Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ovine

Academic literature on the topic 'Ovine'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ovine"

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Bamba, S., Bernard Faye, Z. Tarnagda, N. Boly, T. Guiguemdé, and I. Villena. "Séroprévalence de la toxoplasmose chez les ovins à Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 65, no. 3-4 (March 1, 2012): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10124.

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Une enquête de séroprévalence de la toxoplasmose ovine a été effectuée à Bobo-Dioulasso en 2010. L’objectif de l’étude a été d’évaluer la séropré­valence de la toxoplasmose chez les ovins afin de mieux estimer le risque potentiel que représente leur viande chez les consommateurs. Le test d’agglu­tination modifié a été utilisé pour le diagnostic sérologique et a révélé une séroprévalence de 58,8 p. 100 (227/386 ; IC à 95 p. 100 : 53,7 - 63,7 p. 100). L’augmentation de la prévalence a été corrélée à l’âge et au sexe (plus impor­tante chez les mâles). Ces résultats indiquent que les toxoplasmes circulent dans le cheptel ovin à Bobo-Dioulasso. L’isolement de T. gondii chez les ovins avec une caractérisation moléculaire des isolats serait nécessaire pour évaluer le risque de la toxoplasmose ovine en santé humaine.
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Gazal, S., I. Mir, A. Iqbal, No author No author, A. Taku, B. Kumar, and M. Bhat. "Ovine rotaviruses." Open Veterinary Journal 5, no. 2 (2011): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2011.v1.i0.p50.

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Rotavirus has been recognized as a predominant cause of acute diarrhea in young animals and humans. Rotavirus has segmented genome composed of 11 segments of double stranded RNA. The virus has a triple layered protein shell consisting of a core, an inner capsid and an outer capsid. The inner capsid protein is responsible for group specificity and based on it rotaviruses are classified into seven groups. Ovine rotavirus strains have only been identified into two serogroups (A and B). The two outer capsid proteins (VP7 and VP4) are responsible for G and P typing of rotavirus, respectively. Although rotavirus has been frequently reported in many animal species, data regarding ovine rotavirus strains is very scanty and limited. Only a few ovine rotaviruses have been isolated and characterized so far. Recently, the G and P types circulating in ovines have been identified. The ovine rotavirus strain NT isolated from a diarrheic lamb in China is being considered as a promising vaccine candidate for human infants.
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Mies Filho, A. "L’élevage ovin et l’insémination artificielle ovine au Brésil." Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France, no. 1 (1989): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/64618.

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Scott, Phil. "Ovine footrot." Livestock 17, no. 3 (May 2012): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3870.2012.00114.x.

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Scott, C., and N. McKinnon. "Ovine urolithiasis." Veterinary Record 116, no. 18 (May 4, 1985): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.116.18.504.

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Blowey, R. "Ovine iritis." Veterinary Record 132, no. 17 (April 24, 1993): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.132.17.444.

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Bee, D. "Ovine iritis." Veterinary Record 132, no. 8 (February 20, 1993): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.132.8.200.

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RAMSHAW, J. A. M., D. E. PETERS, L. N. JONES, R. T. BADMAN, and B. B. BRODSKY. "Ovine dermatosparaxis." Australian Veterinary Journal 60, no. 5 (March 10, 2008): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1983.tb05931.x.

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INNES, ELISABETH A., PAUL M. BARTLEY, DAVID BUXTON, and FRANK KATZER. "Ovine toxoplasmosis." Parasitology 136, no. 14 (December 2009): 1887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991636.

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SUMMARYCongenital infection with Toxoplasma gondii is an important cause of abortion in sheep worldwide. The cat is the definitive host of the parasite, and infected cats may shed millions of oocysts in their faeces resulting in extensive environmental contamination and an important source of infection for grazing herbivorous animals. Studies looking at development of specific antibodies in sheep, as an indicator of exposure to T. gondii, have shown that there is an increase in seroprevalence associated with age indicating that most infections in sheep occur following birth. The stage of gestation when transplacental transmission of T. gondii to the developing foetus occurs is critical in determining the clinical outcome. The importance of endogenous transplacental transmission in persistently infected ewes and its clinical importance is a subject of current debate. Ewes infected prior to mating develop immune responses that help protect against disease in a subsequent pregnancy and also against experimental challenge administered during pregnancy. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are activated following T. gondii infection and experiments involving the chronic cannulation of peripheral lymph nodes in sheep have allowed the dynamics of the immune responses to be analysed in real time. A live vaccine, Toxovax® is the only commercially available vaccine worldwide to protect against congenital toxoplasmosis.
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Valasi, I., I. G. Petridis, M. S. Barbagianni, and G. C. Fthenakis. "Ovine ultrasonography." Small Ruminant Research 152 (July 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.12.001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ovine"

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Barros, Felipe Farias Pereira da Câmara [UNESP]. "Técnicas de ovariectomias por videolaparoscopia em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89006.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A castração de fêmeas se mostra importante na produção animal. Porém, existem poucas técnicas de ovariectomia descritas em pequenos ruminantes. Desta forma, objetiva-se com o presente estudo propor técnicas alternativas por videolaparoscopia e avaliá-las quanto ao desconforto doloroso dos animais e consequentemente queda na produção, viabilidade e tempo de execução. Sendo assim, primeiramente descreveu-se e comparou-se a ovariectomia por laparotomia (OL), vídeo-assistida (OVA) e total vídeolaparoscópica (OTV) em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês adultas, avaliando o trans e pós-cirúrgico, e verificando o estresse causado às fêmeas por cada procedimento. Já em um segundo momento objetivou-se desenvolver e descrever uma técnica de ovariectomia por videolaparoscopia utilizando um portal laparoscópico e um sistema de ligadura pré-montada (OTVM), avaliando a sua viabilidade, o desconforto doloroso e o processo inflamatório provocado em ovelhas da mesma raça. Concluiu-se então que as técnicas OVA e OTV apresentaram grande vantagem em relação a OL por serem processos minimamente invasivos, de rápida realização e que proporcionam mínimo desconforto e ótima recuperação das ovelhas, sendo recomendado por causar mínimo estresse e decréscimo na produção animal. E que a OTVM foi viável e exeqüível para a espécie ovina, não provocando também hemorragias, estresse, desconforto doloroso e perda de peso nos animais, apesar do tempo cirúrgico ter sido maior que nas outras técnicas laparoscópicas
The castration of females is important in animal production. However, there are few techniques of ovariectomy described in small ruminants. Thus, the aim of this study was propose alternative techniques of ovariectomy by laparoscopy and evaluate the painful discomfort of the animals and consequently decrease in production, the feasibility and execution time. Therefore, at a first moment was described and compared the ovariectomy by laparotomy (OL), video-assisted (OVA) and total laparoscopic (OTV) in Santa Ines adult ewes, evaluating the transoperative and postoperative, and the stress caused to females for each procedure. In a second moment, aimed to develop and describe a technique for ovariectomy by laparoscopy using one portal and a ligation system pre-assembled (OTVM), evaluating their feasibility, the painful discomfort and the inflammatory process caused in ewes in the same breed. It was concluded that the OVA and OTV techniques had a great advantage compared to OL, once they are minimally invasive procedures, of rapid implementation and provide a minimal discomfort and great recovery of ewes, being recommended since they cause a minimal stress and decrease in animal production. The OTVM was viably and feasibly to the ovine species, not causing bleeding, stress, painful discomfort and weight loss in animals, although the surgical time have been greater than in other laparoscopic techniques
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McDermott, Joshua D. "The ovine lens cytoskeleton." Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/700.

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The lens of the eye is a vital tissue in the visual system, responsible for the collection and focusing of light on to the retina. Comprised of epithelial cells at differing stages of differentiation, the transparency of the lens is dependent on the highly ordered crystalline structure of lens proteins. The lens consists of several proteins including crystallins (α, β, γ) that make up 90% of the soluble protein, and the lens cytoskeletal proteins. Cytoskeletal proteins contribute only a fraction of the total lens protein, but are thought to play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of transparency. Calpain-induced degradation of these proteins may be involved in the development of cataracts. This has been an area of research at Lincoln University where a flock of sheep genetically predisposed to cataract maintained as a cataract development model. The aim of this research was to investigate the distribution of cytoskeletal proteins in the lens, and to examine the effects of calpain proteolysis on these proteins, with the goal of establishing the role of the lens cytoskeletal proteins in the ovine cataract model. A combination of techniques was used including immunohistochemistry, which required the development of a specific protocol for ovine lenses. Cytoskeletal proteins were identified using immunohistochemistry in lens tissue sections and exhibited characteristic distributions. Actin displayed preferential distribution in the short sides of the fibre cells in the cortex of the lens but was absent in the lens nucleus, while spectrin in the cortex and nucleus was associated with the fibre cell membrane. Filensin was observed in the outer cortex of lens sections associated with the fibre cell membrane and cytoplasm, although the pattern of localisation was indistinct due to the abundance of filensin breakdown products. Vimentin displayed membrane and cytoplasmic association in the outer cortex that diminished toward the lens nucleus, with membrane associated vimentin only persisting in the deeper regions of the cortex and nucleus. Additionally, the effect of novel calpain inhibitors (Cat0059 and Cat811) in preventing proteolysis of lens cytoskeletal protein was investigated and compared with calpain inhibitors developed elsewhere (SJA6017). The inhibitors were tested at between 10 and 0.1 μM (100 nM). All inhibitors were effective at 10 μM. SJA6017 provided significant protection to vimentin at 1 μM. Cat0059 was found to protect spectrin and filensin at 1 μM, but not vimentin, while inhibitor Cat811 was found to protect spectrin only. SJA6017 added to assays at 100 nM offered significant protection to spectrin, and Cat0059 was found to protect filensin and spectrin to a significant degree at 100 nM, indicating the novel inhibitors were comparable to those developed elsewhere in terms of their effectiveness. Taken together, the evidence presented in this thesis shows the cytoskeletal proteins as crucial elements in the lens. Their pervasive presence coupled with evidence that lens cytoskeletal proteins are sensitive to calpain-induced proteolysis that is inhibited with novel calpain inhibitors suggests that the lens cytoskeletal proteins may be useful targets in cataract prevention for future research.
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Moawad, Adel Reda. "Cryopreservation of ovine oocytes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27948/.

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Oocyte cryopreservation represents one of the most recent developments in the field of reproductive technologies. However, despite of significant progress, the efficiency of oocyte cryopreservation is still very low. Cryopreservation of mature metaphase II (MIl) oocytes has been reported to induce disorganization of the meiotic spindle and chromosome damage. However, cryopreservation of immature oocyte at germinal vesicle (GV) stage may provide an alternative which avoids these problems. Slow freezing protocols have more recently been replaced by vitrification approaches. In this thesis, recovery, viability and subsequent developmental potential following in vitro fertilisation (IVF), parthenogenetic activation or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) of ovine oocytes vitrified at GV stage and matured in vitro were studied. Solid surface vitrification (SSV) and cryoloop technologies share the advantages of using a containerless system and small volumes of solution (less than t J.ll) which favours rapid cooling. Maturation, fertilisation, cleavage and blastocyst development were significantly decreased in SSV vitrified oocytes as compared to controls. Following cryoloop vitrification, frequencies of in vitro maturation (43.4 vs 63.2%), oocytes with normal spindle and chromosome configuration (50.0 vs 70.4%) and fertilisation (54.0 vs 74. t %) did not differ significantly between vitrified and control oocytes. Numbers of cleaved embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage following IVM/IVF/IVC did not differ significantly between vitrified and control groups (29.4 vs 45.1 %). In vitro matured ovine oocytes vitrified at GV stage using cryoloop were activated by two different protocols (I) a combination of calcium ionophore (A 23187), cycloheximide and cytochalasin 13 (CA+CHX/CI3), (2) strontium and CB (Sr/Cll). No blastocysts developed in vitrified oocytes activated by CA+CHX/CB; however, 3.8% were obtained following Sr/CI3 activation. Developmental competence of ovinc oocytes vitrified at GV stage and used as cytoplast recipients for SCNT was evaluated. Although the frequencies of cleaved embryos were significantly decreased in vitrified oocytes as compared to control, development to morula and blastocyst stage embryos was not significantly different. No significant differences were observed in total cell numbers, number of apoptotic nuclei as detected by Hoechst and TUNEL assay and proportions of diploid embryos in day 7 blastocysts produced following IVF or seNT of vitrified oocytes as compared to control. Pre-treatment of ovine GV-oocytes with cytochalasin 13 (7.5 J.lglml for 60 min) or demecolcine (0.1 flg/ml for 20 min) prior to vitrification improved frequencies of maturation, fertilisation and subsequent development following IVF or parthenogenetic activation. Caffeine treatment during IVM (10 mM for 6 h) increased the frequencies of blastocyst development in vitrified/thawed GV ovine oocytes. Taken together, these studies suggest that, ovine oocytes vitrified at GV stage can be matured, fertilised and develop in vitro to blastocyst stage embryos. Cryoloop vitrification resulted in higher maturation, fertilisation and subsequent development as compared to SSV. Strontium can be used effectively for parthenogenetic activation of vitrified/thawed ovine GV oocytes. Ovine oocytes vitrified at GV stage can be used effectively as cytoplast recipients for SCNT.
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Endo, Viviane [UNESP]. "Terminação de cordeiros com cana-de-açúcar in natura ou hidrolisada com óxido de cálcio em ambientes aeróbico e anaeróbico." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96504.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros Ile de France confinados dos 15 kg aos 32 kg de peso corporal em baias individuais com controle diário do alimento fornecido e das sobras. Os tratamentos, IN: cana-de-açúcar in natura + concentrado, AER: cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com 0,6% de óxido de cálcio (CaO) em ambiente aeróbico + concentrado e ANA: cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com 0,6% de CaO em ambiente anaeróbico + concentrado em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições cada tratamento. Cordeiros alimentados com cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada em ambiente anaeróbico apresentaram maior balanço de nitrogênio (29,46 g/dia e 2,80 g/kg0,75/dia), teor de nitrogênio absorvido (2,98 g/kg0,75/dia), teor de vermelho (a*) aos 45 minutos (10,48) e extrato etéreo (2,77%) no músculo Longissimus lumborum. O maior coeficiente de digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro corrigido para cinzas e proteína foi observado para cordeiros alimentados com cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada (aeróbico, 51,70% ou anaeróbico, 53,75%). O maior comprimento da perna in vivo (32,21 cm), menor altura do posterior (55,23 cm) e perdas na dissecação do lombo (1,83%) foram encontrados para cordeiros terminados com cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada em ambiente aeróbico. Menor teor de gordura intermuscular (4,77%) e peso corporal vazio (24,84 kg) foram observados para cordeiros alimentados com cana-de-açúcar in natura. O fornecimento da cana-de-açúcar na forma in natura se torna viável por dispensar o processo de preparo da solução da calda e do revolvimento para homogeneização dos amontoados de cana-de-açúcar, além de não haver necessidade da compra do agente alcalinizante
It were used 24 lambs Ile de France, non-castrated, fed with diets containing in nature or hydrolyzed sugar cane in aerobic and anaerobic environments on a roughage: concentrate ratio, 50:50. The lambs were confined to 15 kg body weight, which received the diet in individual stalls in the trough, with control of food offered and the leftovers, and were slaughtered at 32 kg body weight. Lambs fed with hydrolyzed sugar cane in anaerobic environment had higher nitrogen balance (29.46 g / day and 2.80 g/kg0, 75/day), ratio of nitrogen absorbed (2.98 g/kg0, 75/day), level of value for red (a*) at 45 minutes (10.48) and ether extract (2.77%) of Longissimus lumborum muscle. The higher digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein was observed for lambs fed with hydrolyzed sugar cane independently of the environment of hydrolysis (aerobic, 51.70% or anaerobic, 53.75%). There was a greater length of leg in vivo (32.21 cm), smaller posterior (55.23 cm) and loss (1.83%) for lambs fed with hydrolyzed sugar cane in aerobic environment. Lower content of intermuscular fat (4.77%) and empty body weight (24.84 kg) for lambs fed sugar cane in nature. The hydrolyzed sugar cane provided better utilization of the fibers, but did not affect performance of animals in nature sugar cane in lambs feeding was shown to increase the quantitative traits in vivo of the lambs, but did not improve and/or damaged in carcass quantitative traits when compared with treatment with hydrolyzed sugar cane, so the use of hydrolyzed sugar cane is feasible to waive daily cuts, consequently, reduces workmanship. The supply of in nature sugar cane becomes feasible to waive the process of the preparation of the solution and revolving for homogenization of the piles of sugar cane and there is no need to purchase the alkalizing agent
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Ferguson, Elaine D. "Molecular characterisation of ovine CD1." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28006.

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The CD1 molecules are a family of β2-microglobulin-associated glycoproteins with strong structural homology, but weaker sequence homology, to the MHC class I antigens. In contrast to the classical class I antigens, CD1 molecules exhibit restricted tissue expression (cortical thymocytes, dendritic cells, a subset of B cells and some intestinal epithelial cells), and are nonpolymorphic. Five CD1 genes have been identified in humans , two in the mouse and several in other mammalian species (Calabi et al, 1991). CD1 expression has also been detected by immunohistological techniques in the cow, sheep and pig. The MHC class I-like structure of CD1 and the expression on classical antigen presenting cells of the immune system has pointed to a role for CD1 in antigen presentation. Indeed, evidence has been accumulating over the past few years to support this view, with several reports suggesting that CD4-8- T cells in particular may be able to recognise nonclassical presentational elements including MHC class Ib molecules such as TLa and Qa, as well as CD1. Most recently, CD1b molecules on human monocytes have been demonstrated to restrict the response of CD4-8- T cells to antigens derived from M.tuberculosis (Porcelli et al, 1992). Previous studies on the ovine CD1 family have involved the use of monoclonal antibodies to assess tissue expression and distribution, and biochemical analyses of the ovine CD1 antigens. However, no studies have been carried out to investigate ovine CD1 at the molecular level. Therefore, a human CD1C α3 probe was used to screen several sheep thymocyte cDNA libraries. The HCD1B-like cone SCD1A25 was isolated from a foetal thymocyte library. A homologous probe comprising the α3/TM/CYT domains from this clone was derived by PCR amplification and used to identify a further three ovine clones-SCD1B-42, SCD1B-52 and SCD1T10.
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Muir, Matthew Stewart. "Proteomics of the ovine cataract." Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/792.

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The lens of the eye needs to be completely transparent in order to allow all light entering the eye to reach the retina. This transparency is maintained by the highly ordered structure of the lens proteins the crystallins. Any disruption to the lens proteins can cause an opacity to develop which is known as cataract. During cortical cataract formation there is increased truncation of the lens crystallins. It is believed that overactivation of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases, the calpains, is responsible for the increased proteolysis of the crystallins seen during cataractogenesis. Within the ovine lens there are three calpains, calpain 1, 2 and the lens specific calpain Lp82. The aim of this thesis was to determine the changes in the lens proteins during ageing and cataractogenesis, and to establish the role of the calpains in these processes. Calpain 1 and 2 were purified from ovine lung and Lp82 was purified from lamb lenses using chromatography. Activity and presence of the calpains was determined by using the BODIPY-FL casein assay, gel electrophoresis, Western blot and casein zymography. Changes in the lens proteins, specifically the crystallins, were visualised using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). Lenses from fetal, 6 month old and 8 year old sheep were collected, as well as stage 0, 1, 3 and 6 cataractous ovine lenses. The proteins from the lenses were separated into the water soluble and urea soluble fractions and analysed by 2DE. Mass spectrometry was used to determine the masses and therefore modifications of the crystallins. Finally, the individual crystallins were separated using gel filtration chromatography and incubated with the purified calpains in the presence of calcium. The extent of the proteolysis was visualised using 2DE and truncation sites determined by mass spectrometry. Purification of the calpains resulted in samples that were specific for each calpain and could be used in further experiments. 2DE analysis showed that there were changes to the crystallins during maturation of the lens. The α-crystallins become increasingly phosphorylated as the lens ages and a small amount becomes truncated. The β-crystallins were also modified during ageing by truncation and deamidation. When crystallins from cataractous lenses were compared using 2DE there were changes to both the α- and β-crystallins. The α-crystallins were found to be extensively truncated at their C-terminal tail. Four of the seven β-crystallins, βB1, βB3, βB2 and βA3, showed increased truncation of their N-terminal extensions during cataract formation. All three calpains truncated αA and αB-crystallin at their C-terminal ends after incubation. Calpain 2 and Lp82 each produced unique αA-crystallin truncations. All three calpains truncated βB1 and βA3 and calpain 2 also truncated βB3. When the truncations from the calpain incubations were compared to those seen during cataract formation, many of the truncations were found to be similar. Both the unique truncations from calpain 2 and Lp82 were found in cataractous lenses, with the Lp82 more obvious in the 2DE. The β-crystallin truncations found after incubation with the calpains were similar to those found during cataractogenesis. In conclusion this study documents the changes to the ovine lens during maturation and cataractogenesis and indicates a role for the calpain family in the increased proteolysis observed in the ovine cataract.
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Riley, Paul Richard. "The ovine endometrial oxytocin receptor." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321573.

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Henfrey, Andrew Mark. "Studies on ovine interferon-gamma." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29798.

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Interferons have been recognized as important mediators of cellular communication for many years. There are two types of interferon: Type I interferons have antiviral functions, but Type II interferon (IFN-g) is more important as an immunomodulating molecule. Type II interferon has effects on cellular MHC class II expression, immunoglobulin class-switching, macrophage activation, cellular proliferation and a number of other functions. The role of IFN-g during in vivo immune responses has not been studied in great detail, but the sheep is an ideal species in which to study these phenomena by using the efferent lymphatic vessel cannulation model. This allows access to cells and tissue fluid for cytokine analysis using antibody and genetic probes for the detection of IFN-g. Bovine IFN-g peptides (amino-terminus, carboxy-terminus and central) were used to generate antibodies in rabbits. None of the anti-peptide sera reacted with denatured ovine or bovine IFN-g, nor neutralized their antiviral effect. Rabbit antibodies to bovine recombinant IFN-g neutralized ovine IFN-g and detected IFN-g in a sandwich ELISA when used in combination with a monoclonal antibody against a human IFN-g carboxy-terminal peptide. The sensitivity of detection was only 125ng/ml, insufficient for use with efferent lymph fluid samples. The expression of MHC class II molecules on cell surfaces is increased by IFN-g on many cell types. This has been used previously to measure biologically active IFN-g concentrations in fluids. Measurement of ovine class II by slot blot was assessed as a method of adapting this to ovine IFN-g measurement, but the technique proved to be too problematic for regular use. The expression of class II on T lymphocytes is influenced by IFN-g in the surrounding fluid. Analysis by FACS of resting ovine T lymphocytes shows them to express class II, a situation different to that in the human.
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Fiskerstrand, Carolyn Ewen. "Studies on ovine interleukin-1." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29761.

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Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key mediator of infection, inflammation and immunity and two different IL-1 proteins are known to exist, IL-1α and IL-1β. Each is synthesised as a proprotein, Mr = 31kD, which is subsequently cleaved to yield the mature protein, Mr=17.5kD. Whereas both forms of IL-1α show equivalent biological activities, IL-1β requires cleavage with resultant conformational change for optimal activity. IL-1 has been extensively studied in human and murine systems but at the time this project was initiated, nothing was known about its actions in the sheep and no reagents were available with which to study ovine IL-1. This thesis describes the successful cloning and expression of biologically active ovine IL-1α and IL-1β and their use in determining IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) expression by ovine alveolar macrophages (Mφ) and afferent lymph dendritic cells (DC). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated Mφ were used as the source of IL-1 mRNA. The specific IL-1 cDNAs were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned into pTZ18R/19R vectors and sequenced. Ovine IL-1α and IL-1β were found to be 97% and 96% identical to their bovine counterparts and 81% and 78% identical, respectively, to the human sequences. Translation of the nucleotide sequences shows that ovine IL-1α has 97% and 72% identity with bovine and human IL-1α respectively and ovine IL-1β has 95% and 62% identity with bovine and human IL-1β respectively. Use of the cloned IL-1cDNAs for northern blot analysis of IL-1 mRNA production by Mφ, showed IL-1α mRNA to reach maximal levels at around 6h and IL-1β mRNA at around 4h after LPS stimulation. The proprotein (p) and mature protein (m) forms of ovine IL-1α and IL-1β have been expressed as fusion proteins with yeast p1, using the Ty-vlp system of British Biotechnology Ltd.
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Barros, Felipe Farias Pereira da Câmara. "Técnicas de ovariectomias por videolaparoscopia em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês /." Jaboticabal, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89006.

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Orientador: Wilter Ricardo Russiano Vicente
Banca: José Antonio Marques
Banca: Carlos Eduardo Bezerra de Moura
Resumo: A castração de fêmeas se mostra importante na produção animal. Porém, existem poucas técnicas de ovariectomia descritas em pequenos ruminantes. Desta forma, objetiva-se com o presente estudo propor técnicas alternativas por videolaparoscopia e avaliá-las quanto ao desconforto doloroso dos animais e consequentemente queda na produção, viabilidade e tempo de execução. Sendo assim, primeiramente descreveu-se e comparou-se a ovariectomia por laparotomia (OL), vídeo-assistida (OVA) e total vídeolaparoscópica (OTV) em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês adultas, avaliando o trans e pós-cirúrgico, e verificando o estresse causado às fêmeas por cada procedimento. Já em um segundo momento objetivou-se desenvolver e descrever uma técnica de ovariectomia por videolaparoscopia utilizando um portal laparoscópico e um sistema de ligadura pré-montada (OTVM), avaliando a sua viabilidade, o desconforto doloroso e o processo inflamatório provocado em ovelhas da mesma raça. Concluiu-se então que as técnicas OVA e OTV apresentaram grande vantagem em relação a OL por serem processos minimamente invasivos, de rápida realização e que proporcionam mínimo desconforto e ótima recuperação das ovelhas, sendo recomendado por causar mínimo estresse e decréscimo na produção animal. E que a OTVM foi viável e exeqüível para a espécie ovina, não provocando também hemorragias, estresse, desconforto doloroso e perda de peso nos animais, apesar do tempo cirúrgico ter sido maior que nas outras técnicas laparoscópicas
Abstract: The castration of females is important in animal production. However, there are few techniques of ovariectomy described in small ruminants. Thus, the aim of this study was propose alternative techniques of ovariectomy by laparoscopy and evaluate the painful discomfort of the animals and consequently decrease in production, the feasibility and execution time. Therefore, at a first moment was described and compared the ovariectomy by laparotomy (OL), video-assisted (OVA) and total laparoscopic (OTV) in Santa Ines adult ewes, evaluating the transoperative and postoperative, and the stress caused to females for each procedure. In a second moment, aimed to develop and describe a technique for ovariectomy by laparoscopy using one portal and a ligation system pre-assembled (OTVM), evaluating their feasibility, the painful discomfort and the inflammatory process caused in ewes in the same breed. It was concluded that the OVA and OTV techniques had a great advantage compared to OL, once they are minimally invasive procedures, of rapid implementation and provide a minimal discomfort and great recovery of ewes, being recommended since they cause a minimal stress and decrease in animal production. The OTVM was viably and feasibly to the ovine species, not causing bleeding, stress, painful discomfort and weight loss in animals, although the surgical time have been greater than in other laparoscopic techniques
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Books on the topic "Ovine"

1

Baguisi, Alexander B. Preservation of bovine and ovine embryos. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Veterinary Services. Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health. Scrapie: Ovine slaughter surveillance : phase I. Fort Collins, CO: APHIS, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2003.

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United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. Working Party on Agricultural Quality Standards, ed. Ovine meat: Carcases and cuts : UNECE standard. 2nd ed. New York: United Nations, 2007.

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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Veterinary Services., ed. Ovine progressive pneumonia: Awareness, management, and seroprevalence. Fort Collins, CO: APHIS Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2003.

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Martin, Rebecca Louise. Regulation of prostaglandin production in the ovine placenta. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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Grist, A. Ovine meat inspection: Anatomy, physiology, and disease conditions. Nottingham, U.K: Nottingham University Press, 2010.

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Fahmy, M. H. Étude de la race ovine Finnoise au Canada. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada, Direction générale de la recherche, 1991.

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Ibrahem, Mohamed M. Studies on the immunodiagnosis of ovine hydatidosis in Libya. Salford: University of Salford, 1993.

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Victoria. Parliament. Environment and Natural Resources Committee. Control of ovine Johne's disease in Victoria: Discussion paper. Melbourne: The Committee, 2000.

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Newbigging, Susan Michelle. The fate of microspheres in the ovine pulmonary microcirculation. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ovine"

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Fatima, Djadouni. "Ovine Fungal Diseases." In Fungal Diseases in Animals, 63–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69507-1_5.

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De Las Heras, M., L. González, and J. M. Sharp. "Pathology of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 25–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55638-8_2.

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de Souza-Daw, Tony, Philip M. Lewis, Robert Stewart, Paul Junor, Jerome Maller, Thang Manh Hoang, Tien Dzung Nguyen, and Richard Manasseh. "Identifying Ovine Transcranial Acoustic Windows." In IFMBE Proceedings, 69–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32183-2_19.

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Kim, Dae-Hee, Brittan Morris, J. Luis Guerrero, Suzanne M. Sullivan, Judy Hung, and Robert A. Levine. "Ovine Model of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 295–308. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8597-5_23.

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Kycko, Anna, and Michal Reichert. "Proteins overexpressed in ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma." In Farm animal proteomics, 98–101. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-751-6_23.

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Martinez-Gomez, F., S. Hernandez-Rodriguez, and F. Serrano-Aguilera. "Diagnosis of the Ovine Hydatidosis by Immunoelectrophoresis." In Helminth Zoonoses, 44–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3341-5_7.

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Dathe, M., D. Zirwer, K. Gast, M. Beyermann, E. Krause, and M. Bienert. "Conformational differences between ovine and human CRF." In Peptides, 544–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0683-2_180.

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Scuri, M., L. Allegra, R. W. Dal Negro, C. Pomari, and W. M. Abraham. "An Ovine Model of GERD-Induced Bronchoconstriction." In Pneumological Aspects of Gastroesophageal Reflux, 43–52. Milano: Springer Milan, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2147-1_5.

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Ergin, Ahmet Bahadir, Amir H. Hamrahian, A. Laurence Kennedy, and Manjula K. Gupta. "Ovine Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (oCRH) Stimulation Test." In The Cleveland Clinic Manual of Dynamic Endocrine Testing, 35–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13048-4_9.

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Styne, D. M., G. Van Vliet, A. M. Rudolph, J. Kitterman, H. Iwamoto, S. L. Kaplan, and M. M. Grumbach. "Somatomedin C in the Ovine Fetus and Neonate." In Human Growth Hormone, 635–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7201-5_51.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ovine"

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Reddy, Prasika I., and Ahmed M. Al-Jumaily. "An Interactive Lung Model for Pressure Oscillation Assessment." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41193.

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Exploratory clinical studies use ovine neonates to study the efficacy of new respiratory support treatments for human neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. A mathematical model of the ovine neonatal respiratory system is developed to understand the mechanisms of respiratory improvement noticed in clinical trials. Simulating the ovine lung as a five-lobe branched system, the model aims to simulate the behaviour of the individual lobes, pleural compartment, chest wall and the branching structure of the first few bifurcations of airways. Results from the model are correlated with published data from ovine neonates.
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Valdez-Jasso, Daniela, Mansoor A. Haider, Stephen L. Campbell, Daniel Bia, Yanina Zocalo, Ricardo L. Armentano, and Mette S. Olufsen. "Modeling Viscoelastic Wall Properties of Ovine Arteries." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-205640.

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Generation of a complete map of arterial wall mechanical properties can improve treatment of cardiovascular diseases via contributions to design of patient specific vascular substitutes used to alleviate atherosclerosis and stenoses, which are predominant in arterial pathways (i.e., abdominal aorta, carotids, or femoral arteries). Clinically useful estimation of arterial properties from patient data requires both efficient algorithms and models that are both complex enough to capture clinically important properties and simple enough to allow rapid computation. In this study, we used mechanical models accounting for both elastic and viscoelastic wall deformation to analyze how vessel properties and associated model parameters vary with artery type. It is known that for the aorta wall, deformation is dominated by nonlinear elastic dynamics, while for the smaller vessels (e.g. the carotid artery) deformation is dominated by viscoelastic responses. The latter is correlated with composition of the vessels; the aorta contains significantly less smooth muscle cells (∼40%) than the carotid artery (∼60%), and has significantly more elastin (see Fig 1).
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Cunningham, Matt, Sarah Howard, Abby Beltrame, Yan Chen, and Mark Smith. "Thrombogenicity Testing for Blood-Contacting Medical Devices in an In Vitro Human Blood-Loop." In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6875.

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Thrombogenicity testing continues to be a critical requirement for regulatory approval of blood-contacting medical devices and the ISO guidelines have recently been updates [1]. This new guideline ascribes value to both in vivo and in vitro testing including both the non-anticoagulated venous implant (NAVI) model, and the new methods for in vitro testing. One challenge with the animal-blood-based in vitro assays that have been validated and used for submissions is that they still may not accurately translate to clinical safety or predict the risk for thrombogenic potential in humans. We have previously described a model using minimally heparinized ovine blood and are continuing to improve the overall methodology [2,3]. In addition, we have transferred these methods to a human blood assay which therefore has enhanced potential for prediction of clinical risk. As with the ovine model, the key characteristics of a successful in vitro method include fresh blood, low levels of anticoagulation, flow conditions and minimization of air/blood interfaces. This human model integrates freshly harvested human blood containing minimal levels of heparin with variable flow from a unidirectional peristaltic pump and unlike many of the human blood assays, it can accommodate larger devices and higher flow rates than previously described [1,4]. Control materials which were optimized in the ovine model were also used to reproducibly elicit positive and negative thrombogenic responses. We feel that this model can be used for validation of the ovine model with cross comparisons of a number of legally marketed comparator devices. Alternatively, if the human blood methodology can be streamlined and performed cost effectively on a regular and basis, this assay could supplant the current ovine model and allow a highly predictive preclinical test for thrombogenicity of devices.
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Shetye, Snehal S., and Christian M. Puttlitz. "Biaxial Response of Ovine Spinal Cord Dura Mater." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14210.

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The dura mater plays a major functional role in the spinal cord-meningeal complex (SCM). Being the strongest structure of the meninges, it helps in sustaining the flow and pressure of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in addition to protecting the spinal cord from external mechanical loading. Loss of integrity of the dura can result in subdural and epidural hematomas. Accidental damage of the dura during procedures such as lumbar puncture and epidural anesthesia can potentially result in post-dural-puncture headaches (PDPH).
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Herfat, Safa T., Daniel V. Boguszewski, and Jason T. Shearn. "Intact Knee and ACL Forces for the Human and Ovine Model During Simulated In Vivo Human and In Vivo Ovine Motions." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53532.

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Patients frequently experience knee injuries, with the ACL being one of the most commonly injured structures requiring surgery [1]. ACL tears typically lead to osteoarthritis in the long term, even after surgical treatment [2]. This chronic joint degeneration has been attributed to the failure of current ACL reconstructions to restore the native biomechanics of the knee joint [3]. To design more effective treatments, investigators must first understand normal knee function for multiple activities of daily living (ADLs). The 3D in vivo forces and moments of the normal intact knee, as well as those for just the ACL have not yet been determined for any ADL. These in vivo forces and moments can potentially be measured for multiple ADLs in an animal model. A biomechanical surrogate allows for 1) sensors or marker systems to be rigidly fixed to the knee joint to accurately measure the 6 degree of freedom (DOF) kinematics, and for 2) the kinematics to be simulated and applied to the harvested limb to measure the corresponding joint forces and moments.
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Kostecká, Zuzana, Zuzana Šteffeková, and Ján Blahovec. "Ovine amniotic fluid fractions influence lymphocyte and fibroblast proliferation." In Xth Conference Biologically Active Peptides. Prague: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/css200709069.

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Shi, Lijun, Eric A. Hoffman, and Joseph M. Reinhardt. "Segmentation of the ovine lung in 3D CT Images." In Medical Imaging 2004, edited by Amir A. Amini and Armando Manduca. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.536971.

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Campwala, Hinnah, Gary P. Salmon, and Wai Liu. "Isolation And Functional Characterisation Of Ovine Lung Mast Cells." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a1429.

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Lips, KS, R. Nachlinger, V. Szalay, V. Kauschke, T. El Khassawna, and C. Heiss. "Donepezil increased collagen expression in ovine osteoporotic mesenchymal stem cells." In OSTEOLOGIE 2019. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1680002.

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Rehberg, S., C. Ertmer, DL Traber, H. Van Aken, and M. Westphal. "Selective vs. Unselective V1-Receptor Agonism in Ovine Septic Shock." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a1152.

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Reports on the topic "Ovine"

1

Castle, Manford C. Acute Effects of Organophosphorous Compounds on the Ovine Fetus. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada389705.

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Valdez-Jasso, D., M. A. Haider, H. T. Banks, D. Bia, Y. Zocalo, R. Armentano, and M. S. Olufsen. Viscoelastic Mapping of the Arterial Ovine System using a Kelvin Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada465195.

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DeMartini, James C., Abraham Yaniv, Jonathan O. Carlson, Arnona Gazit, Leonard E. Pearson, Kalman Perk, J. K. Young, Noam Safran, and A. Friedman. Evaluation of Naked Proviral DNA as a Vaccine for Ovine Lentivirus Infection. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570553.bard.

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Ovine lentivirus (OvLV) infection is widespread in sheep of the United States and Israel and is responsible for substantial economic losses. The primary goal of this project was to evaluate naked proviral DNA as a vaccine to induce protective immunity in sheep in endemic areas. Contrary to expectations, inoculation of sheep with proviral DNA derived from the full length OvLV molecular clone pkv72 did not result in detectable OvLV infection, but infectious virus was recovered from transfected ovine cells. Kv72 virus produced by these cells infected sheep and induced antibody responses, and was used as a viral challenge in subsequent experiments. To improve in vivo transfection efficiency and compare the viral LTR with other romoters, expression of reporter genes was studied in sheep transfected in vivo by injection of cationic liposome-DNA complexes; one formulation produced gene expression in a sheep for 4 months following a single intravenous injection. Since the pol-deleted OvLV construct was not stable in vivo, twelve lambs were injected with plasmids containing the Kv72 gag region (pCMVgag) or env region (pCMVenv), or saline. Prior to challenge, no detectable anti-OvLV immune responses were detected. Following homologous challenge with OvLV. Although the naked DNA approach to vaccination holds promise for control of ovine lentivirus-induced disease, further work needs to be done to develop more effective methods of transfecting sheep with DNA.
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Canfield, Anthony J. Combat Trauma Surgery Using a Portable Contact ND-(YAG) Laser in the Porcine and Ovine Models (HSC) (CIC3). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada237662.

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Bazer, Fuller W., Arieh Gertler, and Elisha Gootwine. Role of Placental Lactogen in Sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574339.bard.

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Central problems in sheep and dairy cattle production are reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality and low birth weights, especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which adversely affect neonatal survival and economy of production. The sheep placenta expresses lactogenic (ovine placental lactogen, oPL) and somatogenic (ovine placental growth hormone, oGH) hormones. Our research has focused on the biological roles of oPL and oGH in function of the uterine endometrium during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Major conclusions were that: ( 1 ) immunization of prepubertal ewes against oPL resulted in increased birth weights of their lambs and their milk production during lactation; (2) neither oPL nor oGH had an antiluteolytic effect on uterine endometrium to affect lifespan of the corpus luteum; (3) only sequential exposure of the progesterone stimulated uterus to oIFNt and oPL or oGH increased endometrial gland proliferation and secretory protein gene expression; (4) oPL signals through a homodimer of ovine prolactin receptor (PRL-R) and heterodimer of oPRL-R and growth hormone receptor (GH-R); (5) exogenous recombinant oPL and oGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk yield during lactation; and (6) mutation of oPL and oGH was used to define specific biological effects and a rational basis for design of a specific receptor agonists or antagonists. This project was very productive in elucidating basic biological effects of oPL and oGH on intracellular signal transduction pathways, uterine development and secretory function, as well as mammogenesis and lactogenesis. We determined that immunization of prepubertal ewes against roPL increased birth weights of their lambs, especially those born as twins and triplets, as well as enhanced lactational performance. These studies significantly extended our knowledge of uterine and fetal-placental physiology and provided a foundation for new strategies to enhance reproductive and lactation efficiency. Based on these results, the major achievements were: 1) creation of a practical and cost effective management tool for producers to increase reproductive performance, neonatal survival, and milk yield of ewes in commercial flocks; and 2) define, for the first time, biological effects of oPL on endometrial functions and gene expression by uterine gland epithelium.
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Boisclair, Yves R., Alan W. Bell, and Avi Shamay. Regulation and Action of Leptin in Pregnant and Lactating Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7586465.bard.

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The original project had four specific objectives: (1) To complete the development of a radioimmunoassay for bovine leptin; (2) To characterize the leptin system in lactating dairy cows during the transition from pregnancy to lactation; (3) To identify endocrine factors regulating the production of leptin by bovine adipose tissue; (4) To study the actions of leptin on bovine adipose and mammary tissues in vitro. However, BARD funded only the development of the bovine leptin RIA (Objective 1) for a single year. This report describes our work in completing this objective. Leptin, a protein hormone secreted predominantly by white adipose tissue, plays a critical role in the regulation of energy metabolism. In rodents and humans, leptin informs the central nervous system of the size of the energy reserves, coordinates adaptations to periods of nutrient insufficiency, and regulates the metabolism of key tissues involved in the storage and dissipation of energy. However, almost nothing is known on the biology of leptin in cattle, in part because of the absence of a valid assay to measure bovine leptin. To remediate this situation, we have developed a radioimmunoassay capable of measuring bovine leptin with a high degree of sensitivity, accuracy and precision. First, we produced recombinant bovine leptin and used it to immunize rabbits, and to prepare bovine leptin trace and standards. A single antiserum with sufficient affinity and titer was identified. Using this antiserum, binding of 125I bovine leptin was displaced in a dose dependent manner by the addition of bovine or ovine leptin. Serial dilution of bovine and ovine plasma gave displacement curves that were parallel to that of bovine or ovine leptin. Recoveries of external addition of bovine leptin in ewe and cow plasma ranged between 94 and 104%. Plasma leptin concentration measured by this assay was increased by the plane of nutrition in growing calves and lambs. Finally, plasma leptin concentration was linearly related to the fat content of the empty carcass in growing cattle. We conclude that circulating leptin in sheep and cattle is increased by fatness and plane of nutrition, consistent with results in humans and rodents. This assay provides an important tool to investigate mechanisms that regulate plasma leptin in cattle and sheep.
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Boisclair, Yves R., and Arieh Gertler. Development and Use of Leptin Receptor Antagonists to Increase Appetite and Adaptive Metabolism in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697120.bard.

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Objectives The original project had 2 major objectives: (1) To determine the effects of centrally administered leptin antagonist on appetite and adaptive metabolism in the sheep; (2) To develop and prepare second-generation leptin antagonists combining high binding affinity and prolonged in vivo half-life. Background Periods of suboptimal nutrition or exaggerated metabolic activity demands lead to a state of chronic energy insufficiency. Ruminants remain productive for a surprisingly long period of time under these circumstances by evoking adaptations sparing available energy and nutrients. The mechanism driving these adaptations in ruminant remains unknown, but could involve a reduction in plasma leptin, a hormone acting predominantly in the brain. In laboratory animals, reduced leptin signaling promotes survival during nutritional insufficiency by triggering energy sparing adaptations such as reduced thyroid hormone production and insulin resistance. Our overall hypothesis is that similar adaptations are triggered by reduced leptin signaling in the brain of ruminants. Testing of this hypothesis in ruminants has not been possible due to inability to block the actions of endogenous leptin and access to ruminant models where leptin antagonistic therapy is feasible and effective. Major achievements and conclusions The Israeli team had previously mutated 3 residues in ovine leptin, with no effect on receptor binding. This mutant was renamed ovine leptin antagonist (OLA) because it cannot activate signaling and therefore antagonizes the ability of wild type leptin to activate its receptor. To transform OLA into an effective in vivo antagonist, the Israeli made 2 important technical advances. First, it incorporated an additional mutation into OLA, increasing its binding affinity and thus transforming it into a super ovine leptin antagonist (SOLA). Second, the Israeli team developed a method whereby polyethylene glycol is covalently attached to SOLA (PEG-SOLA) with the goal of extending its half-life in vivo. The US team used OLA and PEG-SOLA in 2 separate animal models. First, OLA was chronically administered directly into the brain of mature sheep via a cannula implanted into the 3rdcerebroventricule. Unexpectedly, OLA had no effect of voluntary feed intake or various indicators of peripheral insulin action but reduced the plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Second, the US team tested the effect of peripheral PEG-SOLA administration in an energy sensitive, rapidly growing lamb model. PEG-SOLA was administered for 14 consecutive days after birth or for 5 consecutive days before sacrifice on day 40 of life. Plasma PEG-SOLA had a half-life of over 16 h and circulated in 225- to 288-fold excess over endogenous leptin. PEG-SOLA administration reduced plasma thyroid hormones and resulted in a higher fat content in the carcass at slaughter, but had no effects on feed intake, body weight, plasma glucose or insulin. These results show that the team succeeded in developing a leptin antagonist with a long in vivo half-life. Moreover, in vivo results show that reduced leptin signaling promotes energy sparing in ruminants by repressing thyroid hormone production. Scientific and agricultural implications The physiological role of leptin in ruminants has been difficult to resolve because peripheral administration of wild type leptin causes little effects. Our work with leptin antagonists show for the first time in ruminants that reduced leptin signaling induces energy sparing mechanisms involving thyroid hormone production with little effect on peripheral insulin action. Additional work is needed to develop even more potent leptin antagonists, to establish optimal administration protocols and to narrow down phases of the ruminant life cycle when their use will improve productivity.
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Spencer, Thomas E., Elisha Gootwine, Arieh Gertler, and Fuller W. Bazer. Placental lactogen enhances production efficiency in sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586543.bard.

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The key objectives of this BARD project were to: (1) study long-term effects of immunization of prepubertal ewes against recombinant ovine placental lactogen (roPL) on subsequent birth weights of their lambs and their milk production; (2) optimize the anti-roPL immunization protocol using adjuvant preparations acceptable to producers and regulatory agencies; and (3) determine the physiological mechanism(s) whereby immunization against oPL increases fetal growth and development and mammogenesis. These objectives were based on key findings from a previous BARD project that: (a) immunization of ewes against roPL increased lamb birth weight and ewe milk production during lactation; (b) roPL and recombinant ovine growth hormone (roGH) increased the proliferation and differentiated function of endometrial glands that, in turn, would enhance uterine secretions necessary for fetal and placental growth; and (c) exogenous roPL and roGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk production during lactation. The BARD projects address central problems in sheep production, including reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality, low birth weight of lambs especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which affect neonatal survival. The sheep placenta secretes both lactogenic (oPL) and somatogenic (oGH) hormones. The receptors for those hormones are present in the fetus and placenta as well as maternal uterus, and mammary gland. Our research has focused on determining the biological role of these placental hormones in development and differentiation of the uterus during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Studies conducted in the current BARD project indicated that the effects of anti-roPL immunization were variable in ewes and that commercially available and widely acceptable adjuvant preparations were not effective to produce high anti-roPL titers in pre-pubertal ewes. In the non-prolific Rambouillet ewe in Texas and in the Awassi and the Assaf in Israel, anti-roPL immunization increased lamb birth weight; however, the magnitude of this effect and the inherent variability precluded our ability to determine the physiological mechanism of how the immunization increases fetal growth. Collectively, our findings suggest that anti-roPL immunization is not currently feasible as an easy and efficacious tool for the producer to increase flock reproductive and production efficiency. The variability in response of individual ewes to anti-roPL immunization likely includes modifying the recombinant hormone and the type of adjuvant used for the immunization. In particular, the oPL may need to be modified to ensure maximum antigenicity in a broad range of breed types. Nonetheless, the investigators continue to collaborate on identifying fundamental mechanisms that can be improved by genetics or management to enhance the efficiency of uteroplacental function and, in turn, fetal growth and development. High prolificacy is a desirable trait in intensive sheep production systems. One of the main limitations of using prolific breeds of sheep is that increased litter size is associated with low birth weights and increased mortality of lambs. Further, low birth weight is associated with an increased propensity for adult diseases and decreased production efficiency. Indeed, our recent studies find that the birth weights of lambs born in large litters can be improved by both genetics and management. Future cooperative research will continue to focus on reproductive efficiency of sheep that have broader implications for improving production efficiency in all types of ruminant livestock.
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Paternina Diaz, Enoc, and Jhon Jacobo Cañas Álvarez. Componente animal: recurso animal. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.infografia.2022.10.

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10

Rúa Bustamante, Clara Viviana, and Juan Sebastián Valencia. Componente socioeconómico: sociocultural. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.infografia.2022.9.

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