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Fawkner, Samantha Gieva. "Oxygen uptake kinetics in children." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393144.
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Sandals, Leigh E. "Oxygen uptake during middle distance running." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2003. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3085/.
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Bell, Christopher. "Control and modelling of oxygen uptake kinetics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ42497.pdf.
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Bauer, Timothy Alan. "Oxygen uptake kinetics in peripheral arterial disease." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/125.
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Blumoff, Sonja. "Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Severe Intensity Exercise." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2539/.
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The purpose of this study was to describe mathematically the oxygen uptake kinetics during cycle ergometry, and to examine the effect of intensity on the kinetic responses within the severe domain. Sixteen volunteers performed a series of exercise tests at a range of intensities selected to elicit fatigue in ~3 to 10 min. A simple mono-exponential model effectively described the response across all intensities. There was a positive correlation between the response time and the time to fatigue, demonstrating that the maximal oxygen uptake was achieved faster at higher intensities within the severe domain. Models incorporating two components effectively described the responses only in tests lasting 8 min or more. It was concluded that there is a second, slow component in the oxygen uptake response only at the lower intensities within the severe domain.
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Pringle, Jamie S. M. "The oxygen uptake slow component in human locomotion." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268988.
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Filippenko, Vasilisa. "Oxygen Uptake Studies of Organic and Inorganic Oxidations." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28576.
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The investigations in this thesis deal with two types of very different oxidations. The first study follows our groups' discovery of a new and unusual class of antioxidants, where the actual antioxidant is, paradoxically, a carbon-centered radical. The radical precursors are dimer molecules that, upon heating, dissociate to form two persistent carbon-centered free radicals, unreactive towards oxygen. These radicals act as chain-breaking antioxidants by rapidly reacting with peroxyl radicals that participate in propagation of autoxidation chain reactions. The solvent effects on antioxidant activity of one of these antioxidants, the HP-136 dimer, has been assessed in a range of solvents of varying hydrogen bond accepting ability, by the Inhibited Oxygen Uptake (IOU) method. The HP-136 dimer was found to show far less solvent effect on antioxidant activity than a representative phenolic antioxidant.
In the second part of the thesis, the process of copper nanoparticle (CuNP) oxidation is explored, with a goal of developing new strategies for CuNP stabilization under air. It was found that CuNP oxidize to form Cu 2+ as the major product, in a process that involves oxygen uptake. L-ascorbic acid was found to be a sacrificial stabilizer of CuNP, and a mechanism of CuNP stabilization by ascorbic acid is proposed.
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Wilkerson, Daryl P. "Oxygen uptake kinetics during supra-maximal intensity exercise." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424750.
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Claxton, David B. "The measurement of oxygen uptake kinetics in children." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1999. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3152/.
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Traditional approaches to exercise testing in children may not provide the most appropriate measures of a child's physiological responses to exercise, partly because they do not reflect children's normal intermittent activity patterns. The measurement of the rate and magnitude of change of oxygen uptake to dynamic exercise, oxygen uptake kinetics (V02 KINETICS provides an alternative approach to exercise testing. A submaximal, intermittent, pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) exercise test to measure V02 KINETICS may provide a useful method of measuring the metabolic responses of children to exercise. Traditional methods used in the analysis of V02 KINETICS require the fitting of explicit models in order to characterise the data. These models have not however been validated for use in children. As the responses to the PRBS protocol are analysed in the frequency domain, explicit models and their physiological correlates are not required to characterise the data. Another potential problem in the measurement of V02 KINETICS in children are the small work rate changes that can be employed to stimulate the exercise response whilst constraining the test to the aerobic range. In respiratory gas measurement, breath-by-breath variability (noise) can be large in comparison to the magnitude of the metabolic response and this signal noise can obscure some characteristics of the response. The aim of the study was to develop appropriate measurement techniques to reduce the effects of breath-by-breath variability and to apply the techniques to the measurement of V02 KINETICS in children. The main experimental study compared the V02 KINETICS of children with those of adults. Ten children (3 females) in the age range 8 to 13 and twenty adults (10 females) in the age range 20 to 28 years completed a PRBS test to measure V02 KINETICS and an incremental ramp protocol on a cycle ergometer (Bosch 550 ERG) to establish V02 MAX, T VENT and delta efficiency. Breath-by-breath respiratory gas analysis was undertaken using a respiratory mass spectrometer (MGA1100). Estimates of alveolar gas exchange were made using the algorithm of Beaver et al. (1981) and a post hoc value of an effective lung volume was calculated to minimise the breath-by-breath variability. A cross-correlation technique (CC) was used to filter out the effects of anomalous (nonphysiologic) V02 responses recorded during the PRBS protocol. Subsequent Fourier analysis of the auto-correlation and CC functions provided a description of V02 KINETICS in the frequency domain in terms of amplitude ratio and phase delay over the frequency range of 2.2-8.9mHz. At each of the frequencies assessed amplitude ratio was higher in children (P<0.001) than in either of the adult groups. Phase delay was also significantly shorter in children compared to adults males (P<0.01) and adult females (P<0.001) but this effect was not identifiable at any specific frequency. Maximal oxygen uptake was not significantly different in adult males (42.5 ml"kg "min) and children (44.7 ml-kg'-min') but was lower in adult females (36.9 ml"kg "min) than adult males (P<0.01) and children (P<0.001). Ventilatory threshold (% V02 MAX) was not different between groups. Delta efficiency was significantly lower in children than adult males (P<0.05) and adult females (P<0.01). These results support the contention that there are maturational differences between adults and children in the metabolic processes involved in the utilisation of oxygen during physical activity. It has been argued, theoretically, that in adults the control of V02 KINETICS is driven by ATP demand in the skeletal muscle. As the mitochondria] capacity and the concentration of oxidative enzymes is higher in children than in adults it is likely that the controlling factor(s) for V02 KINETICS in children also relates to some aspect of peripheral metabolism. It is suggested that the PRBS protocol, with appropriate noise reduction techniques, is considered a suitable method for investigating the metabolic responses of children to dynamic exercise.
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Grant, Crystelle Kiyoko. "Influence of cardiac output on oxygen uptake kinetics /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3341.pdf.
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Grant, Crystelle Kiyoko. "Influence of Cardiac Output on Oxygen Uptake Kinetics." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1989.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate increased cardiac output (Q) on oxygen kinetics at exercise intensities above and below the lactate threshold (LT). We hypothesized the increase in Q using head-out water immersion (HOI) while treadmill running would reduce the rate constant of the fast component and reduce the amplitude of the slow component of oxygen kinetics compared with land treadmill running. Subjects (n=10) performed two 6 min exercise bouts at a 15% below and above the LT on a land and underwater treadmill following rest. A single exponential equation [VO2(t) = VO2(b) + A1•(1-e-t/TC1] was used to evaluate VO2. The slow component at the end of exercise was estimated by subtracting (VO2(b) + A1) from the plateau. The mean LT for HOI running 1.80 ± .09 L • min-1 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than 2.15 ± 1.03 L • min-1 while running on the land. The Q during HOI exercise below and above the LT (16.5 ± 0.6 L • min-1, 18.0 ± 1.2 L • min-1) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the Q during exercise below and above the LT on land (11.5 ± 0.8 L • min-1, 13.0 ± 0.7 L • min-1). During HOI exercise below LT time to reach steady-state was delayed (8 ± 2 s). Exercise above LT showed similar phase one time constants for all exercise trials. The amplitude of the slow component was not influenced by HOI. As such, the increase in during HOI exercise did not hastening uptake kinetics.
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Brink-Elfegoun, Thibault. "Limitations of maximal oxygen uptake during whole-body exercise /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/20071116brin/.
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Madan, Jeannie Jamshed. "Oxygen uptake by the gills and skin of cephalopods." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243198.
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Nagase, Kenʼichi. "Efficient oxygen uptake from water with newly-developed artificial gills /." Electronic version of summary Electronic version of examination Electronic version of text, 2005. http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/gakui/honbun/3928/.
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Mohajer, Ardavan. "The influence of compost physical parameters on microbial oxygen uptake." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32564.
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The wide range of optimal values reported for the physical parameters of compost mixtures suggest that their interactive relationships should be investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the microbial O2 uptake rate (OUR) in 16 sludge waste recipes, offering a range in moisture content (MC), waste/bulking agent (W/BA) ratio and BA particle size. The 3 kg samples were maintained at a constant temperature and aeration rate for 28 days, during which a respirometer recorded O2 uptake in the different sludge recipes to provide a measure of microbial activity and biodegradability. The cumulative O2 consumption after 14 and 28 days was found to be significantly influenced by MC, W/BA ratio, BA particle size and the interaction between MC and W/BA ratio (P<0.05). Using multivariate regression analysis, the experimental data were used to generate a model capable of predicting average expected cumulative O2 consumption after 28 days as a function of the significant physical variables (R2=0.84). The prediction of O2 uptake by the model depended highly on the interaction between MC and W/BA ratio. The evolution of the OUR in the samples was also investigated for any short and long-term associations in O2 uptake measures. The peak OUR recorded in the samples had a significant association with the cumulative O2 consumption after 14 (R2=0.78) and 28 days (R2=0.57). Moreover, combining peak OUR data with cumulative oxygen consumption after 14 days increased the ability of predicting cumulative O2 after 28 days of aeration (R2=0.96), implying that future studies need only run trials up to 14 days to evaluate the overall O2 consumption or biodegradability of a sludge mixtSelon plusieurs études, les paramètres physiques ont une influence très variable sur la dégradation de la matière organique pendant le compostage, ce qui suggère un certain niveau d'interaction. L'objectif du présent projet était justement de mesurer l'effet interactif sur la décomposition du compost, de l'humidité (H), du ratio massique de boues d'usine d'épuration et d'agent structurant (B/AS), et de la granulométrie (G) de l'agent structurant composé de résidus ligneux de compostage. Seize (16) recettes de compost, de 3 kg et offrant divers taux de H, B/AS et G, furent chacune incubée à 40 °C dans un respiromètre pendant quatre (4) semaines tout en mesurant leur taux d'assimilation d'oxygène. Les résultats de cette étude ont démontré qu'après 14 et 28 jours, l'assimilation totale d'oxygène était influencée de façon significative par H, le ratio B/AS et la G, ainsi que l'interaction entre le H et le ratio B/AS (p<0.05). Les résultats furent analysés par la méthode statistique d'analyse de régression linéaire multiple afin de générer un modèle capable de prédire la consommation cumulative et moyenne d'oxygène après 14 et 28 jours en fonction des paramètres physiques significatifs citées ci-haut (R2=0.84). L'assimilation d'oxygène des mélanges, telle que prédite par le modèle, est grandement influencée par l'interaction entre le H et le ratio B/AS. L'assimilation cumulative d'oxygène des mélanges à 14 jours (R2=0.78) était plus facile à prédire que celle à 28 jours (R2=0.57). Par contre, la prédiction de l'assimilation d'oxygène devient plus précise à 28 jours lorsque les valeurs mesurées à 14 jours sont inclus
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Turner, Anthony Pierce. "Pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and exercise intensity : inferences and implications." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407694.
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Berger, Nicolas J. A. "The effects of training and fitness on oxygen uptake kinetics." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438372.
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Wilcox, Samuel L. "Constructing quasi-linear oxygen uptake responses from non-linear parameters." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18706.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Kinesiology
Thomas J. Barstow
Purpose: Oxygen uptake (VO2) has been shown to be controlled by a nonlinear system, yet the VO2 response to ramp style exercise appears linear. We tested the hypothesis that an integrative model incorporating nonlinear parameter values could accurately estimate actual VO2 responses to ramp style exercise. Methods: Six healthy, men completed three bouts of varying ramp rate exercise (slow ramp (SR): 15 W/min, regular ramp (RR) 30 W/min, fast ramp (FR) 60W/min) and four bouts of extended-step incremental exercise, where each step lasted 5-15 min or until volitional fatigue on a cycle ergometer on separate days. The step-responses were then fit with a simple monoexponential starting at time zero (MONO) or allowing a time delay and using only the first 5 min of data (5TD). The resulting VO2 parameters from the step protocol were incorporated into an integrative model for the estimation of the VO2 response to each of the rates of ramp incremental exercise. The parameters from the actual and model ramp protocols were compared with 2 way repeated-measures ANOVAs. Results: Both Gain (G) and Mean Response Time (MRT) (or time constant) values increased significantly across work rate transitions (mean±SD; Gain:10.0±0.9, 11.6±1.1, 13.1±1.3, 17.6±3.3 ml O2/min/W; MRT:39.4±7.7, 54.0±5.4, 79.6±15.0, 180.1±56.2 s). Up to maximalVO2 the models over-estimated the actual VO2 response for FR (Gain: ACT 8.7±1.0, MONO 9.9±0.4, 5TD 10.3±0.3 ml O2/min/W). Up to 80% maximal VO2 the models accurately predicted the actual VO2 response across all ramp rates (Gain: ACT 10.7±1.1, 10.2±0.5, 9.2±1.0; MONO 11.0±0.8, 10.3±0.6, 9.2±0.5; 5TD 10.4±0.4, 10.2±0.3, 9.8±0.2 ml O2/min/W, values are listed SR,RR,FR). Conclusions: When variable parameter values (G and either MRT or time constant and time delay) were utilized by an integrative model, accurate estimations of the VO2 response to ramp incremental exercise were possible regardless of ramp rate (up to 80% maximal VO2). The increases in both G and MRT (or time constant) appear to balance each other to produce the quasi-linear VO2 responses.
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Kilding, Andrew E. "Pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in middle-and long-distance runners." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2003. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20739/.
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The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the importance of pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO[2]) kinetics, in the moderate-domain, in the assessment of endurance-trained runners. Accordingly, there were five objectives: 1) to quantify the reproducibility of measures of VO[2] kinetics; 2) to characterise and compare VO[2] kinetics during the on-and off-transients in middle-distance (MD) and long-distance (LD) runners; 3) to assess the relationship between VO[2] kinetics and maximal VO[2] (VO[2Max]), ventilatory threshold (V[T]) and running economy (RE); 4) to determine the relationship between VO[2] kinetics and running performance and 5) to assess whether VO[2] kinetics is a determinant of running performance. Twelve participants performed two assessments of VO[2] kinetics on separate days to determine the reproducibility. Paired t-tests showed that parameters from test 1 and test 2 did not differ (P > 0.05). Furthermore, narrow 95% limits of agreement (LOA), low measurement and method error suggested that the on- and off-transient time-constants (pion and pioff), mean response times (MRT[on] and MRT[off]) and amplitudes (A[on] and A[off]) were reproducible and could be used for the assessment of runners. Subsequently, VO[2] kinetics were compared in 10 MD and 10 LD runners. There was a tendency for pion (12.5 +/- 2.3 s vs. 14.2 +/- 3.1 s, P = 0.178) and pioff (24.1 +/- 2.3 s vs. 27.1 +/- 3.0 s, P = 0.023) to be shorter in LD than MD runners respectively, despite similar VO[2Max] (MD = 60.0 +/- 4.9 ml-kg[-1]min[-1]; LD = 59.0 +/- 6.3 ml-kg[-1]-min[-1], P = 0.689). Differences in VO[2] kinetics between MD and LD runners were attributed to approaches to training since the volume of training was greater in LD (64.0 +/- 15.7 km-wk[-1]) than MD (47.5 +/- 15.7 km-wk[-1]) runners (P = 0.047). To detail the relationships between VO[2] kinetics and other measures of aerobic function (VO[2max], V[t] and RE), 16 MD and 16 LD runners were assessed. Relationships existed between pion and VO[2max] (r = -0.72, P = 0.002), V[t] (r = -0.66, P = 0.006) and RE (r = -0.59, P = 0.016) in LD runners, but not in MD runners (P >0.05). In addition, pion was related to the volume of training in MD (r = -0.63 , P = 0.009) and LD runners (r = -0.65, P = 0.006).The importance of VO[2] kinetics for 5 km running performance was investigated in 36 endurance trained runners. Runners were categorised as high n=10), low (n=10) and combined [MD + LD (n=36)] performers according to running ability after performing a self-paced 5 km time-trial. Mean (+/-SD) speed for the 5 km time-trial was 5.2 +/-1.0 m-s[-1] (high), 4.5 +/- 0.2 m-s[-1] (low) and 4.9 +/- 0.3 m-s[-1] (combined). Measures of on- and off- transient VO[2] kinetics, VO[2max], V[t] and RE were also determined. Data were explored using bi-variate correlations, ANCOVA and multiple regression techniques. In high and low performers, V0[2] kinetic parameters were not related to running performance. In combined runners, pion, pioff, MRT[on] and MRT[off] were related (r = -0.54, P = 0.001; r = -0.36, P = 0.030; r = -0.50, P = 0.002; r = -0.63, P = 0.003) to running performance. Stepwise multiple regression models were used to identify the primary determinant(s) of 5 km running performance for each group. In high performers, VO[2Max] and RE were included in the model (r = 0.92, R = 0.85, SEE = 0.08 m-s[-1]; SEE% = 1.5). In low performers, VO[2Max] was included in the model (r = 0.76, R[2] = 0.57, SEE = 0.15 m-s[-1], SEE% = 3.3). In combined runners, V0[2Max] RE and MR[off] were included in the model (r = 0.87, R-2 = 0.75, SEE = 0.17 m-s[-1], SEE% = 3.5).Collectively, the results suggest that: 1) VO[2] kinetics can be reproducibly determined using a single visit protocol; 2) measures of VO[2] kinetics are sensitive enough to differentiate MD and LD runners; 3) relationships between VO[2] kinetics and other measures of aerobic function exist in LD runners, but not in MD runners; 4) VO[2] kinetics differ between high and low performers, but do not relate to running performance and 5) VO[2] kinetics discriminate between high and low performers but only contribute minimally to the prediction of running performance in a multiple regression model for combined MD and LD runners.
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Zervopoulos, Peter C. (Peter Cosmas). "Relationship Between Ventilation and Oxygen Uptake at 40% And 85% of Peak Oxygen Uptake in 18-35-Year-Old Women Using the Arm Crank Ergometer." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500377/.
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This study investigated whether or not a relationship exists between ventilation and oxygen uptake at 40% and 85% of V02 peak intensity in 30 upper body fit and 30 unfit 18- 35-year-old women. The correlations between ventilation and oxygen uptake at 40% of peak intensity for the fit group (r = -.51) and the unfit group (r = -.48) were modestly negative. At 85% intensity the relationship between ventilation and oxygen uptake in the two groups was -.44 and -.66, respectively. The lower correlations between ventilation and oxygen uptake observed at the 85% level of peak intensity among the unfit group could be due to a lower ventilatory threshold (66% = fit; 49% = unfit), lesser local muscle changes, along with reduced lactate and C02 management; all of which would be improved with training.
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Johnson, Patrick J. "Modelling of maximal and submaximal oxygen uptake in men and women." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4820.
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Jarvis, David R. "Multifrequent work rate forcings in the assessment of oxygen uptake kinetics." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1999. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19870/.
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During dynamic exercise, the response of the cardiorespiratory system is structured to maintain homeostasis at the cellular level. The rate at which homeostasis is established is largely dependent on the system's structural and physiological integrity. Evidence suggests that any impairment in the functioning of the system might be reflected in a determination of oxygen uptake (VO[2]) kinetics. The kinetics of VO[2] have been quantified in response to step, impulse, ramp and sinusoidal changes in work rate (WR). An alternative approach uses a technique in which the WR is perturbed according to a pseudorandom binary signal. Pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) WR forcings have the advantage of being able to provide a determination of vo2 kinetics from a single test session of ~30 min duration. The assessment of VO[2]kinetics using PRBS WR forcings demands that the controlling process behaves in a linear manner. To minimise the contribution of non-linear influences, changes in work intensity must be constrained to the sub-lactate threshold domain. When examining clinical, untrained or young subjects, the necessary reduction in the upper work limit of a PRBS forcing can effect a fall in the distribution of power across the bandwidth of the sequence. If the distribution of power should fall below a critical level, then it can become difficult to elicit discernible responses from the forcing. To resolve this problem, this thesis investigated the potential for developing a multifrequent WR forcing altered to enhance identification of the underlying VO[2] response. The multifrequent WR forcing developed for use in this thesis took the form of a binary sequence. Binary transitions were determined according to a specially constructed multifrequent signal. Signal construction involved redistributing the available signal power to specific harmonics in a chosen range of frequencies. To validate estimates of VO[2] kinetics derived from the multifrequent binary sequence (MFBS) WR forcing, comparisons were made with the data obtained from an established PRBS forcing. When comparing physiological data, it is necessary to consider the amount of variability between trials. Therefore, prior to assessing the agreement between data obtained from the MFBS and PRBS methods, this thesis sought to establish the degree of variability in estimates of VO[2] kinetics derived from PRBS exercise tests. The results presented in this thesis show estimates of the mean response time (MRT) of VO[2] derived from the MFBS method to be 46.8 (4.2) s (mean (standard deviation) seconds), compared with 45.2 (5.0) s for the PRBS method. This suggests that the two methods yield comparable determinations of VO[2] kinetics. Supporting evidence is provided by the limits of agreement. These indicate that the maximum difference likely to occur between the MRT obtained from the two methods (-6.5 to +9.6 s) is less than that expected due to variability in the MRT derived from PRBS forcings (-11.6 to +8.0 s). However, the limits also reveal the poor repeatability of VO[2] response data obtained from the PRBS used in the thesis. Consequently, the use of this data to assess the validity of t the MRT derived from MFBS forcings is not recommended. In addition to poor repeatability, the possibility exists that assessments of VO[2] kinetics derived from MFBS WR forcings will also depend on the distribution of power across the harmonic content of the sequence. Therefore, whilst MFBS WR forcings may be suited to the assessment of VO[2] kinetics in subjects with a reduced tolerance to exercise, there remain doubts concerning both the validity of the response data and applicability of the method. Until these issues have been resolved, care would need to be taken when using estimates of VO[2] kinetics derived from MFBS WR forcings to determine the functional state of the cardiorespiratory system.
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Terry, A. "Walking activity in the elderly and its physiological costs." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235433.
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During, the Churchill Coalition, 1940-45, there developed within tile Government a coherent thesis that the Soviet Union would follow a post-war policy of cooperation with Britain. Soviet foreign policy-makers were perceived to have till-cc options; isolation, enmity or collaboration. Three central perceptions produced tile theory that cooperation was the likely choice. The first that developed, from 1940, was the view that Soviet aims were limited, largely defensive, and not likely to impinge upon areas of vital British interest. Far from desiring to propagwie world revolLitioii, Stalin simply wanted protection, particularly against a resurgent Germany, to continue the internal development of industrialization and state socialism interrupted by the war. After Barbarossa, the immense task of Soviet reconstruction became a second factor. Even if the USSR attempted to do this without foreign help, its rulers would seek tile cheapest possible foreign policy to enable them to coriccritratc on it: collective security in cooperation with Britain and possibly the USA. Third, Stalin was now secii iis it wise, realist statesman who had become persuaded of the wisdom of a cooperation policy will, the West. Linked with these assumptions were conclusions drawn from observations of changes in the USSR in the war, especially the revivill of nationalism, and from observation of the sensitivity of Soviet leaders. Debate on these percept ions and tile policy that should follow chiefly took place within the 1,0 departments, between thern and their ambassadors in Moscow and other places, with the military, and intermittently in Cabinet. Ilowevcr, while a policy combining "firmness" and "frankness" was preferred by most, considerations of Soviet sensitivity meant it wits never I'Llily implemented. Thus in February 1945, there was a rough consensus that [lie Soviets would try cooperation, but there was uncertainty as to the optimum British policy to maximise the chances of securing it.
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Lyon, Ashley N. "Maximal oxygen uptake and aging among elite distance runners : a 35 year follow-up." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1273270.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in maximal oxygen consumption and cardiorespiratory responses to maximal treadmill exercise of men, who engaged in intense physical training for more than 35-years. Thirteen men were first studied in 1969 and were re-examined in 1992 as a 25-year follow-up. The men were divided into two groups, group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). G1 (current age = 54.6 years) consisted of seven men who were Division I cross country runners in the late 1960's, and G2 (current age = 67.5 years) were highly active at the initial testing and were 14 years older than the men of G1 at all test dates. A maximal exercise test revealed a significant decrease in absolute and realtiveVO2ma, over the 35-years for both G1 and G2. G2 experienced a significant decline in VO2max when expressed in relative and absolute terms after the age of 56.5 years which occurred after the 25-year test. Maximal heat rate decreased over the 35-year period for both G1 (187.7 to 165.8 bpm) and G2 (181 to 164.7bpm), however only GI revealed a trend between the 25-and 35-year tests. O2pulse significantly decreased from the initial testing to the 35-year period in G2 (23.1 to 19.5 ml/beat). Body composition changes were evident with aging in that both GI and G2 had a significant increase in percent body fat over the 35-years however, only Gl had a significant increase in body weight at both the 25-and 35-year follow-up.These data suggest that aging and a reduced training regimen may have a significant effect upon VO2m and cardiorespiratory and body composition measures. It appears that after the age of 56 years, a greater reduction in VO2max occurs, which is accompanied by greater changes in stroke volume. Although the aerobic capacity of these men declined over the 35-year period, the values obtained by all men far exceeded the values reported for sedentary and less active men in other studies. Therefore, as previously reported, aging is associated with a reduction in aerobic capacity, however continued endurance training can reduce the rate at which aerobic capacity declines.Fisher Institute for Wellness and Gerontology
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Petrella, Robert J. "Left ventricular diastole and oxygen uptake at maximal and submaximal work rates." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21310.pdf.
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Moy, Andrew Peter. "Mean blood velocity and oxygen uptake kinetics in older and younger men." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ58065.pdf.
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Nes, Bjarne Martens. "Peak oxygen uptake and habitual exercise as a basis for primary prevention." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sirkulasjon og bildediagnostikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23793.
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Maksimalt oksygenopptak (VO2peak) er rekna som ein av dei viktigaste prognostiske markørane for framtidig hjarte-/karsjukdom og tidleg død. Ettersom direkte måling av VO2peak er tidkrevjande og kostbart har implementeringa i førebyggjande helsearbeid og klinisk praksis vore begrensa. Både VO2peak og ei rekkje andre sentrale helseparameter, kan betrast ved ei viss mengd fysisk aktivitet i kvardagen, og dagens globale anbefalingar er at alle vaksne bør utføre minst 150 minutt med moderat intensitet eller minst 75 minutt med høg intensitet per veke. Utforminga av anbefalingane inneber at det totale energiforbruket, og dermed helsegevinstane, kan oppnås ved ulike tilnærmingar der kortare varigheit kan kompenserast med høgare intensitet og vice versa. I dette prosjektet nytta me data på direkte målt VO2peak frå 4631 deltakarar i den siste Helseundersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT 3, 2006-08) til først å utvikle ein prediksjonsmodell for å kunne estimere VO2peak og vidare undersøke om denne modellen kunne predikere framtidig hjerte-/kardødeligheit og død uansett årsak i ein stor befolkning. Me såg vidare på korleis ulike tilnærmingar til dagens anbefalingar for fysisk aktivitet var assosiert med direkte målt VO2peak i utvalet frå HUNT. Hovedfunna i avhandlinga er at VO2peak kan estimerast relativt nøyaktig ved ein regresjonsmodell med lett tilgjengelige variablar som alder, kroppssamansetning, fysisk aktivitetsnivå og kvilepuls og at modellen kan nyttast til å kategorisere personar med låg eller høg direkte målt VO2peak. Denne modellen vart nytta til å estimere VO2peak i eit stort utval friske deltakarar frå HUNT 1 (1984-86) som vart fulgt fram til registrert dødsdato eller slutten av 2010. For kvar 3,5 mL∙kg-1∙min-1 høgare estimert VO2peak var risikoen for død av hjarte- /karsjukdom 21 % lågare for personar av begge kjønn som var under 60 år ved undersøkelsen, medan risikoen uansett dødsårsak var henholdsvis 15 % og 8 % lågare for menn og kvinner. Vidare viser me at grupper som rapporterer fysisk aktivitetsvanar i tråd med dagens anbefalingar, anten ved moderat relativ intensitet over lengre tid eller høg intensitet over kortare tid, i gjennomsnitt hadde tilfredsstillande høg og tilnærma lik VO2peak. Samtidig viser me at eit relativt begrensa antal personar som rapporterte ein tidsbruk under minimum anbefaling, men med svært høg relativ intensitet, også hadde tilsvarande høg VO2peak. Også når tidsbruken eller det samla energiforbruket var konstant fann me at dei som rapporterte høg intensitet hadde høgare VO2peak enn dei som rapporterte låg eller moderate intensitet.Directly measured peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is established as an important prognostic marker of cardiovascular disease and premature mortality, but is rarely evaluated for prevention purposes or in primary care settings due to costly and time-consuming procedures. Both VO2peak and several other health parameters can, however, be improved and maintained by regular exercise, and today`s recommendations suggest that all adults should do at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes or vigorous intensity exercise per week. Hence, the total recommended volume or energy expenditure may be reached by strictly different approaches. In the current thesis, data on directly measured VO2peak in 4631 individuals from the third wave of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT 3, 2006-08), were used to first derive a simple prediction model for VO2peak that potentially could supplement direct measurements in healthcare settings and for research purposes. Next, the clinical utility of this model was examined by its ability to predict all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a large sample of healthy men and women from the HUNT 1 (1984-86) cohort. Furthermore, we examined how different combinations of intensity and total time spent at habitual exercise were associated with VO2peak in apparently healthy, community dwelling individuals from HUNT 3. The findings in this thesis indicate that VO2peak can be predicted with reasonable accuracy by using easily available clinical and selfreported variables such as age, body composition, self-reported physical activity and resting heart rate, and that the model can be used to correctly classify subjects in the correct tail of the VO2peak distribution. For each metabolic equivalent (i.e. MET, ~3.5 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) higher CRF, the risk of CVD mortality was 21% lower in both men and women who were below 60 years at baseline, while the corresponding risk of all-cause mortality was 15% and 8% lower in men and women, respectively, for each MET higher CRF. Furthermore, we demonstrate that habitual exercise patterns of moderate intensity for a long total duration or vigorous intensity for a relatively short duration, adding up to the total volume as recommended by the health authorities, both were associated with a beneficial VO2peak –level. However, a higher VO2peak was observed among those reporting vigorous intensity compared to low and moderate intensity for a similar time spent, and energy expenditure used during exercise.
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Wilde, Christian. "Algae carbon uptake and oxygen production potential at high carbon dioxide concentrations." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104887.
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As evidence piles up indicating that anthropogenic CO₂ emissions are affecting the world's climate with potentially devastating results for its population, more attention is being directed towards means to reduce the quantities of CO₂ being released. The production of energy through the burning of fossil fuels is the primary cause of these emissions, but is also vital to our current lifestyle and even survival. As such, it is essential that we develop reliable and economically viable renewable fuels to ensure that we have the energy needed to sustain our society into the future. To this end, it has been proposed that industrial flue gas containing large amounts of CO2 could be treated using algae. The algae would consume the carbon to grow, and could then be harvested to produce carbon neutral biofuels. Through photosynthesis, algae also produce oxygen as a by-product when growing. In the industrial algae carbon capture processes typically envisioned, this oxygen is produced in low concentrations and so is vented to the atmosphere as a waste product.In this study, we propose two scenarios in which an algae photobioreactor system could be developed to produce a valuable supply of oxygen enriched air, or even pure oxygen. Recovering and making use of this typically overlooked by-product has the potential to make industrial carbon capture and biofuel production more economically viable, and also has added environmental benefits. The key issue to consider for these proposed oxygen production systems is whether the algae themselves are capable of surviving, and more importantly growing, under the conditions they will be subjected to. The CO₂ and oxygen concentrations found within these systems would be drastically higher than those of ambient air. We demonstrate that both these proposed oxygen production processes are in fact feasible. Further, that with the setup we designed, high concentrations of oxygen and CO₂ may have a slight hindering effect on algae growth rates, but that neither completely inhibits growth. In addition, the oxygen production potential of three different algal species (Anabaena sp., Synechococcus sp., and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) was found to be almost identical, suggesting that our proposed systems may be compatible with many different species of algae.Il devient de plus en plus évident que les émissions anthropiques de CO₂ ont une influence sur le climat de notre planète et que les conséquences pourraient en êtres dévastateurs pour la population. La production d'énergie par la combustion de combustibles fossiles est la cause principale de ces émissions, mais elle est aussi essentielle à notre mode de vie et même, notre survie. Il est donc nécessaire que nous développions des carburants renouvelables qui sont aussi économiquement viables pour assurer que nous avons l'énergie nécessaire pour soutenir notre société dans l'avenir. À cette fin, il a été proposé que les effluents des industries contenant de grandes quantités de CO₂ pourraient êtres traités en utilisant des algues. Elles consumeraient le carbone et ensuite pourraient êtres récoltées pour produire des biocarburants. Grâce à la photosynthèse, les algues produisent également de l'oxygène comme sous-produit. Dans la culture d'algues généralement envisagé, cet oxygène est produit en faible concentration et est donc rejeté dans l'atmosphère, ayant aucun usage industriel.Dans cette étude, nous proposons deux scénarios dans lesquels un système photobioréacteur d'algues pourrait êtres développés pour générer un produit précieux de l'air enrichi en oxygène, ou de l'oxygène pur. La récupération de ce produit habituellement négligé a le potentiel de faire la capture du carbone et la production de biocarburants plus économiquement viables. Pour savoir si un tel système est réalisable, il est important de savoir si les algues sont capables de survivre dans les conditions présentes dans les systèmes. Les concentrations de CO₂ et de l'oxygène dans ces systèmes proposés seraient considérablement plus élevées que ceux de l'air ambiant. Nous démontrons que ces deux processus proposés pour la production d'oxygène sont en fait réalisables. En plus de cela, les fortes concentrations d'oxygène et de CO₂ peuvent avoir un léger effet négatif sur les taux de croissances des algues, mais que leurs croissances ne sont pas complètement empêchées. Finalement, nous démontrons que le potentiel de production d'oxygène de trois différentes espèces d'algues (Anabaena sp., Synechococcus sp., et Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) est à peu près identique, ce qui suggère que les systèmes que nous avons proposé peuvent être compatibles avec de nombreuses espèces d'algues.
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Baker, Jonathan. "The interaction between the oxygen uptake kinetics and the power-duration relationship." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/09701472-16dc-4156-b66b-53fda7cca581.
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The aim of the present thesis was to experimentally test hypotheses originally forwarded by Burnley and Jones (2007): that the kinetics interact with an individual’s capacity for substrate-level phosphorylation and maximal oxygen uptake to determine the power-duration relationship. Experiments were designed to manipulate the kinetics, the “anaerobic capacity,” and/or the maximal oxygen uptake, and determine the effect of these manipulations on the power-duration relationship. Prior high-intensity exercise was used to investigate the classic priming effect during subsequent high-intensity exercise. Both heavy- and severe-intensity exercise ‘primed’ the kinetics (i.e., increased primary amplitude, reduced the slow component trajectory and amplitude). Following 10 min recovery, prior heavy-intensity exercise increased exercise tolerance as a result of an increase in W (C: 16.0 4.8 vs. PHE: 18.7 4.8 kJ; 95% CI, 0.3, 5.2 kJ). In contrast, following the same recovery period, no difference was seen in performance or the power-duration relationship after prior severe-intensity exercise. It was considered that the accumulation of H+ ions (thereby reducing pH) during high-intensity exercise may be implicated in the fatigue process. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion was used to increase the buffering capacity of the blood. This intervention had no effect on the kinetics or , but increased CO2 production, , and blood [lactate] at exhaustion. Despite these results, no overall difference was seen in exercise tolerance between conditions; however, CP was reduced (Pl: 303 ± 48 vs. Na: 296 ± 53 W; 95% CI, 0,14 W) and W increased (Pl: 19.5 ± 8.6 vs. Na: 22.4 ± 9.2 kJ; 95% CI, -5.2, -0.7 kJ), following alkalosis. The final two studies were designed to reduce muscle O2 availability by lowering the O2 carrying capacity of the blood (Blood donation), or through a reduction in perfusion pressure (Supine exercise). Each of these interventions has similar effects on the kinetics: a reduction in the primary amplitude (and a longer time constant; supine only); no change in the slow component trajectory; and a reduction in its amplitude and . Blood donation reduced exercise tolerance, and supine exercise was performed at the same relative intensity, so no difference was seen in time to exhaustion. Each of these interventions reduced CP for blood donation and supine exercise (C: 259 ± 54; vs. BD: 246 ± 42 W; 95% CI: 2, 26W) and (UP: 275 ± 36 vs. SUP: 216 ± 13 W; 95% CI, 40, 78 W), while W was unchanged following each intervention. The experiments conducted in the current programme of research demonstrate that manipulating the kinetics, , or the parameters of the power-duration relationship have predictable effects on exercise tolerance. Hence, these data support the notion that the interaction between the kinetics, the maximal oxygen uptake, and substrate-level phosphorylation determines exercise tolerance and therefore shapes the power-duration relationship.
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Beltrami, Fernando Gabe. "Beyond the VO2max plateau a new approach for measuring maximal oxygen uptake." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2744.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is typically defined by the presence of the "plateau phenomenon" during incremental exercise tests, in which O2 consumption levels-off in spite of increases in workload. This is thought to reflect a limitation in the capacity of the heart to pump O2 enriched blood to the exercising limbs. Some researchers however question not only the biological validity of the "plateau concept", based on mathematical and methodological issues, but whether O2 delivery to the exercising muscles indeed sets the upper limits for VO2max. This thesis aimed to address some of these controversies.
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Crone, Brian C. "Bench Scale Study for Oxygen Uptake and Anaerobic Digestion of Industrial Wastewater." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342728563.
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Chandra, Sanjay. "Evaluation of oxygen uptake rate as an activated sludge process control parameter." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101173.
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A debate currently exists concerning whether or not oxygen uptake rate is a valid control parameter for monitoring the activated sludge process. A laboratory study was conducted to attempt to shed light on the controversy. Two bench-scale reactors were operated at steady state and under shock load. Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) was measured with the BOD bottle technique and with an on-line respirometer. The reliability of the results obtained from the BOD bottle technique was also of interest.
No relationship could be deduced between effluent quality and oxygen uptake rate thereby suggesting that the latter would not be useful as a control parameter. As was concluded from the shock load data, the oxygen uptake rate varies very inconsistently at high organic loadings.
It was found that the BOD bottle technique completely failed at very high organic loadings and gave meaningless results. The on-line respirometer, in spite of its high sensitivity, gave more realistic and consistent results.M.S.
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Wood, Michael S. "A Comparative Study of the Oxygen Uptake Between Nonmotorized and Motorized Treadmills." DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4245.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of nonmotorized treadmill walking and motorized treadmill walking on YO, results, measured in ml•kg·'·min·•, of males and females, ages 20-30 at Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA. The participants were required to walk at a pace of 3 miles per hour and 13% grade for a total exercise time of 9 minutes. The exercise time was broken up with 3-minute recovery periods. Oxygen uptake was measured continuously using a metabolic measurement cart. The data obtained from the metabolic cart were correlated for each treadmill to determine the degree of relationship.
A 1 test for correlated means was used to determine if there was a significant difference, alpha < 0.05, when measuring YO, and metabolic (MET) results. A significantly low correlational coefficient was found when the Pro form Dual Motion Crosswalk Cross Trainer motorized treadmill (CW TM) V02 and MET results were compared with the Jane Fonda nonmotorized treadmill (Jane TM) and Voit 502 MD nonmotorized treadmill (Voit TM) YO, and MET results (r = 0.3, Q < 0.0001). These results enabled the researchers to reject the null hypotheses, which stated there would be no significant difference and a high positive correlation between nonmotorized and motorized treadmill V02 and MET results. Standard mean difference effect sizes were calculated for the nonmotorized treadmills versus the motorized treadmill. An effect size of 1.62 was found when both nonmotorized treadmills were compared with the motorized treadmill. This, combined with the significant difference, Q < 0.0001 , provided confidence that a Type I error was avoided. Therefore, the results of this research study show a significant difference in V02 and METs measured on a nonmotorized treadmill when compared with a motorized treadmill.
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Fairfield, Eric S. (Eric Scott). "Predicting Peak Oxygen Uptake from Ratings of Perceived Exertion During Submaximal Cycle Ergometry." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500580/.
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The purpose of this study was to predict VO2pak using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and percent fat (PFAT). Subjects were males (n= 60) (PFAT, M SD = 14.4 6.1) and females (n= 67) (PFAT, M SD = 23.4 4.9) with ages ranging from 18 to 33 years. Subjects performed an incremental cycle ergometer protocol and RPE, HR and Vo2 were measured at each stage until VO2 ak was achieved. Mean RPE and HR at the submaximal workload of 100 watts were, (RPE100) M= 12.7 2.6 and (HR100) M= 146.924.7 respectively. Correlations (p< .001) with VO2p. were -.75 (PFAT), -.66 (HR100), -.67 (FIPE100). The multiple correlation using PFAT, HR100, and RPE100 as predictors of VO2pak was .83 (SEE= 5.28 ml-kg BW'smin"). Each predictor contributed to the correlation (p<.01). The results indicate that PFAT combined with exercise responses of RPE and HR provide valid estimates of VO2peak with a relatively small SEE.
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Chaverri, Jové Diego. "A new model for estimating oxygen uptake based on postexercise measurements in swimming." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/403535.
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The assessment of oxygen uptake (Vo2) in swimming is a complex and cumbersome procedure and still faces limitations imposed by the environment and the equipment.
There are two different approaches to measure Vo2 in water: 1) continuous measurement during exercise with a respiratory snorkel, and 2) post-exercise measurement with gas collection via face or mouth masks. However, the use of swimming snorkels modifies swimming technique and hydrodynamics, resulting in lower
swimming speeds and impossibility to execute diving starts and turns. To overcome these problems, the backward extrapolation of the oxygen recovery curve is often used for predicting Vo2peak during unimpeded swimming, but error can derive from a delay at
the onset of recovery Vo2. In this thesis, we first assessed the validity of a mathematical model based on heart rate (HR) and post-exercise Vo2 kinetics for the estimation of Vo2 during exercise (study I). Then, to assess the validity of this technique in estimating Vo2peak, we compared 𝑉o2 measurements during supramaximal swimming with various commonly adopted estimation methods (study II) and distances (200- and 400-m) study III. We demonstrate that the new modelling procedure based on postexercise 𝑉𝑜2 and HR measurements is a valid and accurate technique for estimating Vo2peak in swimmers when used over a maximal 200- or 400-m test, indistinctly, and avoids the estimation bias produced by other commonly used methods. Therefore, this new procedure appears as the method of choice for assessing cardiorespiratory and metabolic fitness in competitive swimmers while swimming fully impeded.L'avaluació del consum d'oxigen (Vo2) en natació és un procediment complex i farragós degut a les limitacions imposades pel medi aquàtic i l'equipament. Hi ha dos procediments habituals per determinar del Vo2 en el medi aquàtic: 1) el mesurament continu del Vo2 mitjançant un sistema de tub respirador, i 2) mesuraments post exercici mitjançant l’ús de màscares facials o bucals. Tanmateix, l'ús de tubs respiratoris modifica la tècnica i la hidrodinàmica, fet que redueix la velocitat i impossibilita les fases subaquàtiques en sortides i viratges. Per superar aquests problemes s’ha utilitzat la retroextrapolació de la corba de recuperació del Vo2 per predir el 𝑉o2peak durant la natació lliure, però sovint es produeix un error d’estimació derivat d'un retard en l'inici de la recuperació del Vo2. En aquesta tesi, s’avalua un model matemàtic basat en la cinètica de la freqüència cardíaca (FC) i el Vo2 post exercici per l'estimació del Vo2 durant l’esforç (estudi I). Posteriorment, per avaluar la validesa del mètode en l'estimació del 𝑉o2peak, es van comparar els mesuraments de Vo2 durant proves de natació supramaximal amb diversos mètodes comunament utilitzats (estudi II) i en diferents distàncies (200 i 400 m) (estudi III). En aquesta investigació demostrem que el nou procediment de modelatge basat en mesures del Vo2 post exercici i en la cinètica de la FC és un mètode vàlid i acurat per estimar el 𝑉o2peak en nedadors en 200 o 400 m, indistintament, i evita el biaix d'estimació produït per altres mètodes. Per tant, aquest nou procediment es presenta com el mètode a escollir per avaluar, en condicions de natació completament lliure, les capacitats cardiorespiratòria i metabòlica en nedadors de competició.
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Brauner, Colin J. "The relationship between oxygen and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene uptake in five species of fishes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29777.
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The studies presented in this thesis were designed to establish whether a relationship exists between the uptake of a model toxicant, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (TCB) and the rate of oxygen consumption (MO₂) in several species of fishes. If so, it is possible that toxicant uptake may be predicted from MO₂'s measured in the absence of the toxicant.
There is no effect of environmental TCB concentrations on the oxygen consumption rate of resting or exercising adult rainbow trout, and body accumulations of the toxicant did not affect the maximal aerobic swimming velocity attained by juvenile rainbow trout. Thus, there is no direct effect of TCB exposure to complicate the relationship between oxygen and toxicant uptake at a variety of swimming velocities.
The potential of estimating whole body accumulations of TCB from the toxicant concentration in plasma and 11 tissues was investigated in the anticipation of reducing the work otherwise required to measure whole body concentrations. The variability in TCB concentration of a given tissue, however, is sufficiently great to preclude the use of this method to estimate body burden. Plasma concentrations appear to be indicative of body concentrations following 2 hrs of TCB exposure, however, over longer exposure durations, this is not the case. Thus whole body concentrations can only be obtained through direct measurements.
There is a relationship between the rate of oxygen consumption and the uptake rate of 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (TCB) during initial toxicant exposure, in
five species of fishes forced to swim at different velocities. The animals were exposed to two external TCB concentrations; however, standardizing for the external concentration was not sufficient to permit grouping of the data, likely as a result of an overestimation of the aqueous environmental TCB concentration. Because the data could not be grouped, a single coefficient to predict TCB uptake from MO₂ could not be calculated. The inclusion of the proportion of body lipid in the relationship describing toxicant uptake markedly improved the coefficient of determination, suggesting that either an elevated body lipid content increases TCB diffusivity at the gill, or that a limitation to the uptake of TCB in addition to that at the gills, may also exist at the level of the tissues.
The establishment of the relationship between oxygen and TCB uptake implies a potentiality for the prediction of toxicant uptake in fish, as a function of the animals MO₂ which can be obtained from the literature. MO₂ for a variety of fish species, sizes and activity levels, in an assortment of environments have been compiled into a database, called OXYREF (Thurston and Gehrke, 1991). This could be a valuable tool for the prediction of toxicant uptake provided the relationship between toxicant and oxygen uptake is independent of fish size. Physico-chemical characteristics of xenobiotics are well documented and it is conceivable to incorporate a toxicant specific correction factor to predict the uptake of a range of xenobiotics in fish.Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Morris, Mike. "The prediction of maximal oxygen uptake from a perceptually-regulated exercise test (PRET)." Thesis, University of Chester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/276044.
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The Borg 6–20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale is a common measure reported during exercise testing and training, and is usually taken as a response measurement to provide a subjective assessment of exercise intensity. A lesser used application of the scale is for regulating exercise intensity, referred to as its ‘production mode’. Recent research on this topic initiated by Eston et al. (2005) has led to a novel application of this procedure as a means of predicting an individual’s maximal oxygen uptake ( O2max) via a perceptually-regulated exercise test (PRET). The PRET could play a significant role in guiding exercise prescription and monitoring cardiorespiratory fitness levels in situations where the normal heart rate response is affected. The aim of this thesis is to develop further and test the integrity of the PRET technique. Firstly, a review of the evidence on the validity and reliability of the Borg RPE scale when used to regulate exercise intensity in healthy and unhealthy adults is presented, as to-date, no scholarly publication has synthesised the body of knowledge on this specific application of the scale. Subsequently, four studies were completed to investigate the effects of different methodological variations on the predictive capabilities of the PRET, including an examination (for the first time) of its utility among heart failure patients (Study 4). Study 1 re-visited the validity and reliability of the PRET technique utilising a modified protocol of differing durations (2 and 4 min bouts), with revised instructions and placing the graded exercise test (GXT) as the final trial during cycle ergometry. Superior results were observed to those reported in previous investigations (Eston et al., 2008; Faulkner et al. 2007; Eston et al., 2006) during the 3 min trial, further reinforcing the validity and reliability of this technique. Accordingly, Study 2 was the first to investigate the reliability and validity of a treadmill PRET protocol with a ceiling intensity of RPE 15, rather than RPE 17, and observed that a safer modified PRET (with practice) provides acceptably valid and reliable predictions of O2max in healthy adults. In addition, Study 3 extended the research thus far by investigating the PRET protocol during cycle exercise, once again with a ceiling intensity of RPE 15, and demonstrated that (with practice) a cycle-based PRET can yield reliable and valid predictions of O2max that compare favourably to previous investigations. Finally, given that the research employing a PRET has unanimously alluded to its likely value in clinical populations among whom heart rate as a physiological response to exercise is affected (e.g. via medication) and precluded as a means predicting O2max, Study 4 investigated the utility of a PRET in a beta-blocked population of heart failure patients. In the event, it was observed that a PRET (up to RPE 15) was too strenuous and needs to be capped at an intensity of RPE 13 in this population. In addition a continuous protocol seemed unsuitable due to its length and it was recommended that a discontinuous PRET protocol be investigated. Future research needs to investigate the utilisation of the PRET (i) in different exercise modes; (ii) determine the optimum number of practice trials required; (iii) whether a discontinuous or continuous protocol is more appropariate; (iv) whether the extrapolation should be made to RPE 19 or 20 and; (v) whether the PRET can be employed succesfully in other clinical populations.
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Wood, Daniel M. "Assessment of maximal oxygen uptake in runners : new concepts on an old theme." Thesis, University of Chichester, 1999. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/939/.
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This thesis aimed to establish why the incidence of a V02-plateau is typically high (>80%) for a discontinuous test but not for a continuous test, how treadmill grade influences V02peak and the incidence of a V02-plateau for a speed incremented test, and whether it is possible to develop a continuous protocol for which the incidence of a plateau in the V02-running speed relationship is >80%. Study 1 was a large study that addressed several issues. Each subject (n = 10) completed a discontinuous test (DCT) in which running speed was increased every 3 min, a continuous test in which the speed was increased every 3 min (CT), a ramp test in which the speed was increased every 5 s (5%RT60), and a run to exhaustion at a.speed calculated to elicit 105% V02 peak (105%T). For each test, the treadmill grade was set at 5%, and the sampling period was set at 60 s. Each subject also completed 2 further tests: a ramp test (5% grade) for which the sampling period was 30 s (5%RT30); and a ramp test (60 s samples) for which the treadmill grade was set at 0% (O%RT). The peak V02 (mean ± SD) was higher for the 5%RT60 than for the DCT (59.9 ± 7.9 vs. 57.8 ± 8.1 ml.1 kg·.1 min; p < 0.05), but the incidence of a V02-plateau was higher for the DCT (80% vs. 50%). The incidence of a plateau was also higher for the 5%RT60 than for the O%RT (50% vs. 30%), as was the peak V02 (59.9 ± 7.9 vs. 57.8 ± 7.9 rnl.kg·1.min·1; p = 0.003). The peak V02 was lower for the 105% T than for the 5%RT60, and the difference between the two values was negatively correlated with the duration of the 105%T (r = -0.89, p = 0.001). The incidence of a plateau was lower for the 5%RT30 than for the 5%RT60 (20% vs. 50%); the reason for this appeared to be that the variability in V02 was higher for the 30 s samples. It was concluded that discontinuous tests should not be used for the assessment of V02m", and that factors which influence the variability in V02 might be important determinants of the incidence of a plateau. Study 2 evaluated the effect of sampling period and exercise intensity on the variability in V02. Eight subjects completed 4 runs at -70% V02P" during which 12 samples of expirate were taken over periods 000, 60, 90, or 120 s. In addition, V02 was determined over twelve 30 s periods during runs at -70 and -96% V02Peak (n = 6). The SD for V02 decreased as sampling period increased from 30 to 60 s (1.3 ± 0.7 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2 ml.kg·1.min·1; p < 0.05), but no further decrease was observed as the sampling period increased beyond 60 s. This SD also decreased as exercise intensity increased (1.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.6 ± 0.3 ml.kg·1.min·1; p = 0.005), such that the SD for 30 s samples taken during the run at -96% was the same as that for the 60 s samples taken at -70% V02Peak (P = 0.96). It was concluded that the only valid approach to defining a V02-plateau is one in which the sampling period decreases as exercise intensity increases. Study 3 evaluated three ramp tests for the assessment of V02max in runners. Each subject (n = 12) completed 3 tests: a constant speed, increasing grade test (lOT); a constant grade, increasing speed test on a level treadmill (0% T); and a constant grade, increasing speed test conducted at a 5% grade (5% T). For each test, the sampling period decreased as the exercise intensity increased and the individual V02 data were fit to both a linear model and a (two-piece) plateau model. For each test, the SEE was lower for the plateau model than for the linear model (p < 0.0005) and a V02-piateau was observed in >90% of subjects. However, V02max, was higher for the 5%T (64.0 ± 4.7 ml.kg·1.min·1) than for the O%T (62.6 ± 4.6 rnl.kg·1.min·1), and higher still for the lOT (65.1 ± 4.3 ml.kg·1min·1) (p < 0.05). It was concluded that whilst an upper limit for V02 is typically reached when trained runners perform a treadmill ramp test, the V02 at which this limit is reached depends on the conditions under which the test is performed.
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Paggiosi, Margaret Anne. "Oxygen uptake kinetics in the frequency domain as a test for cardiorespiratory fitness." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1998. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20158/.
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Oxygen uptake kinetics describe the characteristics of the rate of change of VO[2] in response to the onset of exercise or a change in work rate. There is a lack of knowledge concerning the use of VO[2] kinetics in the frequency domain as a test for cardiorespiratory fitness. The PRBS exercise test has been developed to study the dynamic responses of the cardiorespiratory system to random changes in submaximal work rate. This exercise test technique provides a multi-frequent assessment of VO[2] kinetics that can be expressed in terms of amplitude (ml-min[-1]W[-1]) or phase shift (degrees) over a frequency range of 0.0022 to 0.0089 Hz. The VO[2] kinetics of young women were investigated using this submaximal test during which the work rate was alternated between two levels. The upper work rate level was chosen to be below the ventilatory threshold. In the first experiment, the variability of replicate tests was investigated in a cohort of eight moderately active women (age = 22.6 +/- 0.8 years). Although there were wide limits of agreement between the two tests there was no significant difference between test 1 and test 2.In a second experiment to test the discriminant ability, oxygen uptake kinetics were compared to VO[2peak] in twenty-eight sedentary or moderately active young women (age = 22.9 +/-3.1 years). The PRBS exercise test technique was able to discriminate between a group of subjects with lower VO[2peak] (VO[2peak] = 32.3 +/- 3.3 ml-kg-1min-1) and a group of subjects with higher VO[2peak] (VO[2peak] = 41.1 +/- 3.2 ml-kg-1min-1). Differences in VO[2] kinetics occurred at frequencies of 0.0022 Hz for amplitude, and at frequencies of 0.0022 Hz to 0.0067 Hz for phase shift. Significant relationships were found to exist between VO[2peak] and VO[2] kinetics at frequencies of 0.0022Hz, 0.0044 Hz and 0.0067 Hz. The following model explained the highest proportion of the variation between VO[2peak] and VO[2] kinetics (r = - 0.72, P0.001): VO[2peak] (in ml-kg[-1]min[-1]) = 0.503(phase shift at 0.0067 Hz) (in degrees) + 72.24In a third experiment to test the sensitivity to detect change, both VO[2] kinetics and VO[2peak] were measured before, during and after an eight week endurance-type training programme completed by fifteen young women (age = 21.6 +/- 1.9 years). Thirteen young women (age = 24.3 +/-3.5 years) acted as a non-training control group. Faster VO[2] kinetics were measured at a frequency of 0.0044 Hz for amplitude and at frequencies of 0.0022Hz to 0.0067 Hz for phase shift following the training programme. Increases in VO[2peak] also occurred as a result of the exercise regimen. No changes in either VO[2] kinetics or VO[2peak] were observed in the non-training group. This study showed that the PRBS exercise test technique was sensitive to short-term endurance-type training adaptations. In conclusion, the parameters measured during the PRBS exercise test provide valuable information that can not be gained from a standard assessment of VO[2] kinetics in the time domain. It is proposed that this exercise test technique has potential as a means of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness within the area of sports science and within the clinical environment.
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Fink, Barbara A. "Quantifying the effects of contact lens prescription parameters on human corneal oxygen uptake /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487331541709205.
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Cabrera, Marco Eugenio. "Identification, modeling, and analysis of the dynamics of lactate and oxygen uptake during exercise in man." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1058467730.
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McNarry, Melitta Anne. "The influence of training status on the physiological responses to exercise of young girls." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3043.
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Exercise training represents a potent stimulus to the parameters of aerobic and anaerobic fitness in adults; whether the same is true in young girls is unclear. For some parameters, such as peak oxygen uptake, the influence of training status remains controversial whilst for other parameters, such as oxygen uptake kinetics, the influence of training status remains simply uninvestigated in young girls. Despite this lack of empirical evidence, it has been suggested for some time now that children may lack trainability and that this may be related to the presence of a maturational threshold below which significant adaptations to training cannot occur. This suggestion requires investigation, not least because the findings of some studies which appear to support this contention may in reality be a reflection of the use of an inappropriate test modality for the investigation of training status influences. The purpose of this thesis was therefore to determine the physiological trainability of girls at different stages of maturation and to investigate the interaction between training status, maturity and exercise modality. To achieve this purpose a series of 5 studies was completed, in which trained and untrained girls completed ramp incremental exercise, constant-work-rate exercise and Wingate exercise on two exercise modalities, one upper (arm crank) and one lower body (cycle). During these tests, cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic and mechanical power parameters were assessed. In response to ramp incremental exercise, trained girls were shown to have a higher peak O2, SV and at all stages of maturity, along with an altered SV and fractional muscle oxygen extraction pattern, irrespective of exercise modality. The importance of exercise modality was evident during heavy intensity constant-work-rate exercise in pre-pubertal girls, where training status was only associated with significant influences on O2 kinetics (faster phase II time constant in trained girls) during upper body ergometry. In contrast, pubertal trained girls had faster O2 kinetics during both exercise modalities, an influence which may suggest both central and peripheral adaptations to the delivery and utilisation of oxygen. Exercise modality was also revealed to be an important factor in the demonstration of training status influences during a 30 s Wingate test, with trained girls at all stages of maturity exhibiting higher mechanical power indices during upper body ergometry only. An influence of training status was also evident in the lower fatigue index found in the trained girls at all stages of maturity during both modalities, but no influence was found in the oxidative contribution to the Wingate test. None of these studies revealed an influence of maturity status in determining the magnitude of training status effects. Overall, the 5 studies encompassed within this thesis demonstrate that children are trainable and that this is not moderated by maturity.
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Blackwood, Susan Kim. "Aspects of fitness and physical activity patterns in Edinburgh school children." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57657/.
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There is growing concern that many children in Britain do not take sufficient exercise to benefit cardiovascular health. This is supported by extensive evidence advocating the importance of regular physical activity for lifelong health and well-being, and is of particular relevance in Scotland given it's notorious record of adult coronary heart disease death. This study examined aspects of fitness and physical activity in groups of Edinburgh school children, aged between 13 and 14 years. A three stage investigation was adopted: Phase One: A repeated measures, same subject design was used to examine the reliability and validity of selected measures (20m shuttle run test, peak oxygen uptake (V02 Peak), and anthropometric measures). Thirty three children (15 boys, 18 girls) performed each test on 3 separate days. Anthropometric measures showed strong reliability (r > 0.94, n=33) whilst reliability for the treadmill test ofV02 peak and shuttle run performance was lower (r=0.89 and r=0.79 respectively). Multiple regression analysis yielded a new equation for predicting V02 peak for children. This age specific prediction equation incorporated shuttle run performance in conjunction with skinfold thickness measures (Boys, R2=0.64 SEE=3.46; Girls, R2=0.79, SEE=2.81). Repeat testing was also recommended. Phase Two: An evaluation of methods of heart rate data analysis to assess physical activity in children. Twenty eight children (14 boys, 14 girls) wore continuous heart rate monitors (polar Electro PE4000, Finland) over a period of 7 days (Monday to Sunday), mean duration 737 (+/-55) mins/day. A detailed 7 day self report activity diary was also completed. Variability of heart rate measures was high (R=0.10-0.30), and it was noted that using data for just 4 days or less resulted in considerable underestimation of total weekly activity levels (44-100% error). If activity levels are to be compared against current recommendations, researchers must endeavour to achieve weekly rather than daily estimates of activity. Evaluation of methods of heart rate data analysis showed good correlation between heart rate activity indices and reported seven day activity. For boys strongest correlation was achieved using the number of 5 minute periods with HR > 139 b.min"l and the number of 5 minute periods with HR > 50% heart rate reserve (r=0.80, n=14). Total activity time was similar for both males and females but girls engaged in fewer sustained bouts of activity (>5 minutes) and a better correlate with activity in females was achieved using the total number of elevated heart rates (total HR > 50% heart rate reserve, r=0.64, n=14). Phase Three: A cross sectional survey was conducted to investigate standards of aerobic fitness and patterns of physical activity in groups of Edinburgh school children. Height, weight, skinfold thickness, shuttle run performance and physical activity (assessed by heart rate monitoring and activity diary) were recorded in a sample of 91 children (44 Boys, 47 Girls). Overall, males performed significantly better on the shuttle run test (t=5.4, df=88, p < 0.05), had higher predicted peak oxygen uptake (t=5.6, df=87, p < 0.05), and engaged in more bouts of moderate to vigorous activity than females. Seventy percent of boys and 50% of girls fulfilled current physical activity guidelines. Most activities were school based (131 mins per week as compared to 85 mins per week of out of school activities). Activity tended to be sporadic with active days interspersed with inactive days (mean 3.2 +/·1.6 days per week). After school activities specifically targeting young girls should be promoted.
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Bastian, Philip Nathan Jr. "The Central and Peripheral Physiological Response of the Cornea to Three Hydrogel Contact Lens Diameters." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337786341.
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MacDonald, Maureen Jane. "Oxygen uptake and leg blood flow at the onset of kicking exercise in humans." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0009/NQ30624.pdf.
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Eklund, Gustaf. "Systolic Blood Pressure Response to Exercise in Relation to Oxygen Uptake in Endurance Athletes." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för hälsa, medicin och vård, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176909.
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Background: During incremental exercise, systolic blood pressure (SBP) increases due to increasing cardiac output. However, the impact of workload on SBP has often been overlooked. Indexing the increase in SBP to the increase in workload could provide a way of accounting for this. Athletes often reach higher maximal SBP (SBPmax) than untrained subjects, which has been attributed to their superior cardiac capacity. How this affects the relation between SBP and workload is not established. Aim: We sought to characterise the novel metrics SBP/VO2-slope and SBP/Watt-slope in endurance athletes and to analyse possible correlations between these metrics and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in a population of endurance athletes and healthy, non-athletic subjects. We also sought to compare the SBP response of athletes to values predicted by newly published reference equations accounting for workload. Methods: In 24 endurance athletes and 5 healthy non-athletes we assessed the workload-indexed blood pressure response during a graded bicycle ergometer test. SBPmax was defined as the last SBP during exercise, VO2max as the mean of the two highest consecutive VO2 measurements at end of exercise. Results: The mean SBP/VO2-slope was 31.1 ± 9.7 mmHg/l/min and the mean SBP/Watt-slope was 0.28 ± 0.08 mmHg/Watt. We found no significant correlation between VO2max and the SBP/VO2-slope or the SBP/Watt-slope, nor with SBP at 50 W or at 200 W. In males there was a significant correlation between VO2max and SBPmax. The endurance athletes had less steep SBP/Watt-slopes and higher SBPmax than predicted by reference equations. Conclusion: The SBP/VO2-slope offers a precise way of indexing blood pressure to workload and could provide a valuable tool in future studies investigating the SBP response to exercise. Our results suggest that different reference equations than in the general population might be needed when evaluating the SBP response in athletes.
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Baba, Reizo, Emiko Mori, Nobuo Tauchi, and Masami Nagashima. "Simple exponential regression model to describe the relation between minute ventilation and oxygen uptake during incremental exercise." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/5381.
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Dascombe, Benjamin James, and b. dascombe@cqu edu au. "Pulmonary Oxygen Uptake and Muscle Oxygenation Responses to Exercise in Well-Trained Young and Middle-Aged Cyclists." Central Queensland University. Department of Health and Human Performance, 2007. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20070719.105750.
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This thesis details four consecutive research investigations which were designed to examine the effect of age on the pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2)and muscle oxygenation (mOxy) responses to exercise in well-trained cyclists. (Abridged)
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Bye, Anja. "Gene expression profiling of inherited and acquired maximal oxygen uptake : Relations to the metabolic syndrome." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2305.
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Kaurstad, Guri. "Cardiomyocyte function and calcium handling in animal models of inborn and aquired maximal oxygen uptake." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sirkulasjon og bildediagnostikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16549.
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Hjertemuskelcellefunksjon og kalsiumhåndtering i dyremodeller med medfødt og ervervet maksimalt oksygenopptak Hjerte-karsykdommer er i dag årsaken til flest dødsfall i Europa. Selv om det er kjent at et høyt maksimalt oksygenopptak kan virke beskyttende mot hjerte-karsykdom både hos friske og de med økt risiko, vil studier av de underliggende mekanismene bidra med verdifull informasjon til utvikling av fremtidige retningslinjer for behandling og forebygging av hjertekarsykdom. Maksimalt oksygenopptak er hos de fleste av oss avhengig av hjertets slagvolum som igjen bestemmes av hjertemuskelcellenes kontraksjonsevne. For at hjertemuskelcellene skal kunne kontrahere kraftig er kalsiumhåndteringen i cellene avgjørende. Ett av de proteinene som er med bidrar til å styre dette er kalsium/ kalmodulin avhengig protein kinase II (CaMKII). CaMKII aktiviteten øker når hjertefrekvensen øker og det ser ut til at den økte aktiviteten er viktig for treningsresponsen i hjertemuskelcellene, mens hos hjertesvikt er det motsatt og den økte aktiviteten fører til funksjonsnedsettelse. De overordnede formålene med denne doktorgradsavhandlingen var å undersøke betydningen av et høyt medfødt oksygenopptak på hjertets remodellering etter infarkt, eventuelle forskjeller i treningsrelaterte tilpasninger i hjertemuskelceller fra rotter med ulik medfødt evne til å respondere på trening og om CaMKII er nødvendig for treningsrelaterte forbedringer i maksimalt oksygenopptak, hjertemuskelcellens kontraksjon og kalsiumhåndtering. Resultatene viste at rotter med høyt og rotter med lavt medfødt maksimalt oksygenopptak fikk like stor remodellering av hjerte og funksjonsnedsettelse etter infarkt, men at et høyt utgangspunkt fungerte som en ”buffer” på funksjonsnedsettelsen. Videre fant vi at høy intensitets aerobe intervaller ikke forbedret maksimalt oksygenopptak, hjertemuskelcellefunksjon eller kalsiumhåndtering i rotter med lav medfødt respons til trening. Dette indikerer at mangel på plastisitet i hjertet bidro til å hindre treningsrespons på maksimalt oksygenopptak. Det siste studiet viste at i friske mus er CaMKII nødvendig for å opprettholde kalsiumhomeostase i hjertemuskelcellene og for å oppnå optimal treningsrespons på hjertemuskelcellehypertrofi, funksjon og kalsiumhåndtering. Men paradoksalt nok førte CaMKII inhibering allikevel til en større økning i maksimalt oksygenopptak.