Journal articles on the topic 'Overwintering survival'
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Uelmen, Johnny A., John G. Duman, Richard L. Lindroth, Ezra G. Schwartzberg, and Kenneth F. Raffa. "Supercooling points of diapausing forest tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) eggs." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 5 (March 11, 2016): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.88.
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AbstractForest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstriaHübner; Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) is a widely distributed defoliator that undergoes intermittent outbreaks. It overwinters as pharate larvae within egg bands, is univoltine, and experiences low winter temperatures in its northern range. Little is known about how low temperatures affect winter survival and cold tolerances, their cold tolerance strategy, or how cold tolerances may vary over time and among populations. We evaluated supercooling points (SCPs) from four populations ofM. disstriaeggs collected along a 552 km latitudinal gradient from southern Wisconsin to northern Minnesota, United States of America. To test for potential effects of winter environment, we also administered three overwintering regimes (Madison, Wisconsin; Cloquet, Minnesota; Ely, Minnesota). Supercooling points were recorded in November, February, and March of 2011–2012. Supercooling points varied with maternal source (egg band), time of winter season, population source, and overwintering treatment. Means ranged from −26.8 °C (±0.5 °C) to −40.3 °C (±0.3 °C), accordingly. In a separate laboratory experiment, 89% of pharate larvae held at −20 °C (18.3 °C above coolest mean SCP) survived, but none held at −45 °C (6.7 °C below lowest mean SCP) survived. This relatively high degree of cold tolerance in its overwintering stage, due to freeze avoidance, may partially explain survival patterns and limits of overwinteringM. disstriain northern populations.
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Berthiaume, Richard, Christian Hébert, Martin Charest, Alain Dupont, and Éric Bauce. "Host Tree Species Affects Spruce Budworm Winter Survival." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 2 (March 11, 2020): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa020.
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Abstract With current trends in global warming, it has been suggested that spruce budworm outbreaks may spread to northern parts of the boreal forest. However, the major constraints for a northward expansion are the availability of suitable host trees and the insect winter survival capacity. This study aimed to determine the effect of larval feeding on balsam fir, white spruce and black spruce on various spruce budworm life history traits of both the parental and the progeny generations. Results indicated that the weight of the overwintering larval progeny and their winter survival were influenced by host tree species on which larvae of the parental generation fed. White spruce was the most suitable host for the spruce budworm, producing the heaviest pupae and the heaviest overwintering larvae while black spruce was the least suitable, producing the smallest pupae and the smallest overwintering progeny. Overwintering larvae produced by parents that fed on black spruce also suffered higher winter mortality than individuals coming from parents that fed on balsam fir or white spruce. With current trends in global warming, spruce budworm is expected to expand its range to northern boreal forests where black spruce is the dominant tree species. Such northern range expansion might not result in outbreaks if low offspring winter survival on black spruce persist.
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Lu, Chunsheng, and Mark Bridgen. "EFFECTS OF OVERWINTERING COVERS ON ALSTROEMERIA SURVIVAL." HortScience 28, no. 4 (April 1993): 258D—258. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.258d.
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During the winter of 1991-92. four cultivars of Alstroemeria: `F-180'. `l-5'. `Parigo Pink' and `Parigo Red' were treated with eight different overwintering covers: straw, straw with plastic covering, sawdust, sawdust with plastic covering, hoops with plastic covering, hoops with microfoam covering, microfoam and a control with no cover. All covers had significant effects on the survival of `Parigo Pink' and `Parigo Red'; mulching with straw only gave the best winter protection. There were also significant genotypic differences among the four cultivars: 73% of `Parigo Pink' and `Parigo Red' plants survived after winter, but none of `F-180' or `l-5' survived. In addition, pre-winter evaluation indicated that there were significant genotypic differences among the four cultivars with cold resistance. The cold resistance was highly correlated with winter hardiness. It was concluded that: (1) pre-winter evaluation could be an efficient indicator for winter hardiness selection on Alstroemeria and (2) application of straw provided sufficient winter protection for zone 6 Alstroemeria. Other approaches of mulching need to be further identified in order to protect all Alstroemeria for overwintering in the northeastern United States.
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Dimke, K. C., S. K. Still, and D. S. Gardner. "Effect of Overwintering Environment on the Survival of 30 Species of Herbaceous Perennials." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-26.4.222.
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Abstract There is increased interest in overwintering containerized perennials. However, there is little information available on overwintering success. The objective of this research was to determine overwinter survival and regrowth quality of 30 perennial species hardy in USDA zones 3, 4, or 5. Three overwintering treatments were used for each species: unprotected containers outside, containers in an unheated building, or in the ground. On April 16, 2004, and May 17, 2004, following overwintering, plant quality, plant height and flowering time were evaluated. Twenty-one species were successfully overwintered in an unheated building and 13 of those had quality ratings equal to or higher than those overwintered in-ground. Ceratostigma plumbaginoides, Kniphofia Pfitzer's Hybrid, Leucanthemum ×superbum ‘Snowcap’, and Stokesia laevis ‘Honeysong Purple’ rated significantly higher when overwintered in containers stored inside than in the ground. Flowering time and height measurement differences were not significant. Coreopsis ‘Limerock Ruby’, Diascia integerrima CoralCanyon™ and Gaura lindheimeri ‘Siskiyou Pink’ did not survive in any treatment. None of the species tested, with the exception of Sedum ‘Matrona’, survived when overwintered unprotected outside. Overwintering certain species of containerized perennials inside an unheated building such as a garage is a viable option for homeowners to improve survival.
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Curtis, David L., Thomas G. Ranney, Frank A. Blazich, and Everett P. Whitman. "Rooting and Subsequent Overwinter Survival of Stem Cuttings of Stewartia ovata." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-14.3.163.
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Abstract Three experiments were conducted using stem cuttings of Stewartia ovata (Cav.) Weatherby to evaluate: 1) effects of indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentration on percent rooting and rooting index (root system size), 2) influence of N rate and medium amendments (dolomitic lime and/or complete fertilizer) on budbreak prior to overwintering and survival and shoot growth of cuttings following overwintering, and 3) effects of chilling duration on overwinter survival and subsequent shoot growth. Softwood cuttings of S. ovata were taken on June 19 and July 23, 1992, and treated with 0, 1000, 2000, 4000, or 8000 ppm IBA in 50% isopropyl alcohol. Rooting percentages and rooting index were highest for cuttings taken in June and treated with 2000 or 4000 ppm IBA. In the second experiment, cuttings were rooted in pine bark containing three different amendment combinations, and fertilized weekly with either 0, 50, 100, or 200 ppm N following root initiation. Overwinter survival was higher for cuttings rooted in pine bark or pine bark amended with lime, but decreased for cuttings in pine bark amended with lime and a complete fertilizer. Increasing N fertilization up to 200 ppm weekly stimulated budbreak prior to overwintering, resulted in greater shoot growth following overwintering, but had no effect on overwintering survival. In the third experiment, rooted cuttings were subjected to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks chilling at 6C (43F). Cuttings chilled for 10 weeks had the highest percent budbreak (survival) and greater overall shoot growth over a 12 week forcing period.
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Caron, V., and J. H. Myers. "Positive association between resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis and overwintering survival of cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, no. 3 (February 7, 2008): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485307005597.
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AbstractDevelopment of resistance to insecticides has generally been associated with fitness costs that may be magnified under challenging conditions. Lepidopterans which are resistant to the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) have been shown to have reduced fitness, such as lower survival when subjected to overwintering stress. Recently, resistance to Btk has been found in some populations of Trichoplusia ni Hübner in greenhouses in British Columbia. This situation provides an opportunity to investigate potential trade-offs between overwintering survival and insecticide resistance in a major pest species. Here, we assess the survival and eventual fecundity of Btk resistant and susceptible T. ni pupae exposed to cool temperatures. Contrary to our expectations, resistant T. ni had higher overwintering survival than susceptible individuals. This is the first account of a potential advantage associated with Btk resistance. Resistant and susceptible moths had reduced fecundity and smaller progeny after cold exposure compared to controls, and this may counteract the survival advantage. Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that this is sufficient to select out the resistant phenotype in the presence of strong selection for resistance and in the absence of immigration of susceptible moths. The appearance of resistance without evidence of a trade-off in overwintering survival presents a major challenge to management in production greenhouses.
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Koehler, A. M., and H. D. Shew. "Enhanced Overwintering Survival of Stevia by QoI Fungicides Used for Management of Sclerotium rolfsii." Plant Disease 101, no. 8 (August 2017): 1417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-17-0277-re.
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Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is a herbaceous perennial under evaluation as a new crop in the southeastern United States. Stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is common in stevia plantings in North Carolina, with symptoms including wilting, root and stem necrosis, and plant death. Fungicide efficacy trials for management of S. rolfsii were conducted over 2 years. Fungicides evaluated included azoxystrobin, flutolanil, and tebuconazole applied at three timings. Azoxystrobin applied to transplants 1 week prior to planting had the lowest area under the disease progress curve values across all trials. Fungicide plots were also used to evaluate overwintering of stevia. End-of-season stand counts were compared with spring emergence counts to quantify overwintering survival. In spring 2015, plots treated with azoxystrobin in 2014 had greater overwintering survival (78%) than other fungicide treatments (38%) and the control (38%). Similar results were obtained at two locations in spring 2016 in plots treated with azoxystrobin or pyraclostrobin in 2015. Successful overwintering of stevia directly impacts the profitability of second- and third-year harvests and enhances the likelihood of long-term establishment of stevia as a viable crop. Future studies will be directed at elucidating the mechanism of the enhanced overwintering survival of plants treated with quinone outside inhibitor fungicides.
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Li, Ji Ping, Min Quan Li, Na Na Hui, Li Wang, Yong Qiang Ma, Yong Hong Qi, Jian Jun Li, Qing Qing Li, and Tian Wang Zhou. "Survival and Germination of Overwintering Oospores of Phytophthora infestans in the Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2308.
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Survival and germination of overwintering oospores of two strains from Gansu,China compared with two standard from Wageningen, the Netherlands of Phytophthora infestans were determined in 2010-2011. It was found that compatible mating strains of P. infestans A1 and A2 produce oospores abundantly in paired cultures on tomato-rye agar medium.The survival rate of overwintering was ranged from19.57% to 24.59%.The germination rate of overwintering was ranged from 3.58% to 8.49%, and there were no significant differences in germination rate of oospores between alternating light at day/night and whole darkness at day/night. Furthermore, the soil extract liquid was more suitable for oospore germination than distilled water.
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Dancau, Tina, Peter G. Mason, and Naomi Cappuccino. "Elusively overwintering: a review of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) cold tolerance and overwintering strategy." Canadian Entomologist 150, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2018.2.
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AbstractThere is no consensus on the overwintering strategy used by the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). As a result, the topic of diamondback moth overwintering in temperate climates remains controversial. However, there has been general agreement that the diamondback moth does not overwinter in diapause. This review compiles data on low temperature survival to determine cold tolerance mechanisms and the cold tolerance strategy of the diamondback moth. According to cold tolerance data and observations from key overwintering studies in eastern North America, the diamondback moth likely overwinters in a quiescent state in no specific overwintering stage and is chill susceptible. Observations from key overwintering studies suggest a northern overwintering limit for diamondback moth of ~43°N in eastern North America. Climate change may alter winter conditions in temperate climates, making temperate regions susceptible to potential diamondback moth overwintering and recurring outbreaks.
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Régnière, Jacques, and Pierre Duval. "OVERWINTERING MORTALITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), POPULATIONS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS." Canadian Entomologist 130, no. 1 (February 1998): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent13013-1.
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AbstractOverwintering mortality in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), was measured between 1983 and 1990 in several natural stands of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.), in Quebec and Ontario. Overwintering losses (disappearance of larvae) averaged 25.2%, occurred mostly in late summer and early fall, and were probably caused by, in large part, failure to spin a hibernaculum, diapause-free development, and invertebrate predation. An average of 24.1% of larvae were found dead in the hibernaculum. This mortality also occurred early in diapause and during post-diapause development, and overwintering mortality did not vary much from year to year. We conclude that overwintering mortality does not result from adverse winter weather conditions or from gradual loss of hibernacula. Overall overwintering mortality from the loss of hibernating larvae plus death within the hibernaculum averaged 43.2% and was not related to infection with the microsporidian Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson). We observed no influence of position in the tree crown on overwintering survival. There was a 40% decrease in overwintering survival among larvae from eggs laid very late in a female’s oviposition sequence. Survival within the hibernaculum on shoots of A. balsamea bearing different types of spinning substrates varied considerably, and was highly correlated with larval spinning preferences. Shoots bearing lichen mats, rough bark, male flower scars, or 1-year-old annular scales were most suitable, whereas shoots bearing annular scales older than 1 year or smooth bark were least suitable. The efficiency of the NaOH extraction technique to recover overwintering spruce budworm larvae was found to be highly variable, and to depend on population density, shoot type, and the proportion of live larvae on the branches.
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Coolong, Timothy, and Mark A. Williams. "Overwintering Potential of Onion in Kentucky." HortTechnology 24, no. 5 (October 2014): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.5.590.
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Eight cultivars of onion (Allium cepa) representing, long, intermediate, and short-day types were evaluated for their ability to be overwintered in Kentucky. Onion seedlings were transplanted in Nov. 2007 and Oct. 2008. Plants were covered with spunbonded rowcovers or wheat (Triticum sp.) straw mulch in December and mature bulbs were harvested in June and July. Bulbing was initiated in ‘Yellow Granex’ (short-day) during transplant production, thus it was not planted in the field in either year of the experiment. The use of rowcovers compared with straw mulch increased survival rates in all cultivars. The intermediate-daylength cultivars, Candy, Superstar, and Expression, had greater percentages of bolting when grown under rowcovers compared with straw mulch. This resulted low marketable yields despite high survival rates. Rowcover/mulch treatment and cultivar interacted (P ≤ 0.05) to affect yields. The long-day cultivars, Olympic, Ailsa Craig, and Walla Walla had the highest yields when grown under rowcovers. ‘Olympic’, the highest yielding cultivar, produced a large percentage of jumbo-sized bulbs. The short-day cultivar, WI-131, had low survival rates and yields under rowcovers and straw mulch. Pungencies were lowest in ‘WI-131’ and ‘Olympic’. In general, long-day onion cultivars had high rates of survival, low rates of bolting, and higher yields compared with intermediate-day types. This suggests that they would be preferred for overwinter production in Kentucky.
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Jiang, Yongxing. "Survival of Overwintering Aedes albopictus Eggs Under Natural Conditions In North-Central Florida." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/18-6775.1.
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ABSTRACT Aedes albopictus mosquitoes overwinter as eggs in north-central Florida. Knowledge of this species' overwintering survival rate is of great interest to local mosquito control districts. In this study, field-collected Ae. albopictus eggs were exposed to natural conditions during winter 2016–17 in Gainesville, FL, to determine the overwintering survival rate. Individual strips of germination paper containing eggs of this species were collected from ovitraps in November 2016 then later clipped to the inner edge of empty flowerpots and placed in the Department of Public Works compound, City of Gainesville, in December. Egg strips that remained outdoors were later brought back to the laboratory and hatched in late March 2017. Significant differences were found among the 5 ambient environmental exposure methods (configurations) in terms of egg survival rate, egg collapsed rate, and egg unaccounted rate, whereas no significant difference was observed on the egg intact rate. Egg strips stored in flowerpots with the drainage hole sealed had the highest survival rate (18.3%), whereas eggs stored in an open covered area had the least survival rate (2.4%). The effect of different storage conditions on the survivorship of overwintering Ae. albopictus eggs in north-central Florida is discussed.
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Batool, Wajjiha, Chang Liu, Xiaoning Fan, Penghui Zhang, Yan Hu, Yi Wei, and Shi-Hong Zhang. "AGC/AKT Protein Kinase SCH9 Is Critical to Pathogenic Development and Overwintering Survival in Magnaporthe oryzae." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8 (July 31, 2022): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8080810.
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Primary inoculum that survives overwintering is one of the key factors that determine the outbreak of plant disease. Pathogenic resting structures, such as chlamydospores, are an ideal inoculum for plant disease. Puzzlingly, Magnaporthe oryzae, a devastating fungal pathogen responsible for blast disease in rice, hardly form any morphologically changed resting structures, and we hypothesize that M. oryzae mainly relies on its physiological alteration to survive overwintering or other harsh environments. However, little progress on research into regulatory genes that facilitate the overwintering of rice blast pathogens has been made so far. Serine threonine protein kinase AGC/AKT, MoSch9, plays an important role in the spore-mediated pathogenesis of M. oryzae. Building on this finding, we discovered that in genetic and biological terms, MoSch9 plays a critical role in conidiophore stalk formation, hyphal-mediated pathogenesis, cold stress tolerance, and overwintering survival of M. oryzae. We discovered that the formation of conidiophore stalks and disease propagation using spores was severely compromised in the mutant strains, whereas hyphal-mediated pathogenesis and the root infection capability of M. oryzae were completely eradicated due to MoSch9 deleted mutants’ inability to form an appressorium-like structure. Most importantly, the functional and transcriptomic study of wild-type and MoSch9 mutant strains showed that MoSch9 plays a regulatory role in cold stress tolerance of M. oryzae through the transcription regulation of secondary metabolite synthesis, ATP hydrolyzing, and cell wall integrity proteins during osmotic stress and cold temperatures. From these results, we conclude that MoSch9 is essential for fungal infection-related morphogenesis and overwintering of M. oryzae.
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Gunnarsson, Bengt. "Body Size and Survival: Implications for an Overwintering Spider." Oikos 52, no. 3 (June 1988): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3565200.
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Turnock, W. J., and I. L. Wise. "Density and Survival of Lady Beetles (Coccinellidae) in Overwintering Sites in Manitoba." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i3.10.
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The densities of lady beetles, Coccinellidae, overwintering as adults (adults per m2) in leaf litter collected in late October for two years in a beach-ridge forest on the south shore of Lake Manitoba were 56.4 for the Thirteen-spotted Lady Beetle, Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (Say), 38.3 for the Seven-spotted Lady Beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (L.), 7.7 for the Transverse Lady Beetle, Coccinella transversoguttata richardsonii Brown, 1.6 for the Convergent Lady Beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin, and 0.6 for the Parenthesis Lady Beetle, Hippodamia parenthesis (Say). The mean overwintering survival for these species was 0.254, 0.036, 0.023, 0.0, and 0.0, respectively. The density of overwintering coccinellids was highest near the margins of the forest, particularly on the beach side, where beetles from shore appear to have entered the forest. The mean density over 3 years (2.9 per m2) of all coccinellid species in November in the litter under a remnant grove of riverbank forest in Winnipeg, was lower than in the beach-ridge forest (104.8 per m2), but their survival (0.460) was higher than in the beach-ridge forest (0.154). More species of coccinellids were found in the samples from the riverbank forest than from the beach-ridge forest.
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Linske, Megan A., Kirby C. Stafford, Scott C. Williams, Charles B. Lubelczyk, Margret Welch, and Elizabeth F. Henderson. "Impacts of Deciduous Leaf Litter and Snow Presence on Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Overwintering Survival in Coastal New England, USA." Insects 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10080227.
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Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say) are the vector for pathogens that cause more cases of human disease than any other arthropod. Lyme disease is the most common, caused by the bacterial spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt, and Brenner) in the northeastern United States. Further knowledge of seasonal effects on survival is important for management and modeling of both blacklegged ticks and tick-borne diseases. The focus of our study was on the impact of environmental factors on overwintering success of nymphal blacklegged ticks. In a three-year field study conducted in Connecticut and Maine, we determined that ground-level conditions play an important role in unfed nymphal overwintering survival. Ticks in plots where leaf litter and snow accumulation were unmanipulated had significantly greater survival compared to those where leaf litter was removed (p = 0.045) and where both leaf litter and snow were removed (p = 0.008). Additionally, we determined that the key overwintering predictors for nymphal blacklegged tick survival were the mean and mean minimum temperatures within a year. The findings of this research can be utilized in both small- and large-scale management of blacklegged ticks to potentially reduce the risk and occurrence of tick-borne diseases.
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Nieman, Tim, Yvonne Hoogzaad, Susara J. E. Marcotte, and Peter Ryser. "Contrasting root overwintering strategies of perennial wetland monocots." Botany 96, no. 10 (October 2018): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0065.
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Root turnover is an important contributor to ecosystem nutrient and carbon cycling, but seasonal aspects of root mortality are not well known. This study tests the hypothesis that in strongly seasonal climates, such as in Northern Ontario, Canada, perennial wetland monocots fall into two distinct categories with respect to their root overwintering strategy: complete senescence or survival over the winter. Root survival in late winter and early spring was tested for a total of 26 species using vitality staining with tetrazolium chloride. Root survival in spring was either over 85% (18 species) or 0% (8 species). Lateral root survival was marginally lower than that of basal roots. In some species, low nutrient supply slightly increased root winter mortality, but did not change the seasonal pattern. We conclude that in a northern temperate climate, the overwintering strategies of roots of herbaceous monocots are binary: either avoidance or tolerance of the long unfavourable season, similar to deciduous and evergreen leaves among woody plants. Roots do not gradually die during the unfavourable season, but either completely senesce in the autumn or survive the winter. The distinct root overwintering strategies presumably affect the species’ resource economics and ecosystem processes.
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Adamec, Lubomir. "Survival of dried turions of aquatic plants." Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.55360/cpn372.la273.
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Aquatic carnivorous plants in the genera Aldrovanda and Utricularia produce turions: dormant, overwintering buds modified into storage organs. Turions are durable, partly frost-tolerant organs which usually overwinter in shallow water close to the bottom, below ice cover. However, in some species turions overwinter also above the water surface in the terrestrial ecophase, on wet organic soil.
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Bellocq, M. Isabel, and Sandy M. Smith. "Predation and overwintering mortality of the white pine weevil, Pissodesstrobi, in planted and seeded jack pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-184.
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Predation by birds and insects and overwintering mortality of the white pine weevil, Pissodesstrobi Peck, were examined in planted and seeded stands of jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) in northern Ontario to develop recommendations for management. No significant difference was found in weevil damage to the stand and in mortality of weevils due to natural enemies between planted and seeded stands. On average, 7.3 ± 0.3 (mean ± 1 SE) weevils emerged as adults from dead terminals. Birds consumed up to 6.4% of late-larval and pupal weevils in planted stands and up to 8.9% in seeded stands. More weevils emerged from screened than from unscreened leaders, indicating a significant mortality of larvae and pupae, presumably owing to insect predators and parasitoids and high density of pupae. Overwintering mortality of adult weevils was 92% in the planted and 76% in the seeded stand. Mammalian predation significantly reduced survival of overwintering weevils. Factors related to other silvicultural treatments, such as the presence of weeds, may be affecting the survival of Pissodesstrobi and the susceptibility of Pinusbanksiana stands to Pissodesstrobi infestation. The manipulation of both mammalian predation and overwintering sites should be emphasized in the management of P. strobi in Pinusbanksiana plantations.
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Edge, C. B., B. D. Steinberg, R. J. Brooks, and J. D. Litzgus. "Temperature and site selection by Blanding’s Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) during hibernation near the species’ northern range limit." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 9 (September 2009): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-073.
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Many animals that live in northern climates enter a state of prolonged dormancy during winter. These animals possess a suite of physiological and behavioural adaptations that minimize threats to survival while overwintering. There are three major threats to overwintering survival: metabolic and respiratory acidosis, freezing, and predation. Selection of hibernation sites should minimize these threats. We monitored dissolved oxygen, water depth, and temperature at overwintering locations of Blanding’s Turtles ( Emydoidea blandingii (Holbrook, 1838)) and at stations located haphazardly in six different habitat types over two winters in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada. Water depth and dissolved oxygen in overwintering sites used by turtles were similar to those measured at haphazard stations. In contrast, estimated turtle body temperatures (~0 °C) were significantly lower and less variable than water temperatures measured at haphazard stations. These data and those reported elsewhere suggest that there are two alternatives for selection of suitable hibernacula by anoxia tolerant turtles. In areas where there is periodic access to aerial oxygen, turtles select sites where ice cover may not be present for the entire winter, but in areas where ice cover restricts access to air, turtles select sites where water temperatures are close to 0 °C.
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Nair, Ajay, Donglin Zhang, John Smagula, and Dongyan Hu. "Rooting and Overwintering Stem Cuttings of Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim. Relevant to Hormone, Media, and Temperature." HortScience 43, no. 7 (December 2008): 2124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2124.
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Stewartia pseudocamellia Maxim. (Japanese Stewartia), a member of Theaceae (tea family), is an excellent garden plant with ornamental features for all four seasons. Reproduction difficulty, however, limits its popularity. We conducted three experiments to ascertain the optimum conditions needed for rooting and subsequent overwintering of semihardwood Stewartia pseudocamellia cuttings. Cuttings were collected in July and prepared for rooting using two types of hormones (KIBA quick dip and Hormodin powder) and three media (Perlite + ProMix, Perlite + Perennial Mix, or Perlite + ProMix + Perennial Mix). Rooted cuttings were overwintered at four different temperatures. The best overwintering temperature was 5 °C, at which 65.6% of newly rooted cuttings survived. Temperatures lower than –12.2 °C were detrimental to the plants. Without cold treatment, only 21.9% of the rooted cuttings survived, which was three times lower than those that received 5 °C treatments. Plants rooted in Perlite + Perennial Mix had 61.8% overwintering survival, which is significantly higher than Perlite + ProMix. The quality of roots, indicated by total root length per cutting, was higher (104.3 cm) with Perlite + Perennial Mix, but not statistically significant. Cuttings treated with rooting hormones had higher rooting percentages (71.9% to 93.6%) as compared with the control (53%). For the same concentration (8000 mg·L−1), liquid (KIBA) and liquid + powder (KIBA + indole-3-butyric acid) rooting hormones resulted in better rooting percentages than powder (Hormodin) alone, although there was no statistical difference in rooting percentages among rooting hormone treatments. The best hormone for subsequent overwintering survival was the combination of quick dip (5000 mg·L−1 KIBA) and Hormodin #2 (0.3% a. i.; equivalent to 3000 mg·L−1). It resulted in 64.2% survival, significantly higher than for KIBA quick dip (8000 mg·L−1 a.i.) or Hormodin #3 (0.8% a. i.; equivalent to 8000 mg·L−1) alone. Our results suggest that reproduction (rooting and overwintering) of Stewartia was affected by many factors. We recommend rooting Stewartia in media that has good aeration and moderate water-holding capacity and overwintering them at ≈5 °C.
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Harvey, G. T. "EGG WEIGHT AS A FACTOR IN THE OVERWINTERING SURVIVAL OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) LARVAE." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 12 (December 1985): 1451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1171451-12.
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AbstractRelationships between mean egg weight and overwintering survival in the laboratory were explored in selected large- and small-egg lines and also in first laboratory generations from 5 widely separated locations. Overwintering stress was provided by prolonged storage or above average storage temperature. Under stress large eggs were shown to have greater survival than small eggs in both stocks of insects. The results explain why spruce budworm from higher latitudes (longer winters) have heavier (larger) eggs. Other effects of prolonged storage and storage selection on subsequent size and development rates in both the treatment and the F1 generations are reported.
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Quiring, Dan T., and Peter R. Timmins. "Predation by American crows reduces overwintering European corn borer populations in southwestern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 2143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-318.
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American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) overwintering in Canada's largest known crow roost near Essex, in southwestern Ontario, often forage during the day in surrounding fields of corn, Zea mays, where they perforate cornstalks and eat overwintering larvae of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Survival of overwintering larvae was ca. 50% less in uncaged than in caged plants in a field 26 km from the roost. Although crows perforated stalks in all fields < 25 km from the rookery that were sampled, the number of perforations per cornstalk was negatively correlated with the distance from the roost to the cornfields. In Essex county migratory crows do not arrive until October when most corn has been harvested and they leave in March, before corn is planted. Thus overwintering crows usually do not damage standing corn, increasing their importance as biological control agents.
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Shumkova, Rositsa, Ralitsa Balkanska, Tsvetoslav Koynarski, and Peter Hristov. "Application of the Natural Products NOZEMAT HERB and NOZEMAT HERB PLUS Can Decrease Honey Bee Colonies Losses during the Winter." Diversity 13, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060228.
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Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are crucial pollinators for many crops and natural ecosystems. However, honey bee colonies have been experiencing heavy overwinter mortality in almost all parts of the world. In the present study we have investigatеd, for the first time, the effects from the application of the herbal supplements NOZEMAT HERB® (NH) and NOZEMAT HERB PLUS® (NHP) on overwintering honey bee colony survival and on total protein and lysozyme content. To achieve this, in early autumn 2019, 45 colonies were selected and treated with these herbal supplements. The total protein and lysozyme content were evaluated after administration of NH and NHP twice the following year (June and September 2020). The obtained results have shown that both supplements have a positive effect on overwintering colony survival. Considerable enhancement in longevity of “winter bees” has been observed after the application of NHP, possibly due to the increased functionality of the immune system and antioxidant detoxification capacity. Although the mechanisms of action of NH and NHP are yet to be completely elucidated, our results suggest a new holistic approach on overwintering honey bee colony survival and welfare.
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Karlsson, A. Fredric. "Interindividual proximity and the probability of winter survival in the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-266.
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Interindividual proximity was examined during two prewinter seasons as a possible demographical agent in a bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) population near Uppsala, Sweden. While the proportion of nonoverwintering voles found in clusters in the 1st year was approximately the same (40%) from October to December, in the 2nd year, with lower population density, it fluctuated from 20 to 80%. Mean number of voles per shared center of activity was approximately the same (2–2.3) during all months compared. In October 1983 the proportion in these centers of nonoverwintering compared with overwintering voles was significantly lower. Individuals that shared centers compared with those that never did survived better and center sharing occurred significantly more often than was expected by chance. The change of centers of activity to more rocky from less rocky environments among nonoverwintering voles significantly more often resulted in center sharing. In overwintering but not in other females there was a strong positive correlation between the choice of microhabitat and month. As the prewinter season progressed, the preference of overwintering females for the most rocky environments increased. In males no significant pattern was observed. Proximity, though possibly primarily an effect of microhabitat preference, may increase the chance of both survival and successful reproduction in the following spring.
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Trudel, Richard, Éric Bauce, Claude Guertin, and Jean Cabana. "DIAPAUSE INDUCTION AND OVERWINTERING STAGE IN THE FIR CONEWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 131, no. 6 (December 1999): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent131779-6.
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AbstractA laboratory experiment was conducted to identify the overwintering stage of the fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella (Grote), in eastern Canada and determine the influence of photoperiod on diapause induction. In another experiment, different developmental stages were exposed to field conditions to evaluate their capacity to survive the overwintering period. Insects were either placed in the duff or exposed to ambient (above ground) conditions to assess the importance of overwintering site on winter survival. Exposure of the fir coneworm to constant short-days or a daily decreasing photoperiod during larval development induced almost all insects to initiate diapause at the fifth instar. Third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar larvae survived the overwintering period when placed in the duff. Because the fir coneworm must leave its host tree and drop to the ground to avoid rigorous winter conditions, we concluded that only fifth-instar larvae could resume development in spring using such a strategy.
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Brunner, Jesse L., Mary Killilea, and Richard S. Ostfeld. "Overwintering Survival of NymphalIxodes scapularis(Acari: Ixodidae) Under Natural Conditions." Journal of Medical Entomology 49, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 981–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/me12060.
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Dugger, Katie M., John Faaborg, Wayne J. Arendt, and Keith A. Hobson. "UNDERSTANDING SURVIVAL AND ABUNDANCE OF OVERWINTERING WARBLERS: DOES RAINFALL MATTER?" Condor 106, no. 4 (2004): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1650/7632.
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Hawley, W. A., C. B. Pumpuni, R. H. Brady, and G. B. Craig. "Overwintering Survival of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Eggs in Indiana." Journal of Medical Entomology 26, no. 2 (March 1, 1989): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/26.2.122.
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Dugger, Katie M., John Faaborg, Wayne J. Arendt, and Keith A. Hobson. "Understanding Survival and Abundance of Overwintering Warblers: Does Rainfall Matter?" Condor 106, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 744–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.4.744.
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Abstract We investigated relationships between warbler abundance and survival rates measured on a Puerto Rican wintering site and rainfall patterns measured on the wintering site and in regions where these warblers breed, as estimated using stable-isotope analysis (δD) of feathers collected from wintering birds. We banded birds using constant-effort mist netting from January 1989–2003 in the Gu´nica Forest of southwestern Puerto Rico. Black-and-white Warblers (Mniotilta varia), American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla), and Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla) dominated the Neotropical migrant capture totals each winter, with resulting sample sizes large enough to estimate survival rates. Estimates of capture probability from survival modeling allowed us to estimate abundance from mist-netting capture totals for Black-and-white Warblers and Ovenbirds. Stable-hydrogen isotopes showed that the three focal species came mostly from the eastern United States. Black-and-white Warbler abundance was related to rainfall total deviations from normal in Guánica Forest, and Ovenbird abundance was related to total annual rainfall in the United States. Survival models with rainfall covariates were weakly supported overall, but apparent survival of Black-and-white Warblers and American Redstarts was negatively related to rain during the first 6 months of the year at Guánica, and Ovenbird survival was related to rainfall during the spring in the southeastern U.S. Abundance and apparent survival exhibited similar, species-specific patterns of association with rainfall for Black-and-white Warblers and Ovenbirds. Winter rainfall was important to demographic parameters of Black-and-white Warblers, and breeding-season rain was important to Ovenbirds. Entendiendo los Patrones de Supervivencia y Abundancia de Parúlidos Residentes de Invierno: ¿Es Importante la Precipitación? Resumen. Investigamos las relaciones entre la abundancia y las tasas de supervivencia de parúlidos residentes de invierno en Puerto Rico y los patrones de precipitación de los sitios invernales y de las áreas de anidación, éstas últimas deducidas a partir del análisis de isótopos estables (δD) en plumas colectadas de las aves migratorias. Las aves fueron capturadas y anilladas utilizando redes de niebla en el Bosque de Guánica en el suroeste de Puerto Rico durante el mes de enero, desde 1989 hasta el 2003. Las especies de aves neotropicales con mayor número de capturas totales durante cada invierno fueron Mniotilta varia, Setophaga ruticilla y Seiurus aurocapilla, con un tamaño de muestra lo suficientemente grande como para estimar sus tasas de supervivencia. La estimación de las probabilidades de captura a partir de los modelos de supervivencia nos permitieron evaluar la abundancia utilizando datos de capturas totales para Mniotilta varia y Seiurus aurocapilla. Los isótopos de hidrógeno estable mostraron que las tres especies de aves focales provinieron principalmente de la región Este de Estados Unidos. La abundancia de Mniotilta varia estuvo relacionada a las variaciones totales de precipitación en el Bosque de Guánica y la abundancia de Seiurus aurocapilla estuvo relacionada a la precipitación anual total en los Estados Unidos. Los modelos de supervivencia con covariables de precipitación tuvieron muy poco respaldo. Sin embargo, la supervivencia aparente de Mniotilta varia y Setophaga ruticilla estuvo relacionada negativamente a la precipitación durante los primeros seis meses del año en Guánica y la supervivencia de Seiurus aurocapilla estuvo relacionada a la precipitación durante la estación de primavera en el sureste de Estados Unidos. La abundancia y la supervivencia aparente mostraron patrones de asociación similares y específicos para cada especie con la precipitación para Mniotilta varia y Seiurus aurocapilla. La precipitación de invierno fue un factor importante para determinar los patrones demográficos de Mniotilta varia y la precipitación durante la temporada de anidación también fue un factor significativo para Seiurus aurocapilla.
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Green, S., K. Mortensen, and K. L. Bailey. "Host Range, Temperature Response, Survival, and Overwintering of Alternaria cirsinoxia." Biological Control 20, no. 1 (January 2001): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.2000.0875.
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Cockell, Charles S., M. Dale Stokes, and Keith E. Korsmeyer. "Overwintering strategies of Antarctic organisms." Environmental Reviews 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2000): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a00-001.
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The extremity of winter conditions in the present-day polar regions is unique on Earth. Each year organisms are subjected to extremes of temperature and depending on latitude, prolonged periods of darkness. Organisms have adapted to these extremes through a variety of overwintering strategies that range from physiological changes to alterations in geographical distributions. Some adaptations are specific to just a few taxa, such as huddling by penguins, a strategy that is also seen in some Arctic mammals. However, other strategies are common to a wide diversity of taxa, such as fat storage throughout the winter or migratory avoidance behavior. Although many organisms have specifically adapted to polar conditions, it is also apparent that for many, survival of the Antarctic winter draws upon an inherent phenotypic plasticity particularly amongst the invertebrates. In this review the adaptations of a wide range of organisms to the polar winter environment are discussed. This review concentrates on the Antarctic, although the Arctic is discussed for comparison where appropriate.Keywords: winter, overwintering, polar, Arctic, Antarctic.
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Stejskal, V., J. Zuska, P. Werner, and Z. Kučerová. "Survival over the winter of Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in hot spots caused by improper grain storage technology: the first record in the Czech Republic." Plant Protection Science 35, No. 1 (January 1, 1999): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/9668-pps.
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The survival of dense populations of Rhyzopertha dominica in stored grain hot spots in the Czech Republic during winter months was documented for the first time. Improper storage of grain causes subsurface hot zones, which seem to provide conditions for pest overwintering and become the source of subsequent cross infestations.
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Hokkanen, Heikki, and Jerzy Lipa. "Occurrence and dynamics of Nosema meligethi (Microsporida) in populations of Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) in Finland." Entomologica Fennica 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83832.
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A total of 221 samples of the beetle Meligethes aeneus Fabricius were collected from southern and central Finland in 1989-90, and 10 152 beetles were individually examined to determine the occurrence of the microsporidian disease Nosema meligethi Issi & Raditsheva. The dynamics of this disease was followed at seven sites throughout the season, and its ecological aspects were studied at one locality, Hartola. The level of N. meligethi infection steadily increased in M. aeneus populations during the season, with horizontal transmission appearing to take place in flowerheads, where the beetles aggregate to feed. Infected beetles migrated to overwintering sites earlier than did healthy beetles, and just prior to overwintering, infected beetles were lighter in weight than healthy ones. This fact may drastically affect the overwintering survival of infected beetles.
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Goodman, Michael A., and Dennis P. Stimart. "Factors Regulating Overwinter Survival of Newly Propagated Stem Tip Cuttings of Acer palmatum Thunb. ‘Bloodgood’ and Cornus florida L. var. rubra." HortScience 22, no. 6 (December 1987): 1296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.6.1296.
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Abstract Propagation time, N, and shoot growth were studied for their effects on overwinter survival of newly rooted stem tip cuttings of Acer palmatum Thunb. ‘Blood-good’ and Cornus florida L. var. rubra. Propagation of A. palmatum and C. florida in May and June, respectively, resulted in a greater number of plants with shoot growth after rooting compared to those propagated later. Removal of a terminal leaf on A. palmatum after rooting increased the percentage of plants with shoot growth. Nitrogen application after rooting decreased survival before winter storage for A. palmatum propagated in May and C. florida propagated in June and July. May propagation of A. palmatum reduced overwinter survival, whereas propagation date did not affect overwintering of C. florida significantly. Plants with shoot growth and not given N had best overwinter survival, followed by plants with shoot growth given N. Poorest overwintering occurred on both species given N that failed to grow prior to winter storage. Nitrogen application to these plants when newly propagated should be avoided until the role of N is better understood.
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Carson, M. L. "Aggressiveness and Perennation of Isolates of Cochliobolus heterostrophus from North Carolina." Plant Disease 82, no. 9 (September 1998): 1043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.9.1043.
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Selection occurring during the saprophytic or overwintering phase of the life cycle of Cochliobolus heterostrophus, the causal agent of southern leaf blight of maize, may be a factor in the persistence of apparently less aggressive isolates in the pathogen population. The relative aggressiveness and ability to perennate of 22 isolates of C. heterostrophus from North Carolina was measured in series of experiments. Significant differences in aggressiveness and percent perennation (overwintering survival) were observed. There was a weak but often significant negative correlation between the ability of isolates to persist on the soil surface and their aggressiveness. The ability of race O isolates to sporulate on senescent corn leaf discs was positively correlated with their aggressiveness. Selection against increased aggressiveness during overwintering does not appear sufficient by itself to counter selection for increased aggressiveness occurring during the pathogen's pathogenic phase.
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Powell, Sarah, and Jeff Bale. "Rapid cold hardening increases the survival and fecundity of overwintering aphids." Outlooks on Pest Management 15, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/15aug09.
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PRIOTTO, JOSÉ, and JAIME POLOP. "Effect of overwintering adults on juvenile survival ofCalomys venustus(Muridae: Sigmodontinae)." Austral Ecology 28, no. 3 (June 2003): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01288.x.
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Hunt, D. W. A., and C. S. Tan. "OVERWINTERING DENSITIES AND SURVIVAL OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN AND AROUND TOMATO (SOLANACEAE) FIELDS." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 1 (February 2000): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132103-1.
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The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), overwinters in the soil as a diapausing adult. Large numbers of adult beetles fly and walk from potato, Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae), fields to the surrounding forested edges late in the summer (Voss and Ferro 1990). This movement can result in higher densities of diapausing adults in the soil along these edges than in potato fields (Weber and Ferro 1993). Beetles that overwinter in these woody borders show lower levels of overwintering mortality (Weber et al. 1994). Survivorship of overwintering Colorado potato beetle adults was positively correlated with soil depth for studies conducted adjacent to potato fields in New Jersey (Lashomb et al. 1984) and Massachusetts (Weber and Ferro 1993). Lashomb et al. (1984) reported that a 10-cm increase in soil depth decreased winter mortality by 32%.
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Schimming, Wanda K., and Calvin G. Messersmith. "Freezing Resistance of Overwintering Buds of Four Perennial Weeds." Weed Science 36, no. 5 (September 1988): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004317450007541x.
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The freezing resistance of overwintering buds of four perennial weed species was evaluated in artificial freezing experiments conducted in the winters of 1986 and 1987. Survival, dry weight of surviving shoots, and number of shoots produced/surviving section were determined at −4, −8, −12, −16, and −20 C for Canada thistle roots, leafy spurge roots, leafy spurge crowns, perennial sowthistle roots, and quackgrass rhizomes. The temperature required to reduce survival (LT50) and total dry weight (GR50) by 50% was determined. The response to freezing temperatures varied among species and in some cases between years. The LT50was −7, −13, colder than −20, −17, and colder than −20, and the GR50was −5, −11, −14, −15, and −13 for Canada thistle roots, leafy spurge roots, leafy spurge crowns, perennial sowthistle roots, and quackgrass rhizomes, respectively. The relative susceptibility to freezing among species appears to be directly related to the depth at which the overwintering buds generally are located.
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Zhu, Xiangzhi, Qiong Li, Chuntao Yin, Xiantao Fang, and Xudong Xu. "Role of Spermidine in Overwintering of Cyanobacteria." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 14 (April 27, 2015): 2325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00153-15.
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ABSTRACTPolyamines are found in all groups of cyanobacteria, but their role in environmental adaptation has been barely investigated. InSynechocystissp. strain PCC 6803, inactivation of spermidine synthesis genes significantly reduced the survivability under chill (5°C)-light stress, and the survivability could be restored by addition of spermidine. To analyze the effects of spermidine on gene expression at 5°C,lacZwas expressed from the promoter of carboxy(nor)spermidine decarboxylase gene (CASDC) inSynechocystis.Synechocystis6803::PCASDC-lacZpretreated at 15°C showed a high level of LacZ activity for a long period of time at 5°C; without the pretreatment or with protein synthesis inhibited at 5°C, the enzyme activity gradually decreased. In a spermidine-minus mutant harboring PCASDC-lacZ,lacZshowed an expression pattern as if protein synthesis were inhibited at 5°C, even though the stability of its mRNA increased. Four other genes, includingrpoAthat encodes the α subunit of RNA polymerase, showed similar expression patterns. The chill-light stress led to a rapid increase of protein carbonylation inSynechocystis. The protein carbonylation then quickly returned to the background level in the wild type but continued to slowly increase in the spermidine-minus mutant. Our results indicate that spermidine promotes gene expression and replacement of damaged proteins in cyanobacteria under the chill-light stress in winter.IMPORTANCEOutbreak of cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater lakes is a worldwide environmental problem. In the annual cycle of bloom-forming cyanobacteria, overwintering is the least understood stage. Survival ofSynechocystissp. strain PCC 6803 under long-term chill (5°C)-light stress has been established as a model for molecular studies on overwintering of cyanobacteria. Here, we show that spermidine, the most common polyamine in cyanobacteria, promotes the survivability ofSynechocystisunder long-term chill-light stress and that the physiological function is based on its effects on gene expression and recovery from protein damage. This is the first report on the role of polyamines in survival of overwintering cyanobacteria. We also analyzed spermidine synthesis pathways in cyanobacteria on the basis of bioinformatic and experimental data.
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Spurgeon, D. W. "Seasonal Patterns in Host-Free Survival of the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Subtropics." Journal of Entomological Science 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-43.1.13.
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The overwintering ecology of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in the subtropics is poorly understood. Knowledge of seasonal patterns of host-free survival may be important to eradication efforts in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. The host-free survival of weevil cohorts emerging between 1 June and 3 November 1994 was examined. Weevils were fed either outdoors for 21 d (9 cohorts), outdoors for 28 d (6 cohorts), or under controlled conditions (29.4 ± 1°C, 13:11 [L:D] h photoperiod; 5 cohorts) for 21 d. Weevils were fed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) squares or bolls, depending on availability in the field, and were subsequently held without food in the same environment in which they were fed. Survival of weevils fed outdoors exhibited a marked seasonal pattern in which greater survival was associated with the later cohorts. However, survival of cohorts fed and held under controlled conditions exhibited no seasonal pattern. When survival was adjusted for degree-day accumulations, using a base temperature of 12.8°C, differences in survival curves of weevils fed outdoors were reduced but not eliminated. During the periods of highest degree-day accumulations, most cohorts fed outdoors for 21 d exhibited greater survival than those fed outdoors for 28 d, and survival tended to be greater for weevils fed under controlled conditions than for weevils fed outdoors. These observations suggest the feeding period duration influenced subsequent survival. The observed influence of temperature on host-free survival suggests the opportunity to reduce overwintering weevil populations in subtropical regions through a delayed planting tactic.
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Brandt, J. P., Y. Hiratsuka, and D. J. Pluth. "Extreme cold temperatures and survival of overwintering and germinated Arceuthobium americanum seeds." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-200.
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Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) is one of the most damaging pathogens of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in western Canada. Jack pine forests in the colder, more northerly areas, however, are free of dwarf mistletoe, suggesting that the pathogen is limited by low temperature. The effect of extreme cold temperatures on germination rates of overwintering dwarf mistletoe seeds and survival of dwarf mistletoe germinants was evaluated. Germinative ability of overwintering seeds increased with increasing temperatures between 39 and 35 °C, regardless of seed source. Exposure period also strongly influenced germination rates. Exposure to temperatures near 38, 46, or 53 °C for 96 or 144 h was almost always lethal. At 37 °C, germination was greater after 48 h than after 96 h, although it was still significantly lower than in the controls. Temperatures down to 6 °C in late spring did not reduce germinant survival. Overall, these results may explain the absence of dwarf mistletoe from northern areas commonly exposed to periods in winter with minimum temperatures below about 40 °C. These areas are potentially at risk from the pathogen if the climate of Canada's northern interior continues to warm as it has over the last several decades.
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Shipley, Amy A., Jennyffer Cruz, and Benjamin Zuckerberg. "Personality differences in the selection of dynamic refugia have demographic consequences for a winter-adapted bird." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1934 (September 9, 2020): 20200609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0609.
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For overwintering species, individuals' ability to find refugia from inclement weather and predators probably confers strong fitness benefits. How animals use their environment can be mediated by their personality (e.g. risk-taking), but does personality mediate how overwintering species select refugia? Snow cover is a dynamic winter characteristic that can influence crypsis or provide below-the-snow refugia. We explored how wintering ruffed grouse ( Bonasa umbellus ) selected snow roosting sites, a behaviour that reduces stress and cold exposure. We linked selection for approximately 700 roosts with survival of 42 grouse, and showed that grouse generally selected deeper snow and warmer areas. Grouse found in shallow snow were less likely to survive winter. However, individuals that selected deep snow improved their survival, suggesting that demographic consequences of selecting winter refugia are mediated by differences in personality . Our study provides a crucial, and seldom addressed, link between personality in resource selection and resulting demographic consequences.
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MacQuarrie, Chris J. K., Barry J. Cooke, and Rémi Saint-Amant. "The predicted effect of the polar vortex of 2019 on winter survival of emerald ash borer and mountain pine beetle." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 9 (September 2019): 1165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0115.
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We use simulation models of the winter biology of two forest insects — emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 1888) and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, 1902) — to illustrate the anticipated effect of the polar vortex of the winter of 2019 on overwintering survival. Cold spells in late January and early and mid-February were cool enough that relatively high levels of mortality of both species may be expected in many parts of northern Canada. However, the high mortality response is not ubiquitous, and neither is it particularly severe compared with winter weather patterns from earlier decades. Forest insect pest managers will be required to carry on their usual work of population assessment and response. As Earth’s climate continues to warm, overwintering survival should, on average, increase in both species. However, the common occurrence of a split polar vortex associated with increasingly meridional jet stream flows should bring the odd winter of heavy mortality.
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Cárcamo, Héctor A., Carolyn E. Herle, Jennifer Otani, and Sean M. McGinn. "Cold hardiness and overwintering survival of the cabbage seedpod weevil,Ceutorhynchus obstrictus." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 133, no. 3 (November 2, 2009): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00924.x.
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Szabo, Tibor, I., and Diane T. Heikel. "Effect of Fumagillin Treatment onNosemaInfection, Survival and Populations of Overwintering Honeybee Colonies." Journal of Apicultural Research 26, no. 3 (January 1987): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1987.11100757.
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Burtis, James C., Timothy J. Fahey, and Joseph B. Yavitt. "Survival and energy use of Ixodes scapularis nymphs throughout their overwintering period." Parasitology 146, no. 6 (January 14, 2019): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018002147.
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AbstractThe blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) spends up to 10 months in the soil between feeding as larvae and questing for hosts as nymphs the following year. We tracked the survival and energy use of 4320 engorged larvae evenly divided across 288 microcosms under field conditions from September to July on sites with high (>12 nymphs/150 m2) and low (<1.2 nymphs/150 m2) densities of naturally questing I. scapularis in New York State. Subsets of microcosms were destructively sampled periodically during this period to determine tick survivorship and physiological age. Across all sites tick mortality was low during the winter and increased in the spring and early summer, coincident with increasing energy use. Neither energy use nor mortality differed significantly between sites with high vs low natural tick density, but we did observe a significant positive relationship between soil organic matter content and the survival of I. scapularis during the spring. Our results suggest that the off-host mortality and energy use of I. scapularis nymphs is relatively low in the winter and increases significantly in the spring and early summer.
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Packard, Gary C., and Mary J. Packard. "Type of soil affects survival by overwintering hatchlings of the painted turtle." Journal of Thermal Biology 22, no. 1 (February 1997): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4565(96)00034-4.
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Grafius, E., and R. D. Collins. "Overwintering Sites and Survival of the Carrot Weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Environmental Entomology 15, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/15.1.113.
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