cluster 2 generally revealed higher values (p˂.05) in both the positive actions and individual effectiveness, when compared with the players of cluster 1. The players of both clusters presented identical values of C, T and T:C at the four evaluated matches. The athletes of cluster 2 showed a significant increase in C (p˂.05) and a significant decrease in T and T:C before the games lost (M2 and M5). However, there was no linear relation between the variation of both hormones during the matches and the individual performance of players. Performance in competition revealed significant differences between players, though with no apparent relation to the hormonal kinetics of C and T before and after the matches.
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Tomáš, Malý, Zahálka František, Malá Lucia, and Teplan Jaroslav. "Profile, Correlation and Structure of Speed in Youth Elite Soccer Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0017.
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Abstract Speed, power and agility are important components of fitness and determine the level of success and performance in soccer. The aim of this study was to identify speed variables and to determine their mutual correlation and structure in youth elite soccer players. The research group consisted of players from the Czech U16 national team (n = 22, age = 15.6 ± 0.4 years). Speed variables were assessed using the following tests: a) linear speed: 5 m sprint (S5), 10 m sprint (S10) and 20 m flying sprint (F20); b) the agility: agility test 505 with turning on the dominant (A505D) and nondominant legs (A505N) and the K-test (K) and c) ball velocity after an instep kick with the dominant (IKD) and nondominant (IKN) legs. Significant dependence was found for S5 compared with S10, F20 vs. A505N, K vs. A505N (p < 0.01) and S10 vs. F20 (p < 0.05). The factor analysis revealed three components of the latent variable - speed. The first component consisted of linear sprint (S10, S20) and also partially consisted of maximum speed (F20). The second component was primarily composed of agility (A505D, A505N, K) and also included maximum speed (F20). The third independent component represented ball velocity after an instep kick (IKD, IKN). The speed variables in youth elite players exhibited significant heterogeneity from the perspective of performance, as determined by the monitored tests. The structure of the speed predisposition indicated that there were three components of speed. The results of our studies support the notion that each component of speed must be considered independently when designing training programmes.
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Elghoul, Yousri, Mohamed A. Souissi, Mohamed Frikha, Jordan M. Glenn, Omar Boukhris, Cain C. T. Clark, Ahmed Ben Kahla, Liwa Masmoudi, and Khaled Trabelsi. "Training and fitness variability in elite youth soccer." Kinesiology 54, no. 1 (2022): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.54.1.3.
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Research within sport science disciplines seeks to enhance performance via the combination of factors that influences the team’s periodization. The current study aimed to investigate the variations in training load (TL), and the consequential changes in fitness variables, based on the use of match difficulty prediction model (MDP), level of opposition (LOP), days between matches, and match location during 12 weeks in the competitive period I. Seventeen elite soccer players (age = 17.57 ± 0.49 years; body height 1.79 ± 0.05 m; body weight 72.21 ± 6.96 kg), have completed a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test, a running-based anaerobic sprint test, a soccer-specific repeated sprint ability, and a vertical jump test to identify changes in players fitness. TL was determined by multiplying the RPE of the session by its duration in minutes (s-RPE). Training monotony, strain, and acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) were also assessed. A simple regression model was conducted and the highest variances explained (R2) were used. The LOP score explained most of the variance in ACWR (r= 0.606, R2=0.37). TL declined significantly when compared the match-day by the first three days and the last three days of the week. No significant difference was found in s-RPE between the high and low MDP factor. Strong negative correlations were reported between ACWR and LOP (r=-0.714, p<.01). In addition, we found a significant improvement in repeated sprint ability, aerobic and anaerobic fitness variables between pre- and post-test in fatigue index (d=1.104), best testing time, ideal time, total time and mean-best (d=0.518-0.550), and aerobic and anaerobic fitness variables (p<.05), respectively. The MDP could facilitate the training prescription as well as the distribution of training intensities with high specificity, providing a long-term youth player’s development and allowing teams to maintain optimal fitness leading into more difficult matches.
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Haugen, Thomas, Espen Tønnessen, and Stephen Seiler. "Correction Factors for Photocell Sprint Timing With Flying Start." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 8 (November 2015): 1055–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0415.
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Purpose:A review of published studies monitoring sprint performance reveals considerable variation in start distance behind the initial timing gate. The aim of the current study was to generate correction factors across varying flying-start distances used in sprint testing with photocells.Methods:Forty-four well-trained junior soccer players (age 18.2 ± 1.0 y, height 175 ± 8 cm, body mass 68.4 ± 8.9 kg) performed sprint testing on an indoor sprint track. They were allocated to 3 groups based on sprintperformance level. Times for 10- and 200-m sprint with foot placement ranging from 0.5 to 15 m back from the initial timing gate were recorded twice for each athlete.Results:Correction-factor equation coefficients were generated for each of the 3 analyzed groups derived from the phase-decay equation y = (y0 − PL) × exp(−k × x) + PL, where y = time difference (0.5-m flying start as reference), x = flying-start distance, y0 is the y value when time is zero, PL (plateau) is the y value at infinite times, and k is the rate constant, expressed in reciprocal of the x-axis time units; if x is in seconds, then k is expressed in inverse seconds. R2 was ≥.998 across all athlete groups and sprint distances, demonstrating excellent goodness of fit. Within-group time differences were significant (P < .05) across all flying-start distance checkpoints for all groups. Between-groups time-saving differences up to 0.04 s were observed between the fastest and the slowest groups (P < .05).Conclusions:Small changes in flying-start distances can cause time differences larger than the typical gains made from specific training, or even the difference between the fastest and slowest elite team-sport athletes. The presented correction factors should facilitate more meaningful comparisons of published sprint-performance results.
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Anderegg, Jan M., Stefanie L. Brefin, Claudio R. Nigg, David Koschnick, Claudia Paul, and Sascha Ketelhut. "Load and recovery monitoring in Swiss top-level youth soccer players: Exploring the associations of a new web application-based score with recognised load measures." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2024): 020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss020.
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Introduction Systematic assessment of load and recovery in athletes is essential for effectively adjusting various training demands and their corresponding recovery measures (Kellmann et al., 2018), thereby reducing the risk of nonfunctional overreaching, overtraining, and potential subsequent injuries and illnesses (Bourdon et al., 2017; Kellmann et al., 2018; Taylor et al., 2012). The information obtained from the assessment can support athletes, coaching staff, and their medical teams in the tightrope act between performance optimisation and injury risk reduction. The expert consensus in the field of load and recovery monitoring and other research emphasises the importance of employing a multivariate approach for assessing load and recovery (Bourdon et al., 2017; Kellmann et al., 2018). Various physiological and psychological measures should be used for this purpose (Heidari et al., 2019). In team sports, it is also required that these assessments be carried out quickly, non-invasively, and with minimal added burden on the athletes (Thorpe et al., 2017). In this research project, we developed a web application-based Load and Recovery Score (LRS) and evaluated its relationship with established load parameters. It is assumed that specific training and match load variables correlate negatively with the following day’s LRS when controlled for intra-subject variability. Methods 78 female and male athletes from the U18, U19 and U21 teams of the Swiss soccer club “BSC Young Boys” were selectively recruited. 71 players (32.4% female) with an average age of 17.9 years (SD = 1.2) were monitored over a minimum period of 35 days. A repeated-measure design by means of a five-to-seven-week prospective longitudinal data collection was used in this study. The dependent variable (LRS) and four other independent load variables were repeatedly measured over time in the same athletes. The LRS comprises eight subscales integrated into an interval-scaled score ranging from 0 to 120. A higher score indicates a better recovery state and lower loads. The players recorded values for these eight different subscales daily using the web application. The subscales include questions drawn from various previously validated questionnaires related to the player’s 1) Physical capability, 2) General state of regeneration, 3) Muscular stress, 4) Fatigue, 5) Mood, and 6) Sleep quality, contributing to the recovery component of the score. Additionally, there are two load subscales pertaining to the player’s 7) Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and their 8) Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR). The entries are either directly recorded on an ordinal scale (0-6) or are converted to conform to this scale level. Daily logs are incorporated into the different subscale values using a specific algorithm. The algorithm is informed by current research recommendations and is a proprietary business secret. The independent variables included the subjective Player- and Trainer – Session Rating of Perceived Exertion (PSRPE/TSRPE), as well as two GPS and accelerometry-based parameters: Total distance covered (TD) and Total distance > 20km/h (TD20). To examine direction and strength of the relationship between the LRS and the above-mentioned measures of training and match load, various linear mixed-effects models (LMM) were fitted via restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Random intercepts were defined for each player to account for the repeated within-subject measurements (Fisher et al., 2018; Molenaar & Campbell, 2009; Neumann et al., 2021), and the demographic control variables Height, Body mass and Sex were included in the models. Furthermore, the variance explained by the random effects was calculated using Nakagawa’s marginal and conditional R2 for mixed models. Results All training and match load parameters demonstrated significant negative correlations with the subsequent day’s LRS. In the linear mixed-effects model analysis PSRPE and TSRPE showed similar fixed effects (-0.013, 95% CI [-0.017, -0.010], p < .001 versus -0.008, 95% CI [-0.011, -0.006], p < .001), while TD exhibited stronger associations (-0.668, 95% CI [-0.979, -0.355], p < .001) than TD20 (-0.009, 95% CI [-0.012, -0.006], p < .001). The addition of control variables did not significantly influence direction or magnitude of the model’s effects. Variance explained by the residual factor ID (defining each individual) was high (≥ 0.444) in all of the analyses and post-hoc analyses on the influence of the variables Playing position and Sex showed high variation between these subgroups. Discussion/Conclusion The results show that the LRS has significant negative associations when controlled for repeated within-subject measurements with different subjective and objective training and match load measures, such as the PSRPE, the TSRPE, TD, and TD20. Therefore, it can track the effect of those variables whilst also being an indicator of different recovery parameters. All training and match load variables behave according to the a priori assumption and correlate negatively with the following day’s LRS. This is in line with the available literature, where it has already been shown that certain parameters, which are also part of the score, show good moderate to strong evidence for associations with different load indicators. The fact that the variance explained by the residual factor ID and the influence of grouping variables (Playing position/Sex) was high in all the analyses is consistent with current research (Hader et al., 2019; Neumann et al., 2021), where the impact of the different load parameters on recovery varied across groups and individuals. No single marker can provide global information (Temm et al., 2022) regarding an athlete’s recovery. The comprehensive LRS offers a solution to that problem because it can track different load parameters in elite youth soccer players and present multiple accepted recovery and load measures separately and on an individual level so that athletes, coaches and staff can use it to enhance their knowledge of responses (Bourdon et al., 2017) and determine future training and match load as well as suited means of recovery. By doing this, injury risk could be reduced and performance optimised. The ultimate decision of which monitoring tools to work with should remain with the sports professionals. It is essential that the protocol has reasonable practicability and uses an individualised (Temm et al., 2022), and multimodal approach, including biological and social aspects (Heidari et al., 2019). References Bourdon, P. C., Cardinale, M., Murray, A., Gastin, P., Kellmann, M., Varley, M. C., Gabbett, T. J., Coutts, A. J., Burgess, D. J., Gregson, W., & Cable, N. T. (2017). Monitoring athlete training loads: Consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(Suppl 2), S2161–S2170. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2017-0208 Fisher, A. J., Medaglia, J. D., & Jeronimus, B. F. (2018). Lack of group-to-individual generalizability is a threat to human subjects research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(27), E6106–E6115. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711978115 Hader, K., Rumpf, M. C., Hertzog, M., Kilduff, L. P., Girard, O., & Silva, J. R. (2019). Monitoring the athlete match response: Can external load variables predict post-match acute and residual fatigue in soccer? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 5(1), Article 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0219-7 Heidari, J., Beckmann, J., Bertollo, M., Brink, M., Kallus, W., Robazza, C., & Kellmann, M. (2019). Multidimensional monitoring of recovery status and implications for performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(1), 2-8. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0669 Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, A. J., Duffield, R., Erlacher, D., Halson, S. L., Hecksteden, A., Heidari, J., Kallus, K. W., Meeusen, R., Mujika, I., Robazza, C., Skorski, S., Venter, R., & Beckmann, J. (2018). Recovery and performance in sport: Consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(2), 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759 Molenaar, P. C. M., & Campbell, C. G. (2009). The new person-specific paradigm in psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), 112–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01619.x Neumann, N. D., Van Yperen, N. W., Brauers, J. J., Frencken, W., Brink, M. S., Lemmink, K. A. P. M., Meerhoff, L. A., & Den Hartigh, R. J. R. (2021). Nonergodicity in load and recovery: Group results do not generalize to individuals. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 17(3), 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2021-0126 Taylor, K.-L., Chapman, D., Cronin, J., Newton, M., & Gill, N. (2012). Fatigue monitoring in high performance sport: A survey of current trends. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning, 20, 12–23. Temm, D. A., Standing, R. J., & Best, R. (2022). Training, wellbeing and recovery load monitoring in female youth athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11463. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811463 Thorpe, R. T., Atkinson, G., Drust, B., & Gregson, W. (2017). Monitoring fatigue status in elite team-sport athletes: Implications for practice. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(Suppl 2), S227–S234. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0434
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Rabbani, Alireza, Del P. Wong, Filipe Manuel Clemente, and Mehdi Kargarfard. "Internal training load and fitness profile between adult team versus junior team soccer players." Kinesiology 53, no. 1 (2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.53.1.8.
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The aim of the present study was to compare the fitness profiles and internal training loads between senior team and academy team soccer players during an in-season phase. Twenty-two professional soccer players from the senior team (n=12; 28.3<img width="12" alt="" height="20"> 2.0 years) and under 19 (U19) team (n=10; 18.0<img width="12" alt="" height="20"> 0.4 years) of the same club participated in the present study. High-intensity running performance, acceleration, maximal sprint, and change of direction (COD) ability were all tested during the mid-season break of a competitive season. Session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) reflecting the internal training load during the entire first half of the season was being documented daily. Senior players showed small to moderate superiority in COD (1.8%, 90% confidence intervals [CI, -3.2; 7.1], ES: 0.24 [-0.44; 0.92]), maximal sprint (2.3%, [0.0; 4.7], ES: 0.81 [0.00; 1.63]) and acceleration (3%, [0.2; 5.8], ES: 0.96 [0.06; 1.85]). The U19 showed small better high-intensity intermittent running fitness (2.5%, [-1.2; 6.3], ES: 0.39 [-0.20; 0.97]). When analyzing internal training loads (from M-3 to M+3), the U19 showed small to very large higher sRPE values for all days (range; 8.2%; 229.3%, [-8.1; 328.3], ES range; 0.25; 2.70, [-0.26; 3.3]), except for match days (M), on which unclear trivial difference was observed (-1.5%, [-9.6; 7.5], ES -0.09 [-0.65; 0.46]). Our results showed that senior players and youth players had different fitness profiles and internal training loads during the first half of a competitive season; this should be taken into consideration when designing specific and individualized recovery and training sessions.
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Hickey, Colm. "When jokes are not funny – Humour and abuse in elite sport." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 074. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2023.2ciss074.
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Joking and humour are central to the daily lives and lived experiences of professional elite athletes (Hickey, 2016; Roderick, 2006). Traditionally within sport, such discourses have been accepted as back and forth joking between teammates, athletes, and coaches, and should not be taken seriously by either the recipient or antagonist (Magrath, 2016). Although joking relations are widely assumed to be harmless (Plester, 2016), their characteristics and constant presence in the lives of professional and elite athletes share unmistakable similarities to forms of abuse (Jacobs et al., 2017; Mountjoy et al., 2016). Professional sport is an environment in which abuse is often present and condoned. More recently, the different forms of abuse that athletes are, and have been, exposed to have become more widely known (McMahon & McGannon, 2019). Examining professional football specifically, abusive practices are traditionally accepted and positioned as part of the cultural norms within footballing work environments (Kelly & Waddington, 2006). As part of their lived experiences in these environments, professional players both participate in and are the recipients of such abuse. Data were collected from 10 male participants (aged 18–30) by means of qualitative semi-structured vignette interviews. Each participant was interviewed on three separate occasions (30 interviews). The data and subsequent analysis illustrate how banter is an accepted and legitimised discourse within professional football, but promotes considerable anxiety, stress and unhappiness in work environments. Utilising a theoretical framework that combines elements of Goffman’s (1959) Dramaturgy with notions of Possible Selves (Markus & Nurius, 1986), this investigation illustrates the impact of such abuse on English Premier League players. It illustrates how joking and humour, is better understood as a form of psychological emotional abuse, that it is normalised as workplace putdown humour and carries with it many elements that players find marginalising, deliberate and threatening to their identities and sense of professional security. This research offers a new critical perspective that provides a better understanding of the distinctive and intricate social discourses in the daily lives of professional footballers. Its findings offer insights that will prove helpful to officials, team managers and other relevant stakeholders involved in player care and athlete well-being. References Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of the self in everyday life. Anchor Books. Hickey, C. (2016). Performing of the Pitch: An investigation of identity management strategies of professional footballers as part of their career transitions from the Premier League [Doctoral Thesis]. Durham University. Jacobs, F., Smits, F., & Knoppers, A. (2017). ‘You don’t realize what you see!’ The institutional context of emotional abuse in elite youth sport. Sport in Society, 20(1), 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1124567 Kelly, S., & Waddington, I. (2006). Abuse, intimidation, and violence as aspects of managerial control in professional soccer in Britain and Ireland. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 41(2), 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690206075417 Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954–969. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954 Magrath, R. (2016). Inclusive masculinities in contemporary football: Men in the beautiful game. Routledge. McMahon, J., & McGannon, K. R. (2019). Acting out what is inside of us: Self-management strategies of an abused ex-athlete. Sport Management Review, 23(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.008 Mountjoy, M., Brackenridge, C., Arrington, M., Blauwet, C., Carska-Sheppard, A., Fasting, K., Kirby, S., Leahy, T., Marks, S., Martin, K., & Starr, K. (2016). International Olympic committee consensus statement: Harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(17), 1019–1029. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096121 Plester, B. (2016). The complexity of workplace humour. Springer. Roderick, M. (2006). The work of professional football – A labour of love? Routledge.
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Ruzic, Lana, Ivan Radman, and Branka R. Matkovic. "Differences in ACTN3, ACE, and ADBR3 polymorphisms between Croatian National Team and non-national team elite soccer players." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): Article6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.15.2.06.
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Introduction: This study investigated the differences in ACTN3, ACE and ADRB3 variants in top-level soccer players who entered the Croatian National Team and the ones who did not but played for two best Croatian teams. Material and Methods: The buccal swabs were collected from 56 soccer players playing for the Croatian National Team (N = 31) and/or for one of the two most prestigious Croatian soccer clubs (N = 25). Each participant’s genotype was determined by analyzing the single-nucleotide polymorphism. The ACTN3 gene (rs1815739) on chromosome 11 and the ACE (rs1799752) gene on chromosome 17 were determined. Results: No significant differences between the players who entered the national team and the ones who did not were found in ACTN3 R577X (p = 0.437) and ADRB3 (p = 0.202) polymorphism distribution, while the differences existed in ACE (p = 0.044). The significant differences were determined in the “Athletic index” between the national-team and non-national-team players (p = 0.023). Regarding the position, the “Athletic index” was significantly higher only in national team midfielders (2.50 ±1.08 points vs. 1.38 ±1.06; p = 0.034). Conclusion: It seems that the soccer players with a favorable genetic combination on the ACTN3 gene and ACE gene might have had a better chance to enter the National Team.
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Hong, Eunah, and Yejee Jeong. "Coach leadership style and Korean professional soccer team performance: Collective efficacy as a mediator." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 48, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9307.
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We examined the connection between the transformational and authentic leadership of head coaches and team performance, and the mediating role of collective efficacy in this relationship in the context of Korean men's K League. Participants were 106 K League players and we analyzed their data using structural equation modeling. The results show that transformational and authentic leadership of head coaches both had a positive effect on players' collective efficacy, which had a positive effect on team performance. Transformational leadership had a direct effect on team performance, but authentic leadership did not. Further, transformational and authentic leadership both had a positive effect on team performance. Collective efficacy partially mediated the former relationship and fully mediated the latter relationship. Our findings have practical implications for K League coaches seeking to develop their leadership through education and training programs, in that they should provide special care to underperforming players and pair players of different ages and educational backgrounds to increase team performance and collective efficacy.
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Kim, Dong-Hyuk, Ji-yoon Park, and Chul-Won Lee. "The Structure Relationships among Professional Soccer Team’s Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) Activities, Team Identification, Spectator Satisfaction, and Team Loyalty." Korean Society for Leisure Sciences 15, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.37408/kjls.2024.15.2.191.
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This study investigated the relationships among corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities within K-League(South Korea’s professional football league), team identification, spectator satisfaction, and team loyalty. To achieve this objective, a survey was conducted targeting individuals aged 20 and above, employing the primary data collection method of gathering a total of 251 questionnaires through non-probability convenience sampling. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 27.0 and AMOS 20.0, involving techniques such as frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling. The key findings were summarized as follows: Firstly, CSR activities within K-League significantly influence team identification. Secondly, team identification significantly impacts spectator satisfaction. Thirdly, team identification influences team loyalty. Lastly, spectator satisfaction does not affect team loyalty. This research not only presented the directionality of CSR activities within the K-League but also provided valuable theoretical support and data for the K-League aiming to implement CSR activities.
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Mucheke, Charles, Nicholas Bailasha, and Luka Boro Waiganjo. "Perception of Players on the Coach Competence and Team Performance in the Kenyan National Soccer and Volleyball Leagues." International Journal of Arts, Recreation and Sports 1, no. 2 (November 2, 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijars.1492.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study examine whether perception of players on the coach competence predict team performance in the Kenyan national soccer and volleyball leagues.
Methodology: The study adopted Cross-Sectional survey design. The target population for the study included players and in the Kenyan soccer and volleyball national leagues in the 2020/21season. The population of the study was 878 players from the 53 teams including 288 females in the 16 teams of 18 players, and 168 males in the 12 teams of 14 players and 98 females in the 07 teams of 14 players in volleyball respectively. The study included players who were consistent in the respective leagues for the immediate last five years. The coaches and players were both male and female. The study used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 22) for data analysis. Chi-Square and Fisher’s Exact test were used.
Findings: Results above showed that soccer players perception on training and instruction had no significant effect on team ranking (P=0.000). In addition, volleyball players perception on training and instruction had no significant effect on team ranking (P=0.000). In addition, soccer players perception on democratic behaviour had no significant effect on team ranking (P=0.354). Further, volleyball players perception on democratic behaviour had no significant effect on team ranking (P=0.095). Further soccer players perception on autocratic behaviour had a significant effect on team ranking (P=0.000).
Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The study focused on the Kenyan national leagues which are composed mainly of African race players. There is need to conduct a similar study in other leagues like in North Africa and middle east which consists of players mainly of Arab race, Asian continent which consists of players of Asian descent and the European and American leagues composed of players of mixed descents including the Negroid, Caucasoid and the Mongoloids
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M, Kusumawati, BM Wara Kushartanti, and Mochammad Noerhadi. "Hubungan antara pola konsumsi protein dan Fe dengan daya tahan jantung paru atlet sepakbola PS Semen Padang tahun 2003." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2005): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.17346.
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Background: Low cardiorespiratory endurance will decrease the speed and skill in playing soccer. Good cardiorespiratory endurance is important factor in exercise and competition to reach the optimal achievement of the PS. Semen Padang soccer team players. Protein and Fe constitute a supporting factor in forming hemoglobin which is needed for increasing the cardiorespiratory endurance.Objective: This study was aimed at fi nding out the correlation between protein and Fe consumption patterns with the cardiorespiratory endurance of Semen Padang soccer team players in 2003.Methods: This was cross-sectional design of 23 PS. Semen Padang soccer team players. The variables were protein and Fe consumption patterns, hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory endurance. The analysis method was regression Chi-square, multiple linier, and partial correlation.Results: There was no correlation between protein (p=0,683) and Fe (p=0,168) consumption patterns with hemoglobin concentration; there was correlation between hemoglobin concentration with the cardiorespiratory endurance (p=0,022); there was no correlation between protein consumption pattern (p=0,395) with the cardiorespiratory endurance; there was significant correlation between Fe consumption pattern with the cardiorespiratory endurance (p=0,009).Conclusion: Protein and Fe consumption patterns infl uenced the cardiorespiratory endurance athlete PS.Semen Padang through hemoglobin rate cause of hemoglobin rate have signifycant relation with the cardiorespiratory endurance.
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Imai, Atsushi, Takeshi Imai, Satoshi Iizuka, and Koji Kaneoka. "A Trunk Stabilization Exercise Warm-up May Reduce Ankle Injuries in Junior Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 04 (February 15, 2018): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-100923.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a trunk stabilization exercise warm-up program in reducing the incidence of lower extremity injuries among male junior soccer players. Two junior soccer teams participated in this study. The intervention (INT) team performed three trunk stabilization exercises before practice sessions and games, while a control (CON) team performed their usual warm-up without trunk exercises. Both teams engaged in regular soccer training and games, and were followed for the incidence of injury. As a result, overall injury incidence rates (IRs) were 2.65 injuries/1,000 h and 4.94 injuries/1,000 h in the INT and CON teams, respectively (incidence rate ratio [IRR]=0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.32-0.89, p=0.013). The IR of acute injuries was significantly lower in the INT team (1.91 injuries/1,000 h) than in the CON team (4.06 injuries/1,000 h) (IRR=0.47, 95%CI=0.26-0.84, p=0.009). Regarding injury sites, the IRs of ankle injuries in the INT team (0.32 injuries/1,000 h) were significantly lower than that in the CON team (2.28 injuries/1,000 h) (IRR=0.14, 95%CI=0.04-0.47, p<0.001). These results suggest that a warm-up program comprising trunk stabilization exercises alone can prevent acute injuries, especially ankle injuries.
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Ponce-Gonzalez, Jesus Gustavo, Juan Corral-Pérez, Eduardo Sáez de Villarreal, Jose Vicente Gutierrez-Manzanedo, Guillermo De Castro-Maqueda, and Cristina Casals. "Antioxidants Markers of Professional Soccer Players During the Season and their Relationship with Competitive Performance." Journal of Human Kinetics 80, no. 1 (October 31, 2021): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0089.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to assess antioxidant markers before and after a mid-season of professional soccer players from the 3rd Spanish Division, and to correlate antioxidant markers with competitive performance. Sixty-five male players (age = 25.3 ± 4.2 yr, body mass = 73.2 ± 6.7 kg, body height = 177.8 ± 5.7 cm) from three soccer clubs from Cádiz (Spain) participated in the study. Body composition, maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), and baseline antioxidant blood markers (Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Reduced glutathione/Oxidized glutathione ratio) were assessed in the first week of the championship season (pre-test) and after 18 weeks in the mid-season (post-test). Soccer performance was registered according to the official classification ranking at both the mid-season and at the end of the season; ranking positions for Team A were 2nd and 1st, for Team B were 5th and 5th, while for Team C were 12th and 14th, respectively. Regression analyses showed that TAS and VO2max were able to independently predict (p < 0.05) performance in our participants. Moreover, antioxidant levels showed significant main effects on performance (p < 0.001); where a higher antioxidant capacity was observed in the best performance soccer team, both before and after the mid-season. Notwithstanding, the competitive period compromised the antioxidant status since TAS levels significantly decreased after the 18-week training program and competition compared with baseline values in all soccer teams (p < 0.001). These results suggest the need of monitoring antioxidants in soccer players to prevent excessive oxidative stress and cellular damage which could compromise success in competition, by adjusting the training loads, diet or ergogenic aids, if needed.
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Hassmén, Peter, and Eva Blomstrand. "Mood State Relationships and Soccer Team Performance." Sport Psychologist 9, no. 3 (September 1995): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.9.3.297.
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Morgan’s well-known iceberg profile, characterized by Profile of Mood States (POMS) scores above the population norm on vigor and below the norm on tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion, is said to indicate a successful athlete. Preperformance POMS scores of team members might therefore give a prior indication of the actual team performance. Nine female soccer players from the same team participated in the study. The players completed the POMS before, immediately after, and 2 hours after each game during a season. The outcome of the games greatly affected the players’ mood states. Tension, depression, anger, and confusion scores were lower (ps < .01), and vigor was higher (p < .01) when the team won. Prior to the games, only minor differences in POMS scores were detected, regardless of the actual outcome. Taken together, the results do not support the notion that POMS scores could be helpful in predicting team performance.
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Kargarfard, Mehdi, Shadi Tajvand, Alireza Rabbani, Filipe Manuel Clemente, and Farzad Jalilvand. "Effects of combined plyometric and speed training on change of direction, linear speed, and repeated sprint ability in young soccer players." Kinesiology 52, no. 1 (2020): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.52.1.11.
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It has been well established that plyometric and speed training have positive impacts on fitness parameters in soccer players. The aim of this study was to compare short-term effects of a combined plyometric and speed training implemented on the same or separate days of a week on change of direction (COD), linear speed (LS), and repeated sprint ability (RSA) in young soccer players. Twenty-four male players from the same U19 soccer team were distributed into one control group (CG; n=7, soccer training only) and two experimental groups performing plyometric and speed exercises on the same (CDG; n=8) or separate days (CWG; n=9) during a 6-week preparation period. Very likely moderate within-group COD improvements were observed in the CDG (ES -0.94 [-1.47 to -0.41]) and CWG (ES -0.97 [-1.52 to -0.42]) groups. Possibly small within-group RSA improvements were also observed in the CWG (ES -0.24[-0.64 to 0.16]) and CDG (ES -0.31 [-0.79 to 0.17]) groups. CWG and CDG groups showed possibly small (ES -0.28 [-0.62 to 0.06]) and very likely moderate (ES -0.80 [-1.28 to -0.32]) within-group LS improvements following the intervention, respectively. In between group analysis, a likely moderate (ES 0.71 [0.03 to 1.39]) greater LS improvement was observed in the CDG group than in the CWG group. I t is suggested to supplement normal soccer training with combined plyometric and speed exercises to improve COD, LS, and RSA performance and to implement these exercises in the same session to improve LS with a greater effect.
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Charles, Mucheke, Bailasha Nicholas, and Waiganjo Boro. "Competition Experience of the Coach and Team Performance in the Kenyan National Soccer and Volleyball Leagues." American Journal of Recreation and Sports 2, no. 1 (June 5, 2023): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajrs.1491.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: The objective of the study was to establish whether past competition experiences of the coach predicted team performance in the Kenyan national soccer and volleyball leagues.
Methodology: The study adopted Cross-Sectional survey design. The population of the study was 53 head coaches handling teams in the Kenyan national soccer and volleyball leagues. Census sampling was used to pick the 53 coaches for the study. Data collection instrument was a self-administered questionnaire for the coaches. The coaches’ questionnaire was divided into sections which captured demographics and academic background. The study used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 22) for data analysis. Chi-Square and Fisher’s Exact test was used to show whether competition experience had an effect on the team’s performance. Data was presented using tables
Findings: For soccer, Chi square and Fisher’s Exact Test results showed that coaches past competition experience had a significant effect on team performance (χ2 =30.292≤ p 0.05 9df). The fisher’s exact test had a p value of 0.003 which was also less than 0.05 confirming that there was a significant relationship between soccer coaches’ past competition experience and team performance. For volleyball, Chi square and Fisher’s Exact Test results showed that volleyball coaches past competition experience had a significant effect on team performance (χ2 =23.910≤ p 0.05 9df). The fisher’s exact test had a p value of 0.008 which was also less than 0.05 confirming that there was a significant relationship between volleyball coaches’ past competition experience and team performance.
Recommendations: Policy makers such as team managers, owners and other stake holders in sports to consider more experienced coaches. They should consider coaches who have long period of coaching experience as well as coaches with a long period of competition experience. This is because coaching knowledge comes from observations and experiences of other coaches. Team managers, owners and other stake holders in sports should also consider coaches with past playing experience from recognized local clubs. This will enhance team performance.
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Zul Fadli Rambe, Ahmad, Phil Yanuar Kiram, Arsil Arsil, Ridho Bahtra, and Yovhandra Ockta. "Improvement of basic soccer techniques with training methods and physical condition." Jurnal SPORTIF : Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran 10, no. 1 (April 23, 2024): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v10i1.21575.
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This study aims to investigate the effect of small-sided games and rondo training methods, as well as physical conditions, on the basic technique skills of passing, controlling, and dribbling soccer players. This research mode is a Quasi-Experiment with a factorial research design. The sample consisted of 38 child soccer athletes aged 10-12 years from the Wijaya men's soccer team, with purposive sampling from young soccer players (10-12 years) from the Wijaya men's soccer team in Padang. Skill measurements are performed with bounce board instruments for passing control, dribbling tests, agility tests (Illinois Agility Run Test), and speed tests (30-meter run) to measure physical condition. Data analysis using a two-track ANOVA test with a significance level of α 0.05. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the effect of the Small-Sided Games and Rondo methods on passing control (F = 5.931, p = 0.025 < 0.05) and dribbling (F = 61.588, p = 0.000 < 0.05) soccer players. In addition, there is a difference between high and low physical conditions for passing control and dribbling (α < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between training methods and physical condition on passing control (F = 9.481, p = 0.007 < 0.05) and dribbling (F = 88.817, p = 0.000 < 0.05). This study concluded that small-sided games, rondo training methods, and physical conditions have a significant effect on the basic skills of soccer players.
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López de Subijana, Cristina, and Jorge Lorenzo. "Relative Age Effect and Long-Term Success in the Spanish Soccer and Basketball National Teams." Journal of Human Kinetics 65, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0027.
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AbstractThe aims of this study were: i) to analyze whether relative age effect occurs in the athletes of the junior national teams and professional athletes in Spain in general and in soccer and basketball, and ii) to compare the long-term success of the players selected for the junior national team between these sports. The samples for this study were Spanish professional soccer (n = 461) and basketball (n = 250) players in the 2013-2014 premier league and players from the junior Spanish soccer (i.e., n = 273; U-17: n = 107; U-19: n = 166) and basketball (i.e., n = 240; U-18: n = 120, U-16: n = 120) teams that classified to play in the European Championships (from 2004 to 2013). Junior players (42.3%) were more frequently born in the 1st quarter of the year than the professional players (30.7%) (χ2(3) = 30.07; p = .001; Vc = .157). This was found in both basketball (χ2(3) = 12.2.; p = .007; Vc = .158) and soccer (χ2(3) = 20.13; p < .001; Vc = .166). Long-term success is more frequent in soccer, where 59.9% of the juniors selected for the national team played later in the premier league, while in basketball that percentage was 39.6% (χ2(1) = 14.64; p < .001; Vc = .201). On the other hand, 79.4% and 39.8% of the professional soccer and basketball players had been previously selected for junior national teams (χ2(1) = 60.2; p < .001; Vc = .386), respectively. The talent selection process should be reviewed as players born in the second half of the year have fewer opportunities to stand out.
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Thomas, Craig, Helen Jones, Craig Whitworth-Turner, and Julien Louis. "A Sleep Analysis of Elite Female Soccer Players During a Competition Week." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0706.
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Purpose: (1) To compare the sleep of female players from a professional soccer team to nonathlete controls across an in-season week and (2) to compare the sleep of core and fringe players from the same team on the night after a match to training nights. Methods: Using an observational design, 18 professional female soccer players and 18 female nonathlete controls were monitored for their sleep via wristwatch actigraphy across 1 week. Independent-sample t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests were performed to compare sleep between groups, while an analysis of variance compared sleep on training nights to the night after a match. Results: Soccer players had significantly greater sleep duration than nonathlete controls (+38 min; P = .009; d: 0.92), which may have resulted from an earlier bedtime (−00:31 h:min; P = .047; d: 0.70). The soccer players also had less intraindividual variation in bedtime than nonathletes (−00:08 h:min; P = .023; r: .38). Despite this, sleep-onset latency was significantly longer among soccer players (+8 min; P = .032; d: 0.78). On the night after a match, sleep duration of core players was significantly lower than on training nights (−49 min; P = .010; d: 0.77). In fringe players, there was no significant difference between nights for any sleep characteristic. Conclusions: During the in-season period, sleep duration of professional female soccer players is greater than nonathlete controls. However, the night after a match challenges the sleep of players with more match involvement and warrants priority of sleep hygiene strategies.
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Tassi, Juan Martin, Jesús Díaz-García, Miguel Ángel López-Gajardo, Ana Rubio-Morales, and Tomás García-Calvo. "Effect of a Four-Week Soccer Training Program Using Stressful Constraints on Team Resilience and Precompetitive Anxiety." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021620.
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The present study examined the effects of stressful constraints during soccer trainings on psychological skill development and internal load when compared with control (nonstressful) trainings. A total of 51 elite male youth soccer players (27 in the experimental group, M = 16.54 years; 24 in the control group, M = 15.44 years) participated in the study. In a 12-week longitudinal survey, team resilience, using the Spanish version of the Characteristics of Resilience in Sports Teams Inventory, and anxiety, using the Sport Anxiety Scale, were measured at baseline (after 4 weeks of regular trainings), postprotocol (after 4 weeks of control or experimental trainings), and follow-up (after 4 weeks of regular trainings). Results show that, when compared with the control group, a program with stressful constraints helped young soccer players to develop better psychological skills: specifically, increased ability to cope with impairments in resilience (both resilience characteristics and team vulnerability under pressure; p < 0.001). Increases in anxiety (p = 0.06) and decreases in preoccupation (p < 0.001) and lack of concentration (p < 0.001) were also observed. The adaptation of human behavior to specific trainings may explain these results. In conclusion, the regular exposure of young soccer players to stressful situations during trainings shows benefits for their psychological skill development in soccer. Then, benefits on internal load were also observed.
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Smith, Anna, Julia Donnelly, Andrew White, and Nairn Scobie. "Comparing IMU outputs between 1st team and U18 female soccer players throughout preseason." Graduate Journal of Sports Science, Coaching, Management, & Rehabilitation 1, no. 3 (June 7, 2024): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/gjsscmr.v1i3.1536.
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With growth in professionalism, popularity and revenue in women’s soccer, greater investment is being made throughout academy environments to ensure young players can reach the physical, physiological, and technical demands of the sport. However, limited evidence exists to support the transition at club level between youth academy and senior players, and there is ambiguity in determining differences in physical loading. Thus, this study aimed to compare physical inertial measurement units (IMU) outputs between female U18 academy players and professional soccer players throughout pre-season. Participants were recruited from the same Scottish women’s soccer team U18 squad (n = 19, mean ± SD age = 16.5 ± 0.6 years) and 1st Team (n= 23, mean ± SD age = 25.1 ± 5.6 years) during the 2023/24 season. Top speed (m/s), distance covered (m), sprint count (n), and count of acceleration and deceleration actions (n) from IMU output were analysed (Playermaker). Descriptive statistics summarised key findings, with inferential methods utilised to determine variances between squads. Multivariate tests reported statistical significance at P < 0.05 between squads for physical metrics measured from 66 training sessions and 10 games. Results found mean weekly distance was significantly higher for U18 players in comparison to 1st team (6,252 ± 1,480 vs. 5,076 ± 2,064 m, P < 0.01). Mean weekly top speed was significantly higher in 1st team in comparison to U18 squad (6.33 ± 0.34 vs. 6.03 ± 0.34 m·s−1, P < 0.01). Mean weekly sprint count was significantly higher in 1st team versus U18 (11 ± 10 vs. 5 ± 5, P < 0.01). No significant differences were highlighted for count of acceleration and deceleration actions between squads (P > 0.05). These findings show that although U18s are exposed to a greater volume, this is performed at lower intensities within the pre-season window, and therefore potentially not replicating the high intensity intermittent nature of the game. These findings suggest the introduction of individualised speed thresholds appropriate for developmental state. Furthermore, formatting future training to incorporate more anaerobic physiological adaptations to help prepare academy players for the physical demands of professional soccer.
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Özcan, İlker, and Çağatay Şahan. "Effects of small-sided games and conventional aerobic interval training on various physiological characteristics and defensive and offensive skills used in soccer." Kinesiology 50, no. 1 (2018): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.50.1.12.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of small-sided game training (SSGT) versus conventional aerobic interval training (CAIT) on soccer-specific endurance performance, lactate threshold levels (mmol·L-1), short-passing ability and defensive and offensive skills of a soccer match. Before and after a 6-week training intervention period, eighteen amateur soccer players (age 21.8±4.8 years) were tested. The tests included the anaerobic threshold (AnT) test, the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), and the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT). A manual notational match analysis system was utilized to evaluate the defensive and offensive skills of players during the matches. Both the SSGT and CAIT were performed two days a week and consisted of five sets of 6-minute periods of work at the individualized exercise intensity corresponding to the individual anaerobic threshold, with 3-minute of recovery periods between sets. Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to examine the between- and within-group differences, respectively. Statistical analyses revealed that the SSGT group players exhibited significantly better in terms of the LSPT scores (p<.01) and the number of defensive and offensive skills (p<.05). However, no other significant differences in the other variables were observed (p>.05). The results of the study suggested that SSGT improved short-passing ability, various soccer skills and physiological parameters, while CAIT only improved physiological parameters. SSGT improves soccer-specific endurance and technical ability of players at the same time, meaning it is a time efficient way of training.
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Toselli, Stefania, Mario Mauro, Alessia Grigoletto, Stefania Cataldi, Luca Benedetti, Gianni Nanni, Riccardo Di Miceli, et al. "Assessment of Body Composition and Physical Performance of Young Soccer Players: Differences According to the Competitive Level." Biology 11, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11060823.
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Soccer is a multifactorial sport, in which players are expected to possess well developed physical, psychological, technical, and tactical skills. Thus, the anthropometric and fitness measures play a determinant role and could vary according to the competitive level. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify differences in body composition and physical performance between two soccer team. 162 young soccer players (from the Under 12 to Under 15 age categories; age: 13.01 ± 1.15 years) of different competitive levels (elite—n = 98 and non-elite—n = 64) were recruited. Anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, lengths, widths, circumferences, and skinfold thicknesses (SK)), bioelectrical impedance, physical performance test as countermovement jump (CMJ), 15 m straight-line sprints, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo), and 20 + 20 m repeated-sprint ability (RSA)) were carried out. In addition, Body mass index (BMI), body composition parameters (percentage of fat mass (%F), Fat mass (FM, kg), and Fat-free mass (FFM, kg)) and the areas of the upper arm, calf and thigh were calculated, and the Bioelectric Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) procedures were applied. In addition, a linear discriminant analysis was assessed to determine which factors better discriminate between an elite and non-elite football team. Many differences were observed in body composition between and within each football team’s category, especially in triceps SK (p < 0.05), %F (p < 0.05), and all performance tests (p < 0.01). The canonical correlation was 0.717 (F(7,128) = 19.37, p < 0.0001), and the coefficients that better discriminated between two teams were 15 m sprint (−2.39), RSA (1−26), suprailiac SK (−0.5) and CMJ (−0.45). Elite soccer team players present a better body composition and greater physical efficiency. In addition, BIVA outcome could be a relevant selection criterion to scout among younger soccer players.
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Cochrane, Maria Elizabeth, Felix Nkuna, and Muhammad Dawood. "Short-term effect of Kinesiotape™-application on running speed, agility and plyometric performance in amateur soccer players." South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation 45, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36386/sajrsper.v45i1.139.
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Soccer is a physically demanding team sport requiring players to run fast, perform multiple changes in direction and jump, among other skills. Soccer players with optimal running speed, agility and plyometric abilities are more likely to be selected for team participation, as they will have enhanced on-the-field performance. Various exercise and rehabilitation protocols exist to ensure optimal player performance, but none focus on the immediate effect of Kinesio tape (Kinesio Holding Corporation, Albuquerque, NM, USA) on the stabilising muscles of the lower limb to influence important basic soccer skills. A one-group pre-test–post-test quasi-experimental design was used. Thirty-three male university-level soccer players aged 18–35 years with no history of lower limb surgery were included. Baseline testing was performed using the vertical jump test, Modified Illinois Change of Direction test and a timed 50-metre sprint. After a rest period of 1–4 days, the participants were strapped with Kinesio tape and the post-test, using the same objective measures, was conducted. Pre- and post-test analysis was performed using paired student t-test. Improvement was observed for running speed (p≤0.001, SD: 0.685), agility (p≤0.001; SD: 2.312) and plyometrics (p≤0.001; SD: 2.451). The application of Kinesio tape on the stabiliser muscles of the lower limbs significantly improved running speed, agility and plyometrics in amateur soccer players immediately after application.
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Madžar, Tomislav, and Pero Hrabač. "Psychological aspects of sports injuries among male professional soccer players in Croatia." Kinesiology 49, no. 1 (2017): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.49.1.5.
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<div>The aim of this study was to assess occurrence of sports injuries among professional male soccer players in relation to their psychological characteristics. This prospective cohort study was conducted during the 2013/2014 sports season among all professional players with the first team contract in the first Croatian soccer league. A stratified sample of 182 male soccer players were selected for the assessment. They were surveyed during their preparation period before the beginning of the season and were under monitoring during the season. Seriousness of injuries was assessed depending on the length (one day or more) of players’ non-participation in sports activities. Psychological characteristics were assessed by the General Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Revised Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, impulsive behaviour scale from the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire Cross-Cultural 50-item version and Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports. Majority of players (62.6%) experienced a kind of injury, with the mean number of 1.28 injuries per player, and 30.7% of them contracted severe injuries. Results of the binary regression model suggest that likelihood of being injured is mostly influenced by higher Impulsive Sensation Seeking and GAD-7 scores (OR=1.26 in both cases). In contrast, adequate mental preparation significantly lowers the chance of being injured (OR=0.89).The study adds an insight into proportions, severity, mechanisms and number of sport injuries in the population of Croatian professional soccer players. We propose several variables as important predictors of future injuries. Some scales, commonly used in this field, have been shown to be less useful in injury prediction.</div>
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Haugen, Thomas A., Espen Tønnessen, and Stephen Seiler. "Anaerobic Performance Testing of Professional Soccer Players 1995–2010." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 2 (March 2013): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.2.148.
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Purpose:To compare sprint and countermovement-jump (CMJ) performance among competitive soccer players as a function of performance level, field position, and age. In addition, the authors wanted to quantify the evolution of these physical characteristics among professional players over a 15-y period.Methods:939 athletes (22.1 ± 4.3 y), including national-team players, tested 40-m sprint with electronic timing and CMJ on a force platform at the Norwegian Olympic Training Center between 1995 and 2010.Results:National-team and 1st-division players were faster (P < .05) than 2nd-division (1.0–1.4%), 3rd- to 5th-division (3.0–3.8%), junior national-team (1.7–2.2%), and junior players (2.8–3.7%). Forwards were faster than defenders (1.4%), midfielders (2.5%), and goalkeepers (3.2%) over 0–20 m (P < .001). Midfielders jumped ~2.0 cm lower than the other playing positions (P < .05). Sprinting velocity peaked in the age range 20–28 y and declined significantly thereafter (P < .05). Players from 2006–2010 had 1–2% faster 0–20 m and peak velocity than players from the 1995–1999 and 2000–2005 epochs, whereas no differences in CMJ performance were observed.Conclusions:This study provides effect-magnitude estimates for the influence of performance level, position, and age on sprint and CMJ performance in soccer. While CMJ performance has remained stable over the time, there has been a small but positive development in sprinting velocity among professional players.
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Dalen, Terje, and Håvard Lorås. "Monitoring Training and Match Physical Load in Junior Soccer Players: Starters versus Substitutes." Sports 7, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7030070.
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The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the physical (locomotor activities) and physiological (Banister’s training impulse) in-season training load between starters and substitutes in a well-trained junior soccer team. Physical performance variables from the Polar Team Pro system were collected and analyzed from a sample of junior soccer players (N = 18; age = 15.7 ± 0.5 years; stature, 177.9 ± 4.6 cm; body mass, 67.1 ± 5.5 kg). The study analyzed a total of 10 matches and 38 training sessions during the 2018 season with linear mixed models. The players from the starting line-ups demonstrated significantly higher average weekly physical load compared to the non-starters with respect to all variables: distance (total, running, high-speed running, and sprint) [F (1, 573) ≥ 66, p < 0.001, eta = 0.10], number of accelerations and sprints [F (1, 573) ≥ 66, p < 0.001, eta = 0.10], as well as Banister’s training impulse (TRIMP) [F (1, 569) = 10, p < 0.001, eta = 0.02]. Evidence from this study indicates that a large amount of weekly accumulated high-speed running and sprint distances is related to match playing time. Therefore, weekly fitness-related adaptations in running at high speeds seem to favor the starters in a soccer team.
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Los Arcos, Asier, Raúl Martínez-Santos, Filipe M. Clemente, and Daniel Castillo. "Changes in jump and sprint performances during 14 preseasons in a Spanish reserve elite soccer team." Kinesiology 52, no. 2 (2020): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.52.2.10.
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The aim of this study was to assess the changes in jump and sprint performances after the preseason period across 14 seasons depending on the initial performance level and the playing position in young professional soccer players. In total, 162 soccer players (age = 20.6 ± 1.8 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ) and 5 and 15 m sprints were assessed in each season at the start of the preseason (July), Test 1 (T1), and the start of the competitive period (September), Test 2 (T2), from the 1998 to 2013 seasons. Considering all seasons, a trivial change was found in the sprint (5 m, Effect Size [ES] = −0.01; ±0.11, most-likely; and 15 m, ES = 0.05; ±0.09, most-likely) and countermovement jump (CMJ) performances (ES = −0.03; ±0.07; most-likely) after the preseason, but this varied across the seasons. While the fastest players in 5 m and 15 m tests and the most powerful worsened their performances in sprinting capacity (ES = 0.53–0.65, small very-likely) and in jump ability (ES = −0.54; ±0.25, small very-likely), respectively, the slowest players and the less powerful improved their performance likely/most-likely (ES = −0.33 and −0.68, small and moderate) and very-likely (ES = 0.40; ±0.20, small) after the precompetitive period. The changes in CMJ and sprinting were trivial and trivial/small for all tactical positions. The changes in neuromuscular performance after the preseason were not stable across the seasons and varied depending on the initial performance level. Individualization strategies should be considered in the design of strength and conditioning programs in order to optimize the training process.
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Los Arcos, Asier, and Javier Yanci. "Monitoring perceived respiratory and muscular exertions and physical fitness in young professional soccer players during a 32-week period." Kinesiology 49, no. 2 (2017): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.49.2.12.
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The aim of this study was to examine the association of perceived respiratory and muscular exertions and associated training load (TL) for monitoring changes in several aerobic fitness and neuromuscular performance parameters during 32 weeks of soccer training in young professional players. Twenty male soccer players (age=20.6±1.8 years, body height=1.80±.06 m, body mass=73.6±6.7 kg) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga Club participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ with arm swing, linear sprint running (over 5 m and 15 m) and an aerobic fitness running test were performed at the start of the pre-season (Test 1) and 32 weeks later (Test 2). During these eight months, after each training session and match, players rated their perceived exertion (sRPE) separately for respiratory (sRPEres) and leg musculature (sRPEmus) effort. Training load was calculated by multiplying the sRPE value by the duration of each training session or match. Accumulated training and match volume (i.e., time) and associated respiratory and muscular training loads were negatively correlated with the changes in aerobic fitness performance after 32 weeks of training (r=-.53/-.62). In addition, accumulated perceived respiratory load was negatively correlated with the changes in 15 m sprint performance (r=-.51/-.53). A high practice volume (time) and associated respiratory and leg muscular TL can impair the long-term improvement of aerobic fitness and sprint performance in professional soccer players.
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Arcos, Asier Los, Raúl Martínez-Santos, and Daniel Castillo. "Spanish Elite Soccer Reserve Team Configuration and the Impact of Physical Fitness Performance." Journal of Human Kinetics 71, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0085.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was threefold: 1) to assess the configuration of an elite reserve soccer team, 2) to compare physical fitness performance of promoted and new players according to the playing position, and 3) to analyze the level of competitive participation attained by these players. We considered physical fitness tests (5 m and 15 m sprint, countermovement jump [CMJ] and aerobic endurance) performed by 192 players (age = 20.2 ± 2.3 years) enrolled in the reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club from 1994 to 2013. The players were classified according to the previous club criterion (promoted from the soccer academy and new players signed from other clubs), b) their playing position, and c) the competitive level attained until the 2016/2017 season (Spanish 1st and 2nd Divisions and the remaining competition levels). The proportion of promoted and new players was similar (p = 0.47). Overall, no substantial differences (unclear-small) were found in physical fitness performance between promoted and new players. Considering the playing position, promoted lateral defenders (LDs) showed better sprinting (ES = moderate) and CMJ (ES = moderate) performance than new LDs. In addition, promoted central midfielders (CMs) demonstrated better performance in the 5 m sprint and the CMJ (ES = moderate) than new CMs. The percentage of players who later competed in the Spanish 1st and 2nd Divisions was greater in promoted players compared to new players (p = 0.006). Physical fitness performance did not determine the selection of new players in a soccer elite reserve team. We may conclude that soccer academies should prioritize the selection and the training process of youth soccer players.
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Gasparini, Randal, and Alexandre Álvaro. "Positional analysis of Brazilian soccer players using GPS data." Revista Brasileira de Computação Aplicada 12, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rbca.v12i3.10234.
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The professional soccer is always changing and is constantly searching tools and data to help the decision-making,providing tactics and techniques to the team. In Brazil, this sport goes to same way and the investments areconsiderable. The One Sports is a company that capture GPS data from professional soccer players of someBrazilian teams. This set of data has a lot of features and the One Sports asked if was possible to predict the idealposition of a player. Then, was firmed a cooperation between a academic study and a commercial company. Thiswork find to understand a propose methods and techniques to predict the ideal position of the soccer player, usingmachine learning algorithms. The database has more of one million of tuples. It was submitted to preprocessingstep, what is fundamental, because generated new features, removed incomplete and noisy data, generated anew balanced dataset and delete outliers, preparing the data to execution of the algorithms k-NN, decision trees,logistic regression, SVM and neural networks. With the purpose to understand the performance and accuracy,some scenarios were tested. There was poor results when executed multiclass problems. The best results comefrom binary problems. The models k-NN and SVM, specifically to this study, had the best accuracy. It is importantto note that SVM spent more than six hours to finish your execution, and k-NN used less than one and halfminute to end.
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Maleki, Mohammad, Kourosh Dadkhah, and Farhad Alahvisi. "Ball Recovery Consistency as a Performance Indicator in Elite Soccer." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 18, no. 1 (March 16, 2016): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p72.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2016v18n1p72 In soccer, an attack begins with ball recovery. Therefore, the consistency of this performance indicator during a match and its balanced distribution in the field zones can be one of the distinct characteristics of successful soccer teams. This study aims to investigate the performance consistency of ball recovery during a match within several time periods (6 periods of 15 min) and zones (four zones). To this end, observational methodology and software Focus X2 were adopted to evaluate 28 matches of semi-final teams at FIFA 2014 including Germany, Argentina, Netherlands, and Brazil in terms of ball recovery frequency. In total, 3222 performances were recorded. All teams in each match and in whole competition had homogeneity of distribution of ball recovery during the time periods (χ23=1.597, p=0.66). The results of time-zone evaluation indicated that Netherlands and Brazil teams did not have performance consistency on all field zones (χ2 15=31.29, p=0.008 and χ2 15=37.53, p=0.001, respectively). Most ball recoveries were made in the defensive and middle-defensive zones in accordance with modern soccer. It was found that for a soccer team to be successful, it requires a space distribution of experienced players in the field, which leads to power balance for redesigning a team to be offensive in all zones.
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Atkinson, Frazer, Sandra E. Short, and Jeffrey Martin. "College Soccer Players’ Perceptions of Coach and Team Efficacy." Sport Psychologist 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0066.
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The authors examined the relationships among athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ and their team’s efficacy in a sample of 271 college soccer players (M = 19.84 years, SD = 1.42). Athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ efficacy were assessed using a modified version of the Coaching Efficacy Scale (CES), and perceptions of team efficacy were assessed using the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sport (CEQS). A canonical correlation analysis between the variants formed by the CES subscales and the CEQS subscales was statistically significant, Wilks’s criterion λ = .440, F(20, 883.17) = 12.40, p < .001. Significant canonical loadings indicated that athletes’ perceptions of their coaches’ being confident in their ability to motivate (β = −.78) and provide successful game strategies (β = −.49) to the team were the most predictive of the athletes’ confidence in their team’s ability to prepare (β = −.58), persist (β = −.13), and unite (β = −.36) during competition. The authors provide practical implications for coaches looking to enhance coaching and team efficacy that are linked directly to their findings.
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Konter, Erkut, Adam Gledhill, Yee Cheng Kueh, and Garry Kuan. "Understanding the Relationship between Sport Courage and Female Soccer Performance Variables." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084654.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between female soccer players’ courage and key performance variables (level of participation, injury past, being selected or non-selected by a national team, being starter or substitute). Methods: The Sport Courage Scale-31, by Konter and Ng (2012) and key performance variables were collected from 210 female soccer players aged 12 to 27 (M = 17.97 ± 3.34 years old). Spearman correlations and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to analyse the collected data. Results: The correlations between mastery (r = 0.196), determination (p = 0.239), assertiveness (r = 0.325), sacrifice behaviour (r = 0.182), total sport courage (r = 0.265) and age of female soccer players were found to be significant (p < 0.05). Female soccer players who have sustained an injury in the past scored significantly higher on the venturesome scale (p = 0.006) than those who have not sustained an injury in the past. In comparison, female soccer players who have not sustained an injury in the past or who have not been substituted had significantly more mastery than female soccer players who have sustained an injury in the past or who have been substituted (p = 0.017, p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions: This study indicates that sport courage is related to key performance variables among female soccer players. Mastery and age seem to be related to courageous behaviour, whereas increasing venturesomeness might cause injuries in female soccer. Some relevant implications for practitioners can be drawn from the present findings.
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Monteiro, Diogo, Carla Chicau Borrego, Carlos Silva, João Moutão, Daniel Almeida Marinho, and Luís Cid. "Motivational Climate Sport Youth Scale: Measurement Invariance Across Gender and Five Different Sports." Journal of Human Kinetics 61, no. 1 (March 23, 2018): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0124.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Motivational Climate Sport Youth Scale (MCSYSp) and invariance across gender and different sports (swimming, soccer, handball, basketball, futsal). A total of 4,569 athletes (3,053 males, 1,516 females) from soccer (1,098), swimming (1,049), basketball (1,754), futsal (340), and handball (328) participated in this study, with ages between 10 and 20 years (M = 15.13; SD = 1.95). The results show that the original model (two factors/12 items) did not adjust to the data in a satisfactory way; therefore, it was necessary to change the model by removing four items (two from each factor). Subsequently, the model adjusted to the data in a satisfactory way (χ2 = 499.84; df = 19; χ2/df = 26.30; p < .001; SRMR = .037; TLI = .923; CFI = .948; RMSEA = .074; IC90% .069–.080) and was invariant by gender and team sports (soccer, handball, basketball, futsal) (ΔCFK≤.01); however, it was not invariant between swimming and team sports (soccer, handball, basketball, futsal) (ΔCFI ≥ .01). In conclusion, the MCSYSp (two factors/eight items) is a valid and reliable choice that is transversal not only to gender, but also to the different studied team sports to measure the perception of the motivational climate in athletes. Future studies can research more deeply the invariance analysis between individual sports to better understand the invariance of the model between individual and team sports.
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Modric, Toni, Goran Gabrilo, and Damir Sekulic. "INFLUENCE OF TEAM PRESSING ON MATCH PERFORMANCE IN HIGHEST-LEVEL SOCCER; PRELIMINARY REPORT." Kinesiologia Slovenica 29, no. 1 (April 13, 2023): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.1.138-148.
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Considering lack of studies which investigated pressing behaviour in soccer, this study aimed to preliminary examine the influence of successful team pressing on team running performance (TRP) and team technical-tactical performance (TTP). All data were obtained from UEFA Champions League (UCL) matches (n=20) using optical system InStat Fitness. The TRP variables included total distance covered, low-intensity running (<4 m/s), running (4–5.5 m/s), high speed running (5.5–7 m/s) and sprinting (>7 m/s). The TTP variables included total actions shots on target, passes, key passes, crosses, dribbles, final third entries and penalty area entries. Results from linear mixed model indicated that (i) TRP was similar irrespective to number of successful pressings (t=-0.13 to 0.67, all p>0.05, all trivial to small effects sizes), (ii) TTP tend to increase when higher rate of successful team pressings was utilized (t=2.33 to 5.18, all p<0.05, all large effects sizes). These results show significant influence of team pressing on TTP and no influence of team pressing on TRP, suggesting that cooperative and well-organised interaction between players is more important factor of team pressing than pure physical performance. This study may help soccer coaches to better understand physical and technical-tactical profiles of teams that utilize pressing style of play.
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Carpita, Maurizio, Enrico Ciavolino, and Paola Pasca. "Exploring and modelling team performances of the Kaggle European Soccer database." Statistical Modelling 19, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 74–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1471082x18810971.
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This study explores a big and open database of soccer leagues in 10 European countries. Data related to players, teams and matches covering seven seasons (from 2009/2010 to 2015/2016) were retrieved from Kaggle, an online platform in which big data are available for predictive modelling and analytics competition among data scientists. Based on both preliminary data analysis, experts’ evaluation and players’ position on the football pitch, role-based indicators of teams’ performance have been built and used to estimate the win probability of the home team with the binomial logistic regression (BLR) model that has been extended including the ELO rating predictor and two random effects due to the hierarchical structure of the dataset. The predictive power of the BLR model and its extensions has been compared with the one of other statistical modelling approaches (Random Forest, Neural Network, k-NN, Naïve Bayes). Results showed that role-based indicators substantially improved the performance of all the models used in both this work and in previous works available on Kaggle. The base BLR model increased prediction accuracy by 10 percentage points, and showed the importance of defence performances, especially in the last seasons. Inclusion of both ELO rating predictor and the random effects did not substantially improve prediction, as the simpler BLR model performed equally good. With respect to the other models, only Naïve Bayes showed more balanced results in predicting both win and no-win of the home team.
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Kite, Christopher S., and Alan Nevill. "The Predictors and Determinants of Inter-Seasonal Success in a Professional Soccer Team." Journal of Human Kinetics 58, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0084.
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AbstractThe aims of this study were to 1) directly compare the performances of a professional soccer team over three seasons, 2) identify key variables that discriminated between a successful or unsuccessful performance, and 3) identify variables that best predicted success. ANOVA revealed that attempted and completed passes were significantly lower (both p < 0.001) in the most successful season (S1). Additionally, shot effectiveness was significantly less (p < 0.001) in their least successful season (S3) (vs S1 -11.61%; d = 0.735; vs S2 -12.02%; d = 0.760). When the match outcome was considered, they attempted significantly fewer passes when they won (-60.26; p = 0.002; d = -0.729) or drew (-44.87; p = 0.023; d = -0.543) compared to when they lost. The binary logistic regression analysis also retained passing variables. The team should attempt fewer passes, but ensure that more of these passes are completed. With away matches, the effect became more pronounced (β = -0.042, OR = 0.959, p = 0.012). In conclusion, the team should adopt a more direct style of play. They should move the ball into a shooting position with fewer passes and ensure that more shots are on the target.
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Miñano-Espin, Javier, Luis Casáis, Carlos Lago-Peñas, and Miguel Ángel Gómez-Ruano. "High Speed Running and Sprinting Profiles of Elite Soccer Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 58, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0086.
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AbstractReal Madrid was named as the best club of the 20th century by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics. The aim of this study was to compare if players from Real Madrid covered shorter distances than players from the opposing team. One hundred and forty-nine matches including league, cup and UEFA Champions League matches played by the Real Madrid were monitored during the 2001-2002 to the 2006-2007 seasons. Data from both teams (Real Madrid and the opponent) were recorded. Altogether, 2082 physical performance profiles were examined, 1052 from the Real Madrid and 1031 from the opposing team (Central Defenders (CD) = 536, External Defenders (ED) = 491, Central Midfielders (CM) = 544, External Midfielders (EM) = 233, and Forwards (F) = 278). Match performance data were collected using a computerized multiple-camera tracking system (Amisco Pro®, Nice, France). A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for distances covered at different intensities (sprinting (>24.0 km/h) and high-speed running (21.1-24.0 km/h) and the number of sprints (21.1-24.0 km/h and >24.0 km/h) during games for each player sectioned under their positional roles. Players from Real Madrid covered shorter distances in high-speed running and sprint than players from the opposing team (p < 0.01). While ED did not show differences in their physical performance, CD (p < 0.05), CM (p < 0.01), EM (p < 0.01) and F (p > 0.01) from Real Madrid covered shorter distances in high-intensity running and sprint and performed less sprints than their counterparts. Finally, no differences were found in the high-intensity running and sprint distances performed by players from Real Madrid depending on the quality of the opposition.
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Chmura, Paweł, Marcin Andrzejewski, Marek Konefał, Dariusz Mroczek, Andrzej Rokita, and Jan Chmura. "Analysis of Motor Activities of Professional Soccer Players during the 2014 World Cup in Brazil." Journal of Human Kinetics 56, no. 1 (February 25, 2017): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0036.
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AbstractThe aim of the present study was to analyze motor activities of soccer players in seven consecutive rounds of matches of the 2014 World Cup in Brazil and to compare the performance of the world champions, the German national team with other participating teams. The study sample comprised 905 observations of 340 soccer players, who played full-time matches in all seven rounds of the tournament. The study was conducted using data collected from the Castrol Performance Index, a kinematic game analysis system that records movements of players with semi-automatic cameras. The following variables were analyzed: total distance covered, the percentage of total distance covered at high intensity, the number of sprints, frequency of sprints and peak running speed. A statistically significant increase (p ≤ 0.01) was noted in total distance covered, the percentage of distance covered at high intensity and total number of sprints, between the quarter-finals and semi-finals of the World Cup tournament in Brazil. The German national team covered a significantly longer total distance (p ≤ 0.05) and had a greater percentage of distance covered at high intensity (p ≤ 0.001) than players from other teams. The obtained results point to the necessity of development of players’ aerobic endurance and speed-endurance abilities while preparing for top-level soccer tournaments. Winning a soccer championship requires players to run longer mean total distances and longer distances at high intensity during a single match.
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Guimarães, Rodrigo dos Santos, Tomás García-Calvo, Javier Raya-González, José C. Ponce-Bordón, Pedro Fatela, and David Lobo-Triviño. "Effects of Contextual Variables on Match Load in a Professional Soccer Team Attending to the Different Season Periods." Sensors 24, no. 2 (January 21, 2024): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24020679.
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This study aimed to analyze the effects of contextual variables (i.e., match location and match outcome) and season periods on match load (i.e., internal and external load) in professional Brazilian soccer players. Thirty-six professional players from the same soccer team participated in this study. The season was split into four phases: matches 1–16 (i.e., Phase 1 = P1); matches 17–32 (i.e., Phase 2 = P2); matches 33–48, (i.e., Phase 3 = P3); matches 49–65 (i.e., Phase 4 = P4). Considering match outcome, when the team wins, Cognitive load, Emotional load, and Affective load were significantly higher in away vs. home matches (p < 0.05). Considering season phases, in P3, Mental Fatigue was significantly higher in drawing than in losing matches (p < 0.05). Additionally, considering the match outcome, when the team lost, Total Distance (TD)/min and TD > 19 km·h−1/min were significantly lower in P1 than P2 (p < 0.001), P3 (p < 0.001), and P4 (p < 0.001). These results suggest to strength and conditioning coaches the need to consider the outcome and location of the previous game when planning the week, as well as the phase of the season they are in to reduce fatigue and injury risk.
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Lago-Ballesteros, Joaquin, and Carlos Lago-Peñas. "Performance in Team Sports: Identifying the Keys to Success in Soccer." Journal of Human Kinetics 25, no. 1 (September 30, 2010): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0035-0.
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Performance in Team Sports: Identifying the Keys to Success in SoccerThe aim of this study was to identify specific performance indicators that discriminate the top clubs from the others based on significantly different pitch action performance in the Spanish Soccer League. All 380 games corresponding to the 2008-2009 season have been analyzed. The studied variables were divided into three groups related to goals scored (goals for, goals against, total shots, shots on goal, shooting accuracy, shots for a goal), offense (assists, crosses, offsides committed, fouls received, corners, ball possession) and defense (crosses against, offsides received, fouls committed, corners against, yellow cards, red cards). Data were analyzed performing a one-way ANOVA. Significant differences across sections of the league table were found for the following pitch actions: goals for, total shots, shots on goal, shots for a goal, assists and ball possession. The main findings of this study suggest that top teams had a higher average of goals for, total shots and shots on goal than middle and bottom teams (p<0.05). Bottom teams needed a higher number of shots for scoring a goal than the other groups of teams (p<0.05). Middle teams showed a lower value in assists and ball possession than top teams (p<0.05). In conclusion, this paper presents values that can be used as normative data to design and evaluate practices and competitions for peak performance soccer teams in a collective way.
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Magee, Meghan K., Brittanie L. Lockard, Hannah A. Zabriskie, Alexis Q. Schaefer, Joel A. Luedke, Jacob L. Erickson, Margaret T. Jones, and Andrew R. Jagim. "Prevalence of Low Energy Availability in Collegiate Women Soccer Athletes." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 5, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040096.
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(1) Background: Limited information exists on the prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) in collegiate team sports. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of LEA in collegiate women soccer players. (2) Methods: Collegiate women soccer athletes (n = 18, height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 65.3 ± 7.9 kg; body fat %: 24.9 ± 5.6%) had their body composition and sport nutrition knowledge assessed in the pre-season. Energy availability was assessed mid-season using a 4-day dietary log and activity energy expenditure values from a team-based monitoring system. A validated screening tool was used to screen for LEA. (3) Results: The screening tool classified 56.3% of athletes as at risk of LEA (<30 kcal/kg of FFM); however, the actual dietary intake identified 67% as LEA. Athletes identified as non-LEA consumed significantly more absolute (p = 0.040) and relative (p = 0.004) energy than LEA athletes. (4) Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of LEA among collegiate women soccer athletes. Although previously validated in women endurance athletes, the LEA screening tool was not effective in identifying those at risk of LEA in this sample of athletes.
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Coppalle, Sullivan, Guillaume Ravé, Jason Moran, Iyed Salhi, Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman, Sghaeir Zouita, Urs Granacher, and Hassane Zouhal. "Internal and External Training Load in Under-19 versus Professional Soccer Players during the In-Season Period." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020558.
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This study aimed to compare the training load of a professional under-19 soccer team (U-19) to that of an elite adult team (EAT), from the same club, during the in-season period. Thirty-nine healthy soccer players were involved (EAT [n = 20]; U-19 [n = 19]) in the study which spanned four weeks. Training load (TL) was monitored as external TL, using a global positioning system (GPS), and internal TL, using a rating of perceived exertion (RPE). TL data were recorded after each training session. During soccer matches, players’ RPEs were recorded. The internal TL was quantified daily by means of the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) using Borg’s 0–10 scale. For GPS data, the selected running speed intensities (over 0.5 s time intervals) were 12–15.9 km/h; 16–19.9 km/h; 20–24.9 km/h; >25 km/h (sprint). Distances covered between 16 and 19.9 km/h, > 20 km/h and >25 km/h were significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT over the course of the study (p = 0.023, d = 0.243, small; p = 0.016, d = 0.298, small; and p = 0.001, d = 0.564, small, respectively). EAT players performed significantly fewer sprints per week compared to U-19 players (p = 0.002, d = 0.526, small). RPE was significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT (p = 0.001, d = 0.188, trivial). The external and internal measures of TL were significantly higher in the U-19 group compared to the EAT soccer players. In conclusion, the results obtained show that the training load is greater in U19 compared to EAT.
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Coppalle, Sullivan, Guillaume Ravé, Jason Moran, Iyed Salhi, Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman, Sghaeir Zouita, Urs Granacher, and Hassane Zouhal. "Internal and External Training Load in Under-19 versus Professional Soccer Players during the In-Season Period." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020558.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to compare the training load of a professional under-19 soccer team (U-19) to that of an elite adult team (EAT), from the same club, during the in-season period. Thirty-nine healthy soccer players were involved (EAT [n = 20]; U-19 [n = 19]) in the study which spanned four weeks. Training load (TL) was monitored as external TL, using a global positioning system (GPS), and internal TL, using a rating of perceived exertion (RPE). TL data were recorded after each training session. During soccer matches, players’ RPEs were recorded. The internal TL was quantified daily by means of the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) using Borg’s 0–10 scale. For GPS data, the selected running speed intensities (over 0.5 s time intervals) were 12–15.9 km/h; 16–19.9 km/h; 20–24.9 km/h; >25 km/h (sprint). Distances covered between 16 and 19.9 km/h, > 20 km/h and >25 km/h were significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT over the course of the study (p =0.023, d = 0.243, small; p = 0.016, d = 0.298, small; and p = 0.001, d = 0.564, small, respectively). EAT players performed significantly fewer sprints per week compared to U-19 players (p = 0.002, d = 0.526, small). RPE was significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT (p =0.001, d = 0.188, trivial). The external and internal measures of TL were significantly higher in the U-19 group compared to the EAT soccer players. In conclusion, the results obtained show that the training load is greater in U19 compared to EAT.