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1
Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.06.
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High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.
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Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.42.
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High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.
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Yao, Yong Li, Yan Gai Liu, Zhao Hui Huang, and Ming Hao Fang. "Study on Multi-Doped Ceria-Based Solid Electrolytes." Key Engineering Materials 519 (July 2012): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.519.28.
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Doped ceria-based (Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9, GDC) solid electrolytes were prepared by Solid-phase synthesis method. The effect of doping bismuth oxide and samarium oxide on the phase and microstructure of GDC was investigated. The phase composition was analyzed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD).The single cubic fluorite structure was observed after doping these oxides. Appearance and microstructure of doped ceria-based solid electrolytes were analyzed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the doped trivalent cations had entered into the ceria structure uniformly. The density, porosity rate and water absorption of GDC were measured by Archimedes principle. It indicated that the density of doped GDC solid electrolyte increased with the rising of sintering temperature.
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Michalska-Domańska, Marta, Magdalena Łazińska, Justyna Łukasiewicz, Johannes M. C. Mol, and Tomasz Durejko. "Self-Organized Anodic Oxides on Titanium Alloys Prepared from Glycol- and Glycerol-Based Electrolytes." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 4743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214743.
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The anodization of commercially pure Ti alloy (99.5 wt %) and two biomedical titanium alloys, Ti6Al7Nb and Ti6Al4V, was performed, and the resulting anodic oxides were studied. The biomedical alloys were made by Laser Engineered Net Shaping. The glycol-based and glycerol-based electrolytes with 0.3 M ammonium fluoride and 2 wt % of deionized water content were tested. It was found that electrolyte type as well as the chemical composition of the base substrate affected the final morphology and chemical composition of the anodic oxide formed. A higher current density, ionic mobility, and oxide growth rate were obtained in glycol-based electrolyte as compared to those obtained in glycerol-based electrolyte for all tested alloys. A self-organized nanotubular and nanoporous morphology of the anodic oxide in both types of electrolyte was obtained. In each electrolyte, the alloy susceptibility to oxidation increased in the following order: Ti6Al4V < Ti 99.5% < Ti6Al7Nb, which can be correlated to the oxidation susceptibility of the base titanium alloy. It was observed that the more impurities/alloying elements in the substrate, the lower the pore diameters of anodic oxide. There was a higher observed incorporation of electrolyte species into the anodic oxide matrix in the glycerol-based electrolyte compared with that in glycol-based electrolyte.
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Abels, Gideon, Ingo Bardenhagen, Julian Schwenzel, and Frederieke Langer. "Thermal Stability of Polyethylene Oxide Electrolytes in Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Based Composite Cathodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 020560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac534c.
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Thermal runaways induced by parasitic reactions are one of the greatest intrinsic risks for lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, the thermal stability of the electrolyte in contact with electrode materials is of utmost importance for safe battery usage. While solid state electrolytes are said to be safer than liquid ones, appropriate data about their thermal stability is nearly completely missing in literature. To fill this gap, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry coupled with mass spectrometry was used to analyze the thermal decomposition of composite cathodes in an argon atmosphere. The samples consisted of different polymer electrolytes mixed with lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC622). The results show that all examined solid electrolytes are stable up to 300 °C. Above this temperature, decomposition progress depends on the lithium salt. The cathode active material also reacts with the polymer electrolytes at high temperatures. Due to this, the energy output during decomposition increases with regard to the polymer fraction. Such knowledge is fundamental for the practical use of solid polymer electrolytes.
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Oh, Seeun, Dongyeon Kim, and Kang Taek Lee. "High Entropy Perovskite Electrolytes for Reversible Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 1743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1743ecst.
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Reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (R-PCECs) have become the cornerstone of low-temperature solid oxide electrochemical cells (SOCs) below 600 °C. Low activation energy and high energy conversion efficiency are primary significance of R-PCECs. However, electrolytes of high-performance R-PCECs still suffer from poor tolerance to complex operating conditions. To overcome their low stability and enhance proton conductivity, various cations have been doped into the Ba-based perovskite oxide electrolyte. Developing high entropy oxides by introducing multiple metal cations into A- or B- sites of the perovskite structure can be an effective solution for the structural stability. Due to the effect of the entropy-dominated stabilization in multi-doped perovskite oxides, the material can remain single phase under extreme temperatures and chemical environments. Promising high entropy stabilization concepts were adapted to electrolytes, and finally, durable proton-conducting perovskite oxide was designed. Here, we will present our recent progress on development of high entropy perovskite oxide electrolytes for R-PCECs.
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Liu, Liyu, Kai Chen, Liguo Zhang, and Bong-Ki Ryu. "Prospects of Sulfide-Based Solid-State Electrolytes Modified by Organic Thin Films." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (February 6, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2601098.
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Lithium-ion batteries are key to tackling today’s energy crisis. In recent years, compared with the research on other components of lithium-ion batteries, the research on solid-state electrolytes is particularly hot. Among various solid-state electrolyte modification measures, we found that the material design of organic/inorganic composite flexible solid-state electrolytes can achieve the best all-solid-state battery cycling performance. Based on the study of sulfide-based organic/inorganic composite solid-state electrolytes, this article firstly introduces the classification of inorganic solid electrolytes and the advantages and disadvantages of each type of materials. At the same time, the research progress of various oxide solid electrolyte materials and sulfide solid electrolyte materials in recent years is introduced as well as the advantages of organic/inorganic composite solid-state electrolyte materials. Then the influencing factors that affect the performance of solid-state electrolytes, such as material lattice, lattice defects, electrolyte interface problems, and electrolyte microcracks, are introduced. Finally, the superiority of the industrial electrochemical performance of the organic/inorganic composite solid electrolyte material and its future prospects are introduced.
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Luo, Zheyu, Yucun Zhou, Xueyu Hu, and Meilin Liu. "(Invited) Recent Progress in the Development of Highly Durable and Conductive Proton Conductors for High-Performance Reversible Solid Oxide Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491904mtgabs.
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Proton conductor-based solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and electrolysis cells (SOECs) are receiving increasing attention because of their potential for operation at intermediate temperatures (400 - 600 oC) with high energy efficiency at low cost. In addition, water is formed/provided on the air electrode side of proton-conducting cells, effectively avoiding fuel dilution and nickel oxidation problems associated with oxide-ion conductor-based cells. To date, doped barium cerates-based perovskite oxides are the most widely adopted proton conducting electrolytes due to their desired electrochemical properties. To achieve high proton conductivity, acceptor doping with rare earth elements is a commonly used strategy, which is critical to the formation of protonic defects. Although many trivalent elements have been studied as dopants in the barium cerate family and reasonable electrochemical performance has been demonstrated, the effect of acceptor dopants on other properties of electrolyte materials, especially in single cells under operating conditions, is yet to be studied in detail. In this presentation, we will report our recent progress in the development of a series of acceptor-doped proton-conducting electrolytes. The results reveal that conductivity, transference number, chemical stability, and compatibility with NiO are all closely correlated with dopant size. In particular, the reactivity with NiO is found to strongly affect the properties of the electrolytes and hence cell performance. Among all tested compositions, an optimized electrolyte shows excellent chemical stability and minimal reactivity towards NiO, as predicted from density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations and confirmed by experimental results. In addition, reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (R-PCECs) based on the optimized electrolyte demonstrate exceptional performance and stability, achieving a remarkable peak power density of 1.2 W cm-2 at 600 oC in the fuel cell mode and a high current density of 2.0 A cm-2 at 1.3 V and 600 oC in the steam electrolysis mode while maintaining long-term durability for over 1000 h without obvious degradation.
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Rozhdestvenska, Liudmyla, Kateryna Kudelko, Volodymyr Ogenko, and Menglei Chang. "MEMBRANE MATERIALS BASED ON POROUS ANODIC ALUMINIUM OXIDE." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 86, no. 12 (January 15, 2021): 67–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.86.12.2020.67-102.
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Anodized aluminum oxide (AOA) is applied in many technological areas such as formation of decorative or anticorrosive coating, hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, development of functional micro- and nanomaterials. Due to unique properties of porous structure (most direct, regular and through pores with size in a narrow range) AOA films can be used for membrane separation. The morphological features of such films mainly depend on synthesis conditions. This review consists of the models of pore formation on the aluminum surface and the correlation parameters of films with anodizing conditions. Particular attention is paid to the influence of synthesis factors (electrolyte composition, voltage, temperature conditions, etc) on the porous structure of AOA and the film thickness that determines the mechanical strength of membranes. The optimal voltage values for the porous structure arraingment of anodized aluminum oxide were indicated for each electrolyte. It is noted formation of cylindrical shaped pores with controllable pore diameters, periodicity and density distribution can be produced during two-stage anodizing. The pre-treatment of the metal surface and stage of separation of the formed film from its surface are also considered. Modern research are mainly aimed to synthesis of porous AOA membranes in new anodizing electrolytes and determining pore formation factors on the aluminum surface. The new anodizing conditions in most popular electrolytes (oxalic, sulfuric, phosphoric acids) for obtaining of porous AOA with the required morphological features is also under investigation. Such conditions include, for example, a lower voltage or higher temperature in case for a particular electrolyte. To avoid of local heating the electrolytes with additional components, for example, organic additives is also studied. Some practical aspects of AOA membrane utilization obtained under certain conditions are considered.
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Zhang, L. X., Y. Z. Li, L. W. Shi, R. J. Yao, S. S. Xia, Y. Wang, and Y. P. Yang. "Electrospun Polyethylene Oxide (PEO)-Based Composite polymeric nanofiber electrolyte for Li-Metal Battery." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2353, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2353/1/012004.
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Abstract Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) offer manufacturing feasibility and outstanding mechanical flexibility. However, the low ionic conductivity of the CPEs at room temperature, as well as the poor mechanical properties, have hindered their commercialization. In this work, Solid-state electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) with and without fumed SiO2 (FS) nanoparticles are prepared by electrostatic spinning process. The as-spun PEO hybrid nanofiber electrolyte with 6.85 wt% FS has a relatively high lithium ion conductivity and electrochemical stability, which is 4.8 × 10-4 S/cm and up to 5.2 V vs. Li+/Li, respectively. Furthermore, it also shows a higher tensile strength (2.03 MPa) with % elongation at break (561.8). Due to the superior electrochemical and mechanical properties, it is promising as high-safety and all-solid-state polymer electrolyte for advanced Li-metal battery.
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Michalska-Domańska, Marta, Mateusz Czerwiński, Magdalena Łazińska, Vikas Dubey, Marcin Jakubaszek, Zbigniew Zawadzki, and Jerzy Kostecki. "Morphological and Optical Characterization of Colored Nanotubular Anodic Titanium Oxide Made in an Ethanol-Based Electrolyte." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 6992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226992.
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In this paper, the possibility of color controlling anodic titanium oxide by changing anodizing conditions of titanium in an ethanol-based electrolyte is demonstrated. Colored anodic titanium oxide was fabricated in an ethanol-based electrolyte containing 0.3 M ammonium fluoride and various amounts of deionized water (2, 3.5, 5, or 10 vol%), at voltages that varied from 30 to 60 V and at a constant anodization temperature of 20 °C. Morphological characterization of oxide layers was established with the use of a scanning electron microscope. Optical characterization was determined by measuring diffusion reflectance and calculating theoretical colors. The resulting anodic oxides in all tested conditions had nanotubular morphology and a thickness of up to hundreds of nanometers. For electrolytes with 3.5, 5, and 10 vol% water content, the anodic oxide layer thickness increased with the applied potential increase. The anodic titanium oxide nanotube diameters and the oxide thickness of samples produced in an electrolyte with 2 vol% water content were independent of applied voltage and remained constant within the error range of all tested potentials. Moreover, the color of anodic titanium oxide produced in an electrolyte with 2 vol% of water was blue and was independent from applied voltage, while the color of samples from other electrolyte compositions changed with applied voltage. For samples produced in selected conditions, iridescence was observed. It was proposed that the observed structural color of anodic titanium oxide results from the synergy effect of nanotube diameter and oxide thickness.
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Castellani, Pablo, Clement Nicollet, Eric Quarez, Olivier Joubert, and Annie Le Gal La Salle. "Synthesis of Yttrium Doped Barium Zirconate/Cerate Electrolyte Materials and Densification Using Conventional and Cold-Sintering Processes." ECS Transactions 109, no. 13 (September 30, 2022): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10913.0013ecst.
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Compared to high temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell, usually based on Yttrium stabilized Zirconia electrolytes, intermediate temperature proton conducting electrolysis cell, allows the production of water free hydrogen and a better chemical stability. Proton conducting perovskite materials, such as Barium Indates, Zirconates or Cerates are nearly commercial electrolytes for such devices. At intermediate temperature and under humid atmosphere, hydration process allows diffusion of protonic charges. Such electrolyte material combines a low thermal expansion coefficient and a high protonic conductivity. and The Zirconium rich material BaZr0.7Ce0.2Y0.1O3-δ that shows a conductivity around 10-2 S.cm-1 at 500°C will be compared to the Cerium rich BaZr0.3Ce0.6Y0.1O3-δ material that shows conductivities around 10-4 S.cm-1 at the same temperature.
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Carda, Michal, Nela Adamová, Daniel Budáč, Martin Paidar, and Karel Bouzek. "Preparation Protocol and Properties of YSZ Ceramic Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Cells." ECS Transactions 105, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10501.0097ecst.
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Electrolytes utilized in solid oxide cells (SOCs) are based on oxide ion-conductive ceramic materials. The conductivity occurs via oxygen vacancies in the crystal lattice, which are created by the introduction of dopant into the material. Fast and simple preparation of electrolytes using variable dopant content is of great importance for SOCs development. ZrO2 doped by Y2O3 (YSZ) is still considered to be a state-of-the-art material due to its conductivity and thermomechanical compatibility with electrodes. Therefore, a detailed procedure to fabricate YSZ electrolytes with desired dopant content is of significant importance. Each prepared electrolyte was examined by means of spectroscopic methods in combination with electrochemical ones. The results obtained allows to understand connection between electrolyte composition and structural properties.
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Reddy, Mogalahalli V., Christian M. Julien, Alain Mauger, and Karim Zaghib. "Sulfide and Oxide Inorganic Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Li Batteries: A Review." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2020): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081606.
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Energy storage materials are finding increasing applications in our daily lives, for devices such as mobile phones and electric vehicles. Current commercial batteries use flammable liquid electrolytes, which are unsafe, toxic, and environmentally unfriendly with low chemical stability. Recently, solid electrolytes have been extensively studied as alternative electrolytes to address these shortcomings. Herein, we report the early history, synthesis and characterization, mechanical properties, and Li+ ion transport mechanisms of inorganic sulfide and oxide electrolytes. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of the fabrication technology and experimental conditions, such as the effects of pressure and operating parameters, on the electrochemical performance of all-solid-state Li batteries. In particular, we emphasize promising electrolyte systems based on sulfides and argyrodites, such as LiPS5Cl and β-Li3PS4, oxide electrolytes, bare and doped Li7La3Zr2O12 garnet, NASICON-type structures, and perovskite electrolyte materials. Moreover, we discuss the present and future challenges that all-solid-state batteries face for large-scale industrial applications.
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Patrusheva, Tamara Nikolaevna, Galina Ivanovna Sukhova, Elena Petrovna Grishina, Evgenii Alekseevich Chudinov, Aleksandr Sergeevich Popov, and Aleksei Viktorovich Ryzhenkov. "Study of electrolyte composition effect on the properties of oxide solar cells." Electrochemical Energetics 13, no. 3 (2013): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2013-13-3-158-162.
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Mamatkarimov, O., A. Abdukarimov, and B. Uktamaliev. "ABOUT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTILAYER THIN-FILM STRUCTURES WITH DYES BASED ON TITANIUM DIOXIDE." SEMOCONDUCTOR PHYSICS AND MICROELECTRONICS 3, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37681/2181-1652-019-x-2021-4-4.
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Polyethylene oxide (PEO) gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) were prepared using tetrapropylammonium iodide (TPAI). The mass fracti on (TPAI) in the electrolyte was varied to increase the productivity of the solar cell. It increa sed the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte at room temperature from 8.426 ଵ ୫ʝ୦୫כୱ୫ and 373K temperature to 18.117 ଵ ୫ʝ୦୫כୱ୫ . The increase in ionic conductivity with the addition of TPAI salts was associated with an increase in the diffusion coefficient, mobility, and density of charge carriers. Keywords : dye-sensitized solar cell, dye-sensitized solar cells, photoelectric electrode, loop electrode, photoanode, electrolyte, polymer electrolyte gel
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Pesaran, Alireza, A. Mohammed Hussain, Yaoyou Ren, and Eric Wachsman. "Optimizing Bilayer Electrolyte Thickness Ratios for High Performing Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.0075ecst.
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Over the last several years, significant developments have been made in bilayer electrolytes (e.g. GDC(Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ)/ESB((Er0.20Bi0.80O1.5)) suitable for low-temperature operating solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Such bilayer electrolytes offer the potential for developing high performing LT-SOFCs by lowering the ohmic area specific resistance (ASR), and by improving the open circuit voltage (OCV) of mixed ionic/electronic conducting (MIEC) type electrolyte (e.g., GDC). However, optimizing the thickness ratio of the bilayer electrolyte is essential to achieve high power densities at low-temperatures (650-500 ℃). Here, we made a systematic study by varying the thickness ratios between GDC and YCSB((Bi0.75Y0.25)1.86Ce0.14O3±δ) bilayer electrolytes on an anode-supported LT-SOFCs, in all cases, the maximum power density (MPD) of the bilayer electrolyte cells is higher than pristine GDC based cells with reduced ohmic ASR values. Specifically, a high MPD of ~1 W/cm2 at 650 ℃ was achieved on a GDC(20μm) / YCSB(12μm) bilayer electrolyte based SOFC.
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Lee, Goeun, Sang Eon Jun, Yujin Kim, In-Hyeok Park, Ho Won Jang, Sun Hwa Park, and Ki Chang Kwon. "Multicomponent Metal Oxide- and Metal Hydroxide-Based Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Water Splitting." Materials 16, no. 8 (April 21, 2023): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16083280.
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Developing cost-effective, highly catalytic active, and stable electrocatalysts in alkaline electrolytes is important for the development of highly efficient anion-exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). To this end, metal oxides/hydroxides have attracted wide research interest for efficient electrocatalysts in water splitting owing to their abundance and tunable electronic properties. It is very challenging to achieve an efficient overall catalytic performance based on single metal oxide/hydroxide-based electrocatalysts due to low charge mobilities and limited stability. This review is mainly focused on the advanced strategies to synthesize the multicomponent metal oxide/hydroxide-based materials that include nanostructure engineering, heterointerface engineering, single-atom catalysts, and chemical modification. The state of the art of metal oxide/hydroxide-based heterostructures with various architectures is extensively discussed. Finally, this review provides the fundamental challenges and perspectives regarding the potential future direction of multicomponent metal oxide/hydroxide-based electrocatalysts.
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Sakhnenko, Mykola, Iryna Stepanova, Svitlana Zyubanova, Anatoly Djenyuk, and Sergey Indykov. "Photocatalytic activity of oxide systems based on doped d-elements of titanium alloys." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 3(9) (October 18, 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2021.03.14.
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CO-, W-, MO- and Zn-containing hetero-oxide nanostructured coatings on titanium and its alloys formed by plasma-electrolyte oxidation in galvanostatic mode from alkaline electrolytes were investigated. The morphology of the surface of the formed coatings was studied by scanning microscopy on the Zeiss Evo 40XVP microscope. The phase composition of the obtained coatings was determined on the X-ray diffractometer Drone-2. Photocatalytic activity of ZnO-WO3/TiO2 films, ZnO-MOO3/TIO2, ZnO-Co3O4/TiO2, CoO-WO3/TiO2 tested in a model reaction of decomposition of an aqueous solution of azobye with a concentration of 12,2·10-5 mol/L (MО) at UV irradiation. It is shown that with plasma-electrolyte oxidation of titanium and its alloys in alkaline diphosphate electrolytes in the mode of «drop-down power» forming heterostructural composites with micro-globular surface morphology. The possibility of controlling the phase and elemental composition of oxide layers, as well as the topography of the surface by changing the composition of the electrolyte and the content of individual components, as well as the modes of formation is confirmed. Heteroxide coatings formed in PEO modes differ in composition and surface morphology, but all exhibit photocatalytic properties of varying degrees of activity. The study of the photocatalytic activity of the obtained coatings in the azo dye decomposition reaction by means of UV testing allowed to rank the heteroxide systems according to the specified parameter. Thus, the degree of decomposition of MF on ZnO-WO3/TiO2 films in 50 minutes was 23 %. Metal oxide systems ZnO-Co3O4/TiO2 had similar characteristics of the degree of decomposition – 21 %. The incorporation of CoO and WO3 oxides into the coating composition reduced the catalytic activity of the system to 19 %. The unstable mode of formation of ZnO-MoO3/TiO2 oxides and the low speed of the process have affected the quality of the catalytic coating activity, reduced the degree of decomposition of MO to values of titanium monoxide Ti/TiO2 without dopants. Comparison of quantitative characteristics of the properties of the obtained coatings allowed to determine the effects of dopants, incorporated into metal oxide systems, on their photocatalytic activity.
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Sakhnenko, Nykolay D., Maryna V. Ved’, and Ann V. Karakurkchi. "Effect of Doping Metals on the Structure of PEO Coatings on Titanium." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018 (June 19, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4608485.
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The structure and properties of the oxide films formed on titanium alloys by means of plasma-electrolytic oxidizing in alkali electrolytes based on pyrophosphates, borates, or acetates of alkali metals with the addition of dopants’ oxides or oxoanions of varying composition have been studied. Anodic polarization in the spark discharge (microarc) mode at application of interelectrode potential 90 to 160 V has been used to obtain mixed-oxide systems TiOx·WOy, TiOx·MoOy, TiOx·ZrO2, and TiOx·V2O5. The possibility to obtain the oxide layers containing the alloying elements by the modification of the composition of electrolytes has been stated. The chemical and phase composition as well as the topography, the microstructure, and the grain size of the formed layers depend on the applied current, interelectrode voltage, and the layer chemical composition. The effect of formed films composition on the resistance of titanium to corrosion has been discussed. Catalytic activity of mixed-oxide systems was determined in the model reaction of methyl orange dye MO photodestruction.
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Rakhadilov, Bauyrzhan, and Daryn Baizhan. "Creation of Bioceramic Coatings on the Surface of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Followed by Gas Detonation Spraying." Coatings 11, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121433.
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In this work, bioceramic coatings were formed on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy using a combined technique of plasma electrolytic oxidation followed by gas detonation spraying of calcium phosphate ceramics, based on hydroxyapatite. Plasma electrolytic oxidation was carried out in electrolytes with various chemical compositions, and the effect of electrolytes on the macro and microstructure, pore size and phase composition of coatings was estimated. Three types of electrolytes based on sodium compounds were used: phosphate, hydroxide, and silicate. Plasma electrolytic oxidation of the Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy was carried out at a fixed DC voltage (270 V) for 5 min. The sample morphology and phase composition were studied with a scanning electron microscope and an X-ray diffractometer. According to the results, the most homogeneous structure with lower porousness and many crystalline anatase phases was obtained in the coating prepared in the silicate-based electrolyte. A hydroxyapatite layer was obtained on the surface of the oxide layer using detonation spraying. It was determined that the appearance of α-tricalcium phosphate phases is characteristic for detonation spraying of hydroxyapatite, but the hydroxyapatite phase is retained in the coating composition. Raman spectroscopy results indicate that hydroxyapatite is the main phase in the coatings.
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Karakurkchi, Ann V., Nykolay D. Sakhnenko, Maryna V. Ved’, Ihor S. Luhovskyi, Hryhoriy A. Drobakha, and Maryna V. Mayba. "Features of Plasma Electrolytic Formation of Manganese- and Cobalt-Containing Composites on Aluminum Alloys." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (August 7, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6381291.
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This paper presents the results of studies on the electrochemical treatment characteristics of aluminum and alloys in alkaline electrolytes. It is shown that the heterogeneity of the alloys composition complicates the formation of the surface oxide layer. To homogenize the treated surface and obtain oxide coatings doped with manganese and cobalt, electrolytes based on KOH and K4P2O7 with the addition of KMnO4 and CoSO4 were used. Plasma electrolytic oxidizing (PEO) in these electrolytes in the range of current densities 5–20 A/dm2 allows to obtain mixed oxide coatings which contained both aluminum oxide matrix and doping metal oxides Al2O3·MnOx and Al2O3·CoOy. It is shown that an increase in the PEO current density and the concentration of manganate- and cobalt(II) ions in the solution leads to an increase the content of dopant metals in the coatings outer layer. The incorporation of manganese and cobalt oxides in the composition of the surface layers was confirmed by the results of X-ray structural analysis. The rational modes of aluminum alloys PEO treatment were substantiated to obtain coatings with manganese and cobalt contents up to 25–40 аt.%. Formed oxide systems have a developed surface and high adhesion to the base metal and show an increased corrosion resistance and catalytic activity. This allows us to view them as promising materials for air- and water-cleaning technologies and internal combustion engine waste gas purification systems.
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Ashar, Akhil, Huayang Zhu, Robert J. Kee, Greg Jackson, and Rob J. Braun. "Model Based Comparative Analysis of GDC and YSZ Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.0641ecst.
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Although solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) offer high fuel-to-electric energy conversion efficiencies, their relatively low power-to-weight ratios make it difficult to integrate them with aircraft propulsion systems. This paper explores the feasibility of designing high throughput SOFCs for hybridization with gas turbines in aircraft powerplants. This paper explores and compares two SOFC technologies for achieving high specific power (kW/kg) with different membrane electrode assembly architectures, one with thin-film yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes and the second with high-power density gadolinia doped-ceria (GDC) electrolytes. The studies explore the operation of the respective SOFC stacks with synthetic CH4 as a carbon-neutral aviation fuel. Down-the-channel SOFC models are calibrated to experimental measurements of YSZ- and GDC-electrolyte cells at Elcogen and at the University of Maryland respectively. The model results provide a basis for determining the flow inlet conditions that enable each cell type to achieve high specific powers. The results also indicate the requirement of high airflows and upstream fuel preprocessing to sustain the high specific powers with sustainable cell operating conditions.
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Steinle, Dominik, Fanglin Wu, Guk-Tae Kim, Stefano Passerini, and Dominic Bresser. "PEO-based Interlayers for LAGP-type Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024375mtgabs.
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Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are expected to play a decisive role for the realization of safer rechargeable batteries and may, additionally, allow for the employment of lithium-metal anodes, thus, paving the way for significantly higher energy densities. 1, 2 There are essentially two main groups of SSEs: (i) polymer and (ii) inorganic solids. The latter can be divided, e.g., into sulfide and oxide based electrolytes. 3 Among the oxides, the so-called NASICON-type electrolytes such as LAGP (lithium aluminum germanium phosphate) are considered as attractive low-cost alternative compared to sulfides. 4 Nonetheless, the incompatibility of LAGP with lithium metal accompanied by the formation of highly resistive interfacial reaction products, detrimentally affecting cycle life and rate capability, remain a great challenge. 5 To overcome this issue, the introduction of polyether (e.g., polyethylene oxide, PEO) as protective interlayer between the lithium-metal anode and the LAGP SSE was proposed. 6, 7, 8 The successful use of such interlayers, however, requires a fast and efficient charge transfer across this interlayer. Herein, we present a comprehensive investigation of PEO-based interlayers comprising varying amounts of ionic liquid-based electrolytes, which consist ofN-butyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium-based and lithium cations as well as bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI-) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI-) anions. Optimized compositions and the incorporation of selected additives further enhances the charge transfer across this interlayer and the two interfaces with the LAGP electrolyte and lithium metal, enabling long-term stable cycle life and good rate capability of the resulting lithium-metal battery cells. References 1. Gao, Z. et al. Promises, Challenges, and Recent Progress of Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. Adv. Mater. 30, 1705702 (2018). 2. Famprikis, T., Canepa, P., Dawson, J. A., Islam, M. S. & Masquelier, C. Fundamentals of inorganic solid-state electrolytes for batteries. Nat. Mater. 18, 1278–1291 (2019). 3. Fan, L., Wei, S., Li, S., Li, Q. & Lu, Y. Recent Progress of the Solid-State Electrolytes for High-Energy Metal-Based Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1702657 (2018). 4. Bachman, J. C. et al. Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Mechanisms and Properties Governing Ion Conduction. Chem. Rev. 116, 140–62 (2016). 5. Hartmann, P. et al. Degradation of NASICON-Type Materials in Contact with Lithium Metal: Formation of Mixed Conducting Interphases (MCI) on Solid Electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 21064–21074 (2013). 6. Wang, C. et al. Suppression of Lithium Dendrite Formation by Using LAGP-PEO (LiTFSI) Composite Solid Electrolyte and Lithium Metal Anode Modified by PEO (LiTFSI) in All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 13694–13702 (2017). 7. Bosubabu, D., Sivaraj, J., Sampathkumar, R. & Ramesha, K. LAGP|Li Interface Modification through a Wetted Polypropylene Interlayer for Solid State Li-Ion and Li–S batteries. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2, 4118–4125 (2019). 8. Wang, L., Liu, D., Huang, T., Geng, Z. & Yu, A. Reducing interfacial resistance of a Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte/electrode interface by polymer interlayer protection. RSC Adv. 10, 10038–10045 (2020).
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Sokolsky, Georgii V., Sergii V. Ivanov, Eudgene I. Boldyrev, Natalya D. Ivanova, and Tatyana F. Lobunets. "Li+-Doping-Induced Changes of Phase Composition in Electrodeposited Manganese(IV) Oxide Materials." Solid State Phenomena 230 (June 2015): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.230.85.
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The impact of Li+dopant-ions in fluorine-containing electrolytes on electrodeposited manganese (IV) oxide material was under investigation in this paper. The dependence of phase composition of this material at Li+-concentration range in the electrolyte below the stoichiometric content of lithium in hollandite A2Mn8O16(Mn:Li ≈ 4:1) was established. The hollandite phase stabilization as a template effect caused by Li+-ions is gradually reduced with the Li+concentration growth from 0.025 to 0.15mol∙L-1LiOH concentration range. The hollandite content sharply drops at close to the stoichiometric Mn:Li ratio for the hollandite phase. In contrary, the concentration of cation-deficient ε-MnO2becomes significant. Thus, the template effect of Li+cations at electrolytic doping from fluorine-containing electrolytes consists of stabilization of the hollandite tunnels at longer distance with the size of coherent scattering regions of this phase more than of about 20—50 Å comparing with undoped materials. It is supposed that Li+-ions presence makes tunnel space unavailable unlike water molecules or ammonium cations. Therefore, to realise molecular sieves based on manganese (IV) oxides the availability of tunnels should be taken into account.
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Bertrand, Marc, Steeve Rousselot, David Aymé-Perrot, and Mickaël Dollé. "Assembling an All-Solid-State Ceramic Battery: Assessment of Chemical and Thermal Compatibility of Solid Ceramic Electrolytes and Active Material Using High Temperature X-Ray Diffraction." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272421mtgabs.
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Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the most known and used batteries for portable energy storage because of their high energy densities, long cycle life and relatively low price. However, they still fall short for the development of long range electric vehicles and stationary applications due to organic liquid electrolytes that are currently electrochemically limited and present safety issues (fire or explosion in case of short-cut or overcharging). Solid oxide electrolytes appear to be one of the solutions because of their non-flammability and wide potential window. Inorganic oxide electrolytes have reasonable ionic conductivities (10-5-10-3 S/cm at ambient temperature), high mechanical strength, and high chemical stability. Assembling an all ceramic solid-state battery with inorganic oxide electrolyte is challenging as it requires a deep knowledge of the thermal, chemical and electrochemical behavior of each component of the cell. The battery must be a continuous monolithic block with a thin dense electrolyte separator, in order to minimize the polarization. In addition, optimized interfaces between active material and electrolytes must be ensured in the composite electrodes. This is often achieved with oxide-based materials by using high temperature processing. Thermal expansion occurring during this step can lead to cracks, which will affect the performance and cyclability of the device. The primary driving force of a crack during the fabrication of hybrid ceramic is the stress due to mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion (TEC) of the various layers/materials. Moreover, it must be certain that no reaction occurs between active material and electrolytes in the sintering temperature range. These are then two key parameters to address for the development of all ceramic solid-state batteries. In this work, in situ-XRD has been used to determine the TEC and the thermal stability of various well-known oxide active materials and solid electrolytes. The aim of this presentation is to discuss about the best selection of compatible oxide-based materials to avoid unwanted cracks or reaction during the sintering processing of ceramic solid-state batteries.
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Somsongkul, Voranuch, Surassawatee Jamikorn, Atchana Wongchaisuwat, San H. Thang, and Marisa Arunchaiya. "Efficiency and Stability Enhancement of Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on PEO Composite Polymer Blend Electrolytes." Advanced Materials Research 1131 (December 2015): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1131.186.
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The composite polymer electrolyte consisting of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), KI, I2 and TiO2 was blended with low molecular weight poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and (PEG-MA)-Ru. The SEM images of these blended PEO electrolytes showed better dispersion of materials and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study showed an increase in conductivity compared to that of composite PEO electrolyte. These results were consistent with enhanced efficiency of DSSCs using these blended PEO electrolytes. The energy conversion efficiencies of DSSCs using composite PEO-PEG, PEO-(PEG-MA)-Ru and PEO-PEG-(PEG-MA)-Ru polymer blend electrolytes were 5.47, 5.05 and 5.28, respectively compared to 4.99 of DSSC using composite PEO electrolyte. The long-term storage of unsealed DSSCs at room temperature for 93 days demonstrated that the cell efficiency gradually decreased to 0.49-1.88%. DSSCs assembled with composite polymer blend electrolyte showed a slower decrease than that of DSSC using composite PEO electrolyte. It was found that the composite PEO-PEG-(PEG-MA)-Ru polymer blend electrolyte of 1.0:0.1:0.1 weight ratio gave the best improvement in stability of DSSCs.
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Singh, M., K. Manoli, A. Tiwari, T. Ligonzo, C. Di Franco, N. Cioffi, G. Palazzo, G. Scamarcio, and L. Torsi. "The double layer capacitance of ionic liquids for electrolyte gating of ZnO thin film transistors and effect of gate electrodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 14 (2017): 3509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc00800g.
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Electrolyte gated thin film transistors (TFTs) based on sol–gel processed zinc oxide (ZnO) are investigated using imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs), namely [bmim][BF4] and [bmim][PF6], as electrolytes.
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Bykanova, V. V., V. A. Panasenko, and S. M. Bykanov. "SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF COATINGS TI/TINOM∙ZrO2 FOR PURIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER FROM ORGANIC AROMATIC CONTAMINANTS." Journal of Coal Chemistry 2 (2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2021-0-2-33-40.
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It is shown that photocatalytic processes on semiconductor materials are promising for use in technologies for purifying industrial waste water and air from toxic organic impurities for solving important environmental problems. Studies on the formation of coatings with titanium(IV) oxide supplemented with zirconium(IV) oxide have been carried out. The Ti/TiO2 coverings were formed by anodic oxidation of technical alloys of VT1-0 grade titanium and E-125 zirconium from aqueous electrolyte solutions based on 0.5 M sulfuric acid and 1 M potassium pyrophosphate. To obtain mixed oxide coatings of the Ti/TinOm·ZrO2 composition, zirconium(IV) oxide of a given concentration was additionally introduced into the electrolyte solutions. The photocatalytic activity of the obtained systems was assessed by the phenol oxidation reaction. It is shown that, as a result of anodic oxidation of the VT1-0 alloy in sulfuric and pyrophosphate electrolytes, it is possible to obtain mixed oxide systems of the Ti/TinOm·ZrO2 composition with a porous and microcrystalline surface structure and a zirconium content of up to 2 % by weight. It was found that an increase in the pH of the electrolyte leads to a significant decrease in the content of zirconium in the coatings. It is shown that the contact masses Ti/TiO2, Zr/ZrO2, Ti/TinOm·ZrO2 are photocatalytically active in the oxidation of phenol under the action of UV radiation, and the mixed Ti/TinOm·ZrO2 coatings formed from a sulfuric acid electrolyte exhibit a higher catalytic activity with respect to compared with both individual oxides and Ti/TinOm·ZrO2 deposited from pyrophosphate electrolytes. The results obtained indicate the possibility of creating photocatalytic converters using mixed oxide systems formed on metal supports for purifying wastewater from organic aromatic compounds. Keywords: coatings, titanium(IV) oxide, electrochemical anodizing, photocatalytic activity, zirconium(IV) oxide, organic aromatic pollutants, phenol, waste water, purification. Corresponding author Panasenrj V.A. е-mail: office@niochim.kharkov.ua
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Proffit, Danielle L., Albert L. Lipson, Baofei Pan, Sang-Don Han, Timothy T. Fister, Zhenxing Feng, Brian J. Ingram, Anthony K. Burrell, and John T. Vaughey. "Reducing Side Reactions Using PF6-based Electrolytes in Multivalent Hybrid Cells." MRS Proceedings 1773 (2015): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.590.
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ABSTRACTThe need for higher energy density batteries has spawned recent renewed interest in alternatives to lithium ion batteries, including multivalent chemistries that theoretically can provide twice the volumetric capacity if two electrons can be transferred per intercalating ion. Initial investigations of these chemistries have been limited to date by the lack of understanding of the compatibility between intercalation electrode materials, electrolytes, and current collectors. This work describes the utilization of hybrid cells to evaluate multivalent cathodes, consisting of high surface area carbon anodes and multivalent nonaqueous electrolytes that are compatible with oxide intercalation electrodes. In particular, electrolyte and current collector compatibility was investigated, and it was found that the carbon and active material play an important role in determining the compatibility of PF6-based multivalent electrolytes with carbon-based current collectors. Through the exploration of electrolytes that are compatible with the cathode, new cell chemistries and configurations can be developed, including a magnesium-ion battery with two intercalation host electrodes, which may expand the known Mg-based systems beyond the present state of the art sulfide-based cathodes with organohalide-magnesium based electrolytes.
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Sharma, Prem P., and Vaibhav Kulshrestha. "Synthesis of highly stable and high water retentive functionalized biopolymer-graphene oxide modified cation exchange membranes." RSC Advances 5, no. 70 (2015): 56498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08042h.
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Khudyshkina, Anna D., Polina A. Morozova, Andreas J. Butzelaar, Maxi Hoffmann, Manfred Wilhelm, Patrick Theato, Stanislav S. Fedotov, and Fabian Jeschull. "Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Electrolytes for Solid-State Potassium Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01166mtgabs.
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Most conventional batteries today employ organic liquid electrolytes (LEs) that are not only flammable, but also serve as a medium for irreversible side reactions at the electrode interfaces, especially when metal is used as electrode. In post-lithium systems, such as potassium batteries, this issue is even more pronounced due to a higher reactivity of the metal as compared to lithium, and typically results in electrochemical instability leading to a rapid capacity fade of the battery.[1] When switching from LEs to solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) that typically show better electrochemical stability at low (< 0.5 V vs. K+/K) and high (> 4 V vs. K+/K) potentials due to polymers inherent inertness, enhanced cycle life of the battery is expected.[2] Moreover, well-known disadvantage of SPEs in Li-based batteries, i.e., poor ionic conductivity at ambient temperature, could be overcome in systems with larger cation size, e.g. K+ [3,4], potentially removing some of the bottlenecks previously encountered in the case of Li-transport. In this presentation, a series of poly(ethylene oxide) - potassium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (PEO-KTFSI) compositions with different salt concentration was investigated for their potential application as SPEs in potassium metal batteries. To identify the most promising candidate in terms of ion transport and mechanical integrity, the effect of KTFSI concentration on thermal, rheological and electrochemical properties was studied. Several electrolyte compositions were examined in solid-state potassium batteries with a potassium metal negative electrode, and a positive electrode from Prussian blue analogue family. Our results reveal the advantages of solid-state systems with respect to improved capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency as compared to the reference system with carbonate-based LE, as demonstrated in Figure 1, thus paving the way for a new generation of potassium batteries with significantly improved key performance parameters. Figure 1. Comparison of potassium half-cells employing different electrolyte systems: carbonate-based liquid electrolyte (LE) vs. PEO-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) (a) capacity retention and (b) corresponding Coulombic efficiencies. [1] H. Wang, D. Zhai, F. Kang, Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 4583–4608. [2] J. Mindemark, M. J. Lacey, T. Bowden, D. Brandell, Prog. Polym. Sci. 2018, 81, 114–143. [3] M. Perrier, S. Besner, C. Paquette, A. Vallée, S. Lascaud, J. Prud’homme, Electrochim. Acta 1995, 40, 2123–2129. [4] U. Oteo, M. Martinez-Ibañez, I. Aldalur, E. Sanchez-Diez, J. Carrasco, M. Armand, H. Zhang, ChemElectroChem 2019, 6, 1019–1022. Figure 1
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Xu, Dan, and Shi Feng Xu. "Preparation and Properties of Ni-Doped Ce0.85Sm0.15O1.925 Ceramics for Use as Electrolytes in IT-SOFCs." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.941.
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The electrolytes materials Ce0.85Sm0.15O1.925-x at.% NiO (x=0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3) were synthesized by means of glycine-nitrate process (GNP). Their structures and ionic conductivities were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM and AC impedance spectroscopy. All the electrolytes were found to be ceria based solid solutions of fluorite type structures. Grain size increased with NiO. The grain boundary resistance could be decreased by small addition of NiO. Electrolyte-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) fabricated with Ni-doped Ce0.85Sm0.15O1.925 electrolytes were studied and compared with other fuel cell with Ce0.85Sm0.15O1.925 (SDC) as electrolytes.
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Shuk, P., H. D. Wiemhöfer, U. Guth, and W. Göpel. "New solid electrolytes based on bismuth oxide." Ionics 2, no. 1 (January 1996): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02375868.
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Tarasova, N. A., I. E. Animitsa, A. O. Galisheva, and D. A. Medvedev. "Layered and hexagonal perovskites as novel classes of proton-conducting solid electrolytes. A focus review." Electrochemical Materials and Technologies 1, no. 1 (2022): 20221004. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/elmattech.2022.1.004.
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Solid oxide electrolytes have attracted significant attention due to their possible applications in energy conversion devices, including solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and electrolysis cells (SOECs). Although a large amount of data has been accumulated to date, the design of new representatives of ionic electrolytes is of unquenchable interest. In this paper, a review of the new classes of proton-conducting solid electrolytes is provided. The physicochemical and transport properties of layered perovskites (BaNdInO4, BaNdScO4, SrLaInO4, BaLaInO4) and hexagonal perovskites (Ba7Nb4MoO20, Ba5Er2Al2ZrO13 and Ba5In2Al2ZrO13) were analyzed and summarized. Based on the performed analysis, the most promising compositions among the considered phases were identified and the effective approaches aimed at improving their functional characteristics were provided.
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Wang, Hui, Xiaodong Cui, Cong Zhang, Huang Gao, Wei Du, and Yizhe Chen. "Promotion of Ionic Conductivity of PEO-Based Solid Electrolyte Using Ultrasonic Vibration." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091889.
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All solid-state lithium-ion batteries based on polymer electrolytes have higher safety and energy density, but the low conductivity of lithium ion restricts its application. This study proposes a new method to promote the ionic conductivity of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based solid electrolytes. In this method, the PEO-based solid electrolyte was first prepared by casting, and then power ultrasound was exerted on the electrolyte by a sandwich structure to modify the electrolyte structure. Through analysis of the performance and microstructure of the electrolyte, it was found that the ultrasonic treatment increased the ionic conductivity by 78%, improved tensile strength and plastic deformation ability, but did not affect the thermal stability and the chemical composition. The ultrasonic vibration, exerting high energy to the solid electrolyte through high-frequency vibration, broke PEO grains and melted them with the frictional heat at boundary. Due to the slight melting and fast solidifying produced by the pulsed ultrasonic treatment, the crystallization was suppressed. The crystallinity was thus reduced by 6.2%, which increased the migration channels of lithium ions and reduced the tortuosity effect. Furthermore, the ultrasonic vibration compressed the electrolyte to produce plastic flow of the material, which made the electrolyte structure more compact. The density of ethylene oxide (EO) units thus increased in the amorphous phase, providing multiple electron-donor coordination sites for the Li+. The hopping distance of the ion between donors decreased, which also facilitated the migration. In addition, the mechanical performance of the electrolyte membrane improved. This study provides a reference for the improvement of polymer based all-solid-state batteries.
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Rajasudha, G., V. Narayanan, and A. Stephen. "Effect of Iron Oxide on Ionic Conductivity of Polyindole Based Composite Polymer Electrolytes." Advanced Materials Research 584 (October 2012): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.584.536.
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Composite polymer electrolytes (CPE) have recently received a great attention due to their potential application in solid state batteries. A novel polyindole based Fe2O3 dispersed CPE containing lithium perchlorate has been prepared by sol-gel method. The crystallinity, morphology and ionic conductivity of composite polymer electrolyte were examined by XRD, scanning electron microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The XRD data reveals that the intensity of the Fe2O3 has decreased when the concentration of the polymer is increased in the composite. This composite polymer electrolyte showed a linear relationship between the ionic conductivity and the reciprocal of the temperature, indicative of the system decoupled from the segmental motion of the polymer. Thus Polyindole-Iron oxide composite polymer electrolyte is a potential candidate for lithium ion electrolyte batteries. The complex impedance data for this has been analyzed in different formalisms such as permittivity (ε) and electric modulus (M). The value of ε' for CPE decreases with frequency, which is a normal dielectric behavior in polymer nanocomposite.
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Senthil, R. A., J. Theerthagiri, and J. Madhavan. "Hematite Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Incorporated Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Polymer Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Materials Science Forum 832 (November 2015): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.832.72.
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Influence of hematite iron oxide nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3 NPs) on ionic conductivity of polyvinyl alcohol/KI/I2 (PVA/KI/I2) polymer electrolytes was investigated in this work. The pure and different weight percentage (wt %) ratios (2, 3, 4 and 5 % with respect to PVA) of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolyte films were prepared by solution casting method using DMSO as solvent. The prepared polymer electrolyte films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and alternating current (AC)-impedance analysis. The AC-impedance studies revealed a significant increase in the ionic conductivity of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolytes than compared to pure PVA/KI/I2. This incorporated polymer electrolytes reduces the crystallinity of the polymer and enhance the mobility of I-/I3- redox couple, thereby increasing the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes. The highest ionic conductivity of 1.167 × 10-4 Scm-1 was observed for 4 wt % of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolyte. Also, the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) fabricated with this electrolyte showed an enhanced power conversion efficiency of 3.62 % than that of pure PVA/KI/I2 electrolyte (1.51 %). Thus, the synthesized α-Fe2O3 NPs added polymer electrolyte can be serve as a suitable material for dye sensitized solar cell application studies.
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Azli, A. A., N. S. A. Manan, and M. F. Z. Kadir. "Conductivity and Dielectric Studies of Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate Doped Polyethylene Oxide-Graphene Oxide Blend Based Electrolytes." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/145735.
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Series of polymer blend consisting of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and graphene oxide (GO) as co-host polymer were prepared using solution cast method. The most amorphous PEO-GO blend was obtained using 90 wt.% of PEO and 10 wt.% of GO as recorded by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis proved the interaction between PEO, GO, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3), and ethylene sulfite (ES). Incorporation of 25 wt.% LiCF3SO3into the PEO-GO blend increases the conductivity to3.84±0.83×10-6 S cm−1. The conductivity starts to decrease when more than 25 wt.% salt is doped into the polymer blend. The addition of 1 wt.% ES into the polymer electrolyte has increased the conductivity to1.73±0.05×10-5 S cm−1. Dielectric studies show that all the electrolytes obey non-Debye behavior.
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Ji, Yong Jun, Sungwoo Noh, Ju Yeong Seong, Sangheon Lee, and Yong Joon Park. "Li3BO3-Li3PO4 Composites for Efficient Buffer Layer of Sulphide-Based All-Solid-State Batteries." Batteries 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060292.
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All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) based on sulphide electrolytes are promising next-generation energy storage systems because they are expected to have improved safety, increased volumetric energy density, and a wide operating temperature range. However, side reactions at the cathode/electrolyte interface deteriorate the electrochemical performance and limit the commercialization of ASSBs. Surface coating of the cathode is an efficient approach for overcoming this issue. In this study, new Li3BO3 (LBO)-Li3PO4 (LPO) composites were applied as coating materials for high-Ni cathodes (NCM). PO4-based materials (such as LPO) have been used as coating layers because of their good chemical stability in sulphide electrolytes. However, the ionic conductivity of LPO is slightly insufficient compared to those of generally used ternary oxides. The addition of LBO could compensate for the low ionic conductivity of LPO and may provide better protection against sulphide electrolytes owing to the effect of LBO, which has been used as a good coating material. As expected, the LBO-LPO composites (LBPO) NCM exhibited superior discharge capacity, rate capability, and cyclic performance compared to the pristine and LPO-coated NCMs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses confirmed that the LBPO coating on the cathodes successfully suppressed the byproduct formation and an undesirable interfacial layer, which are attributed to interfacial side reactions. This result clearly shows the potential of the LBPO coating as an excellent buffer layer to stabilise the oxide cathode/sulphide electrolyte interface.
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Farhana, Nur Khuzaimah, Fatin Saiha Omar, Norshahirah Mohamad Saidi, Goh Zhi Ling, Shahid Bashir, Ramesh Subramaniam, Ramesh Kasi, et al. "Modification of DSSC Based on Polymer Composite Gel Electrolyte with Copper Oxide Nanochain by Shape Effect." Polymers 14, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 3426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163426.
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Solvent evaporation and leakage of liquid electrolytes that restrict the practicality of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) motivate the quest for the development of stable and ionic conductive electrolyte. Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) fits the criteria, but it still suffers from low efficiency due to insufficient segmental motion within the electrolytes. Therefore, incorporating metal oxide nanofiller is one of the approaches to enhance the performance of electrolytes due to the presence of cross-linking centers that can be coordinated with the polymer segments. In this research, polymer composite gel electrolytes (PCGEs) employing poly (vinyl butyral-co-vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) (P(VB-co-VA-co-VAc)) terpolymer as host polymer, tetrapropylammonium iodide (TPAI) as dopant salt, and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles as the nanofillers were produced. The CuO nanofillers were synthesized by sonochemical method and subsequently calcined at different temperatures (i.e., 200, 350, and 500 °C), denoted as CuO-200, CuO-350, and CuO-500, respectively. All CuO nanoparticles have different shapes and sizes that are connected in a chain which impact the amorphous phase and the roughness of the surface, proven by the structural and the morphological analyses. It was found that the PCGE consisting of CuO-350 exhibited the highest ionic conductivity of 2.54 mS cm−1 and apparent diffusion coefficient of triiodide of 1.537 × 10−4 cm2 s−1. The enhancement in the electrochemical performance of the PCGEs is correlated with the change in shape (rod to sphere) and size of CuO particles which disrupted the structural order of the polymer chain, facilitating the redox couple transportation. Additionally, a DSSC was fabricated and achieved the highest power conversion efficiency of 7.05% with JSC of 22.1 mA cm−2, VOC of 0.61 V, and FF of 52.4%.
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Au, Benedict Wen-Cheun, Kah-Yoong Chan, Gregory Soon How Thien, Mian-En Yeoh, Mohd Zainizan Sahdan, and Hanabe Chowdappa Ananda Murthy. "The Effect of Transparent Conducting Oxide Films on WO3-based Electrochromic Devices with Conducting Polymer Electrolytes." Polymers 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010238.
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Over the past few decades, electrochromism has been a prominent topic in energy-saving applications, which is based on the mechanism of altering the optical transmittance of EC materials under the effect of a small applied voltage. Thus, tungsten oxide (WO3) is a significant chemical compound typically applied in electrochromic devices (ECDs) as it is responsible for the optical transmittance variation. In this work, the WO3 films were produced through a sol–gel spin-coating method. The effect of various transparent conducting oxides (TCOs, which are indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO)) was investigated in the construction of ECDs. Based on a conducting polymer polypyrene carbonate electrolyte, ITO and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO)-coated glasses were also examined as counter electrodes. The electrode combination employing FTO and ITO as the TCO and counter electrode, respectively, exhibited the most significant coloration efficiency of 72.53 cm2/C. It had coloring and bleaching transmittance of 14% and 56%, respectively, with a large optical modulation of 42%. In addition to that, ECDs with the AZO counter electrode have the advantage of lower intercalation charges compared to ITO and FTO. Hence, this research offers a new avenue for understanding the role of common TCO and counter electrodes in the development of WO3-based ECDs with conducting polymer electrolytes.
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Mityushova, Yulia A., Sergey A. Krasikov, Alexey A. Markov, Elmira I. Denisova, and Vadim V. Kartashov. "Effect of a stabilizing additive on the electroconductivity of ZrO2-based ceramics." Butlerov Communications 58, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-58-5-105.
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The creation of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) is one of the promising solutions to the problem of electricity supply. It is advantageous to use stabilized zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) as solid electrolytes in SOFC. In this paper, zirconium dioxide powders with additives of yttrium and scandium oxides (ZrO2–Y2O3, ZrO2–Sc2O3 and ZrO2–Y2O3–Sc2O3) were synthesized. Ceramic samples were obtained from the powders to study the effect of stabilizing additives on the conductive properties of zirconium dioxide. The addition of yttrium oxide Y2O3 in an amount of 8 mol. % contributed to the formation of a solid cubic solution of zirconium dioxide, and scandium oxide Sc2O3 increased the strength and conductive characteristics of the material. The definition of the conductive characteristics was carried out by impedance spectroscopy. Platinum paste was preliminarily applied by printing, which, when measured, ensured contact with the entire surface of the sample under study. It is shown that the addition of yttrium oxide contributes to the formation of a solid cubic solution of zirconium dioxide, and scandium oxide increases the strength (microhardness) and conductive characteristics of the material. Of interest is the simultaneous alloying of zirconium dioxide with scandium and yttrium oxides. The results of determining the properties of ceramic samples showed that the increase in electrical conductivity is more influenced by the addition of Sc2O3 compared with the addition of Y2O3. Stabilization without yttrium oxide leads to unstable conductivity values over time. A sample of ZrO2 – 1 mol%. – Y2O3 – 8 % mol. Sc2O3 has the potential to be used as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells.
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Liu, Jiamei, Chengjun Zhu, Decai Zhu, Xin Jia, Yingbo Zhang, Jie Yu, Xinfang Li, and Min Yang. "High Performance Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Based on Nanostructured Ceria-Based Electrolyte." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 2231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092231.
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Ceria based electrolyte materials have shown potential application in low temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-SOFCs). In this paper, Sm3+ and Nd3+ co-doped CeO2 (SNDC) and pure CeO2 are synthesized via glycine-nitrate process (GNP) and the electro-chemical properties of the nanocrystalline structure electrolyte are investigated using complementary techniques. The result shows that Sm3+ and Nd3+ have been successfully doped into CeO2 lattice, and has the same cubic fluorite structure before, and after, doping. Sm3+ and Nd3+ co-doped causes the lattice distortion of CeO2 and generates more oxygen vacancies, which results in high ionic conductivity. The fuel cells with the nanocrystalline structure SNDC and CeO2 electrolytes have exhibited excellent electrochemical performances. At 450, 500 and 550 °C, the fuel cell for SNDC can achieve an extraordinary peak power densities of 406.25, 634.38, and 1070.31 mW·cm−2, which is, on average, about 1.26 times higher than those (309.38, 562.50 and 804.69 mW·cm−2) for pure CeO2 electrolyte. The outstanding performance of SNDC cell is closely related to the high ionic conductivity of SNDC electrolyte. Moreover, the encouraging findings suggest that the SNDC can be as potential candidate in LT-SOFCs application.
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Toghyani, Somayeh, Florian Baakes, Ningxin Zhang, Helmut Kühnelt, Walter Cistjakov, and Ulrike Krewer. "(Digital Presentation) Model-Assisted Design of Oxide-Based All-Solid-State Li-Batteries with Hybrid Electrolytes for Aviation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024484mtgabs.
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There is a growing interest in the sustainability of the aviation industry sector over the past years due to the environmental issues associated with traditional aviation engines. Electric and hybrid aircrafts are considered promising technologies for reducing fuel consumption and enhancing system efficiency [1]. However, electrical energy storage systems require a higher capacity-to-weight ratio than today’s Li-ion batteries to fulfil the high demands in this area. Safety restrictions imposed by liquid electrolytes motivate the development of next-generation chemistries, such as oxide-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSB) for aviation, which have non-flammable electrolytes [2]. This option is investigated in the context of the IMOTHEP European project that aims at identifying promising hybrid aircraft configurations and studying the associated technology. However, the major drawbacks of oxide-based solid electrolytes are weak contact between electrode and electrolyte interface, low mechanical flexibility, and high density, which limit their use for high gravimetric energy density applications. To mitigate the aforementioned concerns, the solid polymer composite electrolytes approach could be applied, where oxides are mixed with polymer electrolytes [3]. Designing an optimum cell without ion transport limitations using experimental investigations is time- as well as resource-intensive due to the large number of iterations in production and evaluation required to achieve a well-performing design. Physics-based modelling is able to create a platform that can directly assess the impact of cell structure on battery performance and provide knowledge concerning limiting processes within the cell. Therefore, we here present the first study that combines a pseudo-two-dimensional model for the model-assisted evaluation of Li-ASSB with various hybrid electrolytes and single-ion conductor electrolytes with an evolutionary algorithm to identify optimum cell designs to reach a higher gravimetric energy density (see Fig. 1-a). To this end, we first compared the performance of several hybrid electrolytes with their experimental properties, to identify which electrolyte performs well with present technology and which has the potential to become an attractive alternative in the future. Our findings reveal that based on available ASSB technology, single ion-conducting electrolytes cannot achieve a higher gravimetric energy density than hybrid electrolytes at low current rates due to their high density, as shown in Fig. 1-b. ASSB based on 12.7 vol% of garnet Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) is the best option based on present manufacturing constraints. Furthermore, our study revealed that hybrid electrolytes based on 10 wt% of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) could be promising for future aircraft if researchers succeed to decrease its electrolyte thickness and chemical stability in contact with lithium metal anode. Further, sensitivity analyses enabled us to identify that the cathode thickness and volume fraction of cathode materials are critical parameters for the cell design of ASSB. Therefore, we applied a global optimisation to enhance gravimetric energy density by changing these two electrode design parameters. After optimisation, gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of 618 Wh kg-1 and 1251 Wh L-1 for 0.1C discharge are achieved, respectively, indicating that the cell with the optimal electrode design could meet the mission demand in the aviation industry with a gravimetric energy density of 500 Wh kg-1 and volumetric energy density of 1000 Wh L-1. In conclusion, the findings of this study show that our physics-based modelling in conjunction with an optimisation algorithm predicts the optimal composition of ASSB for a given constraint and thus supports the time- and cost-effective development of batteries that fulfil mission requirements, e.g. in the aviation sector. This work is conducted in the frame of the project IMOTHEP (Investigation and Maturation of Technologies for Hybrid Electric Propulsion), which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 875006 IMOTHEP. References: M. Tariq, A. I. Maswood, C. J. Gajanayake, and A. K. Gupta, IECON Proc. (Industrial Electron. Conf. 4429 (2016). J. Hoelzen, Y. Liu, B. Bensmann, C. Winnefeld, A. Elham, J. Friedrichs, and R. Hanke-Rauschenbach, Energies 11, 1 (2018). G. Piana, F. Bella, F. Geobaldo, G. Meligrana, and C. Gerbaldi, J. Energy Storage 26, 100947 (2019). S.Toghyani, , F. Baakes, N. Zhang, H. Kühnelt, W. Cistjakov, U. Krewer, J. Electrochem. Soc (2022). Figure 1
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Fedeli, Elisabetta, Andriy Kvasha, Didier Gigmes, and Trang N. T. Phan. "Synthesis and Use of Zwitterion Bearing Sulfonyl(trifluoromethane sylfonyl)imide Anion as Additive for Polymer Electrolytes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 7724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217724.
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In order to improve the electrochemical properties of poly(ethylene oxide), a well-known-solid polymer electrolyte, by adding zwitterion molecules, the synthesis of a new zwitterion (ZN) having imidazolium cation and sulfonyl(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide anion is investigated. The addition of different amounts of ZN to the mixture of lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and poly(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (PEGDM) of 1000 g mol−1 does not significantly affect the transition temperature of PEGDM but causes a slight decrease in ionic conductivity of the electrolyte mixtures. However, even with the presence of only 0.05 mole fraction of ZN, the anodic stability of LiTFSI/PEGDM based electrolytes is improved to over 4.5 V vs. Li+/Li at 25 °C. This makes the new synthesized zwitterion a promising electrolyte’s additive for high voltage batteries.
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Wang, Bo. "Polymer-Mineral Composite Solid Electrolytes." MRS Advances 4, no. 49 (2019): 2659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.317.
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ABSTRACTPolymer-mineral composite solid electrolytes have been prepared by hot pressing using lithium ion-exchanged bentonite (LIEB) and mineral derived LATSP (Li1.2Al0.1Ti1.9Si0.1P2.9O12) NASICON materials as solid electrolyte fillers in the polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer containing LiTFSI salt. The mineral based solid electrolyte fillers not only increase ionic conductivity but also improve thermal stability. The highest ionic conductivities in the PEO-LIEB and PEO-LATSP composites were found to be 9.4×10-5 and 3.1×10-4 S·cm-1 at 40°C, respectively. The flexible, thermal stable and mechanical sturdy polymer-mineral composite solid electrolyte films can be used in the all-solid-state batteries.
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Kaseem, Mosab, Burak Dikici, and Hongfei Liu. "Improving the Chemical Stability of Al Alloy through the Densification of the Alumina Layer Assisted by SiF62− Anion Hydrolysis." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081354.
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In this work, a high-density alumina layer with high chemical stability was successfully developed by controlling the hydrolysis of hexafluorosilicate (SiF62−) anions through the addition of various concentrations of sodium citrate (SCi) into the electrolyte of plasma electrolysis (PE). To achieve this aim, the substrate samples were anodized in alkaline aluminate–SiF62−-based electrolytes with 0, 5, and 10 g/L of SCi. The presence of SCi anions in the electrolyte led to the formation of a thick adsorbed electrochemical double layer (EDL) on the substrate surface. The EDL not only affected the movement of SiF62− anions towards the anode but also influenced their hydrolysis reaction, which in turn led to a controllable sealing of structural defects with the hydrolysis products, namely SiO2 and AlF3. Among three different oxide layers, the oxide layer obtained from the electrolyte with 5 g/L SCi showed the highest chemical stability in a corrosive solution, which was linked to the fact that a considerable increase in the compactness of the oxide layers was obtained by the incorporation of SiO2 and AlF3. The mechanism underlying the effects of SCi on triggering the hydrolysis of SiF62− anions and factors affecting chemical stability are discussed based on the experimental data and computational analysis.
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Fahmul, Fahrizal Perdana, and Mega Nur Sasongko. "ANALISIS PENGARUH KONDUKTIVITAS IONIK MATERIAL ELEKTROLIT PADA KINERJA SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 13, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2022.013.01.20.
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SOFC electrolytes are known for their ohmic resistance aspect, which is dependent on temperature. Using COMSOL Multiphysics numerical simulation, analysis of SOFC power performance with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and lithium sodium carbonate – gadolinium-doped ceria ((LiNa)2CO3-GDC) electrolytes was conducted to inspect the performance of these electrolytes in their application in SOFC. The ionic conductivity of YSZ was differentiated based on the mole value of the yttria content, namely 8, 8.95, 10 and 11.54 mol. Meanwhile, GDC varied based on the (LiNa)2CO3 content such as 7.8, 10, 16.8 and 30 %. With the numerical model, the calculation error is an average of 7.32 % and 6.89 % for the experimental power and voltage values. In SOFC with the YSZ electrolyte, it was found that the power output can increase 26.4–35 times with an increase in operating temperature from 500 °C to 750 °C. Whereas in SOFC with the GDC electrolyte, it was found that the power output can increase 18.6–22.6 times with an increase in operating temperature from 500 °C to 750 °C. YSZ also showed the potential for an increase in power output as the SOFC temperature increases above 750 °C, while the 30 % variation (LiNa)2CO3-GDC shows a limited increase in ionic conductivity at 750 °C.
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Grinko, А. M., А. V. Brichka, О. М. Bakalinska, and М. Т. Каrtel. "Application of nano cerium oxide in solid oxide fuel cells." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.231.
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This review is analyzed the state of modern literature on the nanoceria based materials application as components for solid oxide fuel cells. The principle of operation of fuel cells, their classification and the difference in the constructions of fuel cells are described. The unique redox properties of nanosized cerium oxide make this material promising for application as components for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Because of high ionic conductivity, high coefficient of thermal expansion and low activation energy at relatively low temperatures, cerium-containing materials are widely used as a solid electrolyte. On the surface of nanosized CeO2 there many surface defects (which is determined by the concentration of oxygen vacancies) that lead to the electronic conductivity increases even at temperatures (300 - 700 °C). The concentration of surface defects can be increased by doping the surface of nanoceria by divalent and trivalent cations. The ionic and electrical properties of the obtained nanocomposites dependent from synthesis methods, ionic radii and concentration of doping cations. It is explained the effect of the transition in the size of cerium oxide particles in the nanoscale region on the concentration of surface defects and defects in the sample structure. Particular attention is paid to the effect of doping nanosized CeO2 by transition metal cations and lanthanides on the characteristics of the obtained material, namely, on the increase of concentration of surface defects due to the increase of oxygen vacancies. It is established that nanosized cerium oxide is used for the development and implementation of the main components of SOFC: electrolyte, anode and cathode. Advantages of using solid electrolytes based on nanosized cerium oxide over the classical electrolytes are listed. It was shown that doping of cerium oxide by double and triple cations lead to increase the ionic conductivity and reduces the activation energy and has a positive effect on its characteristics as a SOFC electrolyte. Composites, based on nanoscaled cerium oxide, are actively developed and studied for use as electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells. Cerium-containing anodes are resistant to the deposition of carbon and fuel impurities, increase the catalytic activity of solid oxide fuel cells, and compatible with other components. Nanosized cerium oxide particles are sprayed onto the cathode to prevent the cathode from interacting with the electrolyte. The prospects for the use of cerium-containing materials for the conversion of chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy are analyzed.