Academic literature on the topic 'Overseas market identification'

There are opportunities to improve the quality and-market value of wheat grain at all stages of production, storage and transport. An essential pre-requisite is a thorough knowledge of market requirements, both for the coming crop season and well into the future in the case of breeding programs and research planning. Elucidation of the molecular basis of grain quality is an important part of the overall strategy of quality improvement. The outcome expected from such studies will be the identification of key chemical components that can serve as markers for specific aspects of grain quality. The provision of screening tests for these marker compounds then permits intelligent quality testing at harvest, planning of genotype and environment to maximize quality, and selection of suitable genotypes at an early stage of breeding. This review describes the state of our present knowledge of grain quality at the molecular/chemical level (with particular references to dough quality for wheat), and it indicates how this knowledge can be put to practical use in better suiting wheat grain for processing requirements both in Australia and overseas.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify whether the new Chinese phenomenon of going global in groups represents a more advantageous market entry mode than the phenomena considered in previous studies. Design/methodology/approach In this empirical research paper, the authors draw upon the literature in academic journals and books regarding the Chinese special economic zones overseas to analyze and compare collective internationalization (i.e. going global in groups) with traditional market entry modes as per the ownership, location and internalization paradigm (OLI) and transaction cost approach (TCA). Findings The authors identified that financial and diplomatic support provided by the Chinese Government has reinforced internationalization in groups, thereby minimizing some structural risks in host countries. Pre-operational and operating costs have been lowered or shared among group members, and weighted average cost of capital has dropped due to the availability of specific funding lines with subsidized interest rates. Research limitations/implications Given the lack of available literature on the topic, the authors based their study of the collective internationalization of Chinese firms on very few cases, most of which represent market entry in African countries. Practical implications The study calls attention to a new, more efficient and less risky characteristic of international entry modes, which implies that companies can reap multiple benefits by entering markets in global groups. Originality/value As literature addressing market entry modes focuses mostly on individual enterprises, this paper contributes to the identification of advantages in collective internationalization.

Manganese is mostly used in the iron and steel industry and serves as an important metal mineral in the national economy. It is difficult to substantially increase the output of China’s manganese ore because it is of low grade and high impurity content. However, as a large consumer in the world, it is very important to ensure the long-term stable supply of this mineral. Collecting historical data on manganese ore in China over the past 20 years, we identified and evaluated risks during the whole process of production, supply, consumption, reserves, and trade of resources using the Volkswagen and German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (VW-BGR) method by selecting nine indicators: current market equilibrium, market price volatility, Reserve/production ratio, import dependence, import concentration, country risks, country concentration and future supply and demand trend. Furthermore, we assessed its economic importance by calculating the contribution of manganese ore involved in different value chains. It shows the same downward trend both in manganese ore consumption and economic importance, and the future demand of manganese ore will slow down, and the global supply will exceed demand. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of supply and demand trends in the past and future, it was concluded that the current market balance, import dependence and country concentration risks are the main driving factors for the supply risk of manganese ore in China, showing higher supply risk than that of the other factors; the resource and geostrategic risks are moderate, and may significantly reduce the supply risk if effective measures are implemented. As per the aforementioned analysis, to address the risk of supply interruption, this study provides some suggestions and measures, such as strengthening resource reserves and low-grade manganese ore utilization at home, actively exploring foreign markets, exploiting overseas resources, expanding import channels, extending the industrial chain, and adopting equity mergers and acquisitions abroad.

AbstractThe Indian Uprising of 1857–59, during which thousands of Indian soldiers serving in the British army mutinied, joined by many civilians, led to the identification of a vast number of ‘rebels’ and discussions as to the most appropriate means of punishing them. The wholesale transportation of insurgents was considered a likely scenario in the charged atmosphere of late 1857. The uprising coincided with dramatic increases in the world market price for sugar, prompting British colonial producers to extend cultivation of cane and their political agents to suggest that the need for further plantation labour be met from among the likely Indian convict transportees. The empire-wide response to the events in India during 1857–59 is assessed in this article as an interesting case study of both reactions to a sensationalist news story and the manner in which British officials, keen to exploit the outcome of the revolt and to manipulate the labour market to the advantage of their respective colonies, competed with and contradicted one another. At the same time, the authors contend that arguably the more interesting aspects of the relationship between the Indian Uprising and the surge in numbers migrating to the sugar colonies were either neglected or carefully ignored by policy makers and commentators alike at the time, and have scarcely been investigated by historians since. The article suggests that many individuals who participated in the insurgency in India did indeed make their way overseas, quietly ignored, and only mentioned in subsequent decades when ‘scares’ about mutineer sepoys in their midst were raised in the colonial press as explanation for strikes and labour agitations on colonial sugar estates.

Purpose Entrepreneurship research clearly documents the importance of human and social capital and stresses the way in which entrepreneurs take advantage of their own social affiliations and network strategies in pursuit of their entrepreneurial goals, yet the research on returnee entrepreneurs’ human and social capital is not sufficiently studied in the international context, in particular when returnees’ overseas human capital and social capital may be a misfit with local business environment. Using the data from Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ venture activities in China, the purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of returnee entrepreneurs’ overseas capital (human and social) and domestic capital (human and social) on their venture performance in China, and further explore the interaction effect of different social and human capital with China’s entrepreneurial environment. Design/methodology/approach This study surveyed 500 start-up businesses created by returnee entrepreneurs in China to collect data. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on their demographic information, the information about the human and social capital of these returnee entrepreneurs, including domestic and overseas capital, various performance measures, and other control variables ending up with 226 usable questionnaires. Findings The results show that Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ overseas human capital and social capital, as well as their domestic social capital, but not domestic human capital, have a significant impact on their venture performance. In addition, while domestic entrepreneurial environment does not affect the impact of overseas human and social capital on venture performance, it does provide an important contextual setting for domestic capital to improve returnee entrepreneurs’ venture performance. Originality/value The findings help enrich the understanding of the dynamic interplays among Chinese returnee entrepreneurs’ domestic human capital and social capital, overseas human capital, and social capital, as well as the entrepreneurial environment for returnee entrepreneurs’ success, which makes an important contribution to the international entrepreneurship theory by showing that overseas human capital and social capital are not a misfit with local markets. It also provides empirical support for the mediating effect of entrepreneurial opportunity identification. The important role of entrepreneurial opportunity is empirically supported in an international context: entrepreneurship is all about the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities and exploitation of this opportunity to create viable business entities for new products and services, even in the Chinese context, a culture which is very different from the ones where the entrepreneurship theory was developed.

Purpose – Auditing may be viewed as an arrangement for reducing inefficiencies arising from the fundamental market conflict between a seller who wants as high a price as possible and a buyer who wants to pay as low a price as possible. In more general terms, sellers prefer policies that boost the stock price in the short run whereas buyers would prefer the price to peak when they are ready to sell some time in the future. By framing audited financial reports within this context, the purpose of this paper is to provide some insights regarding both audit institutions and audit regulation. Design/methodology/approach – This paper relies on conceptual arguments and a simple analytical model. Findings – The basic findings are that a unique definition of audit quality is not compatible with the economics of a market where there are conflicts across traders as well a possibility that some traders hold superior information to others. Even an identification of quality with accuracy fails in this setting of conflict. The inference is that audit quality should be approached from a multi-dimensional perspective rather than a unique measure. Research limitations/implications – While the paper points out difficulties in constructing measures of audit quality extant in the literature, it does not provide any clear empirical suggestions for better measures. Originality/value – The paper brings back into focus issues from information economics that form the bedrock for the study of audited financial statements in equity markets. While the paper is partially a survey and synthesis of some of the latest empirical findings, it describes them within the context of a rational economic market where traders may possess private information. Within such a market, the paper outlines both the conflicts and the benefits inherent to the current institutional arrangements where auditors are paid by incumbent shareholders and overseen by regulators.

Purpose Based on the linkage-leverage-learning (LLL) framework developed by Mathews (2006), the purpose of this paper is to examine how linking, leveraging and learning capabilities influence the choice of foreign-entry mode, and the way such influences are contingent on context factors in the emerging markets. Design/methodology/approach Contrary to a prior literature applying the LLL framework, which mainly used case studies, this paper adopts a quantitative approach and is based on a sample of 321 Chinese listed companies to test the hypotheses. Findings The results show that multinational firms from emerging markets (EMFs) with stronger LLL capabilities are more likely to choose the wholly owned mode in foreign entries. In addition, the relationship between linking capability and wholly owned entry mode choice is weaker at higher levels of cultural distance between home and host country. At the same time, the relationship between learning capability and wholly owned entry mode choice is weaker at higher levels of cultural distance between home and host country, and of institutional distance between prior entries and the focal entry. Research limitations/implications An entry mode strategy for firms without ownership advantages and the identification of boundary conditions for applying different LLL capabilities are recommended. The generalizability of the findings from a single-country setting still needs further validation with other emerging economies. Originality/value This paper treats internationalization of firms from emerging countries with a different perspective. The underlying idea in this study is that internationalization is not only a process for EMFs to utilize externally accessible assets abroad, but also a process of simultaneously combining internationalization with experiential learning and capability utilization in overseas markets. In addition, the authors also contribute to the literature by providing strong empirical evidence for validating the LLL model and extending the existing entry mode studies.

Internationalization amongst Indian companies has always been a macroeconomic issue reflecting size and quantum of growth rather than quality and firm level competencies. This has eventually led to a history of thirty years of growth in international trade without maturity in the process of internationalization. Internationally, however, the degree and maturity of internationalization has always been a progressive topic of research impacting national and firm level policy making. This became the focal point of this study. A large part of this blame was shared by policy-makers as lack of planned capacity building. Hence it becomes imperative to derive a set of business variables related to capacity building which can foresee and impact the process of internationalization. A detailed study of sectors of export prominence in India like – drugs & pharmaceuticals, apparel, information technology, metals & metallurgy revealed the lowest degree of internationalization and unplanned capacity building prominent within the apparel sector. The dismantling of the MFA and implementation of ATC under WTO since 1995, should have witnessed capacity building of highest order in this sector to face the world markets post 2005. The severe lack of firm level competencies in the textile and clothing sector has led to loss in cost effectiveness and negligent presence in overseas markets. These and other factors determined the primary research issue as exploring the path to a mature international presence against a backdrop of planned capacity building. The research methodology consisted of an exploratory research design with use of statistical techniques like Factor Analysis to help in identification of factors which can directly impact effective capacity building. This business model would later be tested on an apparel exporting company for its efficacy as a case study in the sequel to this paper.

The environmental management system according to PN-EN ISO 14001: 2015 [1] is a system whose message is to protect the natural environment. The environmental management system focuses mainly on reducing waste, possibilities and methods of waste disposal, pre-venting pollution, reducing the use of natural resources, and in the context of the transport industry, reducing emissions. The idea of the system is continuous improvement of activities related to the protection of the natural environment - through identification of threats, risk assessment and mobilization of enterprises to comply with the requirements of law in the field of environmental protection. For many years, the transport industry has been governed by its laws. However, with the changing market, where apart from large transport concerns, there are also small and micro companies providing transport services that also have an impact on the environment in individual parts of the transport industry. There are more and more entrepreneurs, both Polish and foreign, specializing in the transport industry, hence legal regulations, EU regulations and industry standards or standards aimed at reducing the impact of transport on the natural environment appear. It seems that as of today, mobilizing enterprises of various sizes to implement unified rules, reduce emissions, oversee waste, implement unified management systems, including environmental management systems, is the most effective method of impacting the improvement of environmental protection in this area.

The tourism shoppers’ purchasing behaviors have critical effects to economies, but there are few of comprehensive review that integrates and synthesis the finding of literature on tourism purchasing behavior systematic from past, present and future perspective. As the international tourists consuming volume have decreased in average, the purchasing behavior has changed into online, planned characters especially under the conflict from COVID 19, this paper tries to find the way to solve this problem for the tourism retailing industries development and the market demand. The methods of this paper is to use the theory of tourist classification and duty-free products classification for research shoppers’ sample identification and duty free products wish lists audition, customers purchasing methods is to analyze the gap, Citespace is used here to fill the gap with domain knowledge and visualize the finding of 150 papers on tourism purchasing behavior published from 2010 to 2020. The finding of this research is: i) Lotte, King Power, Dubai international duty free can be Asia representative research shops, Chinese international tourists can be the research target group; ii) Fragrances & cosmetic, wines & spirits, fashion & accessories and personal luxury goods can be selected as the 4 duty free products categories; iii) Chinese tourism shoppers have the purchasing gap between oversea and domestic products, both those kinds of products can be acquired online and offline; iv) Multiple emergent themes in the existing corpus, the theory of planned behavior and online communication are the key domain knowledge to fill this gap. So, a questionnaire is urgent to design based on this research result to find out the decision tree nodes and then compose the decision-making model for duty free industry and tourism shoppers effectively.

The object of this research was to develop an international market screening methodology which selects highly attractive markets, allowing for the ranges in diversity amongst organisations, countries and products. Conventional business thought is that, every two to five years, dynamic organisations which conduct business internationally should decide which additional foreign market or markets to next enter. If they are internationally inexperienced, this will be their first market; if they are experienced, it might be, say, their 100th market. How should each organisation select their next international market? One previous attempt has been made to quantitatively test which decision variables, and what weights, should be used when choosing between the 230 countries of the world. The literature indicate that a well-informed selection decision could consider over 150 variables that measure aspects of each foreign market's economic, political, legal, cultural, technical and physical environments. Additionally, attributes of the organisation have not been considered when selecting the most attractive short-list of markets. The findings presented in the dissertation are that 30 criteria accounted for 95 per cent of variance at cross-classification rates of 95 per cent. The weights of each variable, and the markets selected statistically as being the most attractive, were found to vary with the capabilities, goals and values of the organisation. This frequently means that different countries will be best for different organisations selling the same product. A

Goat meat is growing in popularity in Australia and is also an important export industry. It offers many opportunities for large- and small-scale farmers who need to diversify or seek alternative enterprises. Farming Meat Goats provides producers with comprehensive and practical information on all aspects of the goat meat industry. It covers selecting and preparing a property, choosing breeding stock, breeding, health care and nutrition, drought feeding, condition scoring and marketing. This second edition of Farming Meat Goats has been updated throughout and contains new information about the National Livestock Identification System, current regulations for ovine Johne's disease and animal welfare during transportation, and information about marketing. It will allow farmers to produce animals to specification for targeted markets in Australia and overseas including: butchers; supermarkets; restaurants; on-farm live sales; sales to abattoirs that specialise in Halal kills; and breeding stock either as replacements or for improved herd genetics.