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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

James, D. J., P. T. Green, W. F. Humphreys, and J. C. Z. Woinarski. "Endemic species of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Records of the Western Australian Museum 34, no. 2 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.34(2).2019.055-114.

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2

McCarthy, P. M. "The Trichotheliaceae of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Lichenologist 33, no. 5 (September 2001): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.2001.0343.

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AbstractTwenty-six taxa of Trichotheliaceae are reported from rock, bark and leaves on Christmas Island in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Trichothelium oceanicum P. M. McCarthy sp. nov., a common foliicolous species, is described.

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3

HOBBS, JEAN-PAUL A., ANTHONY M. AYLING, J. HOWARD CHOAT, JUSTIN J. GILLIGAN, CHRISTIAN A. MCDONALD, JOSEPH NEILSON, and STEPHEN J. NEWMAN. "New records of marine fishes illustrate the biogeographic importance of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Zootaxa 2422, no. 1 (April 9, 2010): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2422.1.6.

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Christmas Island is situated in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean on a biogeographic border where Indian and Pacific Ocean faunas meet. Detailed field studies in 2004, 2007 and 2008, of the island’s fish fauna revealed 30 new records from 15 families. For six families (Dasyatidae, Chanidae, Bramidae, Mugilidae, Siganidae, Molidae) this is the first time a species has been recorded at Christmas Island. Many of the newly recorded fishes appear to have recently colonised the island, and establishing populations will be dependent on the availability of suitable habitat and conspecific mates. These new records illustrate that Christmas Island is important for range expansion because it serves as a critical stepping-stone in the dispersal of Pacific Ocean species into the Indian Ocean and vice versa. Contact between Indian and Pacific Ocean sister species has also resulted in hybridisation at Christmas Island.

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4

Roth, Louis M. "The cockroaches (Blattaria) Of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)." Oriental Insects 34, no. 1 (January 2000): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.2000.10417254.

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5

New, TR. "The order Zoraptera (Insecta) from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Invertebrate Systematics 9, no. 2 (1995): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9950243.

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A new species of Zorotypus Silvestri, Z. lawrencei, sp.nov., is described from female specimens collected on Christmas Island, marking the first species of the insect order Zoraptera from an Australian territory.

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6

Andrews, C. W., Edgar A. Smith, H. M. Bernard, R. Kirkpatrick, and F. C. Chapman. "On the Marine Fauna of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 69, no. 2 (August 21, 2009): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1890.tb01710.x.

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7

Turner, Lucy M., J. Paul Hallas, Michael J. Smith, and Stephen Morris. "Phylogeography of the Christmas Island blue crab,Discoplax celeste(Decapoda: Gecarcinidae) on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 3 (May 25, 2012): 703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315412000598.

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The land crab,Discoplax celeste(Gecarcinidae) is endemic to Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. Due to a freshwater-dependant life history, in which the megalopae migrate from the ocean up freshwater streams to their adult terrestrial/freshwater habitat,D. celesteinhabits only a few isolated locations on the island. This restricted distribution is one of a number of factors which has previously highlighted the vulnerability of this species to outside threats. A number of anthropogenic factors including the introduction of multiple invasive species and habitat destruction have led to drastic ecosystem change on Christmas Island. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the restricted geographical distributions ofD. celestepopulations contribute to significant genetic structuring across Christmas Island, with an objective to inform future conservation strategies for this species on Christmas Island. Fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and the control region were sequenced from 95 individuals collected from all five locations on Christmas Island known to be inhabited byD. celeste. Analyses using analysis of molecular variance revealed no evidence of population sub-structuring, indicating that despite any geographical isolation, there is a single population ofD. celesteon Christmas Island. This lack of population differentiation is probably explained by the oceanic dispersal of larvae, rather than terrestrial migration ofD. celeste. Therefore, based on these results, for conservation purposes,D. celesteon Christmas Island can be considered a single management unit.

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8

Dunlop, J. N., C. A. Surman, and R. D. Wooller. "The marine distribution of seabirds from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Emu - Austral Ornithology 101, no. 1 (March 2001): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu00060.

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9

STEPHENSON, STEVEN L., and BARBARA C. STEPHENSON. "Distribution and ecology of myxomycetes on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Phytotaxa 416, no. 2 (September 10, 2019): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.416.2.2.

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A survey for myxomycetes was carried out on Christmas Island in May 2017. Specimens included those that had fruited in the field under natural conditions and those appearing in moist chamber cultures prepared with samples of dead plant material collected on the island. Fifty-nine species in 18 genera were recorded. Hemitrichia serpula was the most common species represented among field collections, whereas Arcyria cinerea, Diderma effusum, Lamproderma scintillans, Didymium squamulosum, Diderma hemisphericum and Diachea leucopodia were recorded the most often in moist chamber cultures. These new records bring the total number of species of myxomycetes known from Christmas Island to 68 species in 22 genera. The distribution and ecology of these species in relation to the various substrates available to them are discussed.

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10

Meek, Paul D. "The decline and current status of the Christmas Island shrew Crocidura Attentuata Trichura on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Australian Mammalogy 22, no. 1 (2000): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00043.

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The Christmas Island shrew (Crocidura Attentuata Trichura) is listed as an endangered species an Australian legislation. The cause of decline and its current status are unknown. In 1997-98 surveys were conducted at 15 sites on Christmas Island to determine the status of Crocidura Attentuata Trichura. During 17 months, 4,150 trap nights of surveys were conducted using Longworth traps, hair tubes and pitfall maps.

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11

Turner, Lucy M., Stephen Morris, and J. Paul Hallas. "Population Structure of the Christmas Island Blue Crab, Discoplax hirtipes (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae) on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Journal of Crustacean Biology 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1651/10-3420.1.

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12

Lister, J. J. "On the Natural History of Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 56, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 512–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1888.tb06727.x.

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13

Woodroffe, Colin D. "Relict mangrove stand on Last Interglacial terrace, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Journal of Tropical Ecology 4, no. 1 (February 1988): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002431.

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ABSTRACTA unique stand of mangroves of the genus Bruguiera occurs on the shore terrace at Hosnies Spring, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. The mangrove stand, of about 0.33 ha, occurs 120 m inland and over an elevational range of 13 m, from 24 to 37 m above sea level. It is flooded by freshwater from a spring which trickles over a partially-cemented calcsinter concretion gravel with mud. Trees reach 30–40 m high, and 80 cm diameter breast height. The size structure is bimodal with few trees in the 10–25 cm dbh size classes, but abundant propagules, seedlings and saplings. The shore terrace contains corals, some in their position of growth, and has been shown by Uranium-series dating to be Last Interglacial in age. Several alternative explanations of how the mangroves reached this site are examined. One explanation is that this stand of mangroves has persisted at the site for approximately 120,000 years since the Last Interglacial. While this cannot be proved it does appear that the stand is relict and is actively regenerating in this unusual location.

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14

Framenau, Volker W., and Melissa L. Thomas. "Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution." Records of the Western Australian Museum 25, no. 1 (2008): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.25(1).2008.045-085.

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15

Tidemann, CR, HD Yorkston, and AJ Russack. "The diet of cats, Felis catus, on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Wildlife Research 21, no. 3 (1994): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940279.

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Cats, Felis catus, were taken to Christmas Island (10�25'S,105�40'E) in the Indian Ocean at the time of first settlement in 1888 and a feral population became established soon thereafter. In 1988 a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate animals was present in the diet of these feral cats, but flying-foxes, Pteropus melanotus, fruit pigeons, Ducula whartoni, and introduced rats, Rattus rattus, together constituted 80% of their food intake by weight. Of the guts examined, 45% contained R. rattus, and this species accounted for 31% of food intake by weight. Less than 10% of cat guts contained P. melanotus and D. whartoni, but the large body weights of these species meant that by weight they made up 21% and 28% respectively. Mus musculus was found in 27% of guts examined, although it contributed only 2% by weight. It is likely that the large numbers of feral cats present in vegetative regrowth on mined areas are related to the ease with which all four primary prey species may be caught there. No evidence was found that cats are having a deleterious effect on native species and they may well be beneficial in stabilising the numbers of R. rattus, which itself can be a serious predator of nesting birds.

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16

Exon, N. F., M. D. Raven, and E. H. De Carlo. "Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts from the Christmas Island Region, Indian Ocean." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 20, no. 4 (October 2002): 275–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03608860290051958.

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17

Pickering, J., and C. A. Norris. "New Evidence Concerning the Extinction of The Endemic Murid Rattus macleari From Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Australian Mammalogy 19, no. 1 (1996): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am96019.

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Recently rediscovered material from the collections and archives of the Oxford University Museum throws new light on the disappearance of the endemic rat Rattus macleari from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), thought to have gone extinct between 1898 and 1908 as a result of diseases introduced by infected individuals of R. rattus. A collection of rats made by H.E. Durham in 1901-1902 reveals that R. macleari was present on Christmas Island at this time, although in lesser numbers than had been the case when the species was described in 1887. Also present in the collection are specimens of R. rattus, together with a number of rats which exhibit a mixture of characters from both R. rattus and R. macleari. Durham's notes on blood parasites in the Christmas Island rats reveal that in 1901-1902 both R. rattus and some specimens of R. macleari were heavily infested with trypanosomes. Notes deposited in the University Museum archives by Hanitsch (1923) show that R. macleari was no longer present on Christmas Island after 1904. As a result of the authors' observations on the Durham collection and the Hanitsch manuscript, it is proposed that the extinction of R. macleari occurred between 1901 and 1904. During this period, there is evidence for extensive interspecific hybridisation between R. macleari and R. rattus. The selective pressure for such hybridisation may have been parasitisation, resulting from the introduction of trypanosome-infected individuals of R. rattus in a cargo of hay in 1899.

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18

Wettenhall, Roger. "Decolonizing through integration: Australia’s off-shore island territories." Island Studies Journal 11, no. 2 (2016): 715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.376.

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Australia’s three small off-shore island territories – Norfolk Island in the Pacific Ocean and Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Group in the Indian Ocean – can be seen as monuments to 19th century British-style colonization, though their early paths to development took very different courses. Their transition to the status of external territories of the Australian Commonwealth in the 20th century – early in the case of Norfolk and later in the cases of Christmas and Cocos – put them on a common path in which serious tensions emerged between local populations which sought autonomous governance and the Commonwealth government which wanted to impose governmental systems similar to those applying to mainstream Australians. This article explores the issues involved, and seeks to relate the governmental history of the three island territories to the exploration of island jurisdictions developed in island studies research.

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19

Smith, Th E., and S. L. Stephenson. "A Preliminary Report on the Aerophytic Algae from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." International Journal on Algae 20, no. 1 (2018): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjalgae.v20.i1.40.

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20

ELDRIDGE, MARK D. B., PAUL D. MEEK, and REBECCA N. JOHNSON. "Taxonomic Uncertainty and the Loss of Biodiversity on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Conservation Biology 28, no. 2 (November 27, 2013): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12177.

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21

Randall, John E., and Gerald R. Allen. "Aseraggodes crypticus, a new Sole (Pleuronectiformes: Soleidae) from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Records of the Western Australian Museum 24, no. 1 (2007): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.24(1).2007.109-112.

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22

Shkol’nik, E. L., G. N. Baturin, and E. A. Zhegallo. "On the origin of phosphorites from Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean." Oceanology 48, no. 1 (February 2008): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0001437008010116.

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23

Coleman, Charles Oliver, and Laura Maturana Heinz. "A new Curidia (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Ochlesidae) from Christmas Island, Australia, Indian Ocean." Zoosystematics and Evolution 87, no. 2 (September 2011): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoos.201100002.

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24

Hayward, Philip. "Embodying the Anthropocene: Embattled crustaceans, extractivism, and eco-tourism on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)." Island Studies Journal 16, no. 1 (May 2021): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.145.

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Christmas Island, in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, remained uninhabited until 1888 when British entrepreneurs established a phosphate mining operation that has continued to the present. Over the last 132 years, the island has experienced a series of impacts that typify the effects of extractivism globally. Acquired by Australia in 1958, the island has also been the site of a major immigration detention centre, set up in 2006 to process and deter Asian asylum seekers. In recent decades, tourism has also been added to the economic mix in a form primarily orientated to the island’s distinct fauna, an enterprise that co-exists uneasily with established mining and internment operations. In these regards, the island has rapidly experienced a range of transnational pressures that have distorted and compromised its environment. As such, the island’s recent ‘biography’ exemplifies the impact and scale of integrated Anthropocene factors. Drawing on recent work on the nature of human ecodynamics, this article examines the character and role of the island’s eco-assets – and its crustaceans, in particular – in the emerging experience economy of eco-tourism, illustrating the tensions and instability underlying the latter and its awkward co-existence with mining and detention operations. In this manner, the article characterises the Anthropocene as the central determinant of the present and of possible futures for the island.

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25

Lai, Joelle C. Y., Hsi-Te Shih, and Peter K. L. Ng. "The systematics of land crabs of the genus Gecarcoidea and recognition of a pseudocryptic species, G. humei, from the eastern Indian Ocean (Crustacea : Decapoda : Gecarcinidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 31, no. 4 (2017): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is16052.

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The gecarcinid genus Gecarcoidea H. Milne Edwards, 1837 is currently represented by two species from the Indo-West Pacific – the widely distributed purple land crab, G. lalandii H. Milne Edwards, 1837, and the red crab endemic to Christmas Island, G. natalis (Pocock, 1889). One species, G. humei (Wood-Mason, 1874), described from the Nicobar Islands, has had a confused taxonomic history, but was treated as a junior synonym of G. lalandii by Türkay (1974) in his revision of the family. In this study, using molecular as well as morphological characters, we show that G. humei is a valid species. Gecarcoidea lalandii and G. humei have distinct non-overlapping distributions throughout much of their range, with G. lalandii occurring in most of South-east Asia and the West Pacific, while G. humei is known only from the eastern Indian Ocean. On Christmas Island, in the eastern Indian Ocean, however, all three species are present. As a result, Christmas Island is the only locality where all extant species of Gecarcoidea are found. The three species can also be separated by differences in live colours and patterns, as well as proportions of the carapace, male abdomen, ambulatory legs and third maxillipeds, and details of the orbits and male first gonopods.

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26

Ali, Jason R., Jonathan C. Aitchison, and Shai Meiri. "Redrawing Wallace’s Line based on the fauna of Christmas Island, eastern Indian Ocean." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa018.

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Abstract Based on a comprehensive literature survey, we determined the sources of the terrestrial vertebrate species on Christmas Island, asking where they originated relative to Wallace’s Line (the southern end of the divide lies 1100 km to the east, where the Lombok Strait adjoins the eastern Indian Ocean). The two bats, Pipistrellus murrayi and Pteropus natalis, are from the west. Concerning the endemic and ‘resident’ bird species, one is from the west (Collocalia natalis), four are from the east (Accipiter fasciatus, Egretta novaehollandiae, Falco cenchroides and Ninox natalis) and the other 15 are ambiguous or indeterminate. Most of the land-locked species are also from the east: rodents Rattus macleari and Rattus nativitatis, and squamates Cryptoblepharus egeriae, Emoia nativitatis and Lepidodactylus listeria. Additionally, two have westerly origins (Crocidura trichura and Cyrtodactylus sadleiri), one is ambiguous (Emoia atrocostata) and another is unknown (Ramphotyphlops exocoeti). West-directed surface currents that flow across the eastern Indian Ocean towards Christmas Island would have facilitated most of the land-animal colonizations. We therefore suggest that Wallace’s Line be redrawn such that the landmass is placed on the Australasian side of this fundamental biogeographical boundary.

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27

Green, P. T. "Greta's Garbo: stranded seeds and fruits from Greta Beach, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Journal of Biogeography 26, no. 5 (September 1999): 937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00351.x.

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28

Green, Peter T. "Litterfall in Rain Forest on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: Quantity, Seasonality, and Composition1." Biotropica 30, no. 4 (December 1998): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00108.x.

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29

Hobbs, J.-P. A., A. J. Frisch, T. Hamanaka, C. A. McDonald, J. J. Gilligan, and J. Neilson. "Seasonal aggregation of juvenile whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) at Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Coral Reefs 28, no. 3 (March 27, 2009): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0491-y.

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30

Wyatt, Kelly B., Paula F. Campos, M. Thomas P. Gilbert, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis, Wayne H. Hynes, Rob DeSalle, Peter Daszak, Ross D. E. MacPhee, and Alex D. Greenwood. "Historical Mammal Extinction on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) Correlates with Introduced Infectious Disease." PLoS ONE 3, no. 11 (November 5, 2008): e3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003602.

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31

Farran, George P. "Plankton from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean.-I. On Copepoda of the Family Coryeaeidae." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 81, no. 2 (August 20, 2009): 282–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1911.tb01929.x.

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32

POUPIN, JOSEPH, NICOLE CRESTEY, and JEAN-PAUL LE GUELTE. "Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano ‘Piton de la Fournaise’, in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)." Zootaxa 4497, no. 3 (October 9, 2018): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4497.3.3.

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Sesarmid crabs of the genus Karstarma Davie & Ng, 2007 are reported for the first time in the Western Indian Ocean: they were discovered in the lava tubes of the volcano ‘Piton de la Fournaise’, Réunion Island. A new species, morphologically similar to Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island, Eastern Indian Ocean, is recognized and described. A redescription of K. jacksoni is also provided. A second species is recognized, but being represented in the collection by a single juvenile, it cannot be identified to species level until more collections are made in the lava tubes. [Zoobank: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/C70A95B2-D667-491D-BD35-5DF32E3FFB08]

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33

Fritts, TH. "The common wolf snake, Lycodon aulicus capucinus, a recent colonists of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean." Wildlife Research 20, no. 2 (1993): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930261.

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The discovery of the common wolf snake, Lycodon aulicus capucinus, on Christmas I . in the Indian Ocean suggests that individuals of the species have colonised the island recently. On the basis of biological information for this widespread colubrid snake and for the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, a well-documented pest species on Guam, the establishment of the common wolf snake would pose a severe threat to the native fauna and ecology of Christmas I. Immediate research is needed to document the spread of the snake, to evaluate its effects on other fauna, and to control or eradicate the species before it becomes firmly established.

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34

Green, Peter T. "Red crabs in rain forest on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: activity patterns, density and biomass." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 1 (January 1997): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010221.

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ABSTRACTThe red crab Gecarcoidea natalis is the most abundant land crab on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, and is found wherever native rain forest is still intact. The largest crabs grow to > 120 mm carapace width and reach > 500 g in mass. Red crabs are diurnally active, and moisture appears to be the most important factor governing surface activity – activity was nil below 77% RH, relatively low at 87% RH, and high above 95% RH. The crabs retreat to the interior of their burrows during dry periods, but emerge rapidly in response to rain. Because of their dependence on moisture for surface activity, red crabs show greater levels of activity during the wet season. Annual breeding migrations and moulting activity decreased the density of surface-active crabs at the main study sites for several weeks at the start of the wet season, and fruit and leaf fall caused dramatic local increases in the density of active red crabs. Density and biomass at the main study sites averaged 1.3 crabs m-2 and 1454 kg ha-1, respectively, and 1.2 crabs m-2 and 1137 kg ha-1 at a total of five sites across the island. Rough calculations suggest that the island-wide population is at least 100 million individuals. Red crabs are the dominant consumer on the forest floor, and consume seeds, seedlings and leaf litter. Because they are both abundant and widespread, these animals have the potential to be the most important determinant of pattern and process in rain forest on Christmas Island.

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35

Falloon, Trevor J., Kaj Hoernle, Bruce F. Schaefer, Ilya N. Bindeman, Stanley R. Hart, Dieter Garbe-Schonberg, and Robert A. Duncan. "Petrogenesis of Lava from Christmas Island, Northeast Indian Ocean: Implications for the Nature of Recycled Components in Non-Plume Intraplate Settings." Geosciences 12, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12030118.

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Lava samples from the Christmas Island Seamount Province (CHRISP) record an extreme range in enriched mantle (EM) type Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope signatures. Here we report osmium isotope data obtained on four samples from the youngest, Pliocene petit-spot phase (Upper Volcanic Series, UVS; ~4.4 Ma), and four samples from the earlier, Eocene (Lower Volcanic Series, LVS; ~40 Ma) shield building phase of Christmas Island. Osmium concentrations are low (5–82 ppt) with initial Os isotopic values (187Os/188Osi) ranging from (0.1230–0.1679). Along with additional new geochemical data (major and trace elements, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, olivine δ18O values), we demonstrate the following: (1) The UVS is consistent with melting of shallow Indian mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) mantle enriched with both lower continental crust (LCC) and subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) components; and (2) The LVS is consistent with recycling of SCLM components related to Gondwana break-up. The SCLM component has FOZO or HIMU like characteristics. One of the LVS samples has less radiogenic Os (γOs –3.4) and provides evidence for the presence of ancient SCLM in the source. The geochemistry of the Christmas Island lava series supports the idea that continental breakup causes shallow recycling of lithospheric and lower crustal components into the ambient MORB mantle.

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36

Green, Peter. "Mammal extinction by introduced infectious disease on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): the historical context." Australian Zoologist 37, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2013.011.

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37

Shipley, Arthur E. "4. Notes on a Collection of Gephyrean Worms formed at Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 67, no. 1 (August 21, 2009): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1899.tb06844.x.

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38

Tidemann, C. R. "Notes on the flying-fox, Pteropus melanotus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Australian Mammalogy 10, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am87018.

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39

BRUCE, A. J., and P. J. F. DAVIE. "A new anchialine shrimp of the genus Procaris from Christmas Island: the first occurrence of the Procarididae in the Indian Ocean (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)." Zootaxa 1238, no. 1 (June 21, 2006): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1238.1.2.

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A fifth species of the anchialine shrimp genus Procaris is described from Christmas Island, northeast Indian Ocean. This marks the first record of the Procarididae from the Indian Ocean. The closest known congeneric species, and the only other known from the Indo-West Pacific region, is P. hawaiiana Holthuis, 1973, from Hawaii. The new species can be separated from other described species by its angular fifth abdominal pleuron, having the medial eye lobe longer than the lateral, and by having a distolateral tooth on the scaphocerite. A cladistic analysis suggests the new species is sister to the clade containing the Pacific, P. hawaiiana, and the Atlantic P. chacei.

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Kornicker, Louis, William Humphreys, and Dan Danielopol. "Description of the anchialine ostracode, Danielopolina sp. cf. D. kornickeri from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Crustaceana 79, no. 1 (2006): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854006776759734.

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Krieger, Jakob, Ronald Grandy, Michelle M. Drew, Susanne Erland, Marcus C. Stensmyr, Steffen Harzsch, and Bill S. Hansson. "Giant Robber Crabs Monitored from Space: GPS-Based Telemetric Studies on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)." PLoS ONE 7, no. 11 (November 14, 2012): e49809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049809.

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Neo, Mei Lin, and Jeffrey K. Y. Low. "First observations of Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) (Bivalvia: Heterodonta: Cardiidae) in Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)." Marine Biodiversity 48, no. 4 (March 11, 2017): 2183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0678-3.

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Taneja, Rajat, Craig O'Neill, Mark Lackie, Tracy Rushmer, Phil Schmidt, and Fred Jourdan. "40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology and the paleoposition of Christmas Island (Australia), Northeast Indian Ocean." Gondwana Research 28, no. 1 (August 2015): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.04.004.

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Linton, Stuart M., Reinhard Saborowski, Alicia J. Shirley, and Jake A. Penny. "Digestive enzymes of two brachyuran and two anomuran land crabs from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 184, no. 4 (February 25, 2014): 449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00360-014-0815-2.

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45

Anagnostou, C., and C. D. Schubart. "Evidence for a single panmictic and genetically diverse population of the coconut crab Birgus latro (Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) on Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 6 (2017): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16031.

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For the coconut crab Birgus latro, Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean may be one of the last retreats where populations of this declining species are not threatened by overharvesting, as on many other mostly tropical Indo-Pacific islands within the species’ wide range. Nevertheless, the population on Christmas Island has experienced severe losses during the past decade owing to habitat destruction and road mortality. To assess the population’s evolutionary potential and identify the number of conservation units, we conducted a combined morphometric and population genetic analysis using microsatellite markers. The findings suggest that the population is genetically diverse and panmictic. Neither genetic nor morphometric analyses revealed any population substructuring. There was no genetic evidence for sex-biased dispersal. Single-sample estimators for the effective population size (Ne) ranged from 492 to infinity, with very wide confidence intervals; they should therefore be viewed with caution. It would be advisable to reanalyse Ne, preferably by temporal methods. Despite mixed results, there is stronger evidence against rather than for the occurrence of a recent genetic bottleneck. So far, the population of B. latro on Christmas Island may be considered as a single conservation management unit, this way simplifying future conservation efforts taken for this magnificent species.

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Andrew, Paul, Hal Cogger, Don Driscoll, Samantha Flakus, Peter Harlow, Dion Maple, Mike Misso, et al. "Somewhat saved: a captive breeding programme for two endemic Christmas Island lizard species, now extinct in the wild." Oryx 52, no. 1 (November 30, 2016): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001071.

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AbstractAs with many islands, Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean has suffered severe biodiversity loss. Its terrestrial lizard fauna comprised five native species, of which four were endemic. These were abundant until at least the late 1970s, but four species declined rapidly thereafter and were last reported in the wild between 2009 and 2013. In response to the decline, a captive breeding programme was established in August 2009. This attempt came too late for the Christmas Island forest skink Emoia nativitatis, whose last known individual died in captivity in 2014, and for the non-endemic coastal skink Emoia atrocostata. However, two captive populations are now established for Lister's gecko Lepidodactylus listeri and the blue-tailed skink Cryptoblepharus egeriae. The conservation future for these two species is challenging: reintroduction will not be possible until the main threats are identified and controlled.

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ŠEVČÍK, JAN, and LÁSZLÓ PAPP. "New Afrotropical and Oriental species of Micrepimera Matile (Diptera: Keroplatidae)." Zootaxa 3128, no. 1 (December 13, 2011): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3128.1.3.

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Two new species of Robsonomyiini (Diptera: Keroplatidae: Macrocerinae), Micrepimera berentiana sp. n. and M. pandastica sp. n., are described from southern Madagascar and northern Vietnam, respectively. This is the first record of this tribe in the Afrotropical region and from mainland Asia. Both the new species differ from M. punctipennis Matile (described from Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean) mainly in wing coloration, structure of antennae, and details of the male terminalia.

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Marshall, John F., and Malcolm T. McCulloch. "Evidence of El Niño and the Indian Ocean dipole from Sr/Ca derived SSTs for modern corals at Christmas Island, eastern Indian Ocean." Geophysical Research Letters 28, no. 18 (September 15, 2001): 3453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001gl012978.

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Stephenson, S. L., Yu K. Novozhilov, and I. S. Prikhodko. "A new species of Physarum (Myxomycetes) from Christmas Island (Australia)." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 54, no. 2 (2020): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2020.54.2.397.

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A new species of Physarum (Myxomycetes), described herein as P. australiense, appeared on a sample of aerial litter in a moist chamber culture prepared as part of a survey of the myxomycetes of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. The morphology of representative sporocarps was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy, and micrographs of relevant morphological details of sporocarps and spores are provided. The species is characterized by distinct and unique morphological features, including brownish-red lime knobs or large squamae on the surface of the single layered peridium, a limeless brittle, black stalk, a large clavate columella that attains the center of the sporotheca, and a capillitium with large white angular or rod-like nodes. The combination of these characteristics makes P. australiense a well-defined morphospecies when compared to all other species of Physarum. In addition to the morphological description, partial sequences of three genetic markers of this new species (SSU, EF1α, and COI) were obtained and submitted to GenBank. Phylogeny, based on the small ribosomal subunit gene (SSU), indicates an affinity of the new species with P. bogoriense and P. hongkongense.

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DAVIE, PETER J. F., and PETER K. L. NG. "A review of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new sibling-species from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Guam and Taiwan." Zootaxa 3609, no. 1 (January 25, 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.1.1.

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The identity of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851), previously considered widespread in the tropical West Pacific re-gion to the eastern Indian Ocean, is revised and found to be a species-complex. Chiromantes obtusifrons is now considered endemic to the Hawaiian Is., and four new species are described from Guam, Taiwan and Christmas Island. Two species live sympatrically in Taiwan. Species separation is based on carapace and frontal shape and granulation, leg proportions, abdominal somite proportions, and distinctive live colouration.

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