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1
Mostello, Carolyn S., and Sheila Conant. "Diets of native and introduced apex predators in Hawai'i." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 1 (2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17042.
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We report here on the diets of four apex predators in Hawai‘i: the native pueo or Hawaiian short-eared owl (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) and three introduced species, the barn owl (Tyto alba pratincola), the feral cat (Felis catus) and the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus). To better understand dietary relationships between these predators, we studied diet, focusing on areas where they occur together. We collected disgorged owl pellets, and cat and mongoose faecal scats from eight areas located on five of the main Hawaiian Islands and identified prey items to the lowest possible taxonomic level. All species consumed rodents, birds, and arthropods, and the mammal species also included plants in their diets. The two owl species and the cat preyed primarily on rodents, whereas small cockroaches predominated in the diet of the mongoose. Diets of the owl species and the cat, but not the mongoose, varied significantly between areas. Dietary overlap was highest between the pueo and the barn owl and lowest between the owl species and the mongoose. Although barn owls took more rats than pueo, there was no evidence that the two owl species partitioned house mouse prey by size. On islands where there are no mongoose, both owls took a greater proportion of large arthropods in their diet, suggesting that mongoose reduced the abundance of the arthropod species that owls commonly took. There was no significant difference in pueo diets before and after introduction of the barn owl.
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Milchev, Boyan. "Dietary comparison of coexisting barn owl (Tyto alba) and eagle owl (Bubo bubo) during consecutive breeding seasons." Animal Biology 66, no. 2 (2016): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002499.
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Coexistence of predator species often depends on behaviours or preferences that result in spatio-temporal reduction of competition. In this study, the diets of coexisting barn owls (Tyto alba) and eagle owls (Bubo bubo) in an agricultural landscape of SE Bulgaria were compared. White-toothed shrews (Crociduraspp.), voles (Microtusspp.) and mice (Musspp.) were the main prey of barn owl (86.3% by number, 81.2% by biomass) with significantly different frequencies in annual diets. The principle biomass (64.8 ± 6.2%) of the significantly different eagle owl annual diets comprised much heavier prey such as white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus), European hare (Lepus europaeus) and non-passerine birds of wetlands and open habitats. The two owl species preferred and hunted on different prey size groups in the same territory, and this difference explained the low level of food competition (6.0 ± 3.6% diet overlap according to prey biomass). Voles were the only prey of the two owls with significantly different frequencies for the annual diets in intraspecies comparisons. The proportions of voles in both diets showed similar trends during the study. Eagle owl predation on barn owls was slightly affected by their coexisting breeding despite the high levels of food stress of eagle owl. These findings provide insight into how preying habits can predict successful coexistence of potentially competing predator species.
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Nadeem, Muhammad Sajid, Syed Israr Shah, Amjad Rashid Kayani, Syed Muhammad Khalid Imran, and Tariq Mahmood. "A comparative study of the diets of barn owl (Tyto alba) and spotted owlet (Athene brama) inhabiting Ahmadpur East, Southern Punjab, Pakistan." Animal Biology 62, no. 1 (2012): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075511x597593.
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AbstractThe diets of the barn owl (Tyto alba) and the spotted owlet (Athene brama) inhabiting the periphery of the Cholistan Desert at Ahmedpur East, southern Punjab were compared. Pellets of the two owl species were analyzed to learn more about their diets. The barn owl mainly consumed Suncus murinus (60.2%), birds (24.1%) and rodents (12.7%), while the spotted owlet depended on Mus species (36.8%), Suncus murinus (20.1%), birds (14.1%), reptiles (8.9%) and insects (6.7%) for its food. There was a low degree of food overlap of the two owls among the seasons.
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Leader, Zohar, Yoram Yom-Tov, and Uzi Motro. "Diet Comparison Between Two Sympatric Owls—Tyto Alba and Asio Otus—in the Negev Desert, Israel." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 56, no. 2 (May 6, 2010): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.56.2.207.
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We studied the diets of the barn owl Tyto alba and the long-eared owl Asio otus in an arid region in the northern and central Negev Desert, Israel. The diet of the two owl species consisted mainly of small mammals, but the long-eared owl consumed a significantly larger proportion of birds in all seasons than did the barn owl. Seasonal differences in the proportion of birds in the diet of the long-eared owl were mainly due to the consumption of migratory birds. Diet composition of each of the two species resembled more the diet of its conspecifics from other locations in that region and other seasons rather than that of the other species from the same location or season. This indicates that these two owl species do not consume prey in proportion to its availability, but prefer certain types of prey over others.
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Milchev, Boyan, and Nikolay Spassov. "First evidence for carrion–feeding of Eurasian Eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) in Bulgaria." Ornis Hungarica 25, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2017-0005.
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Abstract Three cases of carrion-feeding with remains of artiodactyls (0.3%, n=1104 samples with food remains) have been documented in a long term diet study of Eurasian Eagle-owls (Bubo bubo) in 53 localities at Southeastern Bulgaria. Bone pieces of a sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Carpa hircus), a Fallow Deer (Dama dama) and a Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa dom.) in three Eurasian Eagle-owl breeding localities (5.7%) prove extremely rare feeding on carrion. Northern White-breasted Hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus), rats (Rattus sp.), waterbirds and gallinaceous birds (total 59.5-72.6% by biomass) constituted the main portion of the diets with carrion remains. The comparisons between food niche breadths, diet composition, average prey biomass and values of superpredation of the annual diets in the three localities have not supported the carrion-feeding of the Eurasian Eagle-owl as a result of food shortages.
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Cooke, Raylene, Rohan Bilney, and John White. "Potential competition between two top-order predators following a dramatic contraction in the diversity of their prey base." Animal Biology 61, no. 1 (2011): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075511x554400.
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AbstractTwo sympatric native top-order predators, the sooty owl (Tyto tenebricosa tenebricosa) and powerful owl (Ninox strenua) coexist throughout much of their range in south-eastern Australia. Following European settlement, however, major changes in resource availability for these predators potentially resulted in increased competition, especially for food. This study examined ecological attributes of both species, including intersexual differences in the sooty owl, potential resource partitioning and whether competition may be occurring. Dietary overlap was high between female sooty owls and powerful owls (0.90), compared to overlap between male sooty owls and powerful owls (0.67), with three mammalian species contributing over 74% of their diets. Sooty and powerful owls coexisted throughout the study region, regularly roosting within the same vegetation types, and in similar locations, although microhabitat differences were apparent. Sooty owls displayed aseasonal breeding, although a peak in fledging in spring coincided with powerful owl breeding. Both species exclusively nested in similar size mountain grey gums (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa), however, hollow characteristics differed slightly. Significant divergence along a single niche dimension was not detected between powerful and sooty owls, as they had similar diets, habitat usage and activity times, potentially resulting in competition. Reproductive output was low for both species, however, the degree to which competitive interactions influenced this remains unknown. To minimise potential competition, longterm feral predator control and improved habitat management is recommended to increase the density and diversity of small terrestrial mammals, as this should result in diversification of the sooty owl diet, reducing dietary overlap with powerful owls.
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Gungor, Umut, Ergun Bacak, and Vedat Beskardes. "Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus)’s winter diets in northwestern Turkey (Thrace)." Forestist 71, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/forestist.2020.20021.
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Bosakowski, Thomas, and Dwight G. Smith. "Comparative diets of sympatric nesting raptors in the eastern deciduous forest biome." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 984–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-140.
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Diets and food-niche metrics of nesting raptors were studied in the eastern deciduous forest biome of northern New Jersey, southeastern New York, and northwestern Connecticut. Raptor diets were determined from 2506 prey individuals recovered from prey remains and pellets collected from nest sites of a community consisting of five hawk and four owl species. Food-niche overlaps were higher on average in the hawk guild (0.422) than in the owl guild (0.342), correlating with increased species packing and decreased body size differences in the hawk guild. Differences in activity times (diurnal versus nocturnal) did not result in reduced food-niche overlap between diurnal and nocturnal raptors. The lack of interference-type competition probably allowed greater exploitative-type competition but was offset by nearly exclusive use of certain prey types by several raptor species. Thus, temporal niche differences ultimately did aid in the resource partitioning of food between hawks and owls. Overall, the forest raptor community displayed significant food-niche overdispersion, with 35 of 36 food-niche overlap values below the 0.6 "competition" threshold. This result would be expected in a community structured by competition.
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Bontzorlos, Vasileios A., Salvador J. Peris, Cristos G. Vlachos, and Dimitrios E. Bakaloudis. "Barn OwlTyto albaPrey in Thessaly, and Evaluation of Barn Owl Diets Throughout Greece." Ardea 97, no. 4 (December 2009): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5253/078.097.0431.
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Tumiel, Tomasz, and Paweł Mirski. "Diet of boreal owl (Aegolius funereus) in lowlands of north-eastern Poland." Slovak Raptor Journal 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/srj-2018-0002.
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Abstract Although studies on many owl species diets are common, there are only scarce data on the diet of the boreal owl from the lowlands of Eastern Europe. We have therefore studied its diet in one of the most important Polish population areas, the Knyszyńska Forest (north-eastern Poland). Pellets were gathered between February and June in 2006, 2012–2016 from tree hollows and the ground underneath. Altogether 178 pellets and six sets of pellet fragments were collected from 19 different sites. Eight mammal and eight bird species were identified among the 213 prey items found in the gathered material. Small mammals dominated, both in prey number (88.3%) and biomass (85.1%). Bank vole proved to be the main prey (over 40% of prey numbers), while Microtus voles (27.3%), small passerine birds (11.7%) and shrews (7.5%) were important alternative prey. Diet range proved to be similar to other sites in Europe.
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Dupal, T. A., and V. M. Chernyshov. "Small mammals in the diets of the Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) and Short-eared Owl (A. flammeus) in the south of Western Siberia." Russian Journal of Ecology 44, no. 5 (September 2013): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1067413613040048.
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Zhao, Wei, Mingqin Shao, Naifa Liu, and Sen Song. "Diets of little owls and long-eared owls in Northwestern China." Animal Biology 58, no. 2 (2008): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075608x328044.
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AbstractWe compared diets of little owls (Athene noctua) and long-eared owls (Asio otus) in the Minqin Desert in northwestern China. Based on prey numbers, little owls fed mainly on mammals (51.0%) and beetles (46.9%), whereas long-eared owl fed almost exclusively on mammals (96.4%). Based on biomass, both species fed mainly on mammals. Mus musculus, Cricetulus barabensis and Meriones meridianus were the three most common mammals taken by both species. Seasonal variation was found in the diets of both species. Food niche breadth was 3.4 for little owls vs 2.9 for long-eared owls. Dietary overlap between the two species was 49.6%, but varied from 4.0% in April to 96% in January. Dietary overlap of mammals was 97.9%, indicating that both owls fed on similar rodent assemblages. Mean mass of prey was 25.8 ± 22.7 g for long-eared owls and 15.5 ± 22.7 g for little owls. The mean length of tibias of mammals in pellets also indicted that, on average, long-eared owls (18.1 ± 5.6 mm) took larger prey than little owls (16.2 ± 4.7 mm).
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Stenkewitz, Ute, Beryl Wilson, and Jan F. Kamler. "Seasonal comparisons of Barn Owl diets in an agricultural and natural area in central South Africa." Ostrich 81, no. 2 (July 8, 2010): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2010.488423.
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Shin, Dong-Man, Jeong-Chil Yoo, and Da-Mi Jeong. "Spatial Variation of Eurasian Eagle-Owl Diets in Wetland and Non-Wetland Habitats in West-Central Korea." Journal of Raptor Research 47, no. 4 (December 2013): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3356/jrr-13-00006.1.
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Alivizatos, Haralambos, and Vassilis Goutner. "Diet composition, guild structure and trophic relationships of wintering birds of prey in an estuarine wetland (The Evros Delta National Park, Greece)." Ecologica Montenegrina 39 (January 14, 2021): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2021.39.3.
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Seven species of birds of prey studied in the Evros Delta National Park belong to a common assemblage of a trophic guild. However, their diet study revealed different groups of feeding niches. A cluster analysis provided three groups with very similar diets: The eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) and greater spotted eagle (Clanga clanga) constituted a group feeding mainly on birds with their diets including 96% (13 bird species) and 98% (16 bird species), by number respectively, most bird prey being water birds. A second group, characterized by a considerable variety of prey types dominated by small mammals and birds, included the western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) (67% mammals, 27% birds -at least 12 species ), black kite (Milvus migrans) (46% mammals, 39% birds -at least 11 species) and common buzzard (Buteo buteo) (birds 36% -at least 7 species, mammals 22%). In all three species, birds dominated by biomass, whereas other prey such as arthropods (mainly insects), amphibians and reptiles had a low contribution by mass where they occurred. A third group included the common barn owl (Tyto alba), feeding mainly on small mammals (97%, at least 12 species) and little owl (Athene noctua). The little owl’s diet consisted of mammals (29%, -at least 6 species), birds (5% -at least 7 species) and, though insects preponderated by number (64%), mammals were dominant by biomass in both owls. Diversity indices estimated on class level were low, ranked as B. buteo > M. migrans > A. noctua > C. aeruginosus > A. heliaca = T. alba > A. clanga. Dietary similarities may be partly due to common habitat preferences and the role of other potential factors to niche partitioning is discussed.
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Khalafalla, Suzanne M., and Carlos A. Iudica. "Barn and Long-Eared Owl Diets: A Comparative Study from Central Pennsylvannia and a Key for Identification of Prey Items." Northeastern Naturalist 17, no. 1 (March 2010): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.017.0112.
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Dernekbaşı, Seval. "Potential of Using Peanut Oil as Alternative to Fish Oil for European Seabass Diets (Dicentrarchus Labrax) in Recirculated Systems." Alinteri Journal of Agricultural Sciences 36, no. 1 (February 6, 2021): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21017.
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Tancharoenrat, P., V. Ravindran, and G. Ravindran. "Influence of cereal type and fat source on the performance and fat utilisation of broiler starters." Animal Production Science 55, no. 1 (2015): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13375.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of cereal type and fat source on performance and utilisation of fat in young broiler chickens. The experimental design was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, which included three cereals (wheat, maize or sorghum) and two fat sources (soybean oil or tallow). Broiler starter diets, based on each cereal and supplemented with 60 g/kg of soybean oil or tallow, were fed during the 21-day experimental period. Weight gain was increased (P < 0.05) with soybean oil supplementation compared with tallow supplementation in wheat- and maize-based diets, but was unaffected (P > 0.05) by fat source in sorghum-based diets. Feed per gain was lower (P < 0.05) in birds fed soybean oil diets than those fed tallow-supplemented diets. Coefficients of total tract retention and ileal apparent digestibility of fat were higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed soybean oil diets than in those fed tallow-supplemented diets. Overall, the results suggest that the effect of fat source on weight gain of broiler starters differed depending on the cereal base used, and that soybean oil is a better fat source than tallow for young broilers.
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Ijaiya, A. T., I. C. Alamede, and R. A. Erhnuanga. "Replacement value of rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) meal for full-fat soya bean meal on performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters of broilers." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 38, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v38i2.2790.
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Rubber seed meal (RSM) contains about 28.63% CP but also high in CF (20%). Rubber seed cake was extruded after the extraction of rubber seed oil from the Rubber Seed oil processing Department of Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Ben in-City. The rubber seed cake was then milled to produce RSM. Soya bean meal (SBM) was prepared by processing sun-dried soya bean seeds in a combined toaster, grinder and extruder. The experiments reported in this study were to investigate the utilization of RSM as a replacement for SBM in the diers of broilers. In the first experiment, 225 seven days'-old broiler chicks of Anak strain were randomly allotted to live dietary treatments Ty T2, T3, T4 and I's which had 100% SBM: 0% RSM, 75% SBM: 25% RSM, 50% SBM: 50% RSM, 25% SBM: 75% RSM and 0% SBM: 100% RSM respectively. The CP level was set at 24% and energy level at 2900kcal/kg. The birds were further subdivided into three replicates of 15 birds each. The trial lasted for 28 days. In the second experiment, design and feed formulation were similar but the CP level was set at 21% and energy at 2700kcal/kg. 225 five weeks old broiler chicks from the first experiment were fed the broiler finisher diets. At the end of the oth week 2 birds were randomly selected from each of the replicates for carcass, organ weight and haematological evaluation. In experiment 1. feed intake of the birds on diets containing RSM up to 75% inclusion level compared favourably with the control (0%RSM). In the second experiment, feed intake increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level of RSM inclusion up to 75% Body weight gain, FCR and nutrients digestibility of birds fed diets containing RSM up to 50% inclusion level compared favourably with the control (0%RSM). The relative dressing percentage, heart weight and haematological parameters of the birds fed different levels of RSM based diets were comparable. The weight of the gizzard increased significantly (P<0.05) with increased level RSM inclusion. Dietary inclusion of RSM reduced the cost of producing 1 kg of feed. Therefore, RSM can be used to replace SBM ar 50% inclusion level in the diers of broilers without any deleterious effect.
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Magowan, E., M. E. E. McCann, V. E. Beattie, K. J. McCracken, R. Bradford, and C. S. Mayne. "The effect of method of dietary oil application on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009893.
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Oil supplementation of by-product based diets is a common method of increasing the energy content of pig diets to levels equivalent to those of cereal-based diets (Overland et al 1999). However, by-product based diets supplemented with oil have been reported to reduce feed intake and digestible energy intake when compared with cereal-based diets (Magowan et al 2004). It is not known whether this effect occurs as a result of the higher levels of fibre in by-product-based diets or as a result of a reduction in palatability arising from the inclusion of oil in the pellet. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of method of vegetable oil blend application (either incorporated directly into the pellet (IN), or sprayed on after pelleting (SP)) on the performance and carcass characteristics of commercially housed finishing pigs.
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Trautwein, Elke A., Angelika Kunath-Rau, Juliane Dietrich, Stephan Drusch, and Helmut F. Erbersdobler. "Effect of dietary fats rich in lauric, myristic, palmitic, oleic or linoleic acid on plasma, hepatic and biliary lipids in cholesterol-fed hamsters." British Journal of Nutrition 77, no. 4 (April 1997): 605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970060.
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Effects of different dietary fats on plasma, hepatic and biliary lipids were determined in male golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) fed on purified diets for 7 weeks. Diets were made by blending different fats containing characteristic fatty acids: butter (14:0 + 16:0), palm stearin (16:0), coconut oil (12:0 + 14:0), rapeseed oil (18:1), olive oil (18:l) and sunflowerseed oil (18:2). In all diets except the sunflowerseed oil diet dietary 18:2 was held constant at 2% energy. Total fat supplied 12% of energy and cholesterol was added at 4 g/kg diet. Plasma cholesterol and triacyglycerol concentrations were increased by dietary cholesterol. After 7 weeks, plasma cholesterol concentrations were highest with the palm Stearin, coconut oil and olive oil diets (8·9, 8·9 and 9·2 mmol/l) and lowest with the rapeseed oil and sdowerseed oil diets (6·7 and 5·5 mmol/l) while the butter diet was intermediate (8·5 mmol/l). Hepatic cholesterol concentration was highest in hamsters fed on the olive oil diet and lowest with the palm stearin diet (228v. 144 µmol/g liver). Biliary lipids, lithogenic index and bile acid profile of the gall-bladder bile did not differ significantly among the six diets. Although the gallstone incidence was generally low in this study, three out of 10 hamsters fed on the palm stearin diet developed cholesterol gallstones. In contrast, no cholesterol gallstones were found with the other diets. Rapeseed and dowerseed oils caused the lowest plasma cholesterol and triacyglycerol concentrations whereas olive oil failed to demonstrate a cholesterol-lowering effect compared with diets rich in saturated fatty acids. Since 18:2 was kept constant at 2% of energy in all diets, the different responses to rapeseed and olive oils could possibly be attributed to their different contents of 16:0 (5·6 %v. 12·8% respectively). Other possible explanations are discussed.
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Barszcz, Marcin, Anna Tuśnio, Marcin Taciak, Jolanta Paradziej-Łukowicz, Marek Molenda, and Andrzej Morawski. "Effect of the Composition and Autoclave Sterilization of Diets for Laboratory Animals on Pellet Hardness and Growth Performance of Mice." Annals of Animal Science 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0064.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effect of modifications of ingredient composition and autoclaving of feeds for laboratory animals on pellet hardness and growth performance of mice. Composition of two breeding diets, containing either casein or soybean meal as the main protein sources, was modified by a change of wheat to maize proportions, or by oil and/or fibre supplementation (in casein containing diets only). The diets were pelleted and autoclaved at 121°C for 20 min. Pellet hardness of nonautoclaved soya diets was smaller than of casein diets except for those supplemented with oil. Oil supplementation tended to reduce or reduced pellet hardness of nonautoclaved but not of autoclaved diets whereas change of cereal proportion and type of fibre had no effect. Autoclaving increased pellet hardness of all diets, cancelled softening effect of oil supplementation of nonautoclaved casein diets and reduced difference between casein and soya containing diets. Pellet hardness was correlated with fat, fibre, starch, ash and phosphorus content. In mice, total consumption of autoclaved diets was greater than of nonautoclaved diets. Body weight was not affected by diet whereas it was decreased by autoclaving only in the 3rd and 6th week of experiment, the differences being of a very small magnitude. Growth of male mice depended on nutrient content, especially fibre, ash, phosphorus and energy, whereas body weight of females was highly correlated with phosphorus content. The dependencies differed between weeks of experiment
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McCann, M. E. E., E. Magowan, V. E. Beattie, K. J. McCracken, S. Smyth, and C. S. Mayne. "The effect of oil supplementation and method of application on the overall digestibility of diets for finishing pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200009881.
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By-product-based diets generally contain lower levels of energy than cereal-based diets due to higher levels of fibre (Bakker et al., 1995). Supplementation with oil is a common method of improving the digestible energy content of by-product-based diets and it has been reported that this practice may also improve energy digestibility. However, the results of McCann et al., (2004) suggested that the method of oil application to finishing pig diets may affect the digestibility of dietary nutrients. The aim of this experiment was to compare apparent digestibility coefficients determined in finishing pigs offered either by-product based diets or cereal-based diets, with and without vegetable oil blend supplementation applied using two different methods (either directly incorporated into the pellet (IN) or sprayed (SP) on after pelleting).
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WHITE, B. G., J. R. INGALLS, H. R. SHARMA, and J. A. McKIRDY. "THE EFFECT OF WHOLE SUNFLOWER SEEDS ON THE FLOW OF FAT AND FATTY ACIDS THROUGH THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF CANNULATED HOLSTEIN STEERS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-043.
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Four cannulated (rumen, abomasum and ileum) Holstein steers were randomly allotted to four experimental diets in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Diets contained (1) 4% sunflower oil (SFO); (2) 10% whole sunflower seeds (WSS); (3) 20% WSS and (4) 10% canola meal (LFCM). Dysprosium was used to calculate the flow of the particulate digesta through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The ratio of rumen acetate to propionate was increased (P < 0.05) when the LFCM diet was fed compared to when the three oil- or seed-containing diets were fed; there were no differences (P < 0.05) among the oil- or seed-containing diets. Apparent output of fat from the rumen compared to dietary intake was increased (P < 0.05) for all diets except SFO. Differences in fatty acid flow among the four diets diminished (P < 0.05) as the fat flowed through the GI tract. There was a decreased (P < 0.05) output of linoleic acid and an increased (P < 0.05) output of stearic and palmitic acids in the rumen compared to the dietary intake. The three oil diets had a higher (P < 0.05) flow of octadecanoic acids through the GI tract than the LFCM diet, and only the flow of stearic acid through the rumen differed (P < 0.05) among the three oil diets. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and energy were not different (P < 0.05) among the four diets. Fiber digestibility was unaffected by the increasing fat levels. Fat digestion coefficients increased with increasing dietary intake of fat, and calculated true digestibility of sunflower oil was 83.4%. Key words: Sunflower seeds (whole), fatty acid flow, gastrointestinal tract (lower)
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Tsiplakou, Eleni, and Georgios Zervas. "The effect of dietary inclusion of olive tree leaves and grape marc on the content of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in the milk of dairy sheep and goats." Journal of Dairy Research 75, no. 3 (June 2, 2008): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029908003270.
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Olive tree leaves (OTL) and grape marc (GM) are by-products with high linolenic (LNA) and linoleic (LA) acid content, respectively, which can be used as dietary ingredients to increase the cis-9 trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk fat in sheep and goats. An experiment was conducted with 16 Friesian ewes and 16 Alpine goats to study the effect of OTL and GM inclusion in sheep and goat diets on their milk fatty acid profile, with emphasis on cis-9, trans-11 CLA and vaccenic acid (VA). Ewes and the goats were fed the control (C) diets from parturition to the 90 days in milk (DIM) and then both groups were divided into two sub-groups (treatments). The control groups of both species continued to be fed the C diets, whereas the treated groups were gradually switched over a 2-week period (DIM=91–105) from the C diets to that of treatment 1, which contained air-dried OTL. These OTL diets were fed ad libitum for 1 month (DIM=106–135). After that period, the same treated groups, after 2 weeks of gradual adaptation (DIM=136–150), were switched to treatment 2, which contained air-dried GM. The GM diets were fed ad libitum for 1 month (151–180 DIM). Concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and mono-unsaturated fatty acids increased significantly in milk fat of sheep fed OTL v. C. For goats, only the PUFA in milk fat was increased by feeding OTL compared with C. Relative to C, GM increased significantly the concentration of PUFA only in milk fat of sheep. OTL and GM diets increased the cis-9, trans-11 CLA and VA content in milk fat, compared with C, only in sheep. GM caused a sharp increase in 18:0 only in sheep milk fat, while the OTL diet increased significantly the 18:0 in milk fat of goats. GM and OTL diets also had opposite effects on the 18:1/18:0 ratio of sheep milk fat. In conclusion, OTL and GM, when included in sheep diets altered the milk fatty acid profile with a pronounced increase in cis-9, trans-11 CLA and VA contents. The results show that the response of sheep and goats to OTL and GM diets was different, suggesting a species difference that needs further investigation.
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Farwer, Sandra R., Bernardus C. J. Der Boer, Edward Haddeman, Gerardus A. A. Kivits, Antoon Wiersma, and Berry H. J. C. Danse. "The vitamin E nutritional status of rats fed on diets high in fish oil, linseed oil or sunflower seed oil." British Journal of Nutrition 72, no. 1 (July 1994): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940015.
Full textAbstract:
Twelve groups of eight rats and two control groups of sixteen rats were given semisynthetic diets with 40% energy as fat for a period of 76 d. All diets contained a minimum of 3% energy as linoleic acid and comparable basal levels of D-α- and D-γ-tocopherol. The diets varied in fat composition and in the content of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. The diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were either rich in fish oil (FO; groups 1–4; 10% energy as fish oil PUFA), linseed oil (LN; groups 1–4; 10% energy as α-linolenic acid) or sunflower seed oil (SF; groups 1–4; 10 + 3% energy as linoleic acid). The control groups were given a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; CO 1; 10 + 13% energy as oleic acid) or a diet with an ‘average’ linoleic acid content (CO 2; 8.5% energy as linoleic acid). Of each high PUFA diet three groups were supplemented with graded levels of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. Steatitis, a sensitive histopathological indicator of vitamin E deficiency in animals fed on diets rich in fatty acids with three or more double bonds, was observed only in the adipose tissue of the FO groups, even in the group with the highest DL-α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. Liver and serum α- tocopherol levels were found to be positively correlated and liver and serum γ-tocopherol levels negatively correlated with dietary DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. The groups on the FO diets had significantly reduced liver and serum tocopherol levels in comparison with the groups on the other high-PUFA diets. With the supplementation scheme used for the FO groups the liver α-tocopherol levels of both control groups were reached but the serum control levels were not.
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Hogan, JP, LJ Cook, and P. Davis. "The nutritional value of rice pollard for sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 3 (1988): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880525.
Full textAbstract:
An investigation has been made of the nutritional value for lambs of diets containing rice pollard from which varying amounts of oil were extracted. The preparations were pelleted with equal amounts of wheaten hay to provide diets containing per kg, 12, 56, 80 and 107 g oil. A fifth diet was also prepared containing 106 g oil, and an additional 2.5 g calcium carbonate/kg. The diets were offered ad libitum to 46 crossbred lambs for 83 days, body weight changes being recorded over the final 53 days. Digestion in the stomach and intestines of similar lambs with fistulae in the rumen and abomasum was also measured with three diets. In the lamb growth experiment, no consistent effects of oil content or additional calcium were observed on feed intake, which ranged from 1.02 to 1.16 kg/day, on weight gain (1 11-148 &/day) or on feed conversion (7.9 - 9.2 kg feed per kg gain). Digestion studies with diets containing hay plus pollard alone, supplemented with calcium carbonate or with the pollard-oil extracted, indicated no differences in the digestibility of organic matter or aciddetergent fibre. However, appreciable grains of nitrogen in the rumen which occurred with the first two diets ensured that the quantities of crude protein apparently digested in the intestines were equivalent to 93-98% of protein intake. The corresponding value for the oil-extracted diet was only 66% of intake. Fibre digestibility, 250-320 g/kg intake, was not significantly different between diets. With the two nonextracted diets, a net loss of oil approximating 760 g/kg consumed occurred in the digestive tract, whereas with the extracted diet slightly more oil was excreted in the faeces than the amount consumed.
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Mutanen, Marja, Riitta Freese, Liisa M. Valsta, Irma Ahola, and Antti Ahlström. "Rapeseed Oil and Sunflower Oil Diets Enhance Platelet In Vitro Aggregation and Thromboxane Production in Healthy Men when Compared with Milk Fat or Habitual Diets." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 67, no. 03 (1992): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1648446.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryIn this highly controlled trial, 26 normolipidemic men (average age 28 years, range 18 to 60) were fed a baseline diet high in milk fat (MF) (fat 36% of energy, saturates 19%, monounsaturates 11%, polyunsaturates 4%), followed by a diet high in sunflower oil (SO) (fat 38% of energy, saturates 13%, monounsaturates 10%, polyunsaturates 13%) and another diet high in low erucic-acid rapeseed oil (RO) (fat 38% of energy, saturates 12%, monounsaturates 16%, polyunsaturates 8%). All diets were mixed natural diets with the same cholesterol contents. The baseline milk fat diet was given for 14 days and the oil diets for 24 days in a blind cross-over design. The platelet in vitro aggregation (slope %/min) induced by 1, 2 and 3 pM ADP and collagen (25 pg/ml PRP) was highly significantly (p <0.001) increased after both oil diets when compared with the results from the milk fat diet. The aggregation pattern determined by threshold collagen concentration confirmed increased collagen sensitivity of the platelets after the rapeseed oil diet (p <0.001). The enhancement of platelet aggregation was associated with increased in vitro platelet thromboxane production after the oil diets vs. the milk fat diet (p <0.05 after the sunflower oil diet and p <0.001 after the rapeseed oil diet).
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Rustan, A. C., E. N. Christiansen, and C. A. Drevon. "Serum lipids, hepatic glycerolipid metabolism and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in rats fed ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids." Biochemical Journal 283, no. 2 (April 15, 1992): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2830333.
Full textAbstract:
Rats were fed, for 3 weeks, high-fat (20% w/w) diets containing sunflower-seed oil, linseed oil or fish oil. Chow-fed rats were used as a low-fat reference. The high-fat diets markedly reduced non-fasting-rat serum triacylglycerol as compared with the low-fat reference, and the highest reduction (85%) was observed with the fish-oil group, which was significantly lower than that of the other high-fat diets. The serum concentration of phospholipids was significantly reduced (30%) only in the fish-oil-fed animals, whereas serum non-esterified fatty acids were reduced 40-50% by both the fish-oil- and linseed-oil-fed groups. The liver content of triacylglycerol showed a 1.7-fold increase with the fish-oil diet and 2-2.5-fold with the other dietary groups when compared with rats fed a low-fat diet, whereas the hepatic content of phospholipids was unchanged. Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation (acyl-CoA oxidase) was 2-fold increased for the rats fed fish oil; however this was not significantly higher when comparison was made with rats fed the linseed-oil diet. There was no difference in phosphatidate hydrolysis (microsomal and cytosolic fractions) among animals fed the various diets. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was increased by all high-fat diets, but the fish-oil-diet-fed group showed a significantly lower enzyme activity than did rats fed the other high-fat diets. A linear correlation between acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity and liver triacylglycerol was observed, and the microsomal enzyme activity was decreased 40-50% by incubation in the presence of eicosapentaenoyl-CoA. CoA derivatives of arachidonic, linolenic and linoleic acid had no inhibitory effect when compared with the control. These results indicate that dietary fish oil may have greater triacylglycerol-lowering effect than other polyunsaturated diets, owing to decreased triacylglycerol synthesis caused by inhibition of acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase. In addition, increased peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation and decreased availability of non-esterified fatty acids could also contribute by decreasing the amounts of fatty acids as substrates for triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion.
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Gasparini, Marta Juliane, Simone Fernanda Nedel Pertile, Rafaela Machado dos Santos, José Victor Pronievicz Barreto, Marilice Zundt, Edson Luis Azambuja Ribeiro, Caliê Castilho, Luiz Fernando Coelho Cunha Filho, and Fabíola Cristine de Almeida Rego. "Carcass and meat quality of lambs fed with sunflower seed or oil." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): e682997667. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i9.7667.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to compare the use of sunflower seeds and oil as a fat source in the diets of finishing lambs. Twelve crossbred Santa Inês × Dorper lambs, with an average initial weight of 22.10 ± 3.82 kg were housed in individual pens and divided into two treatments: diets with sunflower seeds or oil. The total diet of both groups contained 33% roughage (tifton grass hay 85) and 67% concentrate. The proportion of sunflower oil and seeds in the total dry matter of the diets was 1.83% and 5.51%, respectively for the treatments oil and seed. The experimental period lasted for 75 days. The animals were slaughtered when they reached an average live weight of 35 kg. The carcass and meat variables were not different between the treatments studied. The presence of oil or sunflower seeds in the diets, both with a high level of concentrate (67%), did not influence the pH values of the meat, with average values of 5.8 and 5.6, respectively. The use of 5.5% sunflower seed, or 1.8% sunflower oil, as fat sources in diets of crossbred Santa Inês X Dorper lambs in finishing, were effective to obtain quality meat and carcasses.
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Rodenhuis, Mary A., Faithe E. Keomanivong, Marc L. Bauer, and Kendall C. Swanson. "Effect of grain type and dried distillers grains plus solubles oil concentration on site of digestion in cattle fed finishing diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 98, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2017-0164.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of grain type (rolled corn vs. rolled barley) and oil concentration of dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS; moderate = 7.9% vs. low = 4.5% ether extract) on site of digestion. Seven ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein steers (716 ± 8.9 kg) were used in a 4 × 7 Youden square with experimental periods of 24 d. True ruminal organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility (% of intake) as well as intestinal (% of entering duodenum) and total tract starch digestibility was greater (P ≤ 0.03) in steers fed diets containing barley than in steers fed diets containing corn. Ruminal disappearance and ruminal, intestinal, and total tract OM, CP, and starch digestibility were not influenced (P ≥ 0.11) by feeding diets containing DDGS with differing oil concentration. Total tract lipid digestibility (%) was greater (P < 0.001) in steers fed diets containing moderate-oil DDGS than low-oil DDGS. These data indicate that including a low-oil DDGS, as compared with a moderate-oil DDGS, in finishing diets containing rolled corn or rolled barley does not influence intake or site of digestion of nonlipid components.
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Jones, Peter J. H. "Effect of fatty acid composition of dietary fat on energy balance and expenditure in hamsters." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 994–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-156.
Full textAbstract:
The comparative effects of feeding diets containing corn, olive, coconut, or menhaden fish oil on efficiency of energy deposition and on short term energy expenditure were examined in growing hamsters. Diets comprising oils mixed with laboratory diets at 10% oil w/w were fed ad libitum for 3 weeks. Animals fed laboratory diets were used as controls. Body composition was determined before and after the feeding period using 3H2O distribution space. Oxygen consumption was measured in each animal during the final week. Weight gains of groups fed corn and olive oil diets exceeded those of the group fed laboratory diet alone (p < 0.05), although metabolizable energy intakes were similar across groups. Corn oil fed animals demonstrated higher carcass energy gains as fat compared with laboratory diet fed or menhaden oil fed groups. This was reflected in an increased fractional deposition of metabolizable energy intake in the group fed corn oil diet compared with the latter two groups. Fecal energy losses were lower in the group fed corn oil diet, and higher in the group fed laboratory diet alone, compared with other groups. Oxygen consumption did not differ between groups. These findings indicate that feeding dietary fish oil, compared with corn oil, favours energy substrate oxidation reducing the fraction of metabolizable energy partitioned for storage.Key words: energy balance, energy expenditure, dietary fatty acids, hamster.
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Sousa, R. V., E. T. Fialho, J. A. F. Lima, J. I. Alvarez-Leite, W. C. Cortez, and M. S. S. Ferreira. "Effect of different oils in diets for finishing pigs: performance, carcass traits and fatty acid profile of the meat." Animal Production Science 50, no. 9 (2010): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09138.
Full textAbstract:
An experiment was carried out in the Animal Science Department of Lavras University to determine the effects of different oils on the performance, carcass traits and fatty acid profile of meat from finishing pigs. In total, 80 Large White × Landrace animals, including 40 gilts and 40 barrows, with an average initial weight of 68.50 ± 1.45 kg, were used. Isoenergetic, isoprotein and isolysinic diets based on corn and soybean meal without the addition of oil or with 2% soybean oil, canola oil, linseed oil or PUFA commercial oil were tested. No significant (P > 0.05) effects were observed in the pigs’ performance. However, significant (P < 0.05) improvements were observed regarding the percentage of meat on the carcass and the loin area with the addition of linseed oil (2%) in the diets. The carcasses of the pigs fed diets containing linseed oil also had higher content of protein in the femoral biceps muscle compared with those from pigs fed soybean oil diets. The fatty acid composition of the intramuscular fat of the longissimus dorsi muscle reflected the composition of the oils added to the diets. In conclusion, linseed oil at 2.0% in the finishing pig diet improved lean tissue accretion (lean meat and loin area in the carcass). In addition, the fatty acid deposition in the muscles followed the dietary fatty acid profile.
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Jalc, D., A. Potkanski, M. Szumacher-Strabel, A. Cieslak, and M. Certik. "Effect of microbial oil, evening primrose oil and borage oil on rumen fermentation in vitro." Veterinární Medicína 50, No. 11 (March 28, 2012): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5652-vetmed.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of microbial oil, evening primrose oil and borage oil on rumen fermentation of a diet consisting of 80% of hay and 20% of barley in an artificial rumen (Rusitec). All three oils contained gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), microbial oil – 8.4%, evening primrose oil – 9.2% and borage oil – 23.7% out of the total fatty acid content. The experiment in Rusitec lasted 11 days. After a stabilization period (5 days), microbial oil (5% wt/wt) was added into fermentation vessel V<sub>2</sub>, evening primrose oil (5% wt/wt) into V<sub>3</sub> and borage oil (5%wt/wt) into V<sub>4</sub> (6 days). Fermentation vessel V<sub>1</sub> served as a control (without oils). The results showed that the oils did not affect any of the basal parameters of rumen fermentation (pH, NH<sub>3</sub>-N, degradation of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre). Methane production (mmol/day) was reduced numerically by the oils; microbial oil, evening primrose oil and borage oil decreased CH<sub>4</sub> production about 11.32%, 11.45% and 2.04%, respectively. The supplementation of the oils to the total mixed ration (TMR) significantly decreased percentage proportions of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA, about 0.1–0.3%), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA, about 8%) and increased long-chain fatty acids (LCFA, about 8%) in the effluent. Stearic acid C<sub>18:0</sub> was the major FA in the effluent and was significantly reduced in oil supplemented diets. The percentage proportion of trans C<sub>18:1</sub> isomers significantly increased (1.7–2 times) in all oil supplemented diets. The main intermediates – cis 9, trans 11 C<sub>18:2</sub> (CLA) and trans 11 C<sub>18:1 </sub>(TVA) also increased after oil supplementation of the diet. TVA concentration with microbial oil, evening primrose oil and borage oil supplementation was 3.17%, 8.19% and 9.3% in comparison with the control (1.38%). CLA concentration significantly increased 2.3, 1.2, and 2.1 times after microbial oil, evening primrose oil and borage oil supplementation in Rusitec. Finally, the oil supplementation caused incomplete biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA and it was characterized by an increase in TVA concentration and TVA to C<sub>18:0</sub> ratio in oil supplemented diets.
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Earl, Lesley K., Paul Baldrick, and Paul A. Hepburn. "A 13-Week Feeding Study in the Rat with Shea Oleine and Hardened Shea Oleine." International Journal of Toxicology 21, no. 1 (January 2002): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810252825984.
Full textAbstract:
Shea oleine is an oil fraction derived from the nut of the tree, Butyrospermum parkii, which grows in central and western Africa. There are several uses of shea oleine, including its use as a cooking oil and, after hardening, in margarine and toffee fat. As part of a series of studies, a 13-week rat feeding study was conducted in which groups of Colworth-Wistar rats (15 male and 15 female) were fed 27.5% total fat semipurified diets containing 20% (w/w) shea oleine (SU) or hardened shea oleine (SH). Equivalent groups of rats were fed either 20% ( w/w) palm oil (PU), soyabean oil (BU), or the hardened (hydrogenated) equivalents (PH and BH, respectively). Assessments of body weight, food and water intake, clinical pathology, organ weights, and macroscopic histopathology were carried out. Results showed that shea oleine diets produced similar biological effects to palm oil and and soyabean oil diets. A slightly reduced body weight gain was noted in rats fed either of the shea oleine diets in comparison with palm oil and soyabean oil. The process of hardening had no significant impact on the normal growth in rats fed shea oleine, although minor differences compared with un-hardened diets comprised some small changes in clinical chemistry parameters, raised fiver weight, and less liver lipid. In addition, raised alkaline phosphatase and an increase in food intake were noted in rats fed SH. All diets were well tolerated in the growing rat and none of the findings in the study were considered to be adverse.
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Guimarães, Rita de Cássia Avellaneda, Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo, Cláudia Leite Munhoz, Wander Filiu, Luís Henrique Viana, Vanessa Taís Nozaki, and Priscila Aiko Hiane. "Sesame and flaxseed oil: nutritional quality and effects on serum lipids and glucose in rats." Food Science and Technology 33, no. 1 (March 26, 2013): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612013005000029.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated the nutritional value of sesame and flaxseed oils and their effects on the lipid and glucose profile of rats fed diets containing different fat combinations. Fatty acid composition, refractive index, and iodine and saponification values were analyzed to characterize the oils. In the biological assay, Wistar rats were fed different diets, whose fat composition consisted of varying combinations of flaxseed oil, sesame oil, and animal fat. The primary constituents of the sesame oil were oleic (28.6%), linoleic (28.4%), and lauric acid (14.6%); for the flaxseed oil they were alpha-linolenic (39.90%), oleic (17.97%) and linoleic acid (12.25%). The iodine and saponification values of the oils were within the reference range. Rats fed flaxseed oil-based diets had the lowest serum cholesterol values, whereas rats fed diets with flaxseed oil + sesame oil + animal fat had the highest glucose levels. HDL levels decreased significantly with flaxseed oil. Sesame and flaxseed oils are sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and the flaxseed oil-based diet had a hypocholesterolemic effect, whereas sesame oil showed oxidative stability since it contains high levels of monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids.
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Jankowski, J., J. Juśkiewicz, P. Zduńczyk, M. Kosmala, H. Zieliński, Z. Antoszkiewicz, and Z. Zduńczyk. "Antioxidant status of blood and liver of turkeys fed diets enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids and fruit pomaces as a source of polyphenols." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2016-0012.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIt was hypothesized that dietary polyphenol-rich fruit pomaces can improve the antioxidant status of both diets and the tissues of turkeys fed such diets. Turkeys were fed diets containing a cellulose preparation (C) or 5% dried apple pomace (AP), blackcurrant pomace (BCP), strawberry pomace (SP) and seedless strawberry pomace (SSP). Blood and liver biochemical parameters were determined in 7 birds from each experimental group slaughtered at 15 weeks of age, after 5 weeks of feeding diets containing soybean oil and linseed oil (approx. 1:1 ratio). Dietary linseed oil added to diets at 2.5% lowered the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio from approx. 7:1 to below 2:1, thus reducing the antioxidant properties of diets measured using DPPH, ABTS and photo-chemiluminescence assays, compared with diets containing only soybean oil and administered to birds in the first phase of feeding. Fruit pomaces, in particular SSP with the highest polyphenol content (32.81 g/kg) and the highest antioxidant activity (256.4 μM Trolox/g), increased the antioxidant capacity of turkey diets. In comparison with the control group, the dietary treatments with fruit pomaces improved blood antioxidant parameters, including catalase activity (groups AP and BCP), the total antioxidant capacity of hydrophilic (group AP) and lipophilic (groups AP, SP, and SSP) compounds, peroxide levels (groups AP and SSP) and antioxidant capacity measured by the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power of plasma) assay (groups AP, BCP and SSP). Significantly lower concentrations of both vitamin E and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were noted in the livers of turkeys fed all diets with dried fruit pomaces.
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Büyükkılıç Beyzi, S., M. Gorgulu, H. R. Kutlu, and Y. Konca. "The effects of dietary lipids and roughage level on dairy goat performance, milk physicochemical composition, apparent transfer efficiency and biohydrogenation rate of milk fatty acids." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 4 (May 2020): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859620000568.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe study was conducted to investigate the effects of fish or palm oil diets with different roughage levels on dairy performance, milk physicochemical composition and apparent transfer efficiency of fatty acids (FA) in goat milk. The experiment was conducted with 40 Aleppo goats with a mean parity of 2.53 ± 0.8 (multiparous), mean initial body weight of 47.23 kg and 25 ± 5 days in milk which were allocated to four (2 × 2) experimental diets with two oil sources (fish or palm oil) at 25.6 g/kg of dietary dry matter and forage levels (400 or 600 g/kg). The experimental data were analysed by repeated measures analysis, using the MIXED procedure. The concentrations of saturated FA decreased with high forage level and fish oil diets; however, the fish oil diets caused an increase in C14 saturated FA. Fish oil diets with high roughage levels more efficiently increased conjugated linoleic acid, n-6 (18 : 2), and n-3 (20 : 5). The apparent transfer efficiency of 18 : 1, 18 : 2, 18 : 3 and 20 : 5 decreased and the transfer efficiency of 22 : 6 increased with the use of fish oil in the diet. The roughage level did not affect the apparent transfer efficiency of 18 : 1 and 18 : 2, but the low roughage level increased the apparent transfer efficiency of 20 : 5. High roughage diets improved milk quality parameters through increasing eicosapentaenoic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), PUFA/saturated FA and atherogenicity index, thus it was concluded that dietary roughage level could be considered as an important designator of milk quality when a supplement of fish oil and palm oil was supplied to goats.
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Lee, Kyu-Ho, J. M. Olomu, and Jeong S. Sim. "Live performance, carcass yield, protein and energy retention of broiler chickens fed canola and flax full-fat seeds and the restored mixtures of meal and oil." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-105.
Full textAbstract:
Two experiments were conducted to assess the use, in broiler diets, of full-fat canola and flax seed or their restored mixtures of seed meals and oils. The first experiment compared raw and heated full-fat canola and flax seeds, and mixtures of the meals with the corresponding oils or animal tallow (ratios of 6:4, respectively), each added at 10% to the diet. The second experiment evaluated the raw full-fat seeds or mixtures of the meals with canola oil or animal tallow, added at 10 and 20% to the diets. Each experiment lasted 6 wk. Heat treatment did not significantly affect performance (P > 0.05). Dry matter and protein retention, and bird mortality were not influenced by dietary treatments. Diets containing 10 or 20% full-fat canola or canola meal plus oil mixtures resulted in similar body weight, feed conversion and carcass yield as the soybean meal control diet. In the first experiment, the inclusion of full-fat flaxseed depressed body weight, feed conversion and dietary metabolizable energy (ME) while the flax meal plus flax oil containing diets gave responses similar to the canola meal diets. In exp. 2, increasing the level of flax seed or flax meal plus oil mixture to 20% further depressed body weight and feed conversion. The ME and feed conversion efficiency of birds fed the full-fat seed containing diets were less than those obtained from birds fed the meal plus oil diets, but only significantly so for the flax diets. The type of fat fed with the meal had no effects on the responses of the birds. Key words: Chickens, canola, flax, heating, carcass yield, protein retention, metabolizable energy
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Zimonja, O., A. Stevnebø, and B. Svihus. "Nutritional value of diets for broiler chickens as affected by fat source, amylose level and diet processing." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas07044.
Full textAbstract:
Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of fat source, fat level, amylose level and processing technique on technical pellet quality and broiler performance. In both experiments wheat-barley-based diets were either pelleted or expanded and pelleted using the same production conditions. In exp. 1 soy oil and akofeed fat at inclusion levels of 25 and 50 g kg-1, respectively, were tested. Akofeed fat containing diets resulted in significant (P < 0.001) improvement in pellet durability compared with soy oil containing diets under both processing methods and both fat levels. As a consequence of higher content of amylose-lipid complexes, feeding the akofeed fat containing diets resulted in significant reduction (P < 0.05) of starch digestibility at jejunual level. In exp. 2, three barley cultivars with varying amylose content were tested. Total tract starch digestibility was higher (P < 0.0001) for normal amylose (NA) containing diets compared with low amylose (LA) and high amylose (HA) containing diets. In vitro results, however, showed highest starch degradation for LA diets compared with NA and HA diets, indicating that the in vitro method did not seem to be a good predictor of starch digestibility for broiler chickens. Key words: Starch; Barley; Amylose-lipid complex; Akofeed fat; Soy oil; Expander-pelleting treatment
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Barbosa, Andréa, C. Scapinello, N. E. Souza, M. A. A. F. Barbosa, Daniela Brito, and E. K. Koguishi. "Utilization of different vegetable oil sources in diets and the fat acids profile in the growing rabbits meat1." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 20, no. 3-4 (2004): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0404151b.
Full textAbstract:
To evaluate the addition of 3% of C.A.N.O.L.A. oil, corn oil and soybean oil to the diets on the chemical composition of rabbits meat, 100 animals were slaughtered, among them 20 with 35 days old and 40 animals with 50 and 70 days old. The slaughtered animals with 35 days old were from broods whose mothers, since the birth received the same experimental diets evaluated after 70 days old. After the slaughter, the right leg meat of each animal was collected and, in each group, receiving the respective experimental diets, were grouped in three composed samples to posterior chemical analysis. The experimental design was in factorial scheme 4x3 (four diets versus three ages) with three replication and 36 analyzed samples. The fatty acids profile deposited in the meat reflects the composition in the experimental diet. The oil addition to the diets, independent of the source decreased the saturated fatty acids level and increased the unsaturated fatty acids in the rabbits meat with the age advance. Particularly, the diet with C.A.N.O.L.A. oil provided the meat with higher monounsaturated fatty acids level and ?3 and lower ?6, resulting in the lower ?6: ?3 ratio.
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WACHIRA, A. M., L. A. SINCLAIR, R. G. WILKINSON, K. HALLETT, M. ENSER, and J. D. WOOD. "Rumen biohydrogenation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effects on microbial efficiency and nutrient digestibility in sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 135, no. 4 (December 2000): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699008370.
Full textAbstract:
The study examined the extent to which n-3 PUFA from different sources were biohydrogenated in the rumen and their effects on rumen microbial efficiency and whole tract nutrient digestibility. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated wether lambs were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. Four iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets based on dried grass were formulated to provide similar fat levels (60g/kg DM) from different sources; Megalac (palmitic acid: C16:0; Control), whole linseed (α-linolenic acid, C18:3n-3 ; Linseed) fish oil (eicosapentaenoic acid, C20:5n-3, EPA and docosahexaenoic acids C22:6n-3, DHA; Fish oil) and whole linseed plus fish oil providing equal amounts of oil (LinFish). Diets were offered at a rate of 1·2kg/day in 12 equal portions.Total fatty acid intake was similar on all diets whilst duodenal fatty acid flow varied between 101, 94, 87 and 90% of dietary intake for animals fed the Control, Linseed, Fish oil and Linfish diets respectively. Duodenal flow of C18:3 n-3 in animals fed the Linseed diet was twice that of animals fed the Control diet (P < 0·01) whilst animals fed the Fish oil diet had a significantly greater flow of EPA and DHA than those fed any of the other dietary treatments. Duodenal flow of trans C18:1 in animals fed the Linfish diet was significantly greater than that in animals fed either Linseed, Fish oil or Control diets (P < 0·001). Biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 was 80 to 93% in all diets whilst that of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 was 72 to 79% in diets that contained fish oil or linseed and fish oil. Apparent fatty acid digestibility (duodenum to rectum) tended to be greater for unsaturated than saturated fatty acids whilst whole tract fatty acid digestibility (mouth to rectum) was significantly greater in animals fed diets containing fish oil (P0·05). All dietary n-3 PUFA sources decreased microbial protein synthesis and efficiency when expressed as either gN/kg organic matter (OM) apparently or truly degraded in the rumen. Additionally, the inclusion of fish oil increased the proportion of propionate in the rumen whilst depressing the rumen digestibility of OM and fibre (P < 0·01), but had no significant effect on whole tract OM or fibre digestibility.
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Lara, L. J. C., N. C. Baião, C. A. L. Aguilar, S. V. Cançado, M. A. Fiuza, and B. R. C. Ribeiro. "Effect of lipid sources of diets on broiler performance." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 57, no. 6 (December 2005): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352005000600014.
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A completely randomized design with six replicates of 30 birds per experimental unit was used to evaluate the effect of five fat sources of diets (soybean oil, poultry fat, acidulated soybean oil soapstock and a mix of soybean oil plus poultry fat and soybean oil plus acidulated soybean oil soapstock) on the performance of male Ross broilers, during the growing period (1-45 days of age). The diets for each phase were isonutritional. Broilers fed on soybean oil showed higher weight gain in comparison to the birds fed on diets containing acidulated soybean oil soapstock (P<0.05), but no differences were observed among the other treatments. The feed intake of birds fed on soybean oil was higher compared to the birds fed on acidulated soybean soapstock diet and mix of soybean oil plus acidulated soybean oil soapstock diet. No treatment effect was observed for feed:weight gain ratio and viability. Soybean oil diet resulted in better broiler performance in comparison to acidulated soybean oil soapstock diet.
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Miret, S., M. P. Sáiz, and M. T. Mitjavila. "Effects of fish oil- and olive oil-rich diets on iron metabolism and oxidative stress in the rat." British Journal of Nutrition 89, no. 1 (January 2003): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002737.
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The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of fish oil (FO)- and olive oil (OO)-rich diets on Fe metabolism and oxidative stress. Rats were fed for 16 weeks with diets containing 50 g lipid/g; either OO, maize oil (MO) or FO. OO or MO diets contained a standard amount (100 m/g) of all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate. FO diets were supplemented with 0, 100 or 200 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetat/g (FO-0, FO-1 or FO-2 diets, respectively). At the end of the feeding period, we measured non-haem Fe stores in liver and spleen, and erythrocyte and reticulocyte count. We also determined antioxidants and products derived from lipid peroxidation in plasma and erythrocytes. Our results showed reduced non-haem Fe stores in rats fed any of the FO diets. Reticulocyte percentage was higher in the rats fed FO-0 and FO-1. Plasma α-tocopherol was very low in rats fed the FO-0 diet. Rats fed the FO-1 and FO-2 diets showed higher α-tocopherol in plasma than the FO-0 group but lower than the MO or OO groups. We did not observe such differences in the α-tocopherol content in erythrocyte membranes. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were lower in the erythrocytes of rats fed the FO-0 diet. The products derived from lipid peroxidation were also higher in the FO groups. The administration of FO-rich diets increased lipid peroxidation and affected Fe metabolism. On the other hand, the OO-rich diet did not increase oxidative stress and did not alter Fe metabolism. Based on these results, we conclude that FO supplementation should be advised carefully.
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Hodgkin, D. D., R. D. Gilbert, P. J. Roos, L. B. Sandberg, and R. J. Boucek. "Dietary lipid modulation of connective tissue matrix in rat abdominal aorta." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 262, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): R389—R394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.3.r389.
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Dietary lipid modulation of structural and passive mechanical properties of isolated rat abdominal aortic segments were assessed during the early developmental period. Rats were raised from conception to 90 days of age on semisynthetic diets containing various types and amounts of lipids. Aortic segments from three groups of rats fed high-fat diets (15%, wt/wt) consisting of olive oil, corn oil, or lard as the sole lipid sources were compared with those from rats fed a low-fat control diet containing corn oil (5%, wt/wt). Morphometric analysis of the tunica media demonstrated that rats raised on diets with a relatively low polyunsaturated fatty acid content (olive oil and lard) had greater numbers of elastic lamellae than rats raised on diets with opposite fatty acid indexes (high- and low-fat corn oil). Changes in elastin content of the tunica media, determined biochemically, paralleled those seen by morphometric analysis of the elastic lamellar number. Altered dietary fatty acid ratios were also associated with changes in smooth muscle cell number. In this regard, a decreased cellular density was observed in the olive oil and lard diets compared with the corn oil diet. The olive oil diet was unique amongst the dietary lipid regimens in raising, whereas the lard-containing diet lowered, indexes of aortic tissue elasticity. These results demonstrate an effect of chronic feeding of high dietary fat on the composition and biomechanical properties of the connective tissue matrix of abdominal aortic rings from young Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Agboola, Adebisi, Babatunde Omidiwura, and Jeremiah Olurinola. "Influence of four dietary oils on selected blood constituents in egg-type chickens." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 62, no. 3 (2017): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1703251a.
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The enrichment of eggs with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly with omega-3 fatty acids, has attracted the attention of both researchers and the food industry, because these fatty acids are essential for normal body development and play an important role in the prevention of heart diseases. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of four dietary oils on selected blood metabolites in egg-type chickens. One hundred and five (105) Isa Brown laying hens at 34 weeks of age were used and the study lasted for 6 weeks in a completely randomised design. Hens were randomly allotted to seven dietary treatments namely: basal diet (T1), basal diet + 1.5% palm oil (T2), basal diet + 1.5% soybean oil (T3), basal diet + 1.5% sesame seed oil (T4), basal diet + 1.5% fish oil (T5), basal diet + 0.75% soybean oil + 0.75% fish oil (T6) and basal diet + 0.75% sesame seed oil + 0.75% fish oil (T7). The treatments had 5 replicates of 3 hens each. Blood samples (5mls) were collected from the jugular vein of a bird per replicate for serum and haematological parameters. There were no significant differences observed in packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell, lymphocyte, heterophils and basophils of birds on experimental diets but diets had an influence (P<0.05) on the monocytes, eosinophils and platelets of birds. Monocytes of birds on the control diet were similar to those of birds on T3 (basal diet + 1.5% soyabean oil) but significantly (P<0.05) higher than monocyte counts for birds on other diets. Eosinophils of birds on the experimental diets were similar except for those on T4 (basal diet + 1.5% sesame seed oil) with significantly higher eosinophil values compared with others. A similar trend was observed in platelets of birds on the experimental diets. There were no significant differences observed in triglycerides, high density lipoproteins and cholesterol of birds on experimental diets. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) of birds on the control diet was similar to those recorded for birds on different dietary oils supplemented diets except for those on T6 (basal diet + 0.75% soybean oil + 0.75% fish oil) with significantly (P<0.05) reduced LDL. It can be concluded that dietary oils combination of 0.75% soybean oil + 0.75% fish oil could be effective in reducing serum low density lipoprotein in laying birds.
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Osmond, Angelisa T. Y., Michael T. Arts, Jennifer R. Hall, Matthew L. Rise, Richard P. Bazinet, Roberto E. Armenta, and Stefanie M. Colombo. "Schizochytrium sp. (T18) Oil as a Fish Oil Replacement in Diets for Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effects on Growth Performance, Tissue Fatty Acid Content, and Lipid-Related Transcript Expression." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041185.
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In this study, we evaluated whether oil extracted from the marine microbe, Schizochytrium sp. (strain T18), with high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), could replace fish oil (FO) in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three experimental diets were tested: (1) a control diet with fish oil (FO diet), (2) a microbial oil (MO) diet with a blend of camelina oil (CO) referred to as MO/CO diet, and (3) a MO diet (at a higher inclusion level). Rainbow trout (18.8 ± 2.9 g fish−1 initial weight ± SD) were fed for 8 weeks and evaluated for growth performance, fatty acid content and transcript expression of lipid-related genes in liver and muscle. There were no differences in growth performance measurements among treatments. In liver and muscle, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was highest in trout fed the FO diet compared to the MO/CO and MO diets. Liver DHA was highest in trout fed the MO/CO diet compared to the FO and MO diets. Muscle DHA was highest in trout fed the MO and MO/CO diets compared to the FO diet. In trout fed the MO/CO diet, compared to the MO diet, fadsd6b was higher in both liver and muscle. In trout fed the FO or MO/CO diets, compared to the MO diet, cox1a was higher in both liver and muscle, cpt1b1a was higher in liver and cpt1a1a, cpt1a1b and cpt1a2a were higher in muscle. Schizochytrium sp. (T18) oil was an effective source of DHA for rainbow trout.
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Silva, Thiberio Carvalho da, Michele Silva, Fabiana Carbonera, Jesui Vergilio Visentainer, Karina Sayuri Utsunomiya, Eliane Gasparino, and Ricardo Ribeiro. "Flaxseed oil and clove leaf essential oil in Zebrafish diet (Danio rerio)." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 43 (August 18, 2020): e48126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.48126.
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Flaxseed oil is recognized as the plant source richest in α-linolenic acid, whereas clove leaf essential oil has a strong antioxidant capacity. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antioxidant capacity of diets containing a combination of flaxseed oil (FO) and clove leaf essential oil (CLEO), as well as to use zebrafish (Danio rerio) to assess their effect on the animals’ growth. Fifty days after hatching, a total of 420 male specimens (0.29 ± 0.04 g) were divided into seven groups for each diet and fed for 55 days to be used, with the diets being: control, absent FO and CLEO; 3% FO + 0.5% CLEO; 3% FO + 1% CLEO; 6% FO + 0.5% CLEO; 6% FO + 1% CLEO; 9% FO + 0.5% CLEO and 9% FO + 1% CLEO. Antioxidant activity was determined through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) tests, showing interaction effect between factors (FO x CLEO, p < 0.05); the diets containing 1% combined with 3, 6 or 9% of FO presented means higher than those of the 0.5% diets. No mortality was observed during the experiment. For final weight and weight gain, there was no interaction effect (p > 0.05), only isolated effect for FO, with the fish fed 6 and 9% diets having the best results. Final total length and specific growth rates showed interaction effect (p < 0.05). As for specific growth rates, the best response was that of the diet with 6% FO and 0.5% CLEO. Final length showed increase with FO levels, even when there was association with 0.5 or 1% of CLEO. Therefore, combined use of 9% of FL with 0.5% of CLEO is recommended for zebrafish.
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Göçmen, Rabia, Gülşah Kanbur, and Yusuf Cufadar. "The Use of Different Fat Sources on Performance, Egg Quality and Egg Yolk Fatty Acids Content in Laying Quails." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 8 (September 2, 2021): 1413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i8.1413-1418.4243.
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In this study, the performance, egg quality, egg yolk colour and fatty acids profile of quails fed on diets containing different fat sources were determined. During 8 weeks trial, a total of 75, 10-weeks-old laying quails were used. Three diets were formulated to contain soybean oil (SBO), sunflower oil (SFO) and hempseed oil (HSO), respectively. The performance parameters were not significantly influenced by the dietary different oil sources. Eggshell ratio, eggshell thickness, eggshell breaking strength, egg shape index, egg yolk index, albumen index and egg yolk colour values (except a*) were not influenced by the different dietary oil sources. The a* value was significantly affected and the highest a* value was the HSO of group. The different oil sources supplementation to the diets was effective on fatty acid composition of the egg yolk. The highest value in terms of α-linolenic acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total n-3 fatty acids were found in the diet fed group with HSO added. As a result; supplementation of different sources of oil to quail diets without negatively affecting performance and egg quality can be used to change the egg yolk fatty acid composition. Hempseed oil may increase the amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total n-3 fatty acid content of egg yolk.
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Rufino, João Paulo Ferreira, Frank George Guimarães Cruz, Ramon Duque Melo, Julmar Da Costa Feijó, Lucas Duque Melo, Ana Paula Guimarães Cruz Costa, and Natalia Dos Santos Bezerra. "Brazil nut oil in diets for breeder cocks." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 40 (December 27, 2017): 37472. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v40i0.37472.
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This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of Brazil nut oil in diets for breeder cocks on performance, semen analyses, biochemical serum profile and testicular morphology. Forty-two Rhode Island Red breeder cocks with 40 weeks of age were used. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of seven levels of Brazil nut oil (0; 0.30; 0.60; 0.90; 1.20; 1.50 and 1.80%) in the diets. Data collected were evaluated by polynomial regression. Differences (p < 0.05) were detected in feed conversion, semen volume, motility, vigor, pH, swirling and concentration, in which the inclusion of Brazil nut oil in the diets improved the reproductive performance. Differences (p < 0.05) were also detected in the biochemical serum profile (triglycerides, cholesterol and blood pH); the inclusion of Brazil nut oil caused a large increase in blood triglycerides and cholesterol levels, consequently, changing the blood pH. The Brazil nut oil can be used as an energetic additive in diets given to breeder cocks, promoting better reproductive performance, without changing semen and testicular morphology, but altering the biochemical serum profile of the birds.