Journal articles on the topic 'Overseas market potential'
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EBINE, Hideo. "Potential of Overseas Development of Miso Market." JOURNAL OF THE BREWING SOCIETY OF JAPAN 85, no. 10 (1990): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.6013/jbrewsocjapan1988.85.697.
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Wu, Jie, and Zhenzhong Ma. "Misfit or xenophillia." Nankai Business Review International 9, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-06-2015-0016.
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Purpose Overseas work experiences have played a critical role in venture creation and success, yet the impact of overseas work experience on returnee entrepreneurs’ venture capital funding in the Chinese market remains understudied. This paper aims to explore the impact of returnee entrepreneurs’ overseas experiences on their opportunities of venture capital funding in China to help better understand the potential benefits that overseas work experiences bring to emerging markets. Design/methodology/approach The authors have conducted a two-year inductive field study to explore the impact of overseas experiences on Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ funding in the Chinese market with in-depth interviews with returnee capital seekers (or the venture founders) and capital providers. Findings The results show that returnee entrepreneurs are more likely to succeed in acquiring financial resources for their new ventures if they skillfully present their overseas work experiences and international networks to manage the impression constructed by capital providers. Originality/value This research sheds light on how returnee entrepreneurs use impression management in external resource acquisition. It is clear that overseas experience has been regarded a symbol of personal capability closely associated with advanced knowledge and valuable human and social capital in the Chinese context. Resource holders appreciate such an association. The authors suggest that returnee entrepreneurs concerned about how to effectively acquire external resources should reflect upon the ways of presenting themselves to potential investors and fostering a positive image that encourages investors to commit to their ventures.
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Lai, Lai-Hsin, and Alan R. Graefe. "Identifying Market Potential and Destination Choice Factors of Taiwanese Overseas Travelers." Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing 6, no. 4 (December 1999): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j150v06n04_05.
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Dunford, Michael, Zhigao Liu, and Jiashun Xue. "Chinese overseas ports: Market potential, supply capacity and access to imports." Journal of Geographical Sciences 30, no. 10 (October 2020): 1681–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-020-1807-7.
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Zong, Jianfang, Liang Chen, Liang Sun, and Huiting Guo. "Analysis of domestic and overseas carbon trading market." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185303006.
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With the rapid development of international carbon finance, the carbon finance market has already been developed worldwide, including China, and has a very good development potential in the future. This paper first introduces the background of carbon trading, analyzes the domestic and overseas carbon trading market, and studies the construction framework of China's carbon trading market. This paper also elaborates the analysis of global carbon trading market development status. Finally, the analysis of China's carbon trading countermeasures are provided as per the aforesaid analysis results.
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Taylor, Robert. "The New Chinese Consumer: Potential Markets for Foreign Companies." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 6, no. 2 (July 1995): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9500600201.
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In 1978 the Chinese leaders launched the open door policy, committing themselves to an ambitious programme of macroeconomic reform in order to enable China to join the ranks of developed countries during the early decades of the twenty-first century. An integral part of that policy is the utilisation of market forces to make China’s goods competitive at home and abroad. Under the terms of a market economy, rising living standards, on which the leadership has staked its legitimacy, are increasingly seen as key incentives for China’s workforce and management. Increasing personal discretionary income is in turn creating more consumer demand, even though there are already widening disparities in wealth between urban and rural residents. Greater purchasing power for a wide range of consumer goods in the cities is nevertheless setting a trend for future demand in the villages. Significantly, more and more sectors of the Chinese economy, including retailing and distribution, are becoming open to foreign investment, and the products of wholly owned foreign companies and joint ventures may increasingly be sold on Chinese domestic markets. Overseas manufacturers may elect to export or localise their operations. In any case China offers a range of potentially lucrative consumer markets which require careful targeting through market research and advertising.
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Ma, Chao. "DEA Model Construction and Investment Efficiency Analysis of Overseas Electric Power Market in Clean Energy." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701008.
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The paper aims to further explore the current situation of Chinese investment in overseas clean energy and analyze the development of the power industry in the field of clean energy. The paper elaborates the present development status of clean energy based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model and investment efficiency theories, analyzing the potential risks taken by China’s electric power industry from the investment in overseas clean energy and calculating the power enterprises’ investment efficiency. The results reveal that China’s overseas investment in clean energy has developed rapidly. However, from 2016 to 2017, due to the accelerated investment in clean energy, the comprehensive investment efficiency of clean energy has dropped significantly, to 79.1% and 78.7%, respectively. Subsequently, the comprehensive investment efficiency increased significantly, reaching 80.4% in 2019. Between 2015 and 2019, effective investment in clean energy has reached the highest, 32% in 2015, while there are more ineffective investments in 2016. After 2017, the proportion of power enterprises’ investment in clean energy has increased significantly, accounting for 32% in 2019. In future development, the proportion of investment in this field will continue to rise. Hence, clean energy boasts good development prospects.
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Zhang, Yuan, and Zhao Wang. "Building Design of Smart Chinese Online Learning Platform Based on Intercultural Communication." International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning 10, no. 2 (2020): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijeeee.2020.10.2.205-213.
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As the expansion of overseas Chinese learners, distance education of Chinese as a foreign language is getting more and more attention, which gives it a great market potential. Although different kinds of Chinese learning websites are gradually flourishing, there are still plenty of problems need to be solved like education resources, website design and faculty management. In the present paper, we will analyze the characteristics of overseas Chinese learners firstly, and then put forward the building design of smart Chinese online learning platform based on intercultural communication, to provide a new idea for the future development of Chinese distance education.
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McBean, Brad, and Matt Guthridge. "The important role of productivity in Australia's long-run competitive position in LNG." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12062.
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With significant number of LNG projects on stream (or in various stages along the pre-feasibility to project completion continuum), world LNG markets will experience pricing pressure. This will push more customers into the spot market, doing only longer-term offtake deals where pricing is favourable to the buyer. While Australia is positioned favourably to import markets in Asia, it will be at a competitive disadvantage given lower labour productivity (impacting both construction and maintenance activities), industrial conditions (impacting the option value of being able to ramp production up and down), higher asset costs, and a higher dollar. Long-run returns on existing and planned LNG projects will need to focus on continuously improving productivity, particularly upstream in exploration/delineation and development, faster than overseas competitors. This will require Australian companies to take a lead role in incubating and developing drilling, completion, and workover technologies. Australia lags behind other countries, but it can catch up and overtake them if it acts now. This extended abstract discusses Australia’s likely/potential long-run position in LNG to global sink markets; the operating constraints on LNG operations relative to overseas competitors; and, the implications for productivity improvement in LNG given potential medium-term improvements in extraction, processing, and shipping costs for LNG operations more broadly (considering relationships between commodity pricing and exchange rate). The options for Australian LNG operations in closing any productivity gap are also discussed.
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Pandit, AP, Neha Bhagatkar, and Mallika Ramachandran. "Personal Protective Equipment used for Infection Control in Dental Practices." International Journal of Research Foundation of Hospital and Healthcare Administration 3, no. 1 (2015): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10035-1030.
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ABSTRACT The potential size of India's dental market is vast and is expected to become one of the largest single country markets for overseas dental products and materials. The total market for the dental equipment and materials is estimated to be around US$ 90 million annually. There are more than 1, 80,000 dental professionals in India, 297 dental institutes and over 5,000 dental laboratories. Thus, there is a huge potential for the market of personal protective equipment (PPE) used for infection control in dentistry. India's market for dental products is extremely dynamic, with a current estimated growth rate of between 25 and 30%. Overall, the dental market is expected to grow by 20%.1 The personal protective equipment used in the practice of dentistry in India. Since dentistry is predominantly a surgical discipline, it leads to exposure to the pathogenic microorganisms harbored in blood, body fluids and other potentially infectious material. Thus, the use of adequate and good quality PPE is imperative for infection control in dental practice. With the growing potential of India's dental market, the growth of the market for PPE is inevitable. But, it is equally important to raise the awareness among dental community about good quality products adhering to required standards to prevent the usage of low-cost, uncertified and sub-standard products that decrease the safety levels of personnel. The present study is conducted with a view to observe the personal protective equipment used for infection control in dental practices. How to cite this article Pandit AP, Bhagatkar N, Ramachandran M. Personal Protective Equipment used for Infection Control in Dental Practices. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2015;3(1):10-12.
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Guo, Ru, Xiaodong Qiu, and Yiyi He. "Research on Agricultural Cooperation Potential between China and CEE Countries Based on Resource Complementarity." Mathematics 9, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9050503.
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Central and East European (CEE) countries are attractive among emerging markets due to a combination of factors such as economic growth and market potential. Although the CEE countries as a whole have a very high degree of connectivity, each country has different market opportunities and external environment, so agricultural enterprises wanting to enter the CEE market must take into account the diverse and complex resource base of CEE countries. In the light of economic globalization, China and CEE countries face mutual opportunities and challenges, and it is necessary to strengthen agricultural cooperation. The potential of agricultural investment cooperation between China and CEE countries is the basis for multinational enterprises to allocate resources and implement internationalization strategies rationally. The purpose of this paper is to analyze theagricultural cooperation potential between China and CEE countries in the perspective of resource complementarity, with a selection of macro data related to agricultural capacity from 2009–2018. In particular, this study examines the differences and complementarities between China and CEE countries in terms of agricultural resource conditions and product output and trade; by constructing an agricultural cooperation potential evaluation model, the entropy value method is applied to predict and evaluate the potential characteristics of agricultural cooperation between China and CEE countries in 2021–2025. The research results show that the current intermittent and episodic nature of agricultural cooperation between China and CEE countries does not match the high or medium-high level of complementarity between agricultural production factors. Thus, agricultural enterprises can utiliza such considerable cooperation potential based on the resource complementarity to develop internationalization strategies and overseas investment.
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Boshoff, C., and A. P. Du Plessis. "Perceptions of a selected group of relatively affluent blacks regarding certain aspects of tourism." South African Journal of Business Management 19, no. 3 (September 30, 1988): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v19i3.980.
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Recent international and local developments have had a negative influence on the South African Tourism industry, particularly regarding the number of overseas tourists visiting the country. To compensate, the industry has renewed its interest in local options - particularly the potential and opportunities the black market offers. However, there appears to be a high degree of uncertainty about utilizing its potential. This study is an attempt to gain some insight into the tourism needs and requirements of a particular market segment, namely relatively affluent blacks. The findings reveal that affluent blacks do not exhibit tourism needs which are unique to that particular market segment, but do suggest definite needs and preferences. Information pertaining to these needs is essential for the marketer of tourism to ensure that appropriate marketing strategies are formulated which will allow for proper utilization of opportunities to the advantage of both marketer and consumer.
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Gibadullin, A. A., Yu V. Yerygin, and S. I. Bortalevich. "EXPORT POTENTIAL EVALUATION OF THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 15, no. 6 (January 11, 2019): 946–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2018-6-946-955.
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Introduction. The article is devoted to the export potential analysis of the electric power industry in the Russian Federation during the convergence period of the electric power complex into the Common Electricity Market of the Eurasian Economic Union.Materials and methods. The authors review the main indicators of the electricity sectors of the Eurasian Economic Union State Members. As a result of the analysis, it is revealed that the Russian electric power industry is the most large-scale and diversified industry in comparison with other Union state members. It is substantiated that the electric power complex of the Russian Federation could be fully provided with Russian fuel and energy resources, which give additional stability and competitiveness. Results. The evaluation of the electric power industry export potential of the Russian Federation couldn’t be made without determining the electric energy competitiveness, in which, according to the authors, it is advisable to include indicators of specific reference fuel consumption, loss in grids and cost of electric energy, both on the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union State Members and in the overseas market. As a result of the competitiveness analysis, it was revealed that Russian electrical energy may have certain competitive advantages in the common market and in foreign electricity markets.Discussion and conclusions. The main conclusions about the research results are made by the authors.
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Barton, Chris. "Worker protection in the Migration Act and Regulations: illusion or reality in the offshore oil and gas industry?" APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12076.
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Reforms to the Migration Act and Regulations in 2008 were designed to prevent the subclass 457 visa program from being used to exploit migrant workers and undercut Australian conditions. Stakeholder consultation, market-rate requirements, and ongoing compliance obligations extending to workplace and occupational health and safety laws were intended to restore confidence in the integrity of the temporary skilled migration scheme. The application of Australia’s migration laws to the offshore oil and gas industry is complicated by issues surrounding the definition of the migration zone and confusion about the circumstances in which employees may or may not require a visa to work. The recent Federal Court decision in Allseas Construction SA and the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship found that overseas employees working on vessels engaged in laying gas field pipelines are not working in the Australian migration zone and therefore are not required to have working visas. Recent changes to the employer sanctions regime were intended to discourage employers from breaching the rules and encourage strict compliance. Some overseas workers, however, are excluded altogether from regulation under the Migration Act and Regulations, even though the skills shortages in the resources sector have created strong demand for overseas workers. Unions and others have, therefore, expressed renewed concerns about the potential for overseas workers to be exposed to underpayment, abuse, and substandard working conditions.
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Bethune, Graeme, and Rick Wilkinson. "Gas markets – a bridge too far?" APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18119.
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The energy market is becoming more globalised and renewables are changing the supply and demand balance. Gas has been suggested as the bridging fuel to the new energy world – but is it a bridge too far? This presentation examines the global gas context and its impact on the Australian east coast gas markets, trends in energy supply options and sign posts for new directions. When the first liquefied natural gas (LNG) train started on Curtis Island, the gas producers had access to more than just the domestic market. The new overseas markets are also interconnected, so the Henry Hub, Brent oil and Chinese gas demand all have an influence on Australia’s east coast gas market. Potential LNG import terminals and net back pricing are changing the domestic gas market. The energy market is moving to renewables. This is not just an anomaly that will correct itself, but is based on lower renewable costs and distribution challenges. Moving relatively small amounts of energy long distances is a major challenge for Australia. Infrastructure, market hubs and sourcing strategies need to compensate for these challenges, and investment is needed to keep pace with the changes. Capital is a global commodity seeking the optimum return for the risk, but unconventionals, such as coal seam gas, are capital hungry. Government policies and support can be the key determinant for not only new investment but sustaining investment to meet existing gas supply contracts. Smart gas buyers will need to be agile and use deeper portfolio approaches for gas supply.
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Adrian, Dennis, and Riswan Efendi Tarigan. "THE EFFECT OF REVENUE AND MARKET SEGMENTATION LEVEL TOWARDS VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN MOBILE APPLICATION BUSINESS." CommIT (Communication and Information Technology) Journal 8, no. 1 (May 30, 2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/commit.v8i1.590.
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The development of mobile applications has mushroomed in local and foreign industries. This provides a tremendous opportunity for developers. For technopreneur developer, the capital to run the business is one of the biggest problems despite the fact that they may have great competence in the field. The fact that the business has big potential market in Indonesia has invited investors from local and overseas to invest as venture capital. However, due to the lack of knowledge on building collaboration with the investors and on understanding the market and investor needs in a long term, the developer finds difficulties to grow its business and to compete with bigger competitors. The research intends to seek the influence in selecting the level of revenue and market segmentation to support the investment decisions in the business of mobile applications, so that the mobile application developer is able to monetize their business to attract investors to invest in the venture capital.
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McElreath, David H., Daniel Adrian Doss, Leisa McElreath, Ashley Lindsley, Glenna Lusk, Joseph Skinner, and Ashley Wellman. "The Communicating and Marketing of Radicalism." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 8, no. 3 (July 2018): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2018070103.
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This article considers social media as a radicalization venue within the context of terrorism. The 2016 extremist/terrorist attack in Orlando, Florida showed the potential of an ISIS type extremist organization to leverage social media toward a lethal outcome within American society. While the ISIS organization originated overseas in a culture of which mainstream American society is unfamiliar, it is in many ways remarkable the level of success they quickly achieved connecting globally. Their efforts reflect the potential of social media to market a message of radicalism worldwide toward generating murderous converts who are willing to travel to join the fight or attack at home. Given these notions, this article considers the use of social media as an extremist cyber-recruitment tool.
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Tyagi, Anand P., and Bijendra Datt. "Bumpiness problem and its remedy in Papaya (Carica Papaya)." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 22, no. 1 (2004): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp04011.
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Papaya (pawpaw) Carica papaya L. belongs to family Caricaceae. Papaya is a very good source of fruit sugar, vitamin A, B and C. This fruit is rich in minerals and salts and makes very good food. Fiji's climate is very suitable to grow papaya and Fijian grown papaya has a big export market. Main importing countries so far are New Zealand, Japan and Canada. Another potential country for exporting papaya from Fiji is Australia. However, strict quality control and high sanitary requirements must be met to export papaya to Australia. Papaya export has gone up in last few years but unfortunately there has been no export so far to Australia. Fruit's shape, size and smoothness are important determinant factors for export market. Misshapen fruits with bumps are not acceptable in overseas market. Similarly most importing countries prefer medium sized fruits. To get good quality papaya particularly fruits without bumps, it is necessary to apply Boron in soil. Results obtained in the present investigation showed that 5.0kg Boron (applied as borax pentahydrate) per hectare was very effective in reducing bumpiness to a very minimum thus improving the quality of fruits. Boron as such showed no effect on papaya yield per plant. Three cultivars tested for average fruit weight showed acceptable fruit weight for local and export market. However, Solo Sunrise was identified as the highest average fruit yielding cultivar (tons/hectare). Improvement in quality of papaya will open up new markets for export.
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Makrides, Anna, Demetris Vrontis, and Michael Christofi. "The Gold Rush of Digital Marketing: Assessing Prospects of Building Brand Awareness Overseas." Business Perspectives and Research 8, no. 1 (August 9, 2019): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2278533719860016.
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Advertising through digital channels—known as Digital Marketing—is recognized for its transformative impact on companies and for its immense effect on brand–consumer relationships, as it enables interactions with customers at any time and in any place. Based on these realities, this study analyzes several digital platforms and practices that have proven to be effective and assesses digital media dynamics to examine whether they can increase brand awareness on an international level. By employing a survey methodology approach with 200 respondents as a final sample, this study shows that digital marketing represents a huge potential for small- and medium-sized enterprises, giving internationalization a dominant digital attribute. Additionally, the findings reflect the noteworthy and rapid emergence of different digital marketing techniques serving different market segments. Finally, the study discusses the theoretical and managerial implications of the findings and proposes several avenues for future research.
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Kim, Seongseop (Sam), Markus Schuckert, Holly Hyungjeong Im, and Statia Elliot. "An interregional extension of destination brand equity." Journal of Vacation Marketing 23, no. 4 (October 25, 2016): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766716672278.
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Since the 1990s, the Asia-Pacific region’s world market share of international travelers has increased, as America’s and Europe’s shares have fallen. China (People’s Republic of China) has become the world’s biggest tourism source market with an overseas spend of US$292 billion in 2015, fueling opportunities for the region and beyond. Now, Asia Pacific outbound travel is extending past short-haul interregional travel to long-haul destinations, specifically Europe. To realize this potential, European destinations need a better understanding of the Chinese traveler; their perceptions of destinations, awareness, and loyalty. This study measures the brand equity of Switzerland and Austria as perceived by Hong Kong Chinese tourists. Structural equation modeling results indicate that destination brand image and associations significantly impact brand loyalty, whereas destination awareness does not, contrary to past interregional research findings. Understanding the influence of brand components on overall brand equity supports the efficacy of the brand equity model for interregional destinations.
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Sharif, Shahzad, M. Siddique Javed, Azhar Abbas, and Sarfraz Hassan. "Impact of WTO’s Trade Liberalisation on Selected Food Crops in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 47, no. 4II (December 1, 2008): 547–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i4iipp.547-563.
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There is a great potential in Pakistan for production of all types of food commodities due to vast natural resource base, covering various ecological and climatic zones. Most of the agricultural commodities produced in the country are consumed by the local population while the rest is exported in the form of primary products and some value added products. Previously, Pakistani products had a good market overseas with no restrictions of quality and quantity but under the changing environment affected by WTO, it is expected that Pakistan will face a strong competition in the agriculture sector from its competitors in the world market. According to the neoclassical trade theory, trade flows and pattern will develop along the lines of comparative advantage and competitiveness that can act as indicators of trade potential and direction. There has been extensive government involvement in the determination of the overall structure of agriculture and its patterns of production, employment and trade. Pakistani government has been intervening in agriculture sector in the past in order to support agricultural production, income supports, ensure food security, improve the balance of trade, reduce consumer prices, address environmental and regional concerns and to pursue sanitary and phyto-sanitary objectives [Hassan (1995)]. Pakistan is a founding member of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) since its creation. Following the Uruguay Round negotiations, all agricultural products were brought under multinational trade rules by WTO, under the Agreement on Agriculture. This established a framework to begin liberalising agricultural trade through the reduction of import duties (tariffs), trade-distorting production subsidies and export subsidies. Prior to the Uruguay Round, trade in agriculture was highly distorted. Market access for agricultural products was limited as most markets were restricted by physical import barriers. The presence of massive domestic subsidies led to overproduction of temperate crops in the developed countries that led to excess supply, and export subsidies were used to dump the surplus agricultural output in international markets. This resulted in depressed market prices and, in spite of being low-cost producers of agricultural products; developing countries could not compete with the subsidised exports from developed countries.
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Zhou, Chao. "Internationalization and performance: evidence from Chinese firms." Chinese Management Studies 12, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-04-2017-0098.
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Purpose This paper aims to test the internationalization–performance relationship based on data of Chinese firms and the impact of firm size on the internationalization–performance relationship. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses overseas subsidiaries as a percentage of total subsidiaries to measure the degree of internationalization. As the overseas subsidiaries and total subsidiaries data of Chinese A-share listed firms are not available in any existing databases, the author hand-collected information on subsidiaries of Chinese A-share listed manufacturing firms from their annual financial reports during 2001-2014. The basic accounting and market information is collected from the China Stock Market and Accounting Research Database. This paper finally gets 535 manufacturing firms. Findings The empirical results suggest that the internationalization–performance relationship is W-shaped in overall samples, but varies with firm size. Specifically, the internationalization–performance relationship is W-shaped in small firms and U-shaped in large firms. Research limitations/implications Future studies based on unlisted Chinese firms or other measurement of internationalization may provide further understanding of the internationalization–performance relationship. Practical implications Policymakers should help small firms prepare a long-term internationalization strategy, giving more support for small firms in the first and third phases of internationalization and helping them to reach the second and fourth phases. Policymakers should also pay more attention to limit the aggressive internationalization behavior of large firms. Originality/value This study provides new evidence for the internationalization–performance relationship by using the unique longitude sample from China and the unique measurement of internationalization. We also highlight the importance of firm characteristics in the examination of internationalization–performance relationship, which provides a potential explanation for previous mixed evidence.
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SHEN, LI. "WHAT MAKES CHINA'S INVESTMENT SUCCESSFUL IN AFRICA: THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT AND BEHAVIOR OF CHINESE ENTERPRISES IN TRANSITIONAL TIMES." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 17, no. 04 (December 2012): 1250025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946712500252.
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Currently, much attention is paid to the political aims and influence of Chinese outward investment, especially in developing Africa. This paper attempts to fill the knowledge-gap of international entrepreneurship literature by analyzing the entrepreneurial behavior of Chinese firms under the background of south-south economic cooperation. Through the case studies, we analyze the distinctive entrepreneurial behaviors and characters of different types of Chinese firms with high entrepreneurial spirits in Africa during the transitional time. After comparing the various entrepreneurial behaviors between Chinese and West investors, this paper sheds light on the potential positive roles of the entrepreneurial spirit, high risk-behavior and adaptability to foreign environment, which are necessary to successfully seek new, overseas entrepreneurial opportunities from an emerging market. Applications for firms' managers and policy makers are also offered.
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Zhavoronok, Artur. "INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF FUNCTIONING OF THE CREDIT SERVICES MARKET." Economic discourse, no. 1 (March 2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2020-1-8.
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Introduction. The country's economy is still in a state where its development is hampered by the absence of clearly defined, priority programs to stimulate business and economic sectors, including through credit. Bank lending to business entities is an effective way of getting out of the crisis. Strengthening the role of credit relations as a means of stimulating the development of production is manifested in various aspects. Methods. Fundamental economic theories, lending theories, financial studies, as well as research by scholars and foreign scientists are investigated in the research. They used the generally accepted principles of scientific research to make their decision. A number of general scientific methods were used in the process of research, in particular: analogies and logical generalization (to study the prospects of bank lending); systematic analysis (to study the organization of the process of bank lending in the market of credit services), etc. Results. Based on the isolated problems, the foreign experience of countries such as the USA, Germany, Argentina, Mexico, Poland, Canada and Italy was explored, on the basis of which the prospects for improvement of the bank lending mechanism in Ukraine and credit monitoring of the borrower in particular were outlined. Discussion. Given the overseas experience of developed countries, it is possible to distinguish: a combination of different methods of restructuring problem loans; when assessing the potential risk of default on a loan, use different methods of determining it ("SAMRARI", "PARSEL" or "Rule 5 C"); when making class calculations, make corrective adjustments to the credit score of the borrower. Prospects for further studies of the credit services market may be the intensification of bank lending, which certainly implies further liberalization of refinancing policy, taking into account foreign experience. Keywords: credit, credit relations, credit policy, credit services market, bank lending.
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Agarwal, Sanjeev. "Socio-Cultural Distance and the Choice of Joint Ventures: A Contingency Perspective." Journal of International Marketing 2, no. 2 (June 1994): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x9400200205.
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It is widely believed that firms choose joint venture forms overseas when confronted with high socio-cultural distance. However, the probability of choosing the joint venture form is expected to be moderated by the firm-specific characteristics of the investing firm as well as country-specific characteristics of the country of investment. This study examines the moderating role of some firm- and country-specific factors on a firm's choice of joint venture form in response to socio-cultural distance. The firm-specific factors examined in this study include size, multinationality, and technological intensity; and the country-specific factors examined in this study include country risk and market potential. Recent data from a sample of U.S. manufacturing firms is used to test the contingency hypotheses. Results indicate the usefulness of the contingency approach for modeling choice of joint ventures.
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Baena, Verónica. "European franchise expansion into Latin America." Management Research Review 38, no. 2 (February 16, 2015): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-08-2013-0185.
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Purpose This study aims to enhance the knowledge that managers and scholars have on franchising expansion. In this sense, it is worth mentioning that although the body of literature on international management focusing on emerging markets is growing, the attention paid to the Latin American context continues to be limited. This is surprising given the substantive economic importance of the region with a population over 590 million, and a gross domestic product of approximately US$5 trillion. To cover this gap, the present study examines how a number of market conditions may drive diffusion of franchising into Latin America: geographical distance, cultural distance, political stability and economic development. The authors also controlled for the host country’s market potential, transparency, unemployment rate and efficiency of contract enforcement. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a quantitative approach applied to a sample of 77 Spanish franchisors operating through 4,064 franchisee outlets across 21 Latin American countries in late 2012. They are: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. Findings Results conclude that geographical distance between the host and home countries, as well as the level of host country’s political stability, economic development, market potential and transparency are able to drive the spread of international franchising across Latin American nations. Research limitations/implications This study provides readers with a general overview of the current state of global franchising diffusion overseas. Results obtained in this study are useful for understanding and predicting the demand for franchising in Latin American countries. Practical implications Economics reports argue that by 2050, the largest economies in the world will be China, the USA, India, Brazil and Mexico. This fact highlights the substantive importance of Latin America for foreign investors willing to expand their business abroad. In an attempt to give insights from the Latin American context, the present paper develops and tests a model that can be useful to franchisors willing to establish new outlets in the region. In addition, our findings offer guidance to firm managers seeking to target their franchises in Latin America. Franchisors may then use the results of this study as a starting point for identifying such regions whose characteristics best meet their needs of expansion. Originality/value This paper explores how market conditions may drive international diffusion of franchising into Latin American markets. The scant theoretical or empirical attention given to this topic has usually been examined from the USA and British base and focused on developed markets. To fill this gap, the present study analyzes the international spread of the Spanish franchise system into Latin America as a market for franchising expansion.
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Kim Tran, Sang, and Le Ngoc Hoang Yen. "Viettire’s Dilemma: the expansion strategy in Myanmar." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 8, no. 3 (September 20, 2018): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-05-2017-0092.
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Subject area Decision-making seems simple, but, in reality, it is not an easy task to decide the cause for its profound result or consequence, leading to inevitable failures. Therefore, a leader must recognize whether there is something incorrect so as to avoid bad results. A good leader is a person who carefully reviews and analyzes aspects of a problem, knows the strengths and weaknesses of his organization and evaluates what the advantages or risks are. It cannot be denied that the appropriate options will reap many benefits to the business. For such important things, this paper will discuss the dilemma of Viettire, a tire distributor company in Vietnam. Accordingly, its CEO was worried about what strategic option he should adopt to approach the Myanmar market while ensuring a strategic fit to its company’s resources and capabilities and also to the overall market demands of the tire industry environment in both countries. However, with different ideas, the expansion strategies in this new market become controversial. The General Director and Founder of Viettire were wondering how Viettire could expand its existing business into Myanmar. To expand the company to new emerging market in Myanmar, Hoang Nguyen – CEO of Viettire – had conducted a strategic analysis of external environment factors to define the opportunities and threats when doing business in Myanmar by using Porter’s five forces model, S.W.O.T and competitive advantages analysis. The results indicated that Myanmar’s business environment is highly risky for foreign investors because of uncertain political, economic, social reforms in the process. Among three options, namely, exporting, licensing and wholly owned, however, Option 2 is illustrated as the best strategy for its dilemma. Study level/applicability Postgraduate/Graduate Business level. Case overview As for a market mechanism, what produces, how and for whom, is not the business’s demand but the consumer’s demand. The business sells only what the market needs, not what it has. In the period of increasingly competitive conditions, stabilizing and expanding markets are a prerequisite for survival. If stability is seen as a “defensive” way, expansion is a “defensive attack” like trying to hold on the “pie” that the market gives to itself. This strategic action is to strengthen regular, close relationships with existing customers and establish new customers. As a result, the potential market is transformed into a target market. Hence, decision-making of which market, which method is the issue that a leader has to think the choice to avoid risks. Mr Hung, Viettire’s co-owner, suggests that Myanmar should be taken into account as a company’s new entry, thus exploring this potential market to increase the company’s growth and profitability. In the progress, Viettire’s marketing team had been doing a thorough tire market investigation in Myanmar. It was concluded that this emerging country, especially Yangon City, was the most suitable for those who were willing to embark on an overseas investment expansion. They believe this was a good opportunity to gain market share compared with other entrants and competitive rivals; if Viettire hesitated to invest, others definitely had jumped in with a first-mover advantage. However, the CEO, Mr Hoang, was worried about what strategic option he should adopt to approach this new market while ensuring a strategic fit to its company’s resources and capabilities and also to the overall market demands of the tire industry environment in both countries. Expected learning outcomes Understand the basic decisions that firms contemplating foreign expansion must make: which markets to enter, when to enter those markets and at what scale. Recognize the current strategic decisions an organization is facing: positioning, portfolio and market expansion approach. Learn how to develop an effective strategic plan. Be familiar with different strategies for competing globally and their pros and cons. Evaluate various strategic options and decisions in accordance with a company’s resources and capabilities. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject Code CSS 11: Strategy.
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Goodkind, Daniel. "The Vietnamese Double Marriage Squeeze." International Migration Review 31, no. 1 (March 1997): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100106.
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According to Guttentag and Secord (1983), the relative balance of power between the sexes is determined by dynamic interactions of dyadic and structural power. Dyadic power accrues to whichever sex is relatively rare owing to the larger proportion of potential relationships available to it, the demographic dimensions of which are commonly known as a marriage squeeze. Structural power refers to control over economic, political or legal resources: men or women, according to the thesis, attempt to overcome existing deficits in dyadic power by gaining such resources. The unique dual case study presented here illuminates the state political institutions and other contextual conditions under which both dyadically disadvantaged men and women have been unable to garner such structural resources. Young women in Vietnam during the 1970s and 1980s faced a severe deficit of male partners due to population growth, war, and excess male migration. At the other end of the Vietnamese diaspora, overseas Vietnamese men during the 1980s and 1990s have faced an even greater shortage of Vietnamese women. In each area, the sex in surplus has not only been forced to delay or forego marriage, but has also lost structural power. Women's advocates in Vietnam have been weakened in the postreunification era due in part to the implementation of free market reforms in a nondemocratic political context. Overseas men have been disadvantaged due to a more equitable Western social and legal climate that has eroded their former advantage.
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Sraha, Gloria, Revti Raman Sharma, Dave Crick, and James M. Crick. "International experience, commitment, distribution adaptation and performance: a study of Ghanaian firms in B2B export markets." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 35, no. 11 (April 20, 2020): 1715–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-05-2019-0197.
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Purpose This study aims to contribute to the existing understanding of export practices in sub-Saharan African firms with a contextual focus on Ghanaian exporters operating in business-to-business (B2B) markets. Underpinned by resource-based theory and its association with the relational view, it examines how the interplay between various decision makers’ international experience, export commitment and distribution adaptation decisions influence firms’ performance. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a mixed methods approach, using survey data from 116 internationalising Ghanaian businesses across three sectors, supplemented with qualitative insights from 18 follow-up interviews. Findings The study establishes a full mediation effect of export commitment on the association between international experience and export performance; also, the moderating effect of distribution adaptation on export commitment – performance relationships. Unique insights are provided into the perceived role of trustworthy, intermediaries as “stakeholders” that add to a respective firm’s resource base; that is, in building capabilities in overseas markets and informing evolving business model decisions to overcome potential export barriers. Originality/value The insights from sub-Saharan African firms provide contextual value given the relatively under-represented existing research from the region. Original insights highlight ways in which decision makers build capabilities and that they do not always follow a forward moving internationalisation process, so use different measures of performance regarding B2B product-market ventures over time.
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Chen, Yantai, Jing Li, and Ruoying Li. "Cluster Internationalization: Qualitative Review, Theoretical Direction, and the Rise of Emerging Markets’ Themes." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 10514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910514.
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The growing phenomenon of cluster internationalization has enriched the existing international business theories, but has also brought new puzzles and problems for these theories and perspectives. To synthesize what we do and do not know concerning cluster internationalization, we employed the qualitative content analysis method, systematically reviewing 348 articles published during the period 1990–2019, as well as 16,486 references. Our review examined five major areas, including citations, co-citations, theoretical foundations, co-occurrence networks, and three-phase research topics (pre-internationalization, internationalization, and post-internationalization) based on ten keywords. Moreover, we found that the research on the internationalization of emerging market clusters has shown a rising trend in recent years. We took China as an example to conduct in-depth research on three types of cluster internationalization (inward internationalization, outward internationalization, and overseas parks) with a view to expanding the academic perspective of the internationalization of emerging economic clusters. Finally, in order to promote further research on cluster internationalization, potential future themes related to cluster internationalization research are discussed.
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Lei, Ting, and Yan Wang. "The Study of Influencing Factors of the Online Banking Information Security Products Service Quality." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 5703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5703.
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The service quality of the online banking information security product has become the important bottleneck of every financial institution to further explore online market and development potential customers. Through study the domestic and overseas scholars about the quality of service fields putting the part of the research extends to the service quality of the online banking information security product measurement process, and trying to build the measurement model suit for the service quality of the online banking information security product. We survey the university student of shaanxi Xian and use the internet to investigation while using the factor analysis and multiple regression method to verify the evaluation model and assessment index of rationalities. We extract the main influence factors of the service quality of the online bank information security products, preceding a deeper analysis. Finally, we derive the main influence factor of the service quality of the online bank information security products.
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Voss, Barbara L. "Curation as research. A case study in orphaned and underreported archaeological collections." Archaeological Dialogues 19, no. 2 (November 26, 2012): 145–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203812000219.
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AbstractAs archaeologists grapple with the international curation crisis, new attention is being given to the problem of ‘orphaned’ archaeological collections and collections that are underanalysed and underreported. The common rationale for curating such collections is to restore research potential, but such efforts are met with frustration because of the difficulties of re-establishing provenance and quantitative control for artefacts long separated from their original archaeological context. Moreover, most archaeologists view curation as a process that manages, rather than investigates, archaeological collections. To the contrary, this article argues that accessioning, inventory, cataloguing, rehousing and conservation are not simply precursors to research, but rather meaningful generative encounters between scholars and objects. Examples from the curation of the Market Street Chinatown archaeological collection illustrate how the process of curation can generate innovative research undertakings. Because archaeological research on this collection cannot proceed in a typical way, the research developed through the curation process departs from archaeological conventions to bring new perspectives on the social history of the Overseas Chinese diaspora.
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Peng, Changhai, and Jianqiang Yang. "Structure, Mechanism, and Application of Vacuum Insulation Panels in Chinese Buildings." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1358072.
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Thermal insulation is one of the most used approaches to reduce energy consumption in buildings. Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are new thermal insulation materials that have been used in the domestic and overseas market in the last 20 years. Due to the vacuum thermal insulation technology of these new materials, their thermal conductivity can be as low as 0.004 W/(m·K) at the center of panels. In addition, VIPs that are composites with inorganic core and an envelope out of commonly three metallized PET layers and a PE sealing layer can provide B class fire resistance (their core materials are not flammable and are classified as A1). Compared with other conventional thermal insulation materials, the thermal insulation and fire resistance performances form the foundation of VIP’s applications in the construction industry. The structure and thermal insulation mechanism of VIP and their application potential and problems in Chinese buildings are described in detail.
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RAZIQ, MUHAMMAD MUSTAFA, MARTIN PERRY, and MARTINA BATTISTI. "INTERNATIONAL ROLES OF FOREIGN-OWNED SUBSIDIARIES IN NEW ZEALAND: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY." International Journal of Innovation Management 18, no. 05 (October 2014): 1450032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919614500327.
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Advances in the capacity to manage overseas operations have been linked to foreign-owned subsidiaries of multinational enterprises performing more varied roles for their parent organisations than they did in the past. Drawing on evidence from an original large-scale survey, this study explores the international roles performed by 429 foreign-owned subsidiaries in New Zealand. Traditionally, subsidiaries in New Zealand have predominantly been established to service the local market which although comparatively small is remote from major sources of foreign investment. The study finds that many subsidiaries have some form of international role and that subsidiaries frequently perform a variety of roles for their organisations. Investigation of subsidiary characteristics associated with an international role finds that those managed independently, and those managed by a network of reporting channels have most propensity and potential to engage in international roles. This evidence justifies greater recognition that subsidiary operations may make multiple contributions to their organisation rather than have a single purpose.
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Crick, James M., and Dave Crick. "Internationalizing the Coopetition Construct: Quadratic Effects on Financial Performance Under Different Degrees of Export Intensity and an Export Geographical Scope." Journal of International Marketing 29, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x20988260.
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Although coopetition (simultaneous cooperation and competition) is likely to enhance financial performance if effectively managed, earlier investigations have overlooked the complexities of this relationship. Most notably, understanding the impact of moderating factors can help unpack the complexity of the association between coopetition and performance. Therefore, grounded in resource-based theory and the relational view, this study focuses on the quadratic relationship between coopetition and financial performance under different degrees of export intensity and export geographical scope. Using survey responses from 101 wine producers in New Zealand, the empirical results show that coopetition has a nonlinear (inverted U-shaped) relationship with financial performance. Furthermore, export intensity and export geographical scope positively moderate this quadratic association. As such, for underresourced firms with overseas market potential, decision makers should consider the merits of combining the benefits of coopetition with those from an internationalized business model. This arrangement can help them navigate these potentially paradoxical forces, assuming they engage with trustworthy and complementary rivals in coopetition partnerships.
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Mandle, Peter B., Douglas M. Mansel, and Matthew A. Coogan. "Use of Public Transportation by Airport Passengers." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1703, no. 1 (January 2000): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1703-11.
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Transportation plans in some communities have focused on providing rail service to the local airport, whereas other communities have emphasized bus and van service. The opportunity for rail, bus, and van service at U.S. airports and the use of these services by airline passengers at the large airports in the United States and overseas are reviewed. On the basis of the airline passenger mode share data presented, there appears to be a “ceiling” on the market for public transportation (rail, bus, and shared-ride vans) at airports in the United States. The ceiling on public transportation use by airline passengers in most cities appears to be about 10 to 15 percent, even at airports with rail service. The primary potential market for rail service is passengers who have trip ends in downtown areas (or other areas well served by rail), who are traveling alone and who have little or no baggage, and who are familiar with the rail service and are able to walk from the rail station to their final destination. In many cities the objectives of transportation planners and airport operators (i.e., encouraging the use of efficient access modes) might best be served by transportation plans that focus on bus or van services.
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Stewart, Richard D., Terry LaVoie, and Nathan Shutes. "Parameters for a Roll On-Roll Off Marine Intermodal Service on Lake Superior." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1820, no. 1 (January 2003): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1820-06.
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The feasibility of reestablishing roll on–roll off (RO–RO) service linking Thunder Bay, Ontario, and the Twin Ports of Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin, was examined. An analysis of similar services both on the Great Lakes and overseas was undertaken. Previous operations on the same route on Lake Superior and short sea service in the Baltic region were analyzed, and the attributes of an appropriate vessel type, such as ice strengthened scantlings and adequate speeds, were determined. A route schedule for a typical vessel was developed. A profile of a suitable vessel was prepared, and the market availability of the vessels was assessed. Issues in terminal design and operation were applied to potential docks in the ports of call to determine the adequacy of shoreside facilities. Cost factors for vessel operations and terminal operations were determined, and a spreadsheet model was developed for future application. Potential revenue streams from vessel and terminal operations were also explored. Revenue generators included day passengers as well as trailers and containers. The feasibility of linking the RO–RO service to a larger intermodal system serving Canada and the United States was also assessed.
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Crick, Dave, and James Crick. "The internationalization strategies of rapidly internationalizing high-tech UK SMEs." European Business Review 26, no. 5 (August 5, 2014): 421–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-12-2012-0073.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate aspects of causation and effectuation decision-making in respect of the planned and unplanned nature of the internationalization strategies of a small sample of rapidly internationalizing, high-tech UK small and medium enterprises (SMEs). These exhibit four different rates of scale of international intensity (percentage of overseas sales to total sales) and market scope (geographical coverage and commitment). Design/methodology/approach – Interviews with managers of 16 independently owned high-technology-oriented manufacturing SMEs were undertaken in this investigation to reduce the potential effect of bias from parental decision-making and firm size, also trade sectoral conditions. These were drawn from an existing database. Findings – Aspects of both causation and effectuation logic were evident in planned and unplanned aspects of decision-making. Moreover, industry factors were seen to affect internationalization strategies in various ways and not least in respect of the need to exploit windows of opportunity in international niche markets and the usefulness of utilizing managers’ experience and networks in the sector in which firms operated. Originality/value – The contribution of this study is to build on earlier work where authors have used different terminology to describe firms that have internationalized soon after their foundation. Specifically, with respect to the planned versus unplanned nature of respective internationalization strategies and the causation as opposed to effectuation logic in decision-making.
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Dutta, Swarup Kumar. "Eveready Industries: The Magic Lamp that Changed the Fortunes." Asian Case Research Journal 18, no. 01 (June 2014): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927514500011.
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This case portrays the experimental foray of Eveready Industries Limited in a new line of business when faced with dire consequences of survival of its core battery business. The battery business was severely hit because of cheap Chinese imports and from a position of domestic market leader, Eveready saw its position untenable during 2006 to 2008. Mr. Khaitan the Vice Chairman & Managing Director of Eveready Industries Ltd. felt that the company's problems were much deeper. On top of its falling domestic demand, the company did not have the license to sell Eveready batteries in many overseas markets. Thus born out of sheer necessity of survival, Eveready Industries made its experimental foray of entering the LED lantern (lamp) business. This entry into a new business could, on one hand, create a new growth opportunity for catering to the BOP customer in an emerging country like India. On the other hand, these lamps would need batteries to operate on, which would create a further traction for his existing battery business. Further, if it could be provided cheaper than traditional kerosene lamps, it would fill a significant void in the market. This experimental foray led to unprecedented success which changed the fortunes of the company from 2009 onwards. Built on the philosophy of giving better light at a lower monthly cost than running kerosene lanterns, this experimentation was a huge success. What then were the challenges and pitfalls faced by Eveready Industries in taking an alternative growth path? What were the strategies adopted in revitalizing the Company? It is quite rare in the Indian market that a consumer product can catch such a customer fancy in such a short span of time as with the LED lamps. However challenges remain as rechargeable batteries and solar lanterns could be a potential threat to the LED lantern. This case describes the innovation in the business model and leadership issues during a crisis, which resulted in revitalization of the company.
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Popov, Klim. "Factors, Affecting Students’ Decision to Enroll in a University." PEDAGOGIA: Jurnal Pendidikan 8, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/pedagogia.v8i2.2231.
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Globally, Higher Education Providers are seeking new ways of increasing student recruitment and diversify economic growth. The market in Dubai for higher education is very competitive originating “excess educational supply.” In the case of Dubai, the factors which students consider may vary due to a diverse background of the students and a wide selection of study options. Analyzing and forecasting student choice factors enables a university to take the right strategy, position on the market. Therefore, a university should be able to distinguish itself by focusing on factors which students consider locally, instead of known common aspects which over universities overseas consider for their students. Two surveys were conducted highlighting the decision factors. Secondary research created the foundation for the primary research targeting Dubai-based students. In total, 75 current and 220 potential students participated in the survey, where demographics, factors, and preference of university location were examined. To analyze the data, the mean analysis and MANOVA were used. Also, an integrated marketing communication (IMC) analysis of the brand was conducted. The researchers observed a significant difference between Dubai and the global market. Results reveal that majority of the students consider degree recognition as the most important aspect of their education, followed by career after graduation, academic excellence, and practical approach. There was no direct correlation between the location and a final decision to join. The list of recommendations was created to enhance the IMC practices in the niche market, including conventional and digital marketing, events and PR. One of the limiting factors of this research can be considered the diverse sample of respondents (nationality, curriculum, residency location). This research serves as a foundation for marketing campaigns for Dubai universities and can contribute to the strategic roadmap by focusing on prime factors affecting students’ decision.
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Stanziani, Alessandro. "Economic Information on International Markets: French Strategies in the Italian Mirror (Nineteenth–Early Twentieth Centuries)." Enterprise & Society 11, no. 1 (March 2010): 26–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700008557.
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During 1870–1914, business actors were concerned about the increasing uncertainty and occasional cheating in commercial relationships. In such situations, economic actors seek to improve the information they have, so as to benefit from strong comparative advantages over their competitors. This essay analyzes the acquisition and circulation of information and the actors and rules involved between 1870 and 1914, through a comparative approach (France and Italy). It considers individual trading firms, professional associations, information intermediating agencies, and state offices. We argue that these agencies (and therefore markets and institutions) acted much less as rivals than as complements in this era. Indeed, product information is different from information on the reputation of economic actors, the latter generating further distinctions between reputation for payment, respect of deadlines, and fidelity to the terms and objects of the contract. In turn, such kinds of situated micro-information differ from general statistics on market evolution and prices. We show that most economic actors were much more interested in the former (specifics) than in the latter kinds of information. To demonstrate this point, we compare the way traders, their associations, and private and state agencies intervened in the gathering, circulation, and interpretation of economic information in two countries, Italy and France, between 1870 and 1914. We argue that their opposite outcomes were not simply the result of different “mentalities” or attitudes to risk (as exogenously given), but rather can be traced to the different institutional settings and economic segmentation of the market for information in these two countries. In fact, unlike the Italian government, French ministries refused to provide their traders with micro-information on potential overseas correspondents and product characteristics. That is to say, “attitude to risk” and “animal spirits” are not exogenous and cannot be studied outside a given historical and institutional context.
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Weatherford, M. Stephen. "Comparing Presidents' Economic Policy Leadership." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 3 (August 19, 2009): 537–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709990855.
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Presidents are rightly held responsible for managing the national economy—they exercise substantial discretion over fiscal policy and have the potential for informally influencing monetary policy. At the same time, presidential accomplishments are circumscribed by market forces and institutions at home and overseas, and the complexities of fragmented authority and external constraints make judging performance difficult. I draw on the literature on economic policymaking and on the presidency to explicate a set of criteria for comparing presidential economic policy leadership, construct quantitative indicators of each dimension, and display the results of comparative analyses covering the second half of the twentieth century. The four criteria view presidents from three different vantage points: the separation of powers, focusing on presidents' success at gaining congressional approval for an economic agenda; the public, based on an original compilation of survey data tracking the electorate's evaluation; and the economy, tracing how presidents' policies affect overall prosperity and the distribution of income. Combining information about how crucial audiences have perceived and responded to presidential initiatives, with outcomes in the economy, this approach emphasizes comparison, and thus complements the qualitative depth of narrative approaches.
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Kuznetsov, A. "Russian Transnational Corporations in Services’ Sphere." World Economy and International Relations, no. 7 (2011): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-7-71-80.
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In 2000, Russia took the 27th place in the world ranking in terms of annual volume of outgoing FDI. In 2008, Russia joined the top 10. However, due to the ongoing structural adjustment of the world economy in the near future the Russian exporters of raw materials and semi-processed goods should not expect an equally favorable market situation that had provided the financial base for large-scale investment abroad. There is a global FDI trend towards a gradual shift in favor of the sectors of high-tech industries and dynamically progressing services’ sphere. At the same time, the leading TNCs continue to determine the competitiveness of national economies and to exert a significant impact on the current configuration of the international division of labor, transforming the global value chains. In this regard, it is important that external investment of the Russian corporations contribute to modernization of the domestic economy and do not constitute just a form of capital flight from the country. The article identifies reasons why some industries of the Russian economy have deployed a massive overseas expansion while others have failed to realize the potential of FDI.
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Lehner, Ludwig. "Stoffliche versus energetische Nutzung von Holz – wohin geht die Reise? (Essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 164, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2013.0256.
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Material or energy use for wood: which way forward? (Essay) Wood as a renewable raw material plays an increasing role in the debate about developing renewable energies. Energy use of wood is often in competition with material use. In 2010, in Germany, for the first time more wood was used for energy than as raw material. Rising demand for energy wood is leading to steeply upward price trends for all wood assortments put on the market. In this respect, Germany is not alone. By 2020, in Europe the average share of renewable energies in primary energy consumption should reach 20%. Higher demand for wood biomass from European forests will pose major challenges for countries. One way of covering the rising demand for wood is imports from other continents. European energy companies are constructing pellet plants overseas and transporting the pellets to be burnt as biomass in Europe. In the final analysis, whether to follow the energy or the raw material path for wood in the medium to long term is a choice for society as a whole. However, increased energy use of wood does not necessarily lead to the elimination of traditional material uses. It can also be a bridge for new processes and products to enter the markets. Wood has much potential which has not yet been developed. A new definition of the value chain for wood offers the possibility to unite the ecological and economic approaches and brings the vision of a sustainable society one step nearer.
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Zhang, Dongyong, Mengge Hao, and Stephen Morse. "Is Environmental Sustainability Taking a Backseat in China after COVID-19? The Perspective of Business Managers." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 10369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410369.
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China’s quick economic recovery from COVID-19 has presented a narrow but vast opportunity to build an economy that is cleaner, fairer, and safer. Will China grab this opportunity? The answer rests with both business managers and the government. Based on a questionnaire survey of 1160 owners and managers of companies headquartered in 32 regions of China and covering 30 industries, this paper explores how COVID-19 has impacted Chinese business, especially with regard to the three dimensions of sustainability (economic, social, and environmental). The results suggest that Chinese companies’ sustainability priorities have been shifted towards the social dimension both during COVID-19 and into the post-pandemic phase, regardless of the type of ownership, company size, or market focus (domestic, overseas, or mixture of the two). However, all types of company prioritize the need for economic sustainability in the post-pandemic phase and in relative terms the importance of the environmental dimension has been diminished. Hence the potential for a post-pandemic environmental rebound effect in China is clear. But it does not have to be the case if Chinese businesses and the government take actions to change its recovery plans to embrace the environmental dimension of sustainability. The paper puts forward some suggestions and recommendations for businesses and the government.
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Svetlicinii, Alexandr. "The Acquisitions of the Chinese State-Owned Enterprises under the National Merger Control Regimes of the EU Member States: Searching for a Coherent Approach." Market and Competition Law Review 2, no. 1 (September 9, 2019): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7559/mclawreview.2018.334.
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With the rapidly unfolding China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI ) and the ongoing reform of the State-owned enterprises (SOEs), the number of overseas acquisitions by the Chinese SOEs in various industrial and services sectors is gradually on the rise. These transactions have raised a number of questions in terms of the assessment of the economic concentrations’ potential impact on competition and challenged the traditional assessment tools employed by the merger control regimes. The paper examines the evolving experience of Chinese SOEs’ acquisitions in the European Union (EU), which are subject to ex ante assessment under both EU and national merger control regimes. The analysis of the merger assessment practice of the EU Commission culminating in the recent conditional approval of the ChemChina/Syngenta merger indicates that the traditional assessment tools, when applied to the acquisitions by Chinese SOEs, may no longer be adequate to grasp the essence of their corporate governance and decision-making. The review of the merger control practice of the national competition authorities (NCAs) also demonstrates the absence of a coherent assessment approach to the cases involving Chinese SOEs, which may lead to the inconsistent enforcement and strengthening of the foreign investment screening on grounds other than market competition.
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Devi Dwi Wulandari, Novi Puspitasari, and Ana Mufida. "Pengaruh Inflasi, Nilai Tukar, Dan Suku Bunga Terhadap Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan Di Bursa Efek Negara-Negara ASEAN." RELASI : JURNAL EKONOMI 16, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31967/relasi.v16i1.346.
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The stock market of ASEAN at present has experienced various of development rapidly on one side, but on the other side also extremely vulnerable to influence various changes in macro economy, social, and political in the country and overseas. Macro economy conditions can influence composite stock price index. Indicators of macro economy are chosen in research is inflation, exchange rate, and interest rate. The three is part of the key variables of macro economy that can be used to see the activity of a country’s economy. This research analyzed the influence of third macro economy variables to composite stock price index in five ASEAN countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, and Thailand were using analysis multiple linear regression with research’s periode January 2014 up to December 2016. Results showing that partially, only exchange rate which have significant effect on composite stock price index, while inflation and interest rate has no significant effect on composite stock price index. Simultaneously the inflation, exchange rate, and interest rate equally had a significant effect on the composite stock price index, but only able to explain as much as 19,1 %. This research is only use 3 economy variables. Further research is expected to add other variables considered more potential.
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Knight, Lizzie, and Louise Bell. "Reimagining Australia's shale gas revolution: lessons at home and abroad." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13084.
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In Australia the shale gas debate has been polarised between those extolling its virtues with unchecked enthusiasm on one side and deep wariness on the other. How can we re-imagine Australia’s energy future and what is the proper place for shale gas? With 396 trillion cubic feet of potential shale gas reserves (CSIRO, 2012), Australia stands on a precipice of a golden age of gas, but only if those reserves can be developed profitably and with a higher level of community support and understanding. The development of a shale gas industry is likely to transform the nation’s domestic gas and export LNG markets, increase energy security, and bolster the Australian economy. Community concern and infrastructure constraints, however, stand as barriers to the realisation of the industry. The US is one of the few countries to have developed shale gas to a commercial scale. Facilitative government policies, extensive infrastructure networks, open-access policies, a favourable regulatory framework, a highly competitive industry, and a strong R&D focus have allowed the shale gas industry to flourish. Meanwhile, the nascent Australian unconventional gas industry grapples with community support, regulatory duplication and delays, conflicts about competing resources, productivity decline, and rising capital and labour costs. The development of major CSG to LNG export projects in Queensland will promote competition for gas between domestic and international customers. The eastern Australia domestic gas market will no longer be insulated from the world gas market and the domestic gas price is likely to rise to meet international prices. A shale gas industry in Australia could provide part of the solution to future domestic gas shortages and price hikes. To develop an Australian shale gas industry, however, proponents will require a social licence to operate and access to infrastructure. Government and industry need to act now to implement a coordinated strategy that will enable proponents to secure and maintain their social licence and obtain adequate access to infrastructure. While the existing Australian unconventional gas industry and overseas shale gas experiences are defined by a specific set of circumstances and differ from the Australian shale gas experience in a number of important respects, lessons from shale gas projects abroad is paramount to shaping a mature debate and ensuring this potential opportunity is realised.
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Lin, Zhaohong, and Zhe Zhao. "Culture, expatriation and performance: case of Chinese multinational enterprises." Chinese Management Studies 10, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 346–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-01-2016-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore the dimensions of Chinese culture and further investigate the underlying mechanisms via which the Chinese culture, in various dimensions, affect the overseas performance of Chinese multinational enterprises (CMNE) expatriates. Along with the awakening of China, not only CMNEs but also the Chinese culture have infiltrated the world market. The uniqueness of Chinese culture has attracted considerable attention of a majority of practitioners, while relevant research on how it affects CMNE expatriates’ performance sounds rare. In contrast to domestic employees, the performance of CMNE expatriates is more likely to be influenced by Chinese culture because of the potential cross-border cultural conflicts between the home and host countries. Additionally, the impact of Chinese culture on CMNE expatriates’ performance may vary according to different cultural dimensions. Design/methodology/approach Comparative case study is adopted for this research. After sufficient literature review and interviews with human resource (HR) staff, this paper structured the research, and then conducted 30 in-depth interviews with Chinese expatriates from both state-owned enterprises and private-owned enterprises. Findings This paper identifies that the Chinese culture do affect CMNE expatriates performance; however, the degree of its effect diversifies according to different cultural dimensions, namely, individual-level culture including Reniqng, Mianzi and social-level culture including power distance, Guanxi, Yinyang, Hexie and collectivism. Research limitations/implications A limitation of this study is that the sample is not big enough and empirical tests are needed to validate or refute the model. Nevertheless, due to the fact that it is still during the period of initial study, the conceptual development raised by this paper would help us to gain good insights from these important and unexplored areas of national culture, which is being thought to affect performance in CMNEs. Practical implications Through reviewing the relevant literature and deeply analyzing Chinese culture, this paper attempts to help young Chinese MNEs to build up and/or improve performance appraisal method and system according to the unique Chinese culture, and to supply a theoretical support for HR personnel to make related policies for the sake of improving expatriate performance overseas. Social implications This paper is the first attempt to dig and explore the whole picture, and refine the dimensions of Chinese culture from individual level and social level. It aims to lay a foundation for the research related to Chinese culture, and to some extent, supply a theoretical support to motivate more researchers to explore more ways to improve the performance of expatriates from young CMNEs. Originality/value This paper presents the whole frame of Chinese culture and from an integral Chinese perspective digs the Chinese cultural dimensions from individual level and social level for the first time. According to the social cognitive theory, this paper provides a firm foundation for scholars to understand Chinese culture as well as to analyze the related relationship with performance, and for CMNEs to develop and utilize the effect of national culture to improve the performance of expatriates overseas. So far, the research on Chinese culture and the effect of national culture overseas have not yet been well considered.
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Luo, Qian, Guohua Fang, Jian Ye, Min Yan, and Chengxuan Lu. "Country Evaluation for China’s Hydropower Investment in the Belt and Road Initiative Nations." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 8, 2020): 8281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198281.
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With the implementation of China’s “Going Out” strategy and “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) as well as the shortage of domestic hydropower market, the scale of hydropower investment along BRI by Chinese companies has expanded rapidly. However, these countries have great differences in politics, laws, economy, hydropower potential, social development and environmental constraints. Due to the inappropriate choice of countries for investment, many failure cases have also occurred. To specifically evaluate hydropower investment in these countries, this paper proposed a six-dimensional indicator system which can represents the characteristics of hydropower investment along BRI based on the analysis of the typical cases of overseas investment by Chinese enterprises. Furthermore, a fuzzy optimal model based on the Delphi-Entropy weight was constructed to evaluate the hydropower investment of 65 countries along BRI as well as a list of countries and corresponding investment grades are proposed. The result indicates that politics and hydropower industry factors are the key determinants of choosing the countries for conducting investment while legal, economic, social and environmental factors should also be covered. In conclusion, the optimal choices for China’s hydropower investment along BRI are Russia, Pakistan, Malaysia, Kazakhstan and Indonesia and the strategy has been given accordingly. Moreover the policy recommendations from the perspective of nation and enterprise level have also been proposed.