Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Oxyde de graphène – Propriétés physico-chimiques'
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Ferrah, Djawhar. "Etude des propriétés physico-chimiques d'interfaces par photoémission." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECDL0048/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to study the chemical and physical properties at the surface or at the interface between thin layers by photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), photoelectron diffraction (XPD), and time resolved photoemission (PTR) . The experiments were conducted using an Alka source at INL or soft -X ray synchrotron radiation at Soleil, the French national Synchrotron facility. The first photoemission study has been performed on platinum deposited on thin Gd2(h layers grown by Molecular Bearn Epitaxy (MBE) on Si (111) substrate. The charge transfer between Pt and 0 at the interface causes a chemical shift to higher binding energies without changing the characteristic shape of the metal XPS peak. The XPD study shows that Pt is partially crystallized into two (111)-oriented do mains on Gd20 3 (111) with the in-plane epitaxial relationships [11 0] Pt (111) / / [11 0] Gd203 (111) and [101] Pt(111)/ / [11 0] Gd20 3 (111). In addition to bi-domains formation of platinum Pt (111) on Gd20 3 (111), a new ordered phase of platinum oxide Pt02 at the Pt/ Gd203 interface have been observed. The study of the background of the polar curves depending of the morphology has shown, that the film of Pt does not wet on the oxide, due to the low energy of interaction at the interface compared to the Pt thin layer. The second study has been interested to the photoemission time-resolved study of non-reactive metal / semiconductor model system. We have studied the thin layer gold (Au) growth on silicon (Si) substrate before and during annealing in TEMPO beam line (synchrotron Soleil).The XPS study, shows before annealing the formation of silicon native oxide on heterostructure at ambient temperature. The desorption of silicon oxide during annealing at low temperature induce photoemission intensity decreases with time. The desorption of oxide and alloy formation (AuSi) induce distribution of pits with cubic form at silicon surface due to gold etching activity. The third photoemission study has concerned thin films of a few layers of graphene obtained by solid-state graphitization from 6H-SiC (0001) substrates have been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD). The Cls core-level has been resolved into components, which have been associated with carbon from bulk SiC, carbon from graphene and carbon at the interface graphene/ 6H-SiC (0001). Then, the intensity of each of these components has been recorded as a function of polar (azimuth) angle for several azimuth (polar) angles. These XPD measurements provide crystallographic information which clearly indicates that the graphene sheets are organized in graphite-like structure on 6H-SiC(0001), an organization that results of the shrinking of the 6H-SiC (0001) lattice after Si depletion. Finally the decoupling of graphene from 6H-SiC (0001) substrate by oxygen intercalation has been studied from the XPS point of view. Finally, photoemission study has concerned thin film of InP (phosphor indium ) islands grown by Molecular Bearn Epitaxy (MBE) on SrTi03 (001) bulk substrate have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and diffraction (XPS/ XPD).Integration of III-V semi-conductor on silicon wafer, via SrTi03 buffer is currently the subject of intense research because of its potentially interesting applications in future nano-optoelectronics. The Ols, Sr3d, Ti2p, In3d, and P 2p core level area have been studied as function of azimuth angle for different polar angles. Comparison of the XPD azimuth curves of Sr3d and In3d shows that islands InP are oriented (001) with an in-plane epitaxial relationship [110] InP(001 ) // [100] SrTi03 (001). AFM images shows that InP islands are regularly dispersed on the surface. Their shape is a regularly facetted half-sphere
Gomez, Cano Francisco Javier. "Influence of graphene oxide (GO) on TiO2-GO nanostructures applied to water pollution control." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Le Mans, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LEMA1011.
Full textGrowing environmental concerns have focused research efforts on the development of nanomaterials suitable for water pollution control applications. In this context, graphene oxides (GOs) and their hybrid nanostructures combining TiO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized to exploit processes such as adsorption and photocatalysis for the removal of organic pollutants from water. The work carried out analyses the influence of the physicochemical properties of GOs, and in particular their oxidation degree, on the structural, electronic, and photoactivity properties of TiO2-GO hybrid nanocomposites. Hybrid nanostructures based on TiO2 and GO were prepared by high-energy milling and photosonication, and complementary characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrometry, SEM/TEM electron microscopy, FT-IR, XPS, and EPR electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy were applied. An in-depth analysis of the experimental results obtained on selective TiO2-GO nanocomposites highlighted the evolution of the physicochemical and morphological properties of the nanostructures as a function of the controlled GO oxidation conditions. Furthermore, theoretical studies using DFT revealed the correlation between the variations of the electronic bandgap and the concentration of functional groups in the GO material. The adsorption and photocatalysis phenomena of the different TiO2-GO compositions were investigated by degradation of methylene blue (MB) dyes with remarkable efficiency. The same experimental approach, which was then studied on biological organisms such as microalgae through the degradation of associated by-products, underlines the interdisciplinary nature of this work. Thus, by systematically studying the oxidation levels of GO and the techniques used to prepare nanocomposites, the work carried out contributes to a deeper understanding of the physicochemical characteristics of TiO2-GO nanocomposites and optimizes their properties and characteristics for efficient photocatalytic activity applied to water purification
La creciente preocupación por el medio ambiente ha centrado los esfuerzos de investigación en el desarrollo de nanomateriales adecuados para aplicaciones de control de la contaminación del agua. En este contexto, se han sintetizado óxidos de grafeno (GOs) y sus nanoestructuras híbridas combinando nanopartículas de TiO2 para explorar procesos como la adsorción y la fotocatálisis para la eliminación de contaminantes orgánicos del agua. El trabajo realizado analiza la influencia de las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los GOs, y en particular su grado de oxidación, sobre las propiedades estructurales, electrónicas y de fotoactividad de los nanocomposites híbridos TiO2-GO. Las nanoestructuras híbridas basadas en TiO2 y GO se prepararon mediante molienda de alta energía y fotosonicasión, y se aplicaron técnicas complementarias de caracterización como difracción de rayos X, espectrometría Raman, microscopía electrónica SEM/TEM, FT-IR, XPS y espectroscopia de resonancia paramagnética electrónica EPR. Un análisis en profundidad de los resultados experimentales obtenidos sobre nanocompuestos selectivos de TiO2-GO puso de manifiesto la evolución de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y morfológicas de las nanoestructuras en función de las condiciones de oxidación controlada del GO. Además, los estudios teóricos mediante DFT revelaron la correlación entre las variaciones del bandgap y la concentración de grupos funcionales en el GO. Los fenómenos de adsorción y fotocatálisis de las diferentes composiciones de TiO2-GO se investigaron mediante la degradación de colorantes azul de metileno (MB) con notable eficacia. El mismo enfoque experimental, que luego se estudió en organismos biológicos como las microalgas mediante la degradación de los subproductos asociados, subraya el carácter interdisciplinario de este trabajo. Así, mediante el estudio sistemático de los niveles de oxidación del GO y de las técnicas empleadas para la preparación de nanocomposites, el trabajo realizado contribuye a profundizar en el conocimiento de las características fisicoquímicas de los nanocomposites TiO2-GO y a optimizar sus propiedades y características para una eficiente actividad fotocatalítica aplicada a la depuración de aguas
Liu, Hang. "In situ investigations of chemical reactions on ZnO-Pt model nanocatalysts for environmentally friendly energy generation sources." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS201.pdf.
Full textThe ZnO/Pt(111) catalyst has been shown to exhibit remarkable catalytic performances in the low temperature CO oxidation. The identification of the active sites in CO oxidation is important for a mechanistic understanding of the structure-reactivity relationship. We first established a recipe to fabricate ZnO thin films on Pt(111) using e-beam evaporation, characterized by STM and LEED. The film grows in layer-by-layer mode, starting from a graphene-like monolayer tothe ZnO(0001)-Zn terminated surface. The role of the ZnO/Pt boundaries was revealed by STM ex situ after exposure to the O2: CO mixture. To shedlight on the role of the boundaries, a systematic comparative study of the ZnO/Pt(111) catalyst with the Pt(111) surface was under taken. The mass spectroscopy and gas phase NAP-XPS analysis were relevant, to determine the regimes where mass transfer limitation starts to occur, allowing a discussion on the relation between steady-state molar fractions of reactants/product and surface reactivity, and to calibrate the surface density of the adsorbates.Solid phase XPS spectra gave us access to the dynamics of the ZnO monolayer film covering only partially the Pt(111) surface. The role of ZnO-bound hydroxyls was highlighted by the observation of the chemical signature of the CO+OH associative reaction products. The carboxyl formed at the low temperature can be the intermediate species that leads to the evolution of CO2, the OHs at the Pt/ZnO boundary being the co-catalyst, which explains the synergistic effect of ZnO and Pt
Speyer, Lucie. "Élaboration de mousses de graphène par voie solvothermale et modification de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0120/document.
Full textGraphene-based materials have attracted a great interest these last years, due to their outstanding properties. In particular, graphene foams offer a part of the properties of graphene, combined with a high surface area: they show great potentiality in some application domains such as energy. This thesis work is focused on the elaboration of graphene foams by a solvothermal-based process, an original method involving a solvothermal reaction between an alcohol and sodium, followed by a thermal treatment. The study of the compounds produced by the solvothermal reaction and the pyrolysis under a nitrogen flow was lead through multi-scale and complementary characterization techniques: mechanisms of formation of the solvothermal compound and graphenic foams have been proposed. The optimal conditions of pyrolysis were also determined, and provide the obtaining of graphene foams with a high structural quality and a large specific surface area. Furthermore, some types of post-elaboration treatments were carried out: notably, a vacuum annealing significantly improves the structural quality and the purity of the samples. Lastly, the modification of the physico-chemical properties of the foams through the chemistry of carbon materials intercalation has been studied. Graphene films were prepared from the intercalated foams and their electrical properties were evaluated
Haidon, Blaise. "Synthèse de complexes d’actinides à propriétés physico-chimiques contrôlées pour la fabrication de combustibles oxyde." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10086.
Full textConsidering the treatment and recycling of future nuclear fuels, the oxalic conversion, which is used at an industrial scale for plutonium (IV) reprocessing, is the synthesis route considered as a reference for the future actinides oxides elaboration. In order to improve this process, based on the actinide oxalate precipitation and the calcination of the precipitate into oxide, a control of the solid properties at the precipitation step is necessary. This is particularly due to the impact of the oxalate morphology at all the stages of the process, up to the calcination at which the oxalate morphology is kept. This study deals with morphology modulations of tetravalent actinides oxalates, thorium (IV) and plutonium (IV), by addition of organic compounds in the precipitation medium. Several impacts of selected “CHON” additives were identified. The molecules, chosen among the actinides complexing and precipitating agents, can act on the crystal structure of the precipitates, the particles morphology, their size and/or their agglomeration. Solid-state analyses combined with the measurements of solubility, nucleation rates, crystal growth rates and agglomeration kernels, allow to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the morphology modulations. This work shows some differences between the behavior of thorium (IV) oxalate and plutonium (IV) oxalate systems. Their origins are discussed in the manuscript. The multidisciplinary methodology developed during this work leads to suggest how to re inforce the additives morphological impacts which can be useful in view of a transposition to other chemical systems, especially other actinides or mixed actinides oxalates
Benyahia-Bentadjine, Sonia. "Mécanismes de formation et propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques des interphases epoxy-diamine/métal." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0025.
Full textThe interfacial reactivity between epoxy (DGEBA) and diamine (IPD) monomers and metallic substrates (titanium, aluminum and gold) has been studied using various analytical techniques. Chemical, physical and mechanical properties of organic coatings were determined as a function of their thickness and compared to bulk values. An interphase having specific properties and quite different to polymer bulks ones was underlined. Interphase properties were found to be affected by the substrate nature, metallic surface treatments, the diamine nature (whether aromatic, aliphatic or cycloaliphatic) and the stoechiometric ratio of epoxy-amine mixture. Reaction mechanisms leading to the interphase formation were determined by studying "modified" monomers by hydrated oxide layer. It was found that the diamine monomer reacts with the metallic surface and induces a chemical etching. Then metallic ions then diffuse through the organic layer to form metal-amine complexes. When a saturation threshold was reached, crystals of modified monomers were observed at room temperature. These complexes induce phase separation during the cure cycle of the epoxydiamine mixture leading to a new network formation. The understanding of these phenomena, allows us to produce bulk materials having the same properties than thin films or interphase
Suwanboon, Sumetha. "Synthèse et caractérisation de ZnO nanométrique par la méthode chimie douce." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20034.
Full textWe have synthesized nanostructured ZnO materials by various ways of soft chemistry techniques, i. E. Sol-gel and pyrosol methods. This research has consisted to study and develop the experiment parameters which influence the structural properties of nanostructured ZnO such as nature of precursor, complexing agent or stabilizer, precursor and dopant concentration. The thermal parameters such as reaction temperature and heat treatment temperature have been optimized as well. The ZnO materials containing of chromium and aluminium have also been studied. The undoped ZnO thin films prepared by dip coating on glass substrate give, in the best case, the approximate size 40 nm. In case of doped ZnO material, ZnO:Al, 10 at. % Al, the sizes reach approximate 5 nm. The ZnO thin films are prepared by pyrosol method giving the smallest size of undoped ZnO about 70 nm and ZnO:Al, 5 at. % Al about 90 nm. Lastly, the ZnO nanoparticles are prepared by precipitation giving the smallest size about 10 nm. The nanocrystalline CrxZn1-xO powders where x is 0. 05, 0. 10 and 0. 15, have exhibited a weak ferromagnetic behavior with Curie temperature of 0. 6, 2. 6 and 7. 1 K, respectively
Péruchon, Laure. "Caractérisations des propriétés photocatalytiques des verres autonettoyants - corrélation entre paramètres physico-chimiques et activité photocatalytique." Lyon 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453175.
Full textGlass is widely used material and especially in constructions. Since 2001, self-cleaning glasses have been launched on the European market. These glasses are based on the photocatalytic property of a submicronic layer of TiO2 deposited on their surface. Under UV-irradiation, TiO2 reacts with the oxygen and water molecules present in the atmosphere to produce free radicals. These radicals are able to degrade organic stains adsorbed on the glass surface. The present work is aimed at a better understanding of the interactions between TiO2 layer and real stains, as well as the photocatalytic physicochemical mechanisms implicated. The influence of different parameters on the self-cleaning glass efficiency has been studied. The photocatalytic degradation of different pollutant families was followed to correlate the nature of the organic compounds to their degradability
El, Moujahid Chaouki. "Propriétés physico-chimiques de systèmes aqueux de tensioactifs non ioniques fluorés." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10009.
Full textLe, Rouzic Mathieu. "Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et mécaniques des matériaux cimentaires à base d’oxyde de magnésium." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1082/document.
Full textMagnesium phosphate cements are the most representative cements of the activated-by-acid cements family. Despite the fact that they are known since the early 20th century, their use in civil engineering is fairly limited. These materials are used for road repairs where the fast compressive strength development is an advantage. Recently they have also been used in wastes stabilization/solidification (S/S), especially with wastes incompatible with Portland cement. The challenges of the use of these cements are related to the nature of their formation reaction: fast, very exothermic, with a very short setting time (only a few minutes).The bonding phase, k-struvite (MgKPO4.6H2O), is obtained from magnesium oxide mixed in water with monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4).MgO + KH2PO4 + 5H2O MgKPO4.6H2OThe setting mechanisms are still poorly known and various theories, involving or not secondary product formation, have been suggested. Our researches have aimed to understand the setting mechanisms, as well as the influence of the formulation parameters on the properties of the magnesium phosphate cement. Results show that the formation of k-struvite involved a precipitation-dissolution reaction of an intermediate product, the newberyite (MgHPO4.3H2O). Formation reactions of these two products are controlled by the supersaturation rate and the pH of the solution. The study highlights the strong effect of water on the properties of fresh cement paste. With a low mass ratio e/c in comparison of Portland cement (ratio e/c between 0,1 and 0,25), a slight modification of the ratio (0,02) leads to a segregation and a surface heterogeneity of the cement paste. Among the formulation parameters, the molar ratio MgO/KH2PO4 (Mg/P) seems the most important parameter. Indeed, it impacts most of the properties of the magnesium phosphate cement (compressive strength, setting time, reaction heat, paste fluidity …). Low Mg/P ratios lead to poor water resistance, to crystals formation inside the microstructure that can be seen on the surface of the sample (an efflorescence appearance), and to important swelling of the paste, leading to the cracking of the samples. After the parametric study, a magnesium phosphate cement paste has been defined. Dimensional changes and chemical shrinkage measurement were conducted to understand the mechanisms involved in this swelling phenomenon. In support, microstructural analyses (SEM, XRD, TGA) and leaching tests complete the experimental campaign. The results confirm the influence of a low Mg/P ratio on cement swelling and water resistance. Finally, a study on various additions to the paste has been conducted, with the purpose of improving the cement paste performances. It shows that the addition of an inert filler (siliceous sand or fly ashes) has a retarding effect and reduced the reaction heat
Salvant, Johanna. "Caractérisation des propriétés physico-chimiques des matériaux de peinture employés par Van Gogh : les peintures blanches." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834371.
Full textFontaine, Florian. "Composites à matrice carbone-oxyde et carbone-nitrure : thermodynamique de l'élaboration et son impact sur les propriétés physico-chimiques, thermiques et mécaniques des composites." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14217/document.
Full textCarbon/carbon composites exhibit excellent mechanical and thermal properties at high temperature that make them espe-cially suitable for ablation or friction pieces. Their sensitivity toward oxidation above 400°C has lead to the will of doping them with refractory ceramics that are nonoxidizable or with a high oxidation temperature. The sol-gel process allowed to introduce 1 % in volume of titanium or aluminum oxide or nitride in the matrix. Nitrides are obtained by carbothermal nitridation of the oxide films. Two types of sols were used: the “standard” ones and those with extra sucrose. Sucrose is added to prevent pyrocarbon consumption during the nitridation. Furthermore, it was shown that it has an impact on the nitridation rate. Charged composites are then densified by Chemical Vapor Infiltration, which induces phases transforma-tions that were predicted by thermodynamics: titanium nitride films are partially carburized (formation of titanium carbonitride) and titanium dioxide films are reduced (formation of titanium oxycarbide). Aluminum-based films are more stable and don’t undergo any transformation. Thermal diffusivity of the as-synthesized composites is not much modified by the addition of these ceramics while the tensile and compressive strength are slightly increased. By the way, composites are hardened. Their oxidation kinetics is slowed down. Aluminum-rich composites exhibit a weight loss divided by two compared to the C/C reference. All those properties are directly, or not, linked to the composition of the sols, in particular to their sucrose content. Indeed, it was shown that sucrose-containing sols rather jellify on the surface of the composite, thus preventing the diffusion of precursor gases to the heart of the pieces. The final porosity is then modified. The porosity has an important impact on the compressive strength, thermal diffusivity and oxidation kinetics of the synthesized composites
Barbier, Camille. "Epitaxie de GaN sur substrat de graphène." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS069.
Full textDue to their excellent physical properties, III-nitrides are highly prized semiconductors for the fabrication of microelectronic and optoelectronic devices. Although many III-N-based devices are already on the market, their performances can still be impacted by a high density of defects in the active layers. This is due to the lack of a native III-N substrate available at low cost. These III-N layers are currently grown by heteroepitaxy, i.e. on a bulk substrate of different nature. It therefore appears important to identify an alternative substrate to improve the crystalline quality of the active layers. In this context, my PhD work aims at the elaboration of monocrystalline GaN domains of micrometric size that can be used to fabricate a single device on each of them. I used an innovative process based on two important steps: (i) molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of nanostructures of excellent crystal quality on an ultimately thin and compliant substrate, i.e. a single graphene layer transferred onto silica; (ii) lateral regrowth of these nanostructures by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (EPVOM). My results first illustrated the problem of GaN nucleation on graphene and, more generally, of a 3D material (with sp3 orbitals) on a 2D material (with sp2 orbitals). In particular, a very long incubation period is observed before nucleation of the first GaN seeds. I have tried to explain the origin of this incubation time and identified experimental conditions to shorten it. I have shown that the incubation results in important structural modifications of graphene. It is likely that these modifications create GaN nucleation sites. Then, we measured in situ the deformation of the first GaN nuclei at ESRF. At the very beginning of nucleation, GaN is under a tensile strain of 0.8%. A growth scenario based on all these experimental observations is proposed. I also showed that selective epitaxy of GaN nanowires is possible on very small graphene patches on silica. With optimized conditions, I could obtain a single nanowire per patch. My preliminary results on the lateral regrowth step demonstrate the possibility to obtain micrometer-size GaN crystals without extended defects. I studied their growth kinetics using AlN markers. A highly anisotropic growth regime corresponding to the progression of vertical facets can be reached. This represents an ideal condition for developing GaN micro-templates. This approach by selective epitaxy on patterned graphene offers very promising prospects for the transfer of micro-devices to a host substrate, different from the growth support material
Jeanneau, Justin. "Synthèse et propriétés physiques sous haute pression de composés à base de Cr4+." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY088.
Full textAfter 25 years of research on the superconducting cuprates, the discovery of high Tc superconductivity in related iron based pnictides in 2008[1] has stimulated the search of new superconductors. In particular antiferromagnet (AFM) with high Néel temperature, moderate magnetic moments and with crystallographic 2D layers could be adequate parent phases for new unconventional superconductors. In particular, other systems with 3d transition elements are very interesting systems for potential new high Tc superconductors.In this context we have reinvestigated the physical properties of n=1, 2,3 and + members of the Srn+1CrnO3n+1Ruddlesden Popper (RP) series. We have successfully synthesized at HP-HT Sr2CrO4 (n=1), Sr3Cr2O7(n=2), Sr4Cr3O10 (n=3) and SrCrO3 (n=infinite). We present some results of several studies performed on these phases such as neutron powder diffraction, Synchrotron X-ray diffraction under high pressure and low temperature, electrical transport properties under high pressure. Even if no superconductivity was observed, interesting properties had been discovered such as an unusual “anti-Jahn-Teller” in Sr2CrO4 at low temperature or an orbital ordering in Sr3Cr2O7.To explore new Cr-based systems where superconductivity could potentially be induced by changing Cr-Cr interactions in the Sr2CrO4 and Sr3Cr2O7RP phases, new chromates have been synthesized under HP-HT by substituting Sr2+ with other alkaline earth elements in order to “play” with the cation size effect. For the n=1 RP Ca2CrO4 phase, substitution with Ca2+ as a replacing element lead to a weakening of both the insulating behavior and AFM ordering. Synthesis to form the n=2 RP Ca-based lead to the formation of the unexpected and new n=3 phase Ca4Cr2O10.Ba2+ as a replacing element broke the RP structure configuration and led to a new phase, whose crystal structure was solved using electron diffraction tomography.In 2014, superconductivity has been discovered in CrAs (Tc=2.2K at P=0.8GPa), the first superconducting Cr-based system. In this context, we have look for other AFM Cr-based system with relatively high Néel temperature and moderate Cr magnetic moment. In consequence, we investigated another system, the narrow-gap semiconductor CrSb2. We find a metal-insulating transition from transport measurement at 10 GPa for both polycrystalline and single crystals samples we synthesized. At this pressure, we also observed a phase transition on synchrotron XRD under pressure. Finally, pressure dependence of the AFM ordering had been established by NPD under high pressure
Aouad, Samer. "Etude des propriétés physico-chimiques et catalytiques des solides à base de ruthénium : applications dans des réactions d'intérêts environnementaux : oxydation des suies, des COV et vaporeformage du méthanol." Littoral, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DUNK0202.
Full textRuthenium supported on ceria, alumina and mixed supports catalysts are studied in carbon black combustion, VOC oxidation and steam reforming of methanol. Ruthenium supported on ceria catalysts are active and selective for CO2 formation in oxidation reactions. This is correlated to the presence of two different species of ruthenium oxides in interaction with ceria. These two species are easily reducible at low temperature. It is also showed that the optimal content of ruthenium on ceria is about 1,5wt. %. For higher contents, the reactivity is no more improved due to the formation of RuO2 agglomerates which are less reactive than ruthenium oxides in interaction with ceria. The carbon black oxidation mechanism in the presence of our catalysts begins with the reduction of ruthenium oxide species in interaction with ceria. These species are then oxidized again by reaction with the oxygen present in the gaseous phase. A similar mechanism is envisaged in the oxidation of the VOCs. The thermal effect related to the catalytic oxidation of VOC is then evidenced in the simultaneous combustion of soot and VOC. This result confirms that it is possible to use our catalysts to eliminate soot emitted by Diesel engines and some industries. The positive role of ceria support is pointed out in the steam reforming of methanol reaction. The interaction between ceria and ruthenium seems to be also responsible for the carbon monoxide elimination from reaction products. The presence of palladium improves the H2 selectivity in the reaction
Beaunac, Élodie. "Étude du lien entre les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des poudres et leur comportement lors des phases de transfert." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2650.
Full textThe development of the future fast nuclear reactors is being considered with the goal of optimizing uranium resources, in particular through the multi-recycling of plutonium. These reactors are expected to save resources and reduce nuclear wastes. In France, the nuclear fuel for future sodium-cooled fast nuclear reactors is called MOX fuel (Mixed OXides). It is composed of uranium oxide UO2 and plutonium oxide PuO2 up to 35%wt. The manufacturing process should allow the use of multi-recycled plutonium, which would lead to an increase in the radiological activity of the raw materials used. This process must then minimize the generation of dust and limit equipment maintenance operations, thanks to a good flowability of powders, while obtaining pellets fulfilling the various specifications. To this end, the conditioning method is a key step of the manufacturing process in order to produce agglomerates with appropriate characteristics, which should lead to an improvement of the flowability of the initial powder. In this thesis, the impact of the conditioning method on the physical, mechanical and rheological characteristics of powders was studied in order to establish a link between physical characteristics and rheological behaviour. Also, a modelling approach (DEM) was initiated in order to simulate the rheological behaviour of powders during the transfer operations of the industrial process. Two conditioning methods were investigated to determine the conditions that improve the flowability of the same initial ground powder: one method using a V-blender and another method using a Frewitt oscillating and rotating mill. Beforehand, the establishment of a characterization methodology was necessary in order to be able to perform a maximum number of measurements with a minimum amount of powder. The conditioning method leading to the best flowability improvement was the Frewitt conditioning method with a 250 μm sieve, followed by stirring and lubrication steps. The study of the impact of this conditioning method on powders with different initial characteristics showed a certain robustness of this method. Also, a study by multiple linear regression highlighted the relative importance of the powders physical and mechanical characteristics on their rheological properties. Finally, an optimized calibration method of the simulation parameters by LHS-Krigeage-EGO was implemented
Deswaziere, Antoine. "Propriétés photo-électrochimiques de la brookite pour la photo-électrolyse de l’eau et comparaison aux autres phases de TiO2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS298.
Full textThe use of solar energy via photoelectrochemical water splitting is an attractive approach for clean hydrogen production. Because of its physico-chemical properties, Earth abundance and non-toxicity, TiO2 is one of the most studied photoanode material. Yet the focus is only put on the anatase and rutile structures. However, photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 brookite remain quite unknown and need to be assessed. Here we present an easy, scalable synthesis approach for photoanodes allowing a good control of crystallinity, shape and particles size and their organization in the photoanode. The three different pure phases of TiO2 nanoparticles were synthetized, assembled into a photoanode with a dip-coating technique and appropriately sintered to obtain good film cohesion. The brookite phase is first studied: parameters such as thickness and porosity of the electrode, crystallinity and size of the crystallites are carefully investigated to understand their influence on the photoanode performances. Interestingly, its poor photocurrent cannot be attributed to electron-hole recombination at grains interfaces rather than charge carrier separation and transfer properties in the bulk of the particles. Furthermore, the influence of the TiO2 phase is evaluated. Because of small particles size and isotropic morphology, poor electron and hole transfer were found too deleterious to establish an indicative performance hierarchy between anatase, brookite and rutile pure phases. Eventually, phase mixture of anatase – rutile was investigated and showed a significant performance increase attributed to the improvement of charge carrier separation and mobility
Cambier, Philippe. "Organisation des constituants et interactions physicochimiques au sein des microagrégats de sols. Application au système ferrallitique kaolinite-oxyde de fer." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066359.
Full textZakhtser, Alter. "Synthesis and Reactivity of PtZn Nanostructures and Nanocrystals for Heterogeneous Catalysis Applications." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS434.pdf.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis was to explore the surface chemistry of platinum-zinc bimetallic systems, and their catalytic activity in the oxidation reaction of CO. The research on this bimetallic system was carried out on two fronts: a surface science study of the model system, a discontinuous ZnO single layer epitaxied on Pt(111), using scanning tunneling microscopy and synchrotron radiation near ambien pressure x-ray photoemission, and a more “nanomaterial science” oriented study of the same bi-metallic system, using complex colloidal synthesis chemistry, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and finally laboratory XPS. First, a model surface consisting of a ZnO monolayer film supported on Pt(111) was fabricated under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Its surface chemistry was explored by STM and then by synchrotron radiation NAP-XPS under operando conditions. We were able to prove that this system was indeed a typical case of inverse catalysis. Synergetic effects due to the presence of both materials were well seen, but only at low temperatures (up to 410 K). Beyond that temperature, mass transport effects prevent the reactivity of the ZnO/Pt(111) and Pt(111) surfaces from being compared. We have shown that reaction intermediates must be formed in the border area between ZnO and platinum, when the ZnO film is discontinuous. We have highlighted the key role played by the hydroxyls present only ion the ZnO patches, which are due to the dissociation of H2 or H2O from the residual atmosphere on the platinum patches. In particular, we have detected by NAP-XPS the presence of a carboxyl species (due to the association of OH with CO), which precedes the desorption of CO2. Above 410 K, a formate appears, and the latter species is likely a spectator in the CO oxidation process. The transfer of the knowledge accumulated in the preceding surface science and model catalysts studies, to the more realistic case of nanocrystals of the PtZn alloy, while it helped identify some common phenomena, it also shows its limitations. In fact the NC coated with their oleylamine ligands have characteristics that UHV model surfaces do not possess, due to the NC fabrication process itself: we have found spectroscopic hints of the presence of water (possibly a byproduct of the reaction, arising from a condensation reaction between the ketone and the amine); in addition, a capping of the platinum surface by H atoms, is, at present, explanatory of many observed phenomena. Finding the experimental conditions to produce bimetallic nano-alloys from two metal-acac2 precursors was a daunting task, much more than that of physically depositing a thin film on a UHV monocrystal. Our efforts were rewarded as we were able to produce PtZn alloy NCs. This one of the main points of the present study. The presence of Pt(acac)2 prevents zinc (whose from being fully oxidized to ZnO, which is the case when Zn(acac)2 alone is present in oleylamine. Monochromatized XPS shows that zinc makes an alloy with platinum, where it remains metallic, while another fraction is under the form of ZnO. It is not completely clear whether two reaction channels are in competion (PtZn alloying versus Zn oxidation by water), or Zn is oxidized afterwards, i.e. after exposure to air. The alloyed NCs have been studied in detail by advanced methods of electron microscopy (including under operando conditions), diffraction and EDS. Unlike the case of the surface model where the STM images were particularly telling, we do not have at this stage of the study an exact model of the interface between the metal alloy and the zinc oxide that surrounds it. On the other hand, we know that the core of the NCs is occupied by the PtZn alloy, and that the outer planes are identical to those of pure platinum. [...]
De, Senna Cardoso Denise. "The impact of physicochemical properties of different sources of ZnO used in animal feeding in zinc bioavailability in broilers." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1085.
Full textThe bioavailability of a trace mineral source is related to its in vivo solubility, which in turn is determined by its physicochemical properties. It is still not clear which characteristics are more relevant in affecting solubility and bioavailability of feed compounds. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a common feed additive used to supplement zinc in the diet of monogastrics animals. However, different sources have shown different responses in animal bioavailability. This project aims to characterize different feed grade ZnO to better clarify their fate in the digestive tract and explain differences in bioavailability. It was hypothesized that the different sources of feed grade ZnO have various physicochemical properties that lead to distinct dissolution kinetics. Over 40 samples of ZnO have been collected from the feed industry worldwide. Samples were analyzed for density, tapped density, particle size, shape, specific area and dissolution kinetics. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to define the most relevant characteristics and categorize the samples into groups. The results showed that there is not only one variable influencing the kinetics of dissolution. It suggests a dissolution mechanism in 2 steps, in which there is the dissolution of ZnO into Zn ions in the surface of the particle, followed by a diffusion to the bulk solution. The speed of dissolution can determine the fate of zinc oxide products in the gastrointestinal tract and therefore may explain the different results in animal performance. Representative products from each family were selected for an in vivo trial to measure the effect of their characteristics on the zinc bioavailability. Male Cobb broilers were used in a dose-response experiment from 8 to 23 days of age. Treatments consisted of a basal diet with 23 ppm of zinc and 14 diets supplemented with 6 or 12 ppm of Zn in the form of different oxides or sulfate. Bone zinc was used to determine zinc bioavailability. The bioavailability of the different sources varied from 49 to 160% considering zinc sulfate as the reference. Aggregate size and specific surface area explain a large part of the variability observed on values of bioavailability. In conclusion, physicochemical properties of ZnO can partly explain the variability observed in terms of Zn biological value. However, the complexity of physiological processes makes difficult the prediction of Zn bioavailability based only on these characteristics
Gazal, Yoan. "Etude de la croissance de couches minces de TiO2 et TiO2 / SiO2 par torche plasma micro-ondes à la pression atmosphérique." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0088/document.
Full textAn open air chemical vapour deposition process, using an axial injection torch (TIA) was developed for the deposition of TiO2 and TiO2 / SiO2 thin films. The effects of deposition parameters such as the torch-to-substrate distance (d), the incident microwave power and the titanium precursor (TTIP) flow rate on (i) the morphology and (ii) the crystalline structure of the layers were investigated . Since these layers are applied in the field of heterogeneous photocatalysis, the process optimization aimed to obtain a high surface area and to promote the growth of anatase phase. Besides the study of the plasma phase (by optical emission spectroscopy) and the plasma - surface interactions, a complete characterization of the film deposited in the optimized conditions enabled to provide a growth mechanism in the static mode. It was suggested that (i) the central zone of the deposit results from surface reactions and (ii) the peripheral zone results from the surface agglomeration of nanoparticles previously formed in plasma phase. Finally, the deposition of mixed oxides TiO2 / SiO2 was investigated over a wide range of Si / Ti ratios. It has been shown that whatever the torch-to-substrate distance, three phases were detected: SiO2, TiO2 and TixSiyOz. When d = 10 mm, the TiO2 layer is crystallized in the anatase form, whereas when d = 30 mm, the entire layer is amorphous. The addition of a small amount of silica (about 3%) to the anatase TiO2 increased the photocatalytic activity of about 15%. A preliminary study consisting in the deposition on large areas by moving the substrate, opens the way for wider applications
Tran, Chau Cam Hoang. "Conception d'oxydes fonctionnels de métaux de transition présentant des méso- ou des nanostructures pour le stockage électrochimique de l'énergie." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4045/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to improve the electrochemical performance of C/MnO2 asymmetric devices by elaborating manganese oxides exhibiting nano- or mesostructures. Two preparation methods are proposed. A mesoporous material is obtained through the reaction of soft template CTAP with various A alkenes. The effect of CTAP-A colloidal solution on MnO2 texture and microstructure has been studied by establishing the relationship between aggregates dimension and pore diameter. Asymmetric devices performances can be optimized this way. Attempts to employ AAO as hard template for developing a performant MnO2 electrode were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, a MnO2 microelectrode containing the oxide on nickel nanowires electrodeposited on AAO provided excellent electrochemical performances, comparable with current microsupercapacitor electrodes. Asymmetric device energy retention with increasing power is good due to the excellent MnO2/nickel nanowires connection. This thesis offers insights on the MnO2 formation and proposes promising microelectrodes for microsupercapacitors
Pons, Aenor. "Elaboration, caractérisations et modélisation des mécanismes de conduction de matériaux céramiques conducteurs anioniques et protoniques." Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0035/document.
Full textMouafo, Notemgnou Louis Donald. "Two dimensional materials, nanoparticles and their heterostructures for nanoelectronics and spintronics." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAE002/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates the charge and spin transport processes in 0D, 2D nanostructures and 2D-0D Van der Waals heterostructures (VdWh). The La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 perovskite nanocrystals reveal exceptional magnetoresistances (MR) at low temperature driven by their paramagnetic shell magnetization independently of their ferromagnetic core. A detailed study of MoSe2 field effect transistors enables to elucidate a complete map of the charge injection mechanisms at the metal/MoSe2 interface. An alternative approach is reported for fabricating 2D-0D VdWh suitable for single electron electronics involving the growth of self-assembled Al nanoclusters over the graphene and MoS2 surfaces. The transparency the 2D materials to the vertical electric field enables efficient modulation of the electric state of the supported Al clusters resulting to single electron logic functionalities. The devices consisting of graphene exhibit MR attributed to the magneto-Coulomb effect