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Journal articles on the topic 'OX2'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Silveyra, Patricia, Paolo N. Catalano, Victoria Lux-Lantos, and Carlos Libertun. "Impact of proestrous milieu on expression of orexin receptors and prepro-orexin in rat hypothalamus and hypophysis: actions of Cetrorelix and Nembutal." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 292, no. 3 (March 2007): E820—E828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00467.2006.

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Orexins and their receptors OX1 and OX2 regulate energy balance and the sleep-wake cycle. We studied the expression of prepro-orexin (PPO), OX1, and OX2 in brain and pituitary under the influence of the hormonal status in adult rats. Primarily, PPO, OX1, and OX2 expression was determined in Sprague-Dawley female cycling rats during proestrus and in males. Animals were killed at 2-h intervals. Anterior (AH) and mediobasal (MBH) hypothalamus, anterior pituitary (P), and frontoparietal cortex (CC) were homogenized in TRIzol, and mRNAs were obtained for screening of PPO, OX1, OX2 expression by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Main findings were confirmed and extended to all days of the cycle by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Hormones and food consumption were determined. Finally, OX1, OX2, and PPO were measured by real-time RT-PCR in tissues collected at 1900 of proestrus after treatments at 1400 with ovulation-blocking agents Cetrorelix or pentobarbital. OX1 and OX2 expression increased at least threefold in AH, MBH, and P, but not in CC, between 1700 and 2300 of proestrus, without variations in estrus, diestrus, or in males. PPO in AH and MBH showed a fourfold or higher increase only during proestrus afternoon. Cetrorelix or pentobarbital prevented increases of OX1 and OX2 only in the pituitary and blunted gonadotropin surges, but left OX1, OX2, and PPO brain expression unchanged. Reproduction, energy balance, and sleep-wake cycle are integrated. Here, we demonstrate that, in the physiological neuroendocrine condition leading to ovulation, information to the orexinergic system acts in hypothalamus and pituitary by different mechanisms.

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2

Silveyra, Patricia, Victoria Lux-Lantos, and Carlos Libertun. "Both orexin receptors are expressed in rat ovaries and fluctuate with the estrous cycle: effects of orexin receptor antagonists on gonadotropins and ovulation." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 293, no. 4 (October 2007): E977—E985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00179.2007.

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Orexins are peptides controlling feeding, sleep, and neuroendocrine functions. They are synthesized by the hypothalamus with projections throughout the brain. Orexins and their orexin 1 (OX1) and orexin 2 receptors (OX2) are present outside the central nervous system. Here the expression of preproorexin (PPO), OX1, and OX2 was studied in rat ovaries. PPO, OX1, and OX2 were determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in ovaries of cycling Sprague-Dawley rats on all days of the cycle. Serum hormones and food consumption were determined. Ovarian OX1 and OX2 expression was then studied after ovulation blockade with Cetrorelix or Nembutal. Finally, proestrous rats were treated at 1400 and 1900 with a selective OX1 antagonist (SB-334867-A) and/or a selective OX2 antagonist (JNJ-10397049), and hormone levels, ovulation, and ovarian histology were studied. Both receptors' expression increased in the ovary between 1700 and 2300 of proestrus exclusively, in coincidence with hormone peaks, but not with the dark-light cycle or food intake. PPO was not detected. Cetrorelix or Nembutal prevented the increases of OX1 and OX2 while blunting gonadotropin peaks. SB-334867-A and JNJ-10397049, alone or combined, decreased serum gonadotropins and reduced ova number the following morning; ovaries showed a bloody (hyperemic and/or hemorrhagic) reaction with more preovulatory follicles and less corpora lutea. Here we demonstrate for the first time an increased ovarian expression of both OX1 and OX2, only during proestrous afternoon, and its hormone dependence but not dependence on the dark-light cycle. Two new receptor antagonists reduced proestrous gonadotropins and/or ova number while producing ovarian structural changes.

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3

Jöhren, Olaf, Norbert Brüggemann, Andreas Dendorfer, and Peter Dominiak. "Gonadal Steroids Differentially Regulate the Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression of Pituitary Orexin Type 1 Receptors and Adrenal Orexin Type 2 Receptors." Endocrinology 144, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 1219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2002-0030.

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Abstract Hypothalamic prepro-orexin as well as pituitary and adrenal orexin receptors are gender-specifically expressed. To assess the regulation by gonadal steroids, we investigated the effect of 17β-estradiol in female and of testosterone in male rats on prepro-orexin and orexin receptor mRNA expression. Rats were either sham-operated or gonadectomized and subsequently treated with placebo, 17β-estradiol, or testosterone for 21 d. Tissue mRNA levels of prepro-orexin, orexin type-1 (OX1), and orexin type-2 (OX2) receptors were measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In female rats, pituitary OX1 receptor mRNA levels were increased 12-fold after ovariectomy compared with sham- operated rats. The increase of pituitary OX1 receptor mRNA was inhibited by treatment with 17β-estradiol. Adrenal mRNA levels of OX2 receptors in ovariectomized rats were increased 2-fold compared with sham-operated rats and were also reduced by treatment with 17β-estradiol. In male rats, orchidectomy increased the mRNA levels of pituitary OX1 receptors compared with sham-operated rats. In contrast, adrenal OX2 receptor mRNA was reduced after orchidectomy. Testosterone treatment reversed the effect of orchidectomy on pituitary OX1 and adrenal OX2 receptors. In the hypothalamus, no differences were found in the mRNA levels of prepro-orexin, OX1, and OX2 receptors between sham-operated, placebo-treated, and steroid-treated female or male rats. Our results indicate that gonadal steroids differentially regulate pituitary OX1 receptors and adrenal OX2 receptors in male and female rats and may contribute to specific sex- dependent neuroendocrine and endocrine actions of orexins.

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4

Brown, Robyn Mary, Shaun Yon-Seng Khoo, and Andrew John Lawrence. "Central orexin (hypocretin) 2 receptor antagonism reduces ethanol self-administration, but not cue-conditioned ethanol-seeking, in ethanol-preferring rats." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, no. 9 (October 1, 2013): 2067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145713000333.

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Abstract Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides which bind to two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin-1 (OX1R) and orexin-2 (OX2R) receptor. While a role for OX1R has been established in both ethanol reinforcement and ethanol-seeking behaviour, the role of OX2R in these behaviours is relatively less-studied. The aim of this study was to determine the role of central OX2R in ethanol-taking and ethanol-seeking behaviour. Indiana ethanol-preferring rats were trained to self-administer ethanol (10% w/v) or sucrose (0.7–1% w/v) in the presence of reward-associated cues before being implanted with indwelling guide cannulae. The selective OX2R antagonist TCS-OX2-29 was administered i.c.v. to assess its effect on operant self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement following extinction. Following i.c.v. injection TCS-OX2-29 reduced self-administration of ethanol, but not sucrose. Despite reducing ethanol self-administration, TCS-OX2-29 had no impact on cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol seeking. To determine where in the brain OX2R were acting to modulate ethanol self-administration, TCS-OX2-29 was microinjected into either the shell or core of the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Intra-NAc core, but not shell, infusions of TCS-OX2-29 decreased responding for ethanol. Importantly, the doses of TCS-OX2-029 used were non-sedating. Collectively, these findings implicate OX2R in the NAc in mediating the reinforcing effects of ethanol. This effect appears to be drug-specific as antagonism of central OX2R had no impact on sucrose self-administration. Thus, OX2R in addition to OX1R may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ethanol-use disorders. However, unlike OX1R, no impact of OX2R antagonism was observed on cue-induced reinstatement, suggesting a more prominent role for OX2R in ethanol self-administration compared to cue-conditioned ethanol-seeking.

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5

Jöhren, Olaf, Steffi J. Neidert, Marco Kummer, Andreas Dendorfer, and Peter Dominiak. "Prepro-Orexin and Orexin Receptor mRNAs Are Differentially Expressed in Peripheral Tissues of Male and Female Rats." Endocrinology 142, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 3324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.142.8.8299.

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Abstract Orexins are produced specifically by neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus. Recent results suggested peripheral actions of orexins. Therefore, we analyzed the mRNA expression of prepro-orexin and the orexin receptor subtypes OX1 and OX2 in peripheral rat tissues. Using real-time quantitative RT-PCR we detected significant amounts of prepro-orexin mRNA in testis, but not in ovaries. OX1 receptor mRNA was highly expressed in the brain and at lower levels in the pituitary gland. Only small amounts of OX1 receptor mRNA were found in other tissues such as kidney, adrenal, thyroid, testis, ovaries, and jejunum. Very high levels of OX2 receptor mRNA, 4-fold higher than in brain, were found in adrenal glands of male rats. Low amounts of OX2 receptor mRNA were present in lung and pituitary. In adrenal glands, OX2 receptor mRNA was localized in the zona glomerulosa and reticularis by in situ hybridization, indicating a role in adrenal steroid synthesis and/or release. OX1 receptor mRNA in the pituitary and OX2 receptor mRNA in the adrenal gland were much higher in male than in female rats. In the hypothalamus, OX1 receptor mRNA was slightly elevated in female rats. The differential mRNA expression of orexin receptor subtypes in peripheral organs indicates discrete peripheral effects of orexins and the existence of a peripheral orexin system. This is supported by the detection of orexin A in rat plasma. Moreover, the sexually dimorphic expression of OX1 and OX2 receptors in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands suggests gender-specific roles of orexins in the control of endocrine functions.

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Mazzocchi, G., L. K. Malendowicz, F. Aragona, P. Rebuffat, L. Gottardo, and G. G. Nussdorfer. "Human Pheochromocytomas Express Orexin Receptor Type 2 Gene and Display an in Vitro Secretory Response to Orexins A and B." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 4818–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.10.7929.

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Orexins A and B are hypothalamic peptides, that act through two receptor subtypes, called OX1-R and OX2-R. OX1-R selectively binds orexin A, whereas OX2-R is nonselective for both orexins. High levels of OX1-R mRNA and low levels of OX2-R mRNA have been previously detected in the human adrenal cortex and medulla. Here we demonstrated by RT-PCR the expression of the OX2-R, but not the OX1-R, gene in 10 benign secreting pheochromocytomas. Both orexins A and B stimulated catecholamine secretion from pheochromocytoma slices; the maximal effective concentration was 10−8 mol/liter. Orexins A and B (10−8 mol/liter) increased IP3, but not cAMP production, by tumor slices, and the effect was blocked by the PLC inhibitor U-73122. The catecholamine response to 10−8 mol/liter orexins A and B was abolished by either U-73122 or the PKC antagonist calphostin C and was unaffected by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ-22536 and the PKA inhibitor H-89. Collectively, these findings suggest that orexins stimulate catecholamine secretion from human pheochromocytomas, acting through OX2-R coupled to the PLC-PKC signaling pathway.

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Spinazzi, R., M. Rucinski, G. Neri, L. K. Malendowicz, and G. G. Nussdorfer. "Preproorexin and Orexin Receptors Are Expressed in Cortisol-Secreting Adrenocortical Adenomas, and Orexins Stimulate in Vitro Cortisol Secretion and Growth of Tumor Cells." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 3544–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-2385.

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Orexins A and B are hypothalamic peptides that originate from the proteolytic cleavage of preproorexin and act through two subtypes of receptors, named OX1-R and OX2-R. OX1-R almost exclusively binds orexin-A, whereas OX2-R is nonselective for both orexins. We previously found that orexin-A, via the OX1-R, stimulates cortisol secretion from dispersed human adrenocortical cells. In this study, we demonstrate that six of eight cortisol-secreting adenomas expressed preproorexin mRNA, and seven of 10 adenomas contained measurable amounts of orexin-A but not orexin-B. Normal adrenal cortexes neither expressed preproorexin nor contained orexins. All adenomas expressed OX1-R and OX2-R mRNAs, and real-time PCR showed that the expression of both receptors was up-regulated in adenomas, compared with normal adrenal cortex. Orexin-A concentration-dependently raised basal cortisol secretion from freshly dispersed normal and adenomatous cells, minimal and maximal effective concentrations being 10−10 and 10−8m, and the peptide efficacy (percent increase elicited by 10−8m orexin-A) was significantly higher in adenomas than in the normal adrenal cortex. Orexin-B was ineffective, thereby indicating that orexin secretagogue action is mediated by the OX1-R. In contrast, both orexins (10−8m) raised the proliferative activity of cultured normal and adenomatous cells, suggesting that this effect is mediated by OX2-R or both receptor subtypes. Collectively, our findings allow us to conclude that the orexin system is overexpressed in cortisol-secreting adenomas and suggest that orexin-A may act as an autocrine-paracrine regulator of the secretory activity and growth of some of these adrenal tumors.

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8

Mazzocchi, G., L. K. Malendowicz, L. Gottardo, F. Aragona, and G. G. Nussdorfer. "Orexin A Stimulates Cortisol Secretion from Human Adrenocortical Cells through Activation of the Adenylate Cyclase-Dependent Signaling Cascade." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.2.7233.

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Orexins A and B are two hypothalamic peptides that increase food intake and body weight and probably play a role in the sleep regulation. They act through two subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors, called OX1-R and OX2-R. OX1-R selectively binds orexin-A, whereas OX2-R is nonselective for both orexins. Orexins did not affect the in vitro secretion of either catecholamine or aldosterone from human adrenals. Conversely, orexin A, but not orexin B, concentration dependently increased basal cortisol secretion from dispersed adrenocortical cells; the maximal effective concentration was 10−8 mol/L. Orexin A (10−8 mol/L) enhanced the cortisol response to maximal effective concentrations (10−9 mol/L) of angiotensin II and endothelin-1, but only to low concentrations of ACTH (10−12/10−11 mol/L). Orexin A (10−8 mol/L) increased basal cAMP release by dispersed adrenocortical cells, and the effect was blocked by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ-22536. The cortisol response to 10−8 mol/L orexin A was unaffected by the ACTH receptor antagonist corticotropin-inhibiting peptide, but was abolished by either SQ-22536 or the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89. RT-PCR demonstrated high levels of OX1-R messenger ribonucleic acid and very low levels of OX2-R messenger ribonucleic acid in human adrenal zona fasciculata-reticularis and adrenal medulla. Collectively, our findings suggest that orexins selectively stimulate glucocorticoid secretion from human adrenocortical cells, acting through OX1-R coupled with the adenylate cyclase-dependent signaling pathway.

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Turku, Ainoleena, Alexandre Borrel, Teppo O. Leino, Lasse Karhu, Jyrki P. Kukkonen, and Henri Xhaard. "Pharmacophore Model To Discover OX1 and OX2 Orexin Receptor Ligands." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 59, no. 18 (September 8, 2016): 8263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00333.

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10

Malherbe, Pari, Edilio Borroni, Emmanuel Pinard, Joseph G. Wettstein, and Frédéric Knoflach. "Biochemical and Electrophysiological Characterization of Almorexant, a Dual Orexin 1 Receptor (OX1)/Orexin 2 Receptor (OX2) Antagonist: Comparison with Selective OX1 and OX2 Antagonists." Molecular Pharmacology 76, no. 3 (June 19, 2009): 618–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.109.055152.

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11

Bengtsson, Magnus W., Kari Mäkelä, Markus Sjöblom, Sanna Uotila, Karl E. O. Åkerman, Karl-Heinz Herzig, and Gunnar Flemström. "Food-induced expression of orexin receptors in rat duodenal mucosa regulates the bicarbonate secretory response to orexin-A." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 293, no. 2 (August 2007): G501—G509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00514.2006.

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Presence of appetite-regulating peptides orexin-A and orexin-B in mucosal endocrine cells suggests a role in physiological control of the intestine. Our aim was to characterize orexin-induced stimulation of duodenal bicarbonate secretion and modulation of secretory responses and mucosal orexin receptors by overnight food deprivation. Lewis × Dark Agouti rats were anesthetized and proximal duodenum cannulated in situ. Mucosal bicarbonate secretion (pH stat) and mean arterial blood pressure were continuously recorded. Orexin-A was administered intra-arterially close to the duodenum, intraluminally, or into the brain ventricles. Total RNA was extracted from mucosal specimens, reverse transcribed to cDNA and expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 (OX1 and OX2) measured by quantitative real-time PCR. OX1 protein was measured by Western blot. Intra-arterial orexin-A (60–600 nmol·h−1·kg−1) increased ( P < 0.01) the duodenal secretion in fed but not in fasted animals. The OX1 receptor antagonist SB-334867, which was also found to have a partial agonist action, abolished the orexin-induced secretory response but did not affect secretion induced by the muscarinic agonist bethanechol. Atropine, in contrast, inhibited bethanechol but not orexin-induced secretion. Orexin-A infused into the brain ventricles (2–20 nmol·kg−1·h−1) or added to luminal perfusate (1.0–100 nM) did not affect secretion, indicating that orexin-A acts peripherally and at basolateral receptors. Overnight fasting decreased mucosal OX1 and OX2 mRNA expression ( P < 0.01) as well as OX1 protein expression ( P < 0.05). We conclude that stimulation of secretion by orexin-A may involve both receptor types and is independent of cholinergic pathways. Intestinal OX receptors and secretory responses are markedly related to food intake.

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Wenzel, Jan, Nicole Grabinski, Cordula A. Knopp, Andreas Dendorfer, Manjunath Ramanjaneya, Harpal S. Randeva, Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein, Peter Dominiak, and Olaf Jöhren. "Hypocretin/orexin increases the expression of steroidogenic enzymes in human adrenocortical NCI H295R cells." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 297, no. 5 (November 2009): R1601—R1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.91034.2008.

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Hypocretins/orexins act through two receptor subtypes: OX1 and OX2. Outside the brain, orexin receptors are expressed in adrenal glands, where orexins stimulate the release of glucocorticoids. To further address the regulation of steroidogenesis, we analyzed the effect of orexins on the expression of steroidogenic enzymes in human adrenocortical National Cancer Institute (NCI) H295R cells by qPCR. In NCI H295R cells, OX2 receptors were highly expressed, as they were in human adrenal glands. After treatment of NCI H295R cells with orexin A for 12–24 h, the cortisol synthesis rate was significantly increased, whereas 30 min of treatment showed no effect. While CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNA levels were increased already at earlier time points, the expression of HSD3B2 and CYP21 mRNA was significantly up-regulated after treatment with orexin A for 12 h. Likewise, orexin B increased CYP21 and HSD3B2 mRNA levels showing, however, a lower potency compared with orexin A. The mRNA levels of CYP11A and CYP17 were unaffected by orexin A. OX2 receptor mRNA levels were down-regulated after 12 and 24 h of orexin A treatment. Orexin A increased intracellular Ca2+ but not cAMP concentrations in NCI H295R cells. Furthermore, inhibition of PKC and MAPK kinase/ERK kinase (MEK1/2) prevented the increase of HSD3B2 expression by orexin A. Accordingly, orexin A treatment of NCI H295R cells markedly enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation that was prevented by PKC and, in part, PKA inhibition. In conclusion, orexins may influence adrenal steroidogenesis by differential regulation of the expression of steroidogenic enzymes involving Ca2+, as well as PKC-ERK1/2 signaling.

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Chung, Young-Hwa, Robert E. Means, Joong-Kook Choi, Bok-Soo Lee, and Jae U. Jung. "Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus OX2 Glycoprotein Activates Myeloid-Lineage Cells To Induce Inflammatory Cytokine Production." Journal of Virology 76, no. 10 (May 15, 2002): 4688–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.10.4688-4698.2002.

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ABSTRACT Kaposi's sarcoma is an inflammatory cytokine-mediated angioproliferative disease which is triggered by infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV contains an open reading frame, K14, that has significant homology with cellular OX2, designated viral OX2 (vOX2). In this report, we demonstrate that vOX2 encodes a glycosylated cell surface protein with an apparent molecular mass of 55 kDa. Purified glycosylated vOX2 protein dramatically stimulated primary monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells to produce the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and TNF-α. Furthermore, expression of vOX2 on B lymphocytes stimulated monocytes to produce inflammatory cytokines in mixed culture. These results demonstrate that like its cellular counterpart, vOX2 targets myeloid-lineage cells, but unlike cellular OX2, which delivers a restrictive signal, KSHV vOX2 provides an activating signal, resulting in the production of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, this is a novel viral strategy where KSHV has acquired the cellular OX2 gene to induce inflammatory cytokine production, which potentially promotes the cytokine-mediated angiogenic proliferation of KSHV-infected cells.

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Gras, J. "Daridorexant. Dual orexin OX1/OX2 receptor antagonist, Treatment of sleep disorders." Drugs of the Future 45, no. 10 (2020): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.2020.45.10.3168442.

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15

Sarto, Marcos Vinicius Mansano, Maria Do Carmo Lana, Leandro Rampim, Jean Sérgio Rosset, Jaqueline Rocha Wobeto Sarto, and Doglas Bassegio. "Effects of calcium and magnesium silicate on the absorption of silicon and nutrients in wheat." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n1p67.

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Wheat is a plant that accumulates silicon (Si). The application of silicon to the soil may influence the absorption of nutrients by the plant and, therefore, its nutritional balance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of calcium and magnesium silicate (CaSiO3/MgSiO3) on the ability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to utilize silicon and absorb nutrients from soils collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using 8-L plastic pots and three types of soil. Treatments were arranged in randomized blocks (3 × 5 factorial design): three soils [Rhodic Acrudox (Ox1), Rhodic Hapludox (Ox2), and Arenic Hapludult (Ult)], five silicate rates (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 t ha–1 of calcium/magnesium silicate), and four replications were performed. The effects of calcium and magnesium silicate on the concentrations of Si, N, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, S, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ within leaves were evaluated. Silicon concentrations in wheat leaves and stems increased with increasing rates of calcium and magnesium silicate applied to the soil. Wheat shoots accumulated averages of 28.2% (Ox1), 60.61% (Ult), and 74.14% (Ox2) of the Si from the silicate applied to the soil. Silicate fertilization increased the amount of Ca+2 and Mg+2 within leaves and reduced the amount of Zn2+ and Mn2+ within leaves. Calcium and magnesium silicate prevented excessive amounts of Mn2+ from being absorbed by wheat, improving the balance in the absorption of this nutrient.

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Yin, Jie, Kerim Babaoglu, Chad A. Brautigam, Lindsay Clark, Zhenhua Shao, Thomas H. Scheuermann, Charles M. Harrell, et al. "Structure and ligand-binding mechanism of the human OX1 and OX2 orexin receptors." Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 23, no. 4 (March 7, 2016): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.3183.

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Sani, Monica, Pierfrancesco Bravo, Alessandro Volonterio, and Matteo Zanda. "Parallel Solid-Phase Synthesis of Partially Modified Retro and Retro-Inverso ψ[NHCH(CF3)]-Gly Peptides." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 9 (2002): 1305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20021305.

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The parallel solid-phase synthesis of small libraries of molecules belonging to a novel class of retro and retro-inverso peptides having a ψ[NHCH(CF3)] surrogate of the conventional retro-peptide bond (NH-CO) has been accomplished. Key step for the synthesis of the -NHCH(CF3)- unit is a Michael-type N-addition of resin bound α-amino acid esters H-AA1-OWang (1), dipeptide H-Val-Gly-OWang (8), and tripeptide H-Val-Val-Ala-OWang (12) to (S)-3-(E-enoyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (3), which took place very effectively under mild condition. Chemoselective exocyclic oxazolidinone cleavage, followed by parallel couplings of the resulting polymer-bound pseudopeptides WangO-AA1-ψ[NHCH(CF3)]-Gly-OH (5), WangO-Gly-Val-ψ[NHCH(CF3)]-Gly-OH (10), and WangO-Ala-Val-Val-ψ[NHCH(CF3)]-Gly-OH (14) with different α-amino acid esters afforded, after release from the resin, a representative set of ψ[NHCH(CF3)] retro and retro-inverso tripeptides HO-AA1-ψ[NHCH(CF3)]-Gly-AA2-OX1 (7), tetrapeptides HO-Gly-Val-ψ[NHCH(CF3)]-Gly-AA3-OX2 (11), and pentapeptides HO-Ala-Val-Val-ψ[NHCH(CF3)]-Gly-AA4-OX3 (15), respectively, with good to excellent purity in all cases.

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Kambe, D., H. Hikichi, Y. Tokumaru, M. Ohmichi, Y. Konno, and N. Hino. "0004 TS-142: A Novel and Potent Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist with Sleep-Promoting Effects in Rats." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.003.

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Abstract Introduction The orexin system plays a pivotal role in regulating sleep and wakefulness, thus, orexin receptors (OX1 and OX2 receptors) have gained much attention as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of insomnia. We synthesized a novel and potent dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA), ORN0829 (investigation code name as TS-142), which was designed to have short-acting effects. Here we report pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles of ORN0829 in rats. Methods The antagonistic activities of ORN0829 were assessed using calcium mobilization assays. Ala-orexin A-induced [Ca2+]i response was measured with CHO-K1 cells stably expressing human/rat orexin receptor. Rats implanted the EEG/EMG electrodes were orally administrated ORN0829 at doses of 1, 3 or 10 mg/kg at the dark onset and sleep-wake stages were inspected visually. In addition, pharmacokinetic profiles of ORN0829 were investigated in rats. Results ORN0829 inhibited Ala-orexin A-increased [Ca2+]i response with a Kb of 0.67/0.44 nmol/L (for human/rat OX1 receptor), and with a Kb of 0.84/0.80 nmol/L (for human/rat OX2 receptor), respectively, indicating that ORN0829 is a potent DORA with no species differences. ORN0829 dose-dependently increased total sleep time and reduced sleep onset latency at doses of 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg. Importantly, the ORN0829 levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid rapidly reached a maximum concentration, and decreased with an elimination half-life of less than 1 h. Conclusion The present study indicates that ORN0829 is a novel and potent DORA with sleep-promoting effects, and that it exhibits ideal pharmacokinetic profiles (rapid absorption and short half-life) in rats. A phase 2a study of TS-142 using patients with insomnia has been completed, which is presented in a separate poster. Support Taisho Pharmaceutical. Co., Ltd.

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Tromans, Andrew, Glenn Hefter, and Peter M. May. "Potentiometric Investigation of the Weak Association of Sodium and Oxalate Ions in Aqueous Solutions at 25°C." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 3 (2005): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch04230.

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The formation constant β(NaOx−) of the extremely weak ion pair formed between sodium (Na+) and oxalate (Ox2−) ions in aqueous solutions has been determined at 25°C as a function of ionic strength in tetramethylammonium chloride by Na+ ion-selective electrode potentiometry. The effects of trace Na+ impurities from all reagents were accounted for. An extrapolated value for β o of 6.6 ± 0.5 M−1 was obtained at infinite dilution, which is in good agreement with literature values. Attempts to measure this constant in 1 M CsCl media gave a β(NaOx−) value of 0.00 ± 0.06 M−1, probably because of competition between Cs+ and Na+ for Ox2−.

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Bartolomé, E., Juan Bartolomé, Francesco Sedona, Julia Herrero-Albillos, Jorge Lobo, Marten Piantek, Luis Miguel García, et al. "Partial Oxidation in a Dense Phase Sub-Monolayer of Fe-Phthalocyanine on Ag(110)." Solid State Phenomena 257 (October 2016): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.257.219.

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In this contribution we report on the structural and magnetic changes along a catalytic cycle of a new dense, “quasi-squared” FePc submonolayer phase (R3) evaporated on Ag(110). X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) experiments at the Fe L2,3 edge were performed on four samples: the as-evaporated phase (R3), two differently oxygenated samples (OX1 and OX2) and the annealed phase (ANN). It is concluded that all characterized phases display planar anisotropy, and the values of mseff/nh are one order of magnitude larger than mL/nh. By oxidation, the isotropic moment increases from 7.2 x 10-2 mB/hole to 1.8 x 10-1 mB/hole, which is about a factor of 2 smaller than the increase achieved for the low-density phase.

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D'Almeida, Vânia, Débora C. Hipólide, Roger Raymond, Karen B. L. Barlow, Jun-Han Parkes, Mario Pedrazzoli, Sergio Tufik, and José N. Nobrega. "Opposite effects of sleep rebound on orexin OX1 and OX2 receptor expression in rat brain." Molecular Brain Research 136, no. 1-2 (May 2005): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.02.002.

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Yu, Lei, Xiao-Yang Zhang, Zhang-Peng Chen, Qian-Xing Zhuang, Jing-Ning Zhu, and Jian-Jun Wang. "Orexin excites rat inferior vestibular nuclear neurons via co-activation of OX1 and OX2 receptors." Journal of Neural Transmission 122, no. 6 (November 5, 2014): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-014-1330-z.

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Faedo, Stefania, Elisabetta Perdonà, Marinella Antolini, Romano di Fabio, Emilio Merlo Pich, and Mauro Corsi. "Functional and binding kinetic studies make a distinction between OX1 and OX2 orexin receptor antagonists." European Journal of Pharmacology 692, no. 1-3 (October 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.007.

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Thammakan, Supaphorn, Kitt Panyarat, and Apinpus Rujiwatra. "Organically pillared layer framework of [Eu(NH2–BDC)(ox)(H3O)]." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 75, no. 12 (November 8, 2019): 1833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989019014713.

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The non-porous three-dimensional structure of poly[(μ5-2-aminobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylato)(μ6-oxalato)(oxomium)europium(III)], [Eu(C8H5NO4)(C2O4)(H3O)] n or [EuIII(NH2–BDC)(ox)(H3O)] n (NH2–BDC2− = 2-aminoterephthalate and ox2− = oxalate) is constructed from two-dimensional layers of EuIII–carboxylate–oxalate, which are connected by NH2–BDC2− pillars. The basic structural unit of the layer is an edge-sharing dimer of TPRS-{EuIIIO9}, which is assembled through the ox2− moiety. The intralayer void is partially occupied by TPR-{EuIIIO6} motifs. Weak C—H...O and strong, classical intramolecular N—H...O and intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions, as well as weak π–π stacking interactions, affix the organic pillars within the framework. The two-dimensional layer can be simplified to a uninodal 4-connected sql/Shubnikov tetragonal plane net with point symbol {44.62}.

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Bajracharya, Ramesh Kumar. "Adventure Tourism: The new frontier: A Critical Review." Journal of Tourism and Himalayan Adventures 3, no. 1 (August 19, 2021): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtha.v3i1.39233.

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Writers: John Swarbrooke, Colin Beard, Suzanne Leckie & Gill PomfretPublisher: Butterworth-HeinemannAn imprint of Elsevier Science Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803First published 2003, Copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

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Melén, Krister, Pinja Jalkanen, Jyrki P. Kukkonen, Markku Partinen, Hanna Nohynek, Arja Vuorela, Outi Vaarala, Tobias L. Freitag, Seppo Meri, and Ilkka Julkunen. "No evidence of autoimmunity to human OX1 or OX2 orexin receptors in Pandemrix-vaccinated narcoleptic children." Journal of Translational Autoimmunity 3 (2020): 100055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100055.

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Kukkonen, Jyrki P., Tomas Holmqvist, Sylwia Ammoun, and Karl E. O. Åkerman. "Functions of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 283, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): C1567—C1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00055.2002.

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Orexin A and orexin B are hypothalamic peptides that act on their targets via two G protein-coupled receptors (OX1 and OX2 receptors). In the central nervous system, the cell bodies producing orexins are localized in a narrow region within the lateral hypothalamus and project mainly to regions involved in feeding, sleep, and autonomic functions. Via putative pre- and postsynaptic effects, orexins increase synaptic activity in these regions. In isolated neurons and cells expressing recombinant receptors orexins cause Ca2+ elevation, which is mainly dependent on influx. The activity of orexinergic cells appears to be controlled by feeding- and sleep-related signals via a variety of neurotransmitters/hormones from the brain and other tissues. Orexins and orexin receptors are also found outside the central nervous system, particularly in organs involved in feeding and energy metabolism, e.g., gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and adrenal gland. In the present review we focus on the physiological properties of the cells that secrete or respond to orexins.

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Telser, Joshua, Yih-Chern Horng, Donald F. Becker, Brian M. Hoffman, and Stephen W. Ragsdale. "On the Assignment of Nickel Oxidation States of the Ox1, Ox2 Forms of Methyl−Coenzyme M Reductase." Journal of the American Chemical Society 122, no. 1 (January 2000): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja992386n.

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Dodémont, Magali, Carlo Verhulst, Claire Nonhoff, Carole Nagant, Olivier Denis, and Jan Kluytmans. "Prospective Two-Center Comparison of Three Chromogenic Agars for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Screening in Hospitalized Patients: TABLE 1." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 9 (June 24, 2015): 3014–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01006-15.

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Three chromogenic media, chromID MRSA SMART (SMART), chromID MRSA first generation (chromID), andBrillianceMRSA (OX2), were evaluated for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) screening using 1,220 samples. The sensitivity at 24 h was significantly better with the SMART agar (66.4%) than that with chromID agar (50.5%). Enrichment and incubation until 48 h are still needed for an optimal yield.

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Lu, Xin-Yun, Didier Bagnol, Sharon Burke, Huda Akil, and Stanley J. Watson. "Differential Distribution and Regulation of OX1 and OX2 Orexin/Hypocretin Receptor Messenger RNA in the Brain upon Fasting." Hormones and Behavior 37, no. 4 (June 2000): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.2000.1584.

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Chrobok, Lukasz, Katarzyna Palus, and Marian Henryk Lewandowski. "Orexins excite ventrolateral geniculate nucleus neurons predominantly via OX2 receptors." Neuropharmacology 103 (April 2016): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.008.

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Libertun, Carlos, Patricia Silveyra, Paolo N. Catalano, and Victoria Lux-Lantos. "Expression of orexin receptors 1 (OX1) and 2 (OX2) in hypothalamus and adenohypophysis in cycling female and male rats." Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 27, no. 1 (May 2006): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.03.223.

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Gao, He-Ren, Qian-Xing Zhuang, Yong-Xiao Zhang, Zhang-Peng Chen, Bin Li, Xiao-Yang Zhang, Yi-Ting Zhong, Jian-Jun Wang, and Jing-Ning Zhu. "Orexin Directly Enhances the Excitability of Globus Pallidus Internus Neurons in Rat by Co-activating OX1 and OX2 Receptors." Neuroscience Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 7, 2017): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12264-017-0127-0.

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La Torre, Maria Ester, Ines Villano, Marcellino Monda, Antonietta Messina, Giuseppe Cibelli, Anna Valenzano, Daniela Pisanelli, et al. "Role of Vitamin E and the Orexin System in Neuroprotection." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081098.

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Microglia are the first line of defense at the level of the central nervous system (CNS). Phenotypic change in microglia can be regulated by various factors, including the orexin system. Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory process mediated by cytokines, by the lack of interaction of specific receptors such as the OX2-OX2R complex, caused by systemic tissue damage or, more often, associated with direct damage to the CNS. Chronic activation of microglia could lead to long-term neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to explore how tocopherol (vitamin E) and the orexin system may play a role in the prevention and treatment of microglia inflammation and, consequently, in neurodegenerative diseases thanks to its antioxidant properties. The results of animal and in vitro studies provide evidence to support the use of tocopherol for a reduction in microglia inflammation as well as a greater activation of the orexinergic system. Although there is much in vivo and in vitro evidence of vitamin E antioxidant and protective abilities, there are still conflicting results for its use as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases that speculate that vitamin E, under certain conditions or genetic predispositions, can be pro-oxidant and harmful.

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Vinogradov, Evgeny, and Klaus Bock. "The structure of the core part of Proteus vulgaris OX2 lipopolysaccharide." Carbohydrate Research 320, no. 3-4 (August 1999): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00181-0.

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Hoek, R. M. "Down-Regulation of the Macrophage Lineage Through Interaction with OX2 (CD200)." Science 290, no. 5497 (December 1, 2000): 1768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5497.1768.

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37

Drexler, Klaus, Isolde Riede, Dirk Montag, Marie-Luise Eschbach, and Ulf Henning. "Receptor specificity of the Escherichia coli T-even type phage Ox2." Journal of Molecular Biology 207, no. 4 (June 1989): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(89)90245-3.

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38

Li, Cui-Jin, Wei Li, Zhao-Sha Meng, Meng-Xia Peng, Ming-Mei Yang, and Ming-Liang Tong. "Synthesis, Structure, and Photoluminescent Properties of Two New Microporous Eu(III) Coordination Polymers with 2,4,6-Pyridinetricarboxylate." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 12 (2009): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09019.

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Two new three-dimensional (3D) microporous Eu(iii) coordination polymers, [Eu5(pyta)5(H2O)7]·3.5H2O (1) and [Eu2(ox)1.5(pyta)(H2O)4]·4.5H2O (2) (H3pyta = 2,4,6-pyridinetricarboxylic acid, ox2– = oxalate), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The oxalate ligand in 2, generated in situ from the cleavage and chemical rearrangement of the H3pyta ligand, is incorporated to construct two kinds of 1D hydrophilic channels in 2. Both 1 and 2 show the characteristic photoluminescent properties of Eu(iii) compounds. Desolvated 2 shows interesting solvent-dependent photoluminescent properties.

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39

Kukkonen, Jyrki P. "OX2 orexin/hypocretin receptor signal transduction in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells." Cellular Signalling 28, no. 2 (February 2016): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.11.009.

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40

Palus, K., L. Chrobok, and M. H. Lewandowski. "Orexins/hypocretins modulate the activity of NPY-positive and -negative neurons in the rat intergeniculate leaflet via OX1 and OX2 receptors." Neuroscience 300 (August 2015): 370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.039.

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41

Sarto, Marcos Vinícius Mansano, Maria Do Carmo Lana, Leandro Rampim, Jean Sérgio Rosset, and Jaqueline Rocha Wobeto. "Effects of silicate application on soil fertility and wheat yield." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6Supl2 (December 16, 2015): 4071. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6sup2p4071.

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An improvement in soil chemical properties and crop development with silicate application has been confirmed in several plant species. The effects of silicate application on soil chemical properties and wheat growth were investigated in the present study. The experiment was carried out in 8-L plastic pots in a greenhouse. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 × 5 factorial: three soils [Rhodic Acrudox (Ox1), Rhodic Hapludox (Ox2) and Arenic Hapludult (Ult)] and five silicate rates (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha–1 of calcium/magnesium silicate), with four replications. The plant length, number of spikes per pot, shoot dry matter and grain yield, were measured after 115 days of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth. Changes in the soil chemical properties (pH, H+ + Al3+, Al3+, P, K, Ca, Mg, Si, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) were analyzed after wheat harvest. Application of calcium/magnesium silicate reduces the potential acidity (H+ + Al3+) and Al3+ phytotoxic; and increases the soil pH, available Ca, Mg and Si, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil base saturation. Silicate application did not affect the available P, exchangeable K and availability of micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) in the three soils. The application of calcium/magnesium silicate in an acid clayey Rhodic Hapludox improves the development and yield of wheat; however, the silicate application in soil with pH higher to 5.3 and high Si availability does not affect the agronomic characteristics and grain yield of wheat. An improvement in soil chemical properties and crop development with silicate application has been confirmed in several plant species. The effects of silicate application on soil chemical properties and wheat growth were investigated in the present study. The experiment was carried out in 8-L plastic pots in a greenhouse. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 × 5 factorial: three soils [Rhodic Acrudox (Ox1), Rhodic Hapludox (Ox2) and Arenic Hapludult (Ult)] and five silicate rates (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha–1 of calcium/magnesium silicate), with four replications. The plant length, number of spikes per pot, shoot dry matter and grain yield, were measured after 115 days of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth. Changes in the soil chemical properties (pH, H+ + Al3+, Al3+, P, K, Ca, Mg, Si, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) were analyzed after wheat harvest. Application of calcium/magnesium silicate reduces the potential acidity (H+ + Al3+) and Al3+ phytotoxic; and increases the soil pH, available Ca, Mg and Si, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil base saturation. Silicate application did not affect the available P, exchangeable K and availability of micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) in the three soils. The application of calcium/magnesium silicate in an acid clayey Rhodic Hapludox improves the development and yield of wheat; however, the silicate application in soil with pH higher to 5.3 and high Si availability does not affect the agronomic characteristics and grain yield of wheat.

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Freel, Robert W., Makoto Morozumi, and Marguerite Hatch. "Parsing apical oxalate exchange in Caco-2BBe1 monolayers: siRNA knockdown of SLC26A6 reveals the role and properties of PAT-1." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 297, no. 5 (November 2009): G918—G929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00251.2009.

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The purpose of this investigation was to quantitate the contribution of the anion exchanger PAT-1 (putative anion transporter-1), encoded by SLC26A6, to oxalate transport in a model intestinal epithelium and to discern some characteristics of this exchanger expressed in its native environment. Control (Con) Caco-2 BBe1 monolayers, 6–8 days postseeding, were compared with those transfected with a small interfering RNA targeted to SLC26A6 (A6KD). Radiotracer and Ussing chamber techniques were used to determine the transepithelial unidirectional fluxes of Ox2−, Cl−, and SO42− whereas fluorometric/BCECF measurements of intracellular pH were used to assess HCO3− exchange. PAT-1 was functionally targeted to the apical membrane, and SLC26A6 knockdown reduced PAT-1 protein (>60%) and mRNA (>75%) expression in A6KD. No net flux of Ox2−, Cl−, or SO42− was detected in Con or A6KD monolayers, yet the unidirectional fluxes in A6KD were reduced 50, 35, and 15%, respectively. Cl−-dependent HCO3− efflux from A6KD was reduced 50% compared with Con. The difference between Con and A6KD properties represents that mediated solely by PAT-1, and by this approach we found that PAT-1-mediated oxalate influx and efflux are inhibited equally by mucosal DIDS (EC50 ∼5 μM) and that mucosal Cl− inhibits oxalate uptake with an EC50 < 20 mM. Transepithelial Cl− gradients supported large, DIDS-sensitive net absorptive or secretory fluxes of oxalate in a direction opposite that of the imposed Cl− gradient. The overall symmetry of PAT-1-mediated oxalate exchange suggests that vectorial oxalate transport observed in vivo is principally dependent on the magnitude and direction of counterion gradients.

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Preston, Sandy, Gavin J. Wright, Karen Starr, A. Neil Barclay, and Marion H. Brown. "The leukocyte/neuron cell surface antigen OX2 binds to a ligand on macrophages." European Journal of Immunology 27, no. 8 (August 1997): 1911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830270814.

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Morris, Roger J., and Jackie N. Beech. "Sequential Expression of OX2 and Thy-1 Glycoproteins on the Neuronal Surface during Development." Developmental Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (1987): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000111606.

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Yin, Jie, Juan Carlos Mobarec, Peter Kolb, and Daniel M. Rosenbaum. "Crystal structure of the human OX2 orexin receptor bound to the insomnia drug suvorexant." Nature 519, no. 7542 (December 22, 2014): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14035.

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Cao, Haiyan, Ruining Liu, Jinhua Zhang, Zhiqiang Liu, Sanhong Fan, Guangdong Yang, Zhuping Jin, and Yanxi Pei. "Improving sulforaphane content in transgenic broccoli plants by overexpressing MAM1, FMOGS–OX2, and Myrosinase." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 146, no. 3 (April 24, 2021): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-021-02079-2.

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Sarto, Jaqueline Rocha Wobeto, Marcela Abbado Neres, Caroline Daiane Nath, Doglas Bassegio, and Marcos Vinicius Mansano Sarto. "Can silicon (Si) fertilization influence the production and nutritional value of Urochloa Convert HD364?" Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 3 (May 21, 2019): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n3p1317.

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Tropical soils are highly weathered, acidic, and low in silicon (Si) availability for plants. Si has been considered an essential nutrient for many grasses. Urochloa Convert HD364 is classified as a forage plant that accumulates Si, but the accumulation of this nutrient in the leaf can influence qualitative characteristics, fiber quality, plant architecture, and development of forage. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the production and nutritive value of Urochloa hybrid cultivar Convert HD364 (CIAT 36087) grown from soils collected in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using 8-L plastic pots and three types of soil. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 × 5 factorial: three soils [Rhodic Acrudox (Ox1), Rhodic Hapludox (Ox2) and Arenic Hapludult (Ult)] and five silicate rates (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha-1 of calcium/magnesium silicate), with four replications. Application of CaSiO3 to the soil increases the concentration of Si in the leaves of Urochloa Convert HD364. The dry matter, crude protein and mineral matter, fiber quality, and digestibility of Urochloa were not influenced by the increase in Si levels in the leaves until 45 days after seeding. Forty-five days after planting, CaSiO3 did not interfere with the growth characteristics and production of Urochloa Convert HD364. There is no evidence that the increased Si levels in the leaf affected the production and nutritive value, especially fiber quality of Urochloa Convert HD364 until 45 days after sedding.

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Chrobok, Lukasz, Anna Alwani, Kamil Pradel, Jasmin Daniela Klich, and Marian Henryk Lewandowski. "Orexin A excites the rat olivary pretectal nucleus via OX2 receptor in a daily manner." Brain Research 1768 (October 2021): 147603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147603.

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Lebedev, Andrei A., Yulia N. Bessolova, Nikolai S. Efimov, Eugeny R. Bychkov, Andrei V. Droblenkov, and Petr D. Shabanov. "Role of orexin peptide system in emotional overeating induced by brain reward stimulation in fed rats." Research Results in Pharmacology 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.52180.

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Introduction: The purpose of this work was to prove that the reaction of food self-deprivation in “fed up” rats is a suitable model for studying the emotional overeating in the experiment. Methods: The self-deprivation reaction, i.e. self-isolation of an animal from food during electrical self-stimulation of the brain, was studied in animals with food deprivation. To reproduce the self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, the male Wistar rats were trained to press a pedal in a Skinner box. After training, the rats received food deprivation, then a feeder was placed in the Skinner box, and a conditioned food reflex was developed in rats within 5 days. Results and discussion: The food self-deprivation reaction was observed in the ”satiated” rats with a current intensity of 10% and above the threshold for self-stimulation. Hungry animals pressed the pedal for hypothalamic self-stimulation and took no notice of the feeding trough. Sulpiride, a dopamine D2 antagonist (5 and 20 mg/kg i.p.), administered to the “satiated” rats decreased both the eating behavior and self-stimulation in food self-deprivation testing. SB-408124, an orexin A receptor antagonist (0.5 mg/ml, 20 μl intranasally) reduced only the number of pellets eaten, but not the number of pedal presses. Conclusion: The orexin A receptors are preferably involved in emotional eating compared with orexin B (OX2R TCS-OX2-29) and D2 dopamine receptors. Because emotional eating is significantly related to clinical eating disorders, like bulimia and binge eating disorder, it seems promising to use drugs of the orexin system to treat and prevent the issue.

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Sarto, Marcos Vinícius Mansano, Maria do Carmo Lana, Leandro Rampim, Jean Sérgio Rosset, and Jaqueline Rocha Wobeto. "Effects of silicate application on soil fertility and wheat yield." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 36, no. 6Supl2 (December 16, 2015): 4071. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6supl2p4071.

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<p>An improvement in soil chemical properties and crop development with silicate application has been confirmed in several plant species. The effects of silicate application on soil chemical properties and wheat growth were investigated in the present study. The experiment was carried out in 8-L plastic pots in a greenhouse. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 × 5 factorial: three soils [Rhodic Acrudox (Ox1), Rhodic Hapludox (Ox2) and Arenic Hapludult (Ult)] and five silicate rates (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha–1 of calcium/magnesium silicate), with four replications. The plant length, number of spikes per pot, shoot dry matter and grain yield, were measured after 115 days of wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum </em>L.) growth. Changes in the soil chemical properties (pH, H+ + Al3+, Al3+, P, K, Ca, Mg, Si, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) were analyzed after wheat harvest. Application of calcium/magnesium silicate reduces the potential acidity (H+ + Al3+) and Al3+ phytotoxic; and increases the soil pH, available Ca, Mg and Si, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil base saturation. Silicate application did not affect the available P, exchangeable K and availability of micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) in the three soils. The application of calcium/magnesium silicate in an acid clayey Rhodic Hapludox improves the development and yield of wheat; however, the silicate application in soil with pH higher to 5.3 and high Si availability does not affect the agronomic characteristics and grain yield of wheat.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>

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