Relevant bibliographies by topics / Oxygen uptake

Academic literature on the topic 'Oxygen uptake'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Oxygen uptake"

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McConnell, Timothy R. "Oxygen Uptake." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 23, no. 3 (May 2003): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200305000-00005.

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SALTIN, BENGT, and S??REN STRANGE. "Maximal oxygen uptake." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 1 (January 1992): 30???37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199201000-00007.

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Manns, P. J., C. R. Tomczak, and R. G. Haennel. "OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 29, no. 5 (September 2009): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hcr.0000361192.80278.bb.

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Jackson, D. M. "Estimating oxygen uptake." Anaesthesia 58, no. 6 (May 20, 2003): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03207_24.x.

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Meyer, T., J. Scharhag, and W. Kindermann. "Peak oxygen uptake." Zeitschrift f�r Kardiologie 94, no. 4 (April 2005): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00392-005-0207-4.

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Poole, David C., and Russell S. Richardson. "Determinants of Oxygen Uptake." Sports Medicine 24, no. 5 (November 1997): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199724050-00003.

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Erickson, Howard. "Equine maximal oxygen uptake." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 23, no. 7 (July 2003): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jevs.2003.83.

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Erickson, Howard. "Equine Maximal Oxygen Uptake." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 23, no. 7 (July 2003): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(03)01003-7.

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Ribeiro, Jorge P., Ricardo Stein, and Gaspar R. S. Chiappa. "Beyond Peak Oxygen Uptake." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 26, no. 2 (March 2006): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200603000-00001.

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Vincent, J. L. "The relationship between oxygen demand, oxygen uptake, and oxygen supply." Intensive Care Medicine 16, S2 (February 1990): S145—S148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01785244.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Oxygen uptake"

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Fawkner, Samantha Gieva. "Oxygen uptake kinetics in children." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393144.

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Sandals, Leigh E. "Oxygen uptake during middle distance running." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2003. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3085/.

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Bell, Christopher. "Control and modelling of oxygen uptake kinetics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ42497.pdf.

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Bauer, Timothy Alan. "Oxygen uptake kinetics in peripheral arterial disease." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/125.

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Blumoff, Sonja. "Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Severe Intensity Exercise." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2539/.

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The purpose of this study was to describe mathematically the oxygen uptake kinetics during cycle ergometry, and to examine the effect of intensity on the kinetic responses within the severe domain. Sixteen volunteers performed a series of exercise tests at a range of intensities selected to elicit fatigue in ~3 to 10 min. A simple mono-exponential model effectively described the response across all intensities. There was a positive correlation between the response time and the time to fatigue, demonstrating that the maximal oxygen uptake was achieved faster at higher intensities within the severe domain. Models incorporating two components effectively described the responses only in tests lasting 8 min or more. It was concluded that there is a second, slow component in the oxygen uptake response only at the lower intensities within the severe domain.
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Pringle, Jamie S. M. "The oxygen uptake slow component in human locomotion." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268988.

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Filippenko, Vasilisa. "Oxygen Uptake Studies of Organic and Inorganic Oxidations." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28576.

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The investigations in this thesis deal with two types of very different oxidations. The first study follows our groups' discovery of a new and unusual class of antioxidants, where the actual antioxidant is, paradoxically, a carbon-centered radical. The radical precursors are dimer molecules that, upon heating, dissociate to form two persistent carbon-centered free radicals, unreactive towards oxygen. These radicals act as chain-breaking antioxidants by rapidly reacting with peroxyl radicals that participate in propagation of autoxidation chain reactions. The solvent effects on antioxidant activity of one of these antioxidants, the HP-136 dimer, has been assessed in a range of solvents of varying hydrogen bond accepting ability, by the Inhibited Oxygen Uptake (IOU) method. The HP-136 dimer was found to show far less solvent effect on antioxidant activity than a representative phenolic antioxidant. In the second part of the thesis, the process of copper nanoparticle (CuNP) oxidation is explored, with a goal of developing new strategies for CuNP stabilization under air. It was found that CuNP oxidize to form Cu 2+ as the major product, in a process that involves oxygen uptake. L-ascorbic acid was found to be a sacrificial stabilizer of CuNP, and a mechanism of CuNP stabilization by ascorbic acid is proposed.
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Wilkerson, Daryl P. "Oxygen uptake kinetics during supra-maximal intensity exercise." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424750.

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Claxton, David B. "The measurement of oxygen uptake kinetics in children." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1999. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/3152/.

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Traditional approaches to exercise testing in children may not provide the most appropriate measures of a child's physiological responses to exercise, partly because they do not reflect children's normal intermittent activity patterns. The measurement of the rate and magnitude of change of oxygen uptake to dynamic exercise, oxygen uptake kinetics (V02 KINETICS provides an alternative approach to exercise testing. A submaximal, intermittent, pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) exercise test to measure V02 KINETICS may provide a useful method of measuring the metabolic responses of children to exercise. Traditional methods used in the analysis of V02 KINETICS require the fitting of explicit models in order to characterise the data. These models have not however been validated for use in children. As the responses to the PRBS protocol are analysed in the frequency domain, explicit models and their physiological correlates are not required to characterise the data. Another potential problem in the measurement of V02 KINETICS in children are the small work rate changes that can be employed to stimulate the exercise response whilst constraining the test to the aerobic range. In respiratory gas measurement, breath-by-breath variability (noise) can be large in comparison to the magnitude of the metabolic response and this signal noise can obscure some characteristics of the response. The aim of the study was to develop appropriate measurement techniques to reduce the effects of breath-by-breath variability and to apply the techniques to the measurement of V02 KINETICS in children. The main experimental study compared the V02 KINETICS of children with those of adults. Ten children (3 females) in the age range 8 to 13 and twenty adults (10 females) in the age range 20 to 28 years completed a PRBS test to measure V02 KINETICS and an incremental ramp protocol on a cycle ergometer (Bosch 550 ERG) to establish V02 MAX, T VENT and delta efficiency. Breath-by-breath respiratory gas analysis was undertaken using a respiratory mass spectrometer (MGA1100). Estimates of alveolar gas exchange were made using the algorithm of Beaver et al. (1981) and a post hoc value of an effective lung volume was calculated to minimise the breath-by-breath variability. A cross-correlation technique (CC) was used to filter out the effects of anomalous (nonphysiologic) V02 responses recorded during the PRBS protocol. Subsequent Fourier analysis of the auto-correlation and CC functions provided a description of V02 KINETICS in the frequency domain in terms of amplitude ratio and phase delay over the frequency range of 2.2-8.9mHz. At each of the frequencies assessed amplitude ratio was higher in children (P<0.001) than in either of the adult groups. Phase delay was also significantly shorter in children compared to adults males (P<0.01) and adult females (P<0.001) but this effect was not identifiable at any specific frequency. Maximal oxygen uptake was not significantly different in adult males (42.5 ml"kg "min) and children (44.7 ml-kg'-min') but was lower in adult females (36.9 ml"kg "min) than adult males (P<0.01) and children (P<0.001). Ventilatory threshold (% V02 MAX) was not different between groups. Delta efficiency was significantly lower in children than adult males (P<0.05) and adult females (P<0.01). These results support the contention that there are maturational differences between adults and children in the metabolic processes involved in the utilisation of oxygen during physical activity. It has been argued, theoretically, that in adults the control of V02 KINETICS is driven by ATP demand in the skeletal muscle. As the mitochondria] capacity and the concentration of oxidative enzymes is higher in children than in adults it is likely that the controlling factor(s) for V02 KINETICS in children also relates to some aspect of peripheral metabolism. It is suggested that the PRBS protocol, with appropriate noise reduction techniques, is considered a suitable method for investigating the metabolic responses of children to dynamic exercise.
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Grant, Crystelle Kiyoko. "Influence of cardiac output on oxygen uptake kinetics /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2010. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3341.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Oxygen uptake"

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Ingham, Stephen A. Oxygen uptake kinetics and performance in rowing. Roehampton: University of Surrey Roehampton, 2003.

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1970-, Jones Andrew M., and Poole David C. 1959-, eds. Oxygen uptake kinetics in sport, exercise and medicine. London: Routledge, 2005.

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Johnson, Patrick J. Modelling of maximal and submaximal oxygen uptake in men and women. Leicester: De Montfort University, 2002.

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Jones, Andrew M. Oxygen uptake kinetics in sport, exercise and medicine: A practical handbook. New York: Routledge, 2004.

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Masters, Robert James. An investigation into the effect of iron and vitamin C dietary supplements of maximal oxygen uptake in women undergraduates. Cardiff: S.G.I.H.E., 1985.

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Cerilli, Joseph R. Oxygen uptake in water in a top blown-bottom stirred cylindrical vessel. Hamilton, Ont: McMaster University, 1997.

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Henderson, Claire. Development of an on-court badminton test for prediction of maximal oxygen uptake. (s.l: The Author), 1998.

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Walsh, Sinead. Validation of the PWC170 sub-maximal cycle ergometer test to predict maximal oxygen uptake. (s.l: The Author), 1998.

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Goodwin, Ashley. Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Skeletal Muscle Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS): Evaluating Healthy Responses of Muscle Deoxygenation. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2021.

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Pani, Amar Kumar. Magnesium and manganese uptake and accumulation in body tissues of procellio spinicornis say (procellionidae-isopoda), and their effects on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion. [s.l: s.n.], 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Oxygen uptake"

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Baak, Marleen A., Bernard Gutin, Kim A. Krawczewski Carhuatanta, Stephen C. Woods, Heinz W. Harbach, Megan M. Wenner, Nina S. Stachenfeld, et al. "Oxygen Uptake." In Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 688. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_4436.

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Tauler Riera, Pedro, Maurizio Volterrani, Ferdinando Iellamo, Francesco Fallo, Andrea Ermolao, William J. Kraemer, Nicholas A. Ratamess, Avery Faigenbaum, Andrew Philp, and Keith Baar. "Recovery Oxygen Uptake." In Encyclopedia of Exercise Medicine in Health and Disease, 750. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29807-6_4490.

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Khanfer, Riyad, John Ryan, Howard Aizenstein, Seema Mutti, David Busse, Ilona S. Yim, J. Rick Turner, et al. "Maximal Oxygen Uptake Test." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1202. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_101030.

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Lachmann, B., S. Armbruster, and W. Erdmann. "Oxygen Uptake and Surfactant Replacement." In Oxygen Transport to Tissue X, 511–17. New York, NY: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9510-6_61.

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Saghiv, Moran S., and Michael S. Sagiv. "Oxygen Uptake and Anaerobic Performances." In Basic Exercise Physiology, 149–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48806-2_3.

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Crocetti, Joseph, and Samuel Krachman. "Oxygen Content, Delivery, and Uptake." In Critical Care Study Guide, 355–68. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3927-5_22.

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Crocetti, Joseph, Montserrat Diaz-Abad, and Samuel L. Krachman. "Oxygen Content, Delivery, and Uptake." In Critical Care Study Guide, 491–506. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77452-7_26.

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Cain, S. M. "Supply Dependency of Oxygen Uptake." In Clinical Aspects of O2 Transport and Tissue Oxygenation, 80–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83872-9_8.

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Lorenzo, Cordone, Di Stefano Lucio, and Russo Gian Carlo. "Cosolvent Effects on Hemoprcteins’ Oxygen Uptake and Equilibria." In Invertebrate Oxygen Carriers, 121–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71481-8_23.

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Mitchell, Jere H., and Bengt Saltin. "The Oxygen Transport System and Maximal Oxygen Uptake." In Exercise Physiology, 255–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7543-9_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Oxygen uptake"

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Naji, N. A., Graham L. Jones, Mylinh Duong, and Kieran J. Killian. "Resting Oxygen Uptake COPD And Normals." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a1550.

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Hassel, Erlend, Dorthe Stensvold, Thomas Halvorsen, Ulrik Wisløff, Arnulf Langhammer, and Sigurd Steinshamn. "Pulmonary function and oxygen uptake in elderly." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa2231.

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Kang, Min-Yeong, and Bernard Sapoval. "Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake at high altitude." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa1583.

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Fox, Benjamin, Nadav Sheffy, Oren Fruchter, Yael Raviv, David Langleben, and Mordechai Kramer. "Oxygen Uptake During A Novel Step-Oximetry Test." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a6296.

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Chance, B., S. Nioka, and C. Li. "Rapid Oxygen Uptake in Mitochondria in Functional Activation." In Biomedical Topical Meeting. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bio.2004.we3.

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Laszczyk, Piotr. "Predictive functional control of dissolved oxygen with online estimation of oxygene uptake rate." In 2015 20th International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR ). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmar.2015.7283943.

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Ramos, M. T., S. Julliand, C. A. A. Oliveira, F. N. Godoi, V. Julliand, and F. Q. Almeida. "Oxygen uptake evaluation in eventing horses at field tests." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_136.

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Combret, Yann, Clément Médrinal, Guillaume Prieur, Aurora Robledo Quesada, Pascal Le Roux, and Grégory Reychler. "Oxygen uptake kinetics in walking children with cystic fibrosis." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa4618.

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Hansen, Mikkel T., Birk M. Gronfeldt, Tue Romer, Mathilde Fogelstrom, Kasper Sorensen, Samuel E. Schmidt, and Jorn W. Helge. "Determination of Maximal Oxygen Uptake Using Seismocardiography at Rest." In 2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662756.

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Premanoch, Piyarat. "Short-term biochemical oxygen demand (BODst) estimation using an oxygen uptake rate measurement method." In 2016 Management and Innovation Technology International Conference (MITicon). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/miticon.2016.8025257.

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Reports on the topic "Oxygen uptake"

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Vickers, Jr, and Ross R. Measurement Error in Maximal Oxygen Uptake Tests. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada454282.

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Mello, Robert P., Michelle M. Murphy, and James A. Vogel. Relationship between a Two Mile Run and Maximal Oxygen Uptake. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada179343.

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Solberg, Thomas. Aspects of anuran metabolism : effects of chronic hypoxia on maximal oxygen uptake rates and the fate of lactic acid. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3215.

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Cameron, Arthur, Shimshon Ben-Yehoshua, and Rebecca Hernandez. Design and Function of Modified Atmosphere Packaging Systems for Fresh Produce: a Unified Approach for Optimizing Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Relative Humidity. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613019.bard.

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Oxygen uptake, CO2 production and respiratory quotient (RQ) of strawberry, raspberry and cherry were measured as functions of temperature and oxygen level. The effect of cultivar was studied in strawberry ('Honey' and 'Allstar'). The effect of harvest date was studied for raspberry. The lower O2 limit increased markedly with incraqsing temperature for all fruits studied. Red bell pepper O2 uptake was measured as a function of O2 at 20o C. Lowering the inpackage humidity using NaCl reduced decay of bell pepper sealed in low-density polyethylene packages when stored at 8o C. Analyses of a model developed for MA-packaged red bell pepper fruit demonstrated that when RQ was near one and when CO2 exceeded O2 permeability, transient CO2 levels increased to a maximum before dropping to steady-state levels. An isothermal model of O2, CO2 and water vapor exchange in MA packages was developed for red bell pepper and tested empirically. A comprehensive model was developed for small fruits that also incorporated water vapor and the effects of changing temperature. Variation in package O2 levels was measured and modeled as a function of variation in respiration and film permeability.
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Convertino, Victor A. Changes in Peak Oxygen Uptake and Plasma Volume in Fit and Unfit Subjects Following Exposure to a Simulation of Microgravity,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada354100.

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Siefken, Larry James. Calculation of Hydrogen and Oxygen Uptake in Fuel Rod Cladding During Severe Accidents Using the Integral Diffusion Method - Final Design Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/911489.

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Siefken, L. J. Calculation of hydrogen and oxygen uptake in fuel rod cladding during severe accidents using the integral diffusion method -- Preliminary design report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/751980.

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Siefken, L. J. Calculation of hydrogen and oxygen uptake in fuel rod cladding during severe accidents using the integral diffusion method -- Final Design Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/752085.

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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.

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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
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10

Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Abstract:
Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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