Journal articles: 'Ozone synthesis efficiency'

1

Gibalov, Valentin I., Takaaki Murata, and Gerhard J. Pietsch. "Productivity and Efficiency of Ozone Synthesis in Coplanar Discharge Arrangements." Ozone: Science & Engineering 25, no. 5 (October 2003): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919510390481757.

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2

Kelly, F. J., and S. Birch. "Pulmonary Protein Synthesis Response to Ozone." Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, no. 6 (June 1994): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401300607.

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1 Exposure to either 800 or 1200 ppb ozone for 6 h did not influence the content or activity of mouse lung ribosomal RNA; in consequence pulmonary protein synthesis pathways were not altered. 2 Increasing the exposure period to 24 h had a marked effect on protein metabolism which depended on the dose of ozone employed. A dose of 800 ppb resulted in a 17% increase in lung protein content. Since both lung ribosomal capacity and fractional synthesis rates were unchanged at this time, it is concluded that both a lower ribosomal activity and an increased protein degradation rate were responsible for the decrease in content. 3 Exposure to 1200 ppb ozone for 24 h, paradoxically resulted in increases in both the fractional (33%) and total (19%) protein synthetic rates. These responses were due to an increased pulmonary ribosomal efficiency in the lung at this time. 4 We conclude that, in the short term, reduced pulmonary synthetic capacity is not a component of ozone-induced lung injury, but rather, this important component of the repair mechanism, can be up-regulated in response to lung injury.

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Li, Meng, Bin Zhu, Yan Yan, Tie Li, and Yi-Min Zhu. "A High-Efficiency Double Surface Discharge and Its Application to Ozone Synthesis." Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 38, no. 5 (May 4, 2018): 1063–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11090-018-9902-6.

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Krogh, Fabio, Reto Merz, Rudolf Gisler, Marco Müller, Bernhard Paolini, Jose L. Lopez, and Alfred Freilich. "Inhomogeneous feed gas processing in industrial ozone generation." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 11 (December 1, 2008): 2077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.760.

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The synthesis of ozone by means of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is extensively used in industry. Ozone generators available on the market differ in ozone production capacities, electrode arrangements and working parameters, but operate with a uniformly distributed filamentary discharge plasma pattern. In the presented work the benefits of inhomogeneous feed gas processing are explored. Causality between power induction, production efficiency and working parameters are investigated. Different electrode arrangements, evenly distributed within a given space parameter, were designed, simulated, manufactured and tested on a representative scale. A finite element model was utilized to simulate an inhomogeneous power induction pattern along the ozone generator tube. The simulation yielded the local power density, the local gas temperature gradient and the relative DBD packing density. Results show that the degree of filamentation turns out to be decisive, indicating a new potential by means of plasma tailoring. An arrangement with a pronounced power induction at the inlet of the ozone generator revealed several advantages over homogeneous plasma processing arrangements, for which an increase in robustness and a reduction in electrical power consumption are achieved.

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Galstyan, Andriy, Andrii Bushuiev, Kateryna Skorokhod, Anna Krasylnikova, and Marharyta Zhurba. "OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF ETHYLBENZENE AND ITS SUBSTITUTED BY OZONE IN ACETIC ACID." Chemistry, Technology and Application of Substances 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ctas2020.02.191.

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Based on the obtained kinetic regularities and the mixture of the products of the reaction of ethylbenzene oxidation with ozone in acetic acid, the scientific bases of the technology of synthesis of acetophenone was developed. It is shown that in the ozonation conditions, in the presence of manganese (II) acetate, it is possible to direct oxidation mainly through the ethyl group of the substrate with the formation of aromatic products. The technological parameters are studied and the optimal conditions for the process realization are ascertained. The obtained experimental and theoretical results allowed us to propose a new low-temperature low-waste method of acetophenone production, which ensures the efficiency of the process due to the mild oxidation conditions (288 K, atmospheric pressure) and the reduction of toxic waste. The technology can be an alternative to existing methods of the synthesis of aromatic ketones.

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Gordeyenya, E. A., and A. A. Matveyev. "Effect of the waveform of voltage pulses on the efficiency of ozone synthesis in corona discharges." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 3, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/3/4/015.

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Xie, Jianping, Wei Fan, Hao Cui, Ningning Feng, Guozhen Wang, Hui Wang, Xinxing Liu, Guanzhou Qiu, and Haiyan Wu. "A novel highly dispersed tetra-metal nano heterogeneous ozone catalyst derived from microbial adsorption and in situ pyrolysis." Nanotechnology 32, no. 6 (November 18, 2020): 065701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/abb1ed.

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Abstract In recent years, the pyrolysis of microbial biomasses that adsorb various metal ions has enabled the preparation of carbon-based polymetallic nanomaterials with excellent electrocatalytic and electrical energy storage properties. However, the preparation of ozone catalysts by this technique and the corresponding catalytic oxidation mechanism are still unclear. In this study, an Escherichia coli strain (BL21) was used for tetra-metal (Cu, Fe, Mn and Al) absorption and the obtained microbial biomass was pyrolyzed under the protection of a nitrogen flow at 700 °C and activated at 900 °C to prepare a microbial-char-based tetra-metal ozone catalyst (MCOC). This was used to degrade phenol and coking wastewater and exhibited a strong catalytic capability for coking wastewater, whose chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 70.86% is 16.7% higher than that of pure ozone and 14.67%, 7.21% and 3.58% higher than that of three commercial catalysts, respectively. It also improved the efficiency of ozonation for phenol by 33%. The MCOC was characterized by x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and other methods. The results demonstrated that the spherical metal nanoparticles had sizes ranging from 3 nm to 7 nm and that crystals of Fe2O3 and Fe3P were observed. The study showed that the MCOC promoted the production of more hydroxyl radicals and superoxides from ozone, which attack organics. The oxygen vacancies of the catalyst were also investigated. It was proved that the Lewis acid sites on the surface of metal oxides are the active centers of ozone decomposition. Therefore, this work provides a new method for the synthesis of multi-metal nanocomposites and expands the application of biosynthetic nanomaterials.

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Wood, Georgia F., Irina M. Terrero Rodríguez, Joshua J. Tully, Shayantan Chaudhuri, and Julie V. Macpherson. "Electrochemical Ozone Generation Using Compacted High Pressure High Temperature Synthesized Boron Doped Diamond Microparticle Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 126514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3ff4.

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Electrochemical ozone production (EOP) from water is an attractive, green technology for disinfection. Boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes, grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), have been widely adopted for EOP due to their wide anodic window in water and excellent chemical and electrochemical stability. High pressure high temperature (HPHT) synthesis, an alternative growth technique used predominantly for the high-volume synthesis of nitrogen doped diamond microparticles, has been seldom employed for the production of conductive BDD electrodes. In this paper, we demonstrate, for the first time, the use of BDD electrodes fabricated from HPHT conductive BDD microparticles for EOP. The BDD microparticles are first compacted to produce freestanding solid electrodes and then laser micromachined to produce a perforated electrode. The compacted HPHT BDD microparticle electrodes are shown to exhibit high EOP, producing 2.23 ± 0.07 mg L−1 of ozone per ampere of current, at consistent levels for a continuous 20 h period with no drop off in performance. The HPHT electrodes also achieve a reasonable current efficiency of 23%, at a current density of 770 mA cm−2.

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9

Contreras-Bustos, Roberto, Fabricio Espejel-Ayala, Bibiana Cercado-Quezada, Jaime Jiménez-Becerril, and Melania Jiménez-Reyes. "Adsorption of Zn2+ from solutions on manganese oxide obtained via ozone precipitation reaction." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2016-0008.

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Abstract Synthesis via ozone precipitation reaction was used to obtain manganese dioxide (OMD) and it was probed as an adsorbent for zinc ions. Adsorption was followed along shaking time and increasing ratio [NO3−] / [Zn2+], and isotherms were obtained at different pH values and in the presence of several anions (chloride, nitrate, sulphate, and acetate). It was found that adsorption equilibrium is fast and follows the pseudo-second order model (qe = 34 ±1 mg/g and K = 0.07 ±0.01 g/mg h). Isotherms were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Langmuir-Freundlich models, and the best fitting was found with the last one. The process is dependent on pH and the efficiency increases from pH 1 to 4. The ratio [NO3−] / [Zn2+] up to 3 does not seem to change the behaviour of the process. Regarding the anions, the efficiency of Zn(II) adsorption occurs according to: acetate > nitrate and sulphate > chloride. Manganese oxide obtained via ozonization is an excellent adsorbent for zinc ions.

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10

Tundo, Pietro. "Chlorine-free synthesis: An overview." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 3 (February 24, 2012): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-12-02-02.

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Since the Industrial Revolution, chlorine has featured as an iconic molecule in process chemistry even though its production by electrolysis of sodium chloride is very energy-intensive. Owing to its high energy and reactivity, chlorine allows the manufacture of chlorinated derivatives in a very easy way: AlCl3, SnCl4, TiCl4, SiCl4, ZnCl2, PCl3, PCl5, POCl3, COCl2, etc. in turn are pillar intermediates in the production of numerous everyday goods. This kind of chloride chemistry is widely used because the energy is transferred to these intermediates, making further syntheses easy. The environmental and health constraints (toxicity and eco-toxicity, ozone layer depletion) and the growing need for energy (energy efficiency, climate change) force us to take advantage from available knowledge to develop new chemical strategies. Substitution of chlorine in end products in compounds where “chlorine is used in the making” means that we avoid electrolysis as primary energetic source; this makes chemistry “without chlorine” considerably more difficult and illustrates why it has not found favor in the past. The rationale behind this Special Topic issue is to seek useful and industrially relevant examples for alternatives to chlorine in synthesis, so as to facilitate the development of industrially relevant and implementable breakthrough technologies.

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11

Sandin, Staffan, Alicia Cheritat, Joakim Bäckström, and Ann Cornell. "Deposition efficiency in the preparation of ozone-producing nickel and antimony doped tin oxide anodes." Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.374.

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<div class="abstract"><div class="abstract_label">The influence of precursor salts in the synthesis of nickel and antimony doped tin oxide (NATO) electrodes using thermal decomposition from dissolved chloride salts was investigated. The salts investigated were SnCl4×5H2O, SnCl2×2H2O, SbCl3 and NiCl2×6H2O. It was shown that the use of SnCl4×5H20 in the preparation process leads to a tin loss of more than 85 %. The loss of Sb can be as high as 90 % while no indications of Ni loss was observed. As a consequence, the concentration of Ni in the NATO coating will be much higher than in the precursor solution. This high and uncontrolled loss of precursors during the preparation process will lead to an unpredictable composition in the NATO coating and will have negative economic and environmental effects. It was found that using SnCl2×2H20 instead of SnCl4×5H2O can reduce the tin loss to less than 50 %. This tin loss occurs at higher temperatures than when using SnCl4×5H2O where the tin loss occurs from 56 – 147 °C causing the composition to change both during the drying (80 – 110 °C) and calcination (460 -550 °C) steps of the preparation process. Electrodes coated with NATO based on the two different tin salts were investigated for morphology, composition, structure, and ozone electrocatalytic properties. <pre></pre></div></div>

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12

Mills, Graham P., Glyn D. Hiatt-Gipson, Sean P. Bew, and Claire E. Reeves. "Measurement of isoprene nitrates by GCMS." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 9 (September 14, 2016): 4533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4533-2016.

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Abstract. According to atmospheric chemistry models, isoprene nitrates play an important role in determining the ozone production efficiency of isoprene; however this is very poorly constrained through observations as isoprene nitrates have not been widely measured. Measurements have been severely restricted largely due to a limited ability to measure individual isoprene nitrate isomers. An instrument based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) and the associated calibration methods are described for the speciated measurements of individual isoprene nitrate isomers. Five of the primary isoprene nitrates which formed in the presence of NOx by reaction of isoprene with the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the Master Chemical Mechanism are identified using known isomers on two column phases and are fully separated on the Rtx-200 column. Three primary isoprene nitrates from the reaction of isoprene with the nitrate radical (NO3) are identified after synthesis from the already identified analogous hydroxy nitrate. A Tenax adsorbent-based trapping system allows the analysis of the majority of the known hydroxy and carbonyl primary isoprene nitrates, although not the (1,2)-IN isomer, under field-like levels of humidity and showed no impact from typical ambient concentrations of NOx and ozone.

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13

Monteiro Estvāo, Diogo Miguel. "Production of UV-B screens and changes in photosynthetic efficiency in Antarctic Nostoc commune colonies and a lichen Xanthoria elegans depend on a dose and duration of UV-B stress." Czech Polar Reports 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2015-1-6.

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The survival of non-vascular autotrophs in the extreme polar conditions and the principles of their high tolerance to extreme physical factors have been intriguing scientists in last decades. Therefore, this study focuses on the capacity of production of UV-B screening pigments in two model Antarctic species, one algal lichen, and colony of a cyanobacterium. Dose-dependent activation of protective mechanisms of Antarctic cyanobacterium (Nostoc commune) and algal lichen (Xanthoria elegans), synthesis of UV-B screening compounds in particular, were studied together with the changes in photosynthetic efficiency induced by a background photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) supplemented with UV-B radiation. The samples were exposed to different doses of UV-B (280–320 nm), low (0.7 W m-2), medium (1.5 W m-2) and high (3.0 W m-2) for 5 days. Untreated samples (control) were shielded from UV-B radiation during experiment. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and secondary UV-B protective metabolites were analysed in the intervals of 24 h, 48 h and 120 h. Amount of UV-B screening pigments was measured spectrophotometrically using several specific wavelengths in UV-B absorption range. Results showed that if exposed to a low dose of UV-B radiation or a short-term treatment, both species exhibited an increase in UV-B screening pigments to protect the lichen photobiont against UV-B damage. However, if exposed to a high dose of UV-B radiation or a long-term treatment, a decrease of UV-B screening compounds occured. This implies that Antarctic lichen and cyanobacterium can protect themselves against an increase of stress factors ranging within physiological limits, like e.g. increased synthesis of UV-B screening compounds thanks to a thinning of the ozone layer and consequent increase in UV radiation doses incident on Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems. Nevertheless, the likely increased UV-B radiation due to more intense depletion of stratospheric ozone layer may lead to alterations in UV-B tolerance in Antarctic lichens in future.

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Medina, Mariana Gonzalez, and Roxana Avalos-Chacon. "Physiological performance of a foliose macrolichen Umbilicaria antarctica as affected by supplemental UV-B treatment." Czech Polar Reports 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2015-2-19.

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To date, a limited knowledge is available about Umbilicaria antarctica responses when it is exposed high doses of UV-B radiation. It is well established that resistance of Antarctic lichens to natural UV-B levels including increased doses during ozone hole period is high, thanks to numerous photoprotective mechanism. Capacity of the photoprotective processes, however, is not well known This study attempts to determine changes on the photosynthetic efficiency and on the synthesis of UV-B absorbing compounds of U. antarctica when exposed to low photosynthetically active radiation and extremely high intensity of UV-B light: 3.0 W m-2, of UV-B for 3 hours, 6 hours and 7 days. During the experiment, chlorophyll fluorescence was measured to evaluate changes in photosynthetic apparatus of intrathalline alga. After 7 d exposition, amount of UV-B absorbing compounds was evaluated in U. antarctica. Heavy UV-B stress let to an increase in chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics (OJIPs), however, majority of parameters related to functioning of PS II remained unchanged indicating high resistance of U. antarctica to UV-B stress. Potential (FV/FM) and actual (ФPSII) yields of PS II were not affected by the UV-B treatment as well. In majority of cases, heavy UV-B treatment led to a decrease in the amount of UV-B absorbing compounds extracted from treated thalli.

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15

Golota, V. I., B. B. Kadolin, and I. A. Paschenko. "INVESTIGATION OF OZONE SYNTHESIS IN THE NEGATIVE PULSED CORONA DISCHARGE IN OXYGEN AT THE COMBINED SUPPLY VOLTAGE." Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, February 16, 2021, 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46813/2021-131-074.

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The influence of combined supply voltage parameters (bias voltage and voltage pulse amplitude) on efficiency of ozone synthesis in the negative pulsed corona discharge in oxygen was obtained. Pulse overvoltage led to intensification of discharge processes. Bias voltage applied during the discharge channel relaxation essentially increased the efficiency of ozone synthesis. It was established that the “optimal” bias voltage which provides maximum ozone generation doesn’t depend on voltage pulse amplitude, but depends on input oxygen concentration and generated ozone concentration.

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Liu, Run Yu, Minh Man Trinh, and Moo Been Chang. "Photocatalytic removal of toluene with CdIn2S4/CNFs catalyst: effect of ozone addition." Sustainable Environment Research 32, no. 1 (January 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42834-022-00117-y.

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AbstractCdIn2S4 (CIS) has attracted widespread attention due to its structural stability and photoelectric properties, however, it is difficult to recycle when after usage. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) as a suitable electron acceptor due to its stable physicochemical properties enhanced the mechanical properties and easily to recycle. There are also few reports on applying CIS/CNFs composite as photocatalyst in removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, a novel CIS/CNFs composite was synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. Various characterizations, such as X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy proved the successful synthesis of CIS/CNFs composite and revealed that CNFs grow on the surfaces of CIS connected with three-dimensional (3D) conductive network. Under visible light irradiation, degradation of toluene reached the optimal level of 86% as the CIS doped with 3% CNFs. Furthermore, 95% removal efficiency was achieved as 200 ppm ozone was added into the system and mineralization rate is also improved. The 3D network of CNFs can facilitate the effective separation and transfer of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs, protect CIS core from photo-corrosion and easily be recycled. Ultimately, plausible of ozone-enhanced photocatalytic mechanisms were proposed. Hence, this study presents a new photocatalyst with visible-light driven ozone-enhanced photocatalysis process toward VOCs.

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Yanbo, Jiang, Jiang Jianyi, Wei Xiandong, Ling Wei, and Jiang Lincheng. "Bioaugmentation Technology for Treatment of Toxic and Refractory Organic Waste Water Based on Artificial Intelligence." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9 (July 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.696166.

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With the development of modern chemical synthesis technology, toxic and harmful compounds increase sharply. In order to improve the removal efficiency of refractory organic matter in waste water, the method of adding powdered activated carbon (PAC) to the system for adsorption was adopted. Through the analysis of organic matter removal rule before and after waste water treatment, it can be found that PAC is easy to adsorb hydrophobic organic matter, while activated sludge is easy to remove hydrophilic and weakly hydrophobic neutral organic matter. Powdered activated carbon-activated sludge SBR system (PAC-AS) system is obviously superior to AS and PAC system in removing organic matter of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, that is, biodegradation and PAC adsorption are additive. Compared with the control system, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal rate of refractory substances increased by 8.36%, and PAC had a good adsorption effect on small molecular weight organic compounds, but with the increase of molecular weight of organic compounds, the adsorption effect of PAC gradually weakened, and it had no adsorption effect on macromolecular organic compounds. Based on the research of fuzzy control theory, an Agent control system for ozone oxidation process of industrial waste water based on Mobile Agent Server (MAS) theory was established, which was realized by fuzzy control method. The simulation results showed strong stability and verified the feasibility and adaptability of the distributed intelligent waste water treatment system based on MAS theory in the actual control process.

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18

Liu, Feng, Yue Zhuang, Yulei Zhao, Jie Chen, and Zhi Fang. "Effects of O₂ addition on the plasma uniformity and reactivity of Ar DBD excited by ns pulsed and AC power supplies." Plasma Science and Technology, December 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/ac41c1.

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Abstract Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) have been widely used in ozone synthesis, materials surface treatment, and plasma medicine for their advantages of uniform discharge in atmospheric pressure and high plasma-chemical reactivity. To further improve the plasma treatment efficiency and activity, a small amount of admixture can be introduced into working gases (usually Ar, He, N2), while it can affect plasma uniformity significantly. In this paper, oxygen is added into Ar nanosecond (ns) pulsed and AC DBDs DBD and the effect of the added oxygen on the uniformity and reactivity have been investigated with optical and electrical methods. The plasma uniformity is quantitatively analyzed by Gray Value Standard Deviation (GVSD) of discharge images. The optical emission spectroscopy (OES) measurement of the emission lines with different energy thresholds can reveal the tendency of T e under different operation conditions. The n e are estimated from the electrical analysis. It is found that the ns pulsed DBD shows a much better uniformity than AC DBD. With the addition of O2, the uniformity of ns-pulsed Ar DBD gets worse for the O2- negative ions by the attachment of electron on O2 distorts the space electric field and promotes the filamentary formation. While, in AC Ar DBD, the added O2 can reduce the n e and brightness of filaments, which enhances the plasma uniformity. Overdose O2 molecules cause drops of n e and T e to plasma extinction. The results can help to realize the establishment of the reactive and uniform atmospheric low temperature plasma sources.

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Braustein, Harold E., Igor Cretescu, Constantin Antohi, Mariana Diaconu, and Matei Macoveanu. "Enhancement of Oxidation Processes of Cellular Microbial Substrate, Using UV Radiation in Resonant Elliptic Cavity." Revista de Chimie 59, no. 5 (June 9, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.08.5.1837.

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The improvement of disinfection efficiency for different contaminated fluid fluxes is related to the enhancement of oxidation processes at cellular level, developing original disinfection equipment. The construction of developed equipment is based on the amplification and focalization of UV germicide and bactericide radiation (wavelength l = 253.65 nm), using an elliptic cylinder shaped reflector and building up a resonant cavity for these radiations. Some theoretical considerations concerning the experimental device construction are described in the paper. The resonant elliptic cavity is used in LASER technique, as the �optic pumping� and this idea was involved in the developing of our equipment. Two TUV-60 lamps made by Philips Company were placed in the focal points of the elliptic cylinder (made by anodized aluminium) and a central quartz tube (symmetrical disposed between these lamps) was used as plug-and-flow photo-chemical reactor, through the fluid fluxes were passed. In these conditions the syntheses of chemical species with high oxidation capacity (hydroxyl radicals, ozone, etc.) can contribute to the advanced oxidation process of cellular microbian substrate. Distillated water and respectively an air flux contaminated with four types of pathogenic microorganisms (E.coli, Streptococcus sp., Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were used in all experiments. The best results were recorded in the case of gas flux due to synchrony of UV/Ozone effects when all pathogenic microorganisms were destroyed. In case of water flux were obtained the similar results, for E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Salmonella sp. and Streptococcus, were still found in water after desinfection, as refractar pathogens in 34.3 % and respectivly 7.8 % in raport with initial CFU (104 colony formatting unities/mL).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ozone synthesis efficiency'

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