Journal articles on the topic 'Overseas duty'
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Ponder, Kathryn L., and Melissa Nothnagle. "Damage Control: Unintended Pregnancy in the United States Military." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 2 (2010): 386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00497.x.
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Military reproductive health policies affect large numbers of women. In 2006 servicewomen numbered nearly 350,000 and comprised 14.5% of active-duty forces and 17.4% of the reserve force. In addition, approximately 165,000 female dependents of active duty military personnel and 157,000 female dependents of reserve duty personnel are between the ages of 12 and 22 and are eligible for military health care services. Dependents of military personnel are eligible for military health care coverage until age 21, or up to the age of 23 if considered a full-time student.About 10% of active duty female servicemembers become pregnant each year. Pregnant servicewomen are considered non-deployable and are usually not assigned to overseas commands. Pregnant women in the Army, the service branch with the greatest number of women on active duty, can choose to remain on active duty, request temporary leave from service, or request separation from service. Separation options include either discharge, honorable or uncharacterized depending on rank, or transfer to individual ready reserve.
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Sanger, Andrew. "PARENT COMPANY DUTY OF CARE TO THIRD PARTIES HARMED BY OVERSEAS SUBSIDIARIES." Cambridge Law Journal 78, no. 3 (November 2019): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197319000801.
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Hughes, Thomas C., and Deborah Staren-Doby. "Reducing Unintended Pregnancy in Young, Single Active Duty Women in an Overseas Environment." Military Medicine 168, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/miled.168.1.11.
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Hughes, Thomas C., and Deborah Staren-Doby. "Reducing Unintended Pregnancy in Young, Single Active Duty Women in an Overseas Environment." Military Medicine 168, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/168.1.11.
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胡, 迪. "Research Progress on Subjective Well-Being—Taking Overseas Duty Personnel as an Example." Advances in Psychology 13, no. 10 (2023): 4137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ap.2023.1310520.
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Etemad, Bouda. "Genève a-t-elle un héritage colonial ?" Le Globe. Revue genevoise de géographie 163, no. 1 (2023): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/globe.2023.7857.
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An analysis of writings on colonisation and slavery by 18th and 19th century Genevan writers reveals the existence in the City of Calvin of a discourse justifying European expansionism. According to it, " advanced" Europe had the right to show " backward" overseas peoples the path to civilisation. What is presented as a mission and a duty legitimises colonial domination and presupposes a hierarchy of " races". This vision of the world has had extensions right up to the present day.
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Hamzah Sendut, Jefferi. "Multinational Corporate Group Governance After Vedanta: The Obligations of Parent Company Directors." Business Law Review 42, Issue 3 (June 1, 2021): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2021016.
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In Vedanta v. Lungowe, the UK Supreme Court established that a UK-based parent company can owe a duty of care in negligence to third parties harmed by the conduct of an overseas subsidiary. The key issue is whether there is sufficient intervention on the part of the parent company, a position subsequently reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in Okpabi v. Shell. This article argues that a full understanding of Vedanta and related jurisprudence requires the consideration of the duties owed to parent companies by their directors. It first highlights that such a consideration is timely (section 2). Parent company directors face significant uncertainty over the appropriate management of multinational corporate groups (MCGs). While it is recognized that parent companies owe certain responsibilities for the adverse impacts of their overseas subsidiaries, Vedanta pushes in the opposite direction. In light of such uncertainty, this article then explores how parent company directors’ decision-making post- Vedanta might be affected by their duties to promote the success of the company, and to act with reasonable care, skill and diligence, under sections 172 and 174 of the UK Companies Act 2006 (section 3). While these duties do not restrict parent company directors from adopting a hands-off approach to overseas subsidiary regulation, they should not be ignored. multinational corporate groups, parent company directors, overseas subsidiaries, tort, directors duties
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Kim, Heejin, Insin Kim, and Nari Hong. "Overseas Travelers' Shopping Value through Perceived Crowding in their Country and its Effect on Visit Intention in the Overseas Duty Free Shop." Journal of Tourism Management Research 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18604/tmro.2017.21.1.1.
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Lin, Moyi. "Youth Development and Identity in Singapore's Tian Yun Beijing Opera Society." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 8 (August 29, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v7i8.1258.
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The history of immigration is intrinsically related to the growth of Beijing Opera in Singapore. Since the turn of the century, as China's economy has continued to grow, a growing number of Chinese living abroad have started to seek out familiar Chinese voices and deepen their links to the nation. In The Tian Yun Beijing Opera Society aggressively welcomes new immigrants while also assuming the duty of youth development. The overseas Chinese young are now dealing with difficult cultural adaptation and identity crises as a result of postmodernism and the internet information age. The Tian Yun Beijing Opera Society is actively fostering a new generation of Beijing Opera enthusiasts by encouraging secondary school students to study the opera and establishing a youth acting clubs. This makes Beijing Opera an essential link in fostering the development of overseas Chinese cultural communities and strengthening ethnic group cohesion.
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COLLINS, DAVID, and HELEN LAPSLEY. "INCREASING THE HEALTH RISKS OF OVERSEAS TRAVEL? DUTY-FREE CONCESSIONS FOR ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 13, no. 4 (December 1994): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1994.tb01176.x.
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Rizan, Ahmed Syah, Sudiono Sudiono, Desamen Simatupang, and Rosmayana Rosmayana. "The Effect of Promotion of Vessel Crew Vacancies on the Process of Changing Ship Crews at PT Jasindo Duta Segara." Meteor STIP Marunda 15, no. 1 (August 25, 2022): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36101/msm.v15i1.230.
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Crew Manning Agency is a division that only takes care of crew for ship owners overseas. PT. Jasindo Duta Segara uses International Safety Management (ISM) which aims to be the "Best Crew Supplying Agent in the World" to meet the expectations of the company and crew perfectly. PT. Jasindo Duta Segara will not let owner or crew calls go unanswered. Don't let the owner be served without commitment and don't let the crew fail in their performance. Before joining PT. Jasindo Duta Segara, the crew made a selection at the company using various tests such as: academic, psychological tests, marlin tests, in order to determine the ability of ship crews who want to join PT. Jasindo Duta Segara. The process of changing the crew is very influential in terms of promotion and wages of ship crews. The crew on duty on one ship are Master, Chief Officer, Second Officer, Third Officer, Bosun, Able Seaman, Ordinary Seaman, Chief engineer, First Engineer, Second Engineer, Third Engineer, Oiler No. I, Oiler II, Waper, Chief Cook, and Mass Man. All of these crews are involved in the crew change process in which the promotion of crew vacancies affects the crew change process, in this case resulting in a lack of promotion of crew vacancies that are widely spread through the media and an inconsistency in the crew change process which can disrupt and hinder ship operational activities so as not to eat up the crew. longer timeCrew Manning Agency is a division that only takes care of crew for ship owners overseas. PT. Jasindo Duta Segara uses International Safety Management (ISM) which aims to be the "Best Crew Supplying Agent in the World" to meet the expectations of the company and crew perfectly. PT. Jasindo Duta Segara will not let owner or crew calls go unanswered. Don't let the owner be served without commitment and don't let the crew fail in their performance. Before joining PT. Jasindo Duta Segara, the crew made a selection at the company using various tests such as: academic, psychological tests, marlin tests, in order to determine the ability of ship crews who want to join PT. Jasindo Duta Segara. The process of changing the crew is very influential in terms of promotion and wages of ship crews. The crew on duty on one ship are Master, Chief Officer, Second Officer, Third Officer, Bosun, Able Seaman, Ordinary Seaman, Chief engineer, First Engineer, Second Engineer, Third Engineer, Oiler No. I, Oiler II, Waper, Chief Cook, and Mass Man. All of these crews are involved in the crew change process in which the promotion of crew vacancies affects the crew change process, in this case resulting in a lack of promotion of crew vacancies that are widely spread through the media and an inconsistency in the crew change process which can disrupt and hinder ship operational activities so as not to eat up the crew. longer time
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Spotorno, Pilar. "Vedanta and Okpabi: A Step Forward in Corporate Group Accountability?" Business Law Review 45, Issue 1 (January 1, 2024): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2024001.
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This paper examines the evolving landscape of corporate group accountability, with a focus on recent pivotal judgments by the UK Supreme Court in Vedanta v. Lungowe and Okpabi v. Shell. These landmark cases have highlighted the potential for parent companies to be held liable for the actions of their overseas subsidiaries, based on the duty of care under tort law. The paper delves into the broader implications of these decisions, including their significance in piercing the transnational corporate veil and their unintended consequences. It also explores the debate surrounding whether these rulings encourage or deter multinational corporations (MNCs) from disclosing corporate-wide policies and conducting human rights due diligence in their subsidiaries, impacting corporate social responsibility and international standards. The paper concludes by offering insights into potential solutions to address the complex issue of the ‘perverse incentive’ created by Vedanta and Okpabi. duty of care, corporate group accountability, transnational corporate veil, parental corporate liability, Shell, Vedanta
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Schumm, Walter R., and D. Bruce Bell. "Soldiers at Risk for Individual Readiness or Morale Problems during a Six-Month Peacekeeping Deployment to the Sinai." Psychological Reports 87, no. 2 (October 2000): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.2.623.
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Longitudinal data were examined to predict soldiers' morale, satisfaction with Army life, and the effects of family issues on performance of duties during an overseas deployment (Sinai peacekeeping force during the spring of 1995). Few variables were significant predictors of the outcome measures; however, rank, leaders' support for families, prior satisfaction with Army life and with information released about the deployment appeared to predict better outcomes during the deployment. Rank and leaders' support for families appeared to be more important for married soldiers while satisfaction with predeployment information seemed to be more important for single soldiers. Those who were worried about the effects of the deployment on their families also tended to report interference with their duty performance because of family concerns, but that effect was offset by perceived leaders' concern for families. In conclusion, it appears to the authors that the pre-existing factors studied had much less to do with deployment outcomes than did leadership success before and during the deployment. That's good news for Army leaders about their power to have a positive effect on soldiers' morale during overseas deployments but may be bad news for anyone hoping to find a “magic bullet” for pre-identification of soldiers most likely to retain high morale, regardless of their leadership's competence during an overseas deployment.
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Khan, Sheila. "Humanize the wounded legacies of the colonial past: the duty of post-memory in Estranha Guerra de Uso Comum." Via Atlântica 25, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 566–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/va.i1.200000.
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This work seeks to reflect on the wounded legacies of colonialism from a post memory perspective, that is, under the sign of an urgency to understand, humanize, and universalize the evils that resulted from the Portuguese experience in colonized African territories, namely, with regard to the traumas, silences and scars created by this overseas experience. To erase the past is, in the light of this pretense, a mistake. Therefore, the merit of this emerging paradigm of the study of memory highlights the historical will of a generation that, due to family proximity, seeks through processes of recognition and compassion to bring to the place of sorrow a more positive, understanding and fraternal light.
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Stilwell, Kristine. "Review: The Navy’s First Enlisted Women: Patriotic Pioneers." DttP: Documents to the People 47, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v47i3.7119.
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That women served in every military conflict in the history of the United States is common knowledge—but that women performed duties other than nursing during the First World War may come as a surprise to some. Regina Akers, a historian with the Naval History and Heritage Command, describes the service of the more than eleven thousand women that enlisted in the Naval Costal Defense Reserve during the Great War in The Navy’s First Enlisted Women: Patriotic Pioneers. She also details the meaning of their contributions to the war effort both at home and overseas. By working as clerks, typists, stenographers, translators, cryptologists, messengers, and even designers of camouflage for ships, these women volunteers freed up men for sea duty and combat.
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Goudkamp, James. "BREACH OF DUTY: A DISAPPEARING ELEMENT OF THE ACTION IN NEGLIGENCE?" Cambridge Law Journal 76, no. 3 (November 2017): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197317000721.
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All causes of action in tort, like all causes of action generally, are constituted by elements or ingredients. It is often the case that these elements are not crisply separated from each other. That is certainly so in relation to the cause of action in negligence, it having regularly been pointed out that none of its elements is self-contained. Denning L.J. took that view further than most. In Roe v Minister of Health [1954] 2 Q.B. 66, 86, he asserted: “you will find that the three questions, duty, causation, and remoteness, run continually into one another. It seems that they are simply three different ways of looking at one and the same problem.” More commonly it is accepted that although the various elements of the tort of negligence overlap, they nonetheless retain separate identities. Thus, determining whether the tort of negligence has been committed is not generally understood as requiring a single homogeneous enquiry but an analysis whereby one examines each element of the action seriatim in order to determine whether it is present. This conventional understanding was embraced by Lord Simons, delivering the advice of the Privy Council in Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd. v Morts Dock & Engineering Co. Ltd. [1961] A.C. 388, 425, when he said: “It is, no doubt, proper when considering tortious liability for negligence to analyse its elements and to say that the plaintiff must prove a breach of duty owed by him to the defendant, a breach of that duty by the defendant, and consequent damage.”
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Kim, Byeong jun. "A study on the organizations and duty of Korean and British Intelligence agencies." Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 32, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 103–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2023.32.3.103.
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This study aims to find the cause of problems such as political intervention and human rights violations related to the National Intelligence Service in Korea. To this end, the organization and duty of Korean and British intelligence agencies were analyzed using literature review research methods. As a result of the analysis, the study identified that the problems related to the National Intelligence Service were caused by the obscurity of the regulation - ‘domestic security information’ - under the National Intelligence Service Act and the abuse of investigative power during intelligence activities.
British intelligence agencies collect, analyze, and exploit foreign and domestic intelligence and military intelligence, and perform espionage and counter-espionage. The role of the Security Service(MI5) is to protect national security from threats such as terrorism and espionage and to gather secret intelligence on threats to national security. The Secret Intelligence Service(MI6) works secretly overseas to gather intelligence, which is referred to as espionage.
The controversy related to the National Intelligence Service is expected to be reduced due to the revision of the National Intelligence Service Act in 2020. In addition to this, the study proposes to separate the National Intelligence Service into each agency according to its roles of counter-espionage and foreign espionage.
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Cousins, M. "Nigeriana in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Library." African Research & Documentation 55 (1991): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00015879.
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“God did not make Nigeria. The British did” is a remark attributed to a principal chief of Lagos, of the Royal House of Addo. Whether the attribution is correct I cannot say, but the political and geographical entity that we now know as Nigeria was most certainly a creation of the European scramble for Africa in the nineteenth century, and it was indeed the British who coined the name Nigeria itself.As the Secretary of State for the Colonies was the Minister charged with the duty of advice to the Crown on matters relating to Britain's overseas dependencies, the library of the Colonial Office (CO) naturally reflected these wideranging official concerns and developed into what Sir Charles Jeffries described as “a unique and comprehensive collection… an institution of which the Office is justly proud”.
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Cousins, M. "Nigeriana in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Library." African Research & Documentation 55 (1991): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00015879.
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“God did not make Nigeria. The British did” is a remark attributed to a principal chief of Lagos, of the Royal House of Addo. Whether the attribution is correct I cannot say, but the political and geographical entity that we now know as Nigeria was most certainly a creation of the European scramble for Africa in the nineteenth century, and it was indeed the British who coined the name Nigeria itself.As the Secretary of State for the Colonies was the Minister charged with the duty of advice to the Crown on matters relating to Britain's overseas dependencies, the library of the Colonial Office (CO) naturally reflected these wideranging official concerns and developed into what Sir Charles Jeffries described as “a unique and comprehensive collection… an institution of which the Office is justly proud”.
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Roberts, Alasdair. "Bearing the White Man’s Burden: American Empire and the Origin of Public Administration." Perspectives on Public Management and Governance 3, no. 3 (October 14, 2019): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvz018.
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Abstract There is an overlooked chapter in the history of American public administration: the experiment with colonial administration in the two decades following the Spanish-American War. Several scholars now identified as pioneers of American public administration were actively engaged in this project. They studied European empires closely to determine how the new American dependencies should be governed. This work was guided by beliefs about racial superiority and the duty of civilized nations to improve uncivilized peoples through colonization. This episode of administrative history provides insight into how American academics thought about race and public administration in the early decades of the twentieth century, both overseas and within the United States. It compels a reassessment of our understandings about their commitment to democracy, and about the supposed differences between American and European public administration at that time.
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Martha, Ditta Giarni. "PERLINDUNGAN BURUH MIGRAN FILIPINA DALAM KONSTITUSI." Ensiklopedia Sosial Review 2, no. 3 (December 16, 2020): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33559/esr.v2i3.588.
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The Philippines is a country that has a good migrant worker management system. Based on Article 13 of the Philippine Constitution states that the state through the authority of the Human Rights Commission guarantees appropriate legal action for the protection of the human rights of all people in the Philippines as well as Filipinos working abroad. The research method in this paper uses the normative legal research method. This research method is a method that uses and analyzes written regulations which are closely related to the library. The research result of this paper is that the POEA is fully responsible to its President through the Minister of Manpower. The POEA's relationship with other institutions related to the protection of migrant workers is sub-coordinative. POEA is the mother for the protection of migrant workers. Legal protection agencies or agencies for migrant workers in the Philippines are maximizing the roles of the Philipine Overseas Employment Agency (POEA), Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) and The Office of the Legal Assistant for Migrant Affairs (OLAMA). Where the POEA is assigned to monitor and supervise recruitment agencies in the Philippines, the OWWA provides Filipino migrant workers and their families with all the assistance they may need in enforcing contractual obligations by agencies or agencies and / or their principals, and OLAMA has the duty and authority to assist and protect who get unfair treatment, both physically and psychologically.
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Snyders, Hendrik. "‘Patriotic pigeons’: pigeon politics and military service in war-time South Africa, c.1899 – 1945." African Research & Documentation 122 (2013): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00024201.
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Contrary to P.S Thompson's contention that the Great War in Natal was “chiefly the concern of the British community”, contemporary evidence indicated that this and other conflicts were equally the concern of the ‘animal community’ including that of pigeons. In fact, history abounds with the tales of pigeons fulfilling a critical intelligence role in both local and overseas conflicts, including the Anglo-Boer War, First World War and World War Two. Indeed, in all cases special war measures were promulgated to regulate the keeping, general treatment, utilisation and transport of the birds. The Dickin Medal, also known as the Victoria Cross for Animals and awarded to recognise conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty of animals and birds associated with or under the control of any branch of the Armed Forces or Civil Defence Units under the British Imperial Army, was awarded to 32 pigeons.
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Welch Jr., James S. "The Profit Motive and Global Corporate Citizenship: A Case Study on the Spin-Off of Philip Morris International." Think India 17, no. 3 (December 13, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v17i3.7803.
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This article addresses the spin-off of Philip Morris International (PMI) from Altria which took place back in 2008. Since that time, PMI has done very well in overseas markets, and most especially in developing markets. By 2010, PMI had gained an estimated 16 percent share of the total international cigarette market outside of the U.S. (excluding China) with revenue of $27 billion and operating income of $11.2 billion. With 2012 results, PMI reported worldwide revenues of $31.4 billion and an operating income of $14.2 billion, according to the companys annual report. This rapid revenue growth and income expansion has not come without ethical considerations. As the spin-off resulted in the move of the company headquarters from New York City to Lausanne, Switzerland, PMI became less restrained by the regulatory environment in their new home. PMI was able to capitalize on lower tobacco standards and limited advertising restrictions in global markets (and most especially developing markets) without the constraints of the negative regulatory environment and negative public attention back in the USA. This article weighs the ethical concerns of moving business to areas of less regulation versus the business advantages of such moves. There are many reasons why American corporations have begun to spin-off their international operations, but the question remains, whether the business is conducted domestically or internationally: Is the fiduciary duty to shareholders greater than the moral duty to prospective global consumers?
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Westcott, Sally, Benjamin Walrath, Jeremy Miller, Melissa Trumbull, and Craig Manifold. "Transition From Military Prehospital Medicine to Civilian EMS." Military Medicine 185, no. 9-10 (June 4, 2020): e1803-e1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa099.
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Abstract Introduction Currently, there is a disconnection between veteran military medics and the civilian Emergency Medical Services (EMS) workforce. This project aimed to characterize the rate of civilian certification among military medics, both active duty and retired, and identify perceived barriers to continuing a career in EMS after military separation. Materials and Methods The National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) administered a 21-question online survey to participants. Individuals were recruited through the National Association of EMTs membership communications, Military Relations Committee members, and social media. All responses were anonymous and no identifiable information was collected. Survey questions were compiled and reported as a percentage of respondents. Free-text responses were categorized based on broad themes identified by the authors and are reported as a percentage of respondents. Results Results included 456 veteran and active duty respondents, of whom 304 (70.7%) had prehospital experience while in the military and 250 (58.1%) had emergency department experience. Over 60% of respondents participated in combat-related duty with 37% having at least 18 months of overseas deployment. Civilian EMT certification was held by 164 (36.7%) survey participants and 170 held paramedic certification (38.1%), while 65 (14.6%) held no EMS certification. There were 119 (28.1%) respondents who stated that they did not plan to work in civilian EMS. Top selected reasons for not pursuing civilian EMS careers included: pursuing a medical career that was not prehospital (28.5%), pay disparity (18.1%), and no interest in civilian prehospital medicine (16.4%). Write in responses indicated general frustration with maintaining certification and a desire for advanced certification (AEMT, paramedic) to be supplied by the military prior to transitioning to a civilian workforce as many respondents felt their military-endowed skills and experiences were better aligned with these advanced EMS licenses. Conclusion The majority of survey respondents held an EMS certification of some kind and suggests that recent efforts to supply military medics with civilian certifications have been largely successful. However, there is still a large portion that remains noncertified or expresses disinterest with entering the civilian workforce. Generally, many of those certified feel their military scope of practice exceeded civilian EMT certification and requested AEMT or paramedic licensure opportunities while still active duty military.
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Bashir, Nadia. "The Drivers and Impacts of Family Obligations and Overseas Remittances Practices: A Case Study of Pakistani-Origin Individuals in the UK." Social Policy and Society 13, no. 2 (October 29, 2013): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746413000493.
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This article draws on detailed case studies of Pakistani-origin individuals in the UK to explore the complex and extraordinary financial and practical support they provide to family members within their neighbourhood and to family abroad in Pakistan. The article investigates the practice of remitting and the impact on those remitting funds abroad in the context of the struggles and multiple obligations they face on a daily basis in making ends meet. It is set against the political backdrop of the Conservative Party's ‘Big Society’ and ‘Broken Britain’ agenda, which points to the disintegration of values and duty and obligation in contemporary Britain. Contrary to the standards of ‘selfishness and individualism’, the article argues that religious and cultural values compel individuals to provide unrequited support, which often creates very difficult financial and practical situations, resulting in the need to compromise individuals’ own needs and opportunities.
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Küng, Enn. "Staatlichen Zölle - Portorium und Lizent - in den Städten den schwedischen Ostseeprovinzen." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 133 (May 30, 2020): 115–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2015.75.
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State Duties - Portorium and Licence - in the Towns of the Swedish Baltic ProvincesThe early modern mercantilist state focused on developing and exercising control over industrial and agricultural production as well as engaging in economic activities involving internal and external trade while collecting taxes and customs duties in order to fill the treasury. In the 16th-17th centuries, rapidly developing Sweden was no exception. It was in constant need of funds to support its growing bureaucratic apparatus and its army. From 1561, additional funds had to be allocated to retain and govern its expanding overseas territories. Trade and agriculture were Sweden’s principal source of income from its Baltic provinces. Therefore, it was deemed important to create an environment conducive to trade in order to generate greater tax and custom s revenues for the state. The customs tariffs of the Baltic Sea towns as well as the common customs system in Tallinn, Narva and Nyen arose from the state’s interest in bringing Western European andRussian trade back to the Baltic Sea.The aim of the article is to look rnore closely at the state duties - portorium and licence fees, plus oktroy and Anlage duties in Riga - levied on goods in the ports of the Baltic provinces of the Swedish realm, mainly Estonia, Livonia and Ösel (Saaremaa). The archival sources used in this study are the published and unpublished laws of the Swedish central authorities and the customs and account books which survive from the 17th Century. Of these, the most important ones were special customs and license ledgers from Estonia, Livonia, Ingria and Ösel in which the state receipts for licence duties and portorium from Riga, Tallinn, Narva, Nyen, Pärnu, Haapsalu and Kuressaare were registered. Separate Anlage duty records were kept in Riga. From the early 1630s, the account books of the governorates (ledgers, verifications and journals) also included state customs receipts, but each province was considered as a whole, without distinguishing separate towns. Data on portorium receipts can also be found in the town council archives, as the state ceded a third or even half of the customs receipts to the local town councils.Customs duties constituted one-third of the state’s revenues in the province of Estonia and one half or more in Livonia. The most important state customs were the portorium and licence duty (and the Anlage duty in Riga). While portorium was gencrally divided equally with the town where it was collected, licence duty was retained by the state in its entirety. Lesser duties were collected under the name Ungelder, and theamount and volume o f these increased over time. Generally, portorium duty brought in less revenue than licence duty. Sea customs tariffs, whichoften differed from town to town, formed a complex System. From 1648, only Tallinn, Narva and Nyen constituted a common customs region with lower customs tariffs than in Riga and Pärnu.
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Juicharoen, Nhatphaphat, and Suradetch Wangthong. "The Aging Workforce Management in Business Sectors." Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/qjmss.v3i1.37589.
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Background: Aging society affects good planning in workforce management for sustainable business running. Workforce management is not only the duty of human resources but also promotes the strategy for effective management.
Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyze the aging workforce management in business sectors.
Method: The research reviews relevant literature and, based on the evidence of theories about age-diverse management, creates a framework related to antecedent factors and the following factors. The testing applied the CBSEM model with a sample group of 300 respondents.
Result: The result found that planning “capacity in the workplace” and “knowledge management” are two factors that affect the potential corporate reputation efficiency of an organization significantly via “cultural value” and “social value” which were completely transformational.
Conclusion: The result of the study regarding the theory evidence and support research from overseas has a problem in applying to practice with an empirical result that differs locally. Therefore, the model needs to be verified with the local data, and develop a suitable model.
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Fedorowich, Kent. "The problems of disbandment: the Royal Irish Constabulary and imperial migration, 1919–29." Irish Historical Studies 30, no. 117 (May 1996): 88–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400012591.
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When the Anglo-Irish campaign ended in July 1921, the British government, in accordance with the agreed settlement, initiated the disbandment of the Royal Irish Constabulary (R.I.C.). For over a century the Irish police force, renamed the Royal Irish Constabulary in 1867, had carried the burden of policing in Ireland, and after 1916 it bore the brunt of escalating republican intimidation and violence. Now that the conflict was over and the R.I.C. faced dissolution, a number of questions remained outstanding. What would Whitehall do to assist former members of this force once British troops had withdrawn? What contingencies, if any, had been made by the British government for the speedy removal of these men who could not remain in Ireland ‘simply because they [had] performed their duty fearlessly as loyal servants of the Crown’? Was compensation forthcoming, and if so, what forms would it take? One suggestion which received close scrutiny was their resettlement in the overseas dominions — but how receptive were the dominion governments to this proposal?
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Majid, Zafrina. "Establishing a Memorial Trust Overseas (Kashmir) for the Promotion of Health, Awareness and Education." BJPsych Open 9, S1 (July 2023): S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.146.
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AimsTo promote physical and mental health in underprivileged communities; (II) to increase awareness on health matters in the community and students.MethodsMay 25th 2011, remains etched in author's mind. Her brother, Dr Syed Arshad Abbas, had a fatal accident while on duty. In 2012 family established a Memorial Trust. Since then, the following are provided: 1.A free medical health camp twice a year. Patients receive free consultation, free medication and referral to secondary or tertiary services.2.An ambulance service available all times.3.Two blood donation events, 2012 in collaboration with Red Cross and 2022, in collaboration with an international charity and the hospital of Baramulla.4.Sponsorship to students, from primary school to university, with a mentoring scheme for university students.5.Mental Health awareness programme every year in different Universities.Results1.To date, 3122 patients were seen at the camps. Medical and psychiatric specialist services are offered face to face or virtual. Depression, Anxiety Disorder and PTSD are the most prevalent disorders. There is an increase in substance use in youth. Polypharmacy is common practice.2.Ambulance catered for 2404 patients. The first patient was an 11-year-old boy, with acute abdomen. He was transferred to tertiary hospital and operated within three hours.3.Second blood donation event has broken the World Record of number of donations in one day. A database of regional donors was set up. Screening has identified two women with anaemia, highlighted health inequalities which were reported to local government.4.Sponsored and mentored university students have completed their degrees and secured placements in tertiary hospitals.5.Mental Health awareness programme identified the need for counselling services in universities and need for similar programmes.ConclusionThis project has given an opportunity to turn loss into positive and a grief into hope. It will help family to move on by providing to the local community. Being a medic trained in UK the author was able to utilize skills into serving her home community, put vision into action and fulfil Hippocratic oath.
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Glennerster, Rose, and Nathan Hodson. "Confused out of care: unanticipated consequences of a ‘Hostile Environment’." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 3 (January 20, 2020): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105634.
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The UK’s 2014 Immigration Act aimed to create a ‘Hostile Environment’ for migrants to the UK. One aspect of this was the restriction of access to secondary care for overseas visitors to the UK, although it remains the case that everybody living in the UK has the legal right to access primary care. In this paper, we argue that the effects of this policy extend beyond secondary care, including preventing eligible people from registering with a General Practice (GP), although as an unintended consequence. This problem arises from misinterpretation of policy wording, misleading GP websites and gatekeeping behaviour from front-line staff, even though there are no grounds in the current guidelines or law to support this. Free access to primary healthcare among refugees and asylum seekers living in deprived populations is particularly important in protecting patient health, given the burden of ill-health in this population and the multiple barriers to accessing early intervention they face. The medical profession has a duty to communicate their rights to this patient group—their legal entitlement to access free healthcare, and the vital importance of doing so.
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Villaruz Fisak, Jean F., Barbara S. Turner, Kyle Shepard, and Sean P. Convoy. "Buddy Care, a Peer-to-Peer Intervention: A Pilot Quality Improvement Project to Decrease Occupational Stress Among an Overseas Military Population." Military Medicine 185, no. 9-10 (July 27, 2020): e1428-e1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa171.
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Abstract Introduction Occupational stress can have a direct influence on worker safety and health. Navy medical professionals are known to neglect self-care, putting them at risk for deteriorations in psychological health that can lead to adverse patient outcomes. To support medical professionals, a peer-to-peer intervention called Buddy Care, embedded in Navy Medicine’s Caregiver Occupational Stress Control (CgOSC) program, was evaluated. Strategies to prevent and better manage occupational stress are vital to improve the health care providers’ abilities to cope with day-to-day stressors, which is crucial to maintaining mission readiness. The overarching aim of this quality improvement pilot project was to implement and evaluate Buddy Care and to provide context as an evidenced-based peer intervention and leadership tool at a military hospital in Guam. This project is the first to implement and evaluate Buddy Care intervention for an active duty U.S. Navy population stationed overseas. Materials and Methods A convenience sample of 40 Navy active duty assigned to three inpatient units were offered Buddy Care intervention, which was introduced by conducting a Unit Assessment. A pre-test and 3- and 6-month post-test intervention design used a self-administered, 79-item CgOSC Staff Wellness Questionnaire which included five validated measures to assess the independent variable: (1) Response to Stressful Experience Scale, (2) Perception of Safety, (3) Horizontal Cohesion, (4) Perceived Stress Scale, and (5) Burnout Measure, short version. This project was determined as exempt by the Department of Navy Human Research Protection Program and did not require further review by the Institutional Review Board. Results Of the 40 questionnaires collected, 39 were partially completed. Paired sample t-tests were conducted between designated time-points to maximize the sample size and retain the repeated measures nature of the outcome variables. The small sample size allowed for statistical comparisons; however no statistically significant differences were found across the time-points. There was a large effect size for Perceptions of Safety and a medium effect size for Burnout Measure from baseline to 3 months, with both lowered at the 6 months. Although the sample size was too small to achieve statistical significance, the effect size analysis suggested that significance might be obtained with a larger sample. Conclusion The small number of participants and missing data significantly limited the ability to identify reliable changes across time-points. Despite the lack of statistically significant findings, there was an unintended positive result. The Unit Assessment piqued the interest of other departments, and during the project period, 11 departments requested a Unit Assessment. Although there were no requests for Buddy Care intervention from the targeted sample, it was occurring an average of 40 times per month throughout the command. Replication of this project in a similar setting is encouraged so that Buddy Care can be further evaluated. Understanding the effectiveness of well-mental health programs that promote early intervention and prevention efforts may contribute to a psychologically tougher medically ready force. Shortly after project completion, a CgOSC Instruction was approved by the Navy Surgeon General, highlighting the importance of CgOSC and Buddy Care on the operational readiness of Navy Medicine.
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Goodrich, Derrick I. "Comparing portraits." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 13, no. 2 (October 31, 2007): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.13.2.3.
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The charge given to a nation’s free press in informing the public of the world around them is immense and essential to a functioning democratic society. A free press functions optimally when it operates independent from the constraining influence of powerful entities within its government, thus, allowing it to fulfil its role as an independent check on government action. As events unfold overseas, papers fill various columns with what is deemed “newsworthy.” If and how these unfolding events are reported back to the public carries tremendous weight in helping to form public opinion that either supports, opposes, or remains indifferent to the policy that governments implement abroad. The boardrooms of a nation’s leading news outlets are filled with individuals who also possess the ability to significantly counter or reinforce government claims concerning the relevance, consequences, or threats encompassed within overseas developments; from their leading headlines splashed across page one to the very wording used to depict a particular event. These abilities, when combined, allow a nation’s media to exert substantial influence on constraining or expanding decision-making options for policymakers who wish to garner public support or avoid potential public backlash. This paper will examine how this influence was exercised within U.S. society and its three leading news sources (The New York Times, Washington Post, and Chicago Tribune) in the reporting of four significant events: the 1960 Sharpeville Massacre in apartheid South Africa, the 1975 Indonesian invasion of East Timor, the Kwangju Massacre of 1980 in South Korea, and the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The goal of this paper is to recount the historic role the U.S. media has played in its telling of developing international events, and determine whether it has fulfilled its duty to inform the public with the impartiality it lays claim to or whether, at times, it simply mirrors the foreign policy agenda of a particular administration and operates in a manner as to ensure its successful implementation.
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Ojeda, Elvis. "Transnational Corporate Liability Litigation and Access to Environmental Justice: The Vedanta v Lungowe Case." LSE Law Review 6, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.61315/lselr.166.
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On April 10, 2019, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom released the Vedanta Resources Plc & another v Lungowe & others judgment. This case dealt with an English domiciled parent company’s possible liability for alleged environmental damage caused by one of its subsidiaries in Zambia. Based on the arguable duty of care Vedanta could owe to foreign claimants affected by the operations of one of its overseas subsidiaries, the Supreme Court ruling adopted a ‘new approach’ –regarding transnational corporate liability litigation–, which established that the parent company’s home state’s national courts might have jurisdiction to hear this case. This article seeks to explore the Supreme Court’s judgment, which is expected to have significant consequences and influence the reasoning of other domestic courts in countries where parent companies are located. Although the Supreme Court’s decision aims to give access to justice to the affected (Zambian) community, this article argues that it is questionable whether the adoption of this ‘new approach’ would encourage parent companies to adopt measures oriented towards the compliance of international environmental standards. Instead, the Court’s ruling could lead parent companies to assume less responsibility and to be less transparent regarding operations carried out by their foreign subsidiaries.
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Maekawa, Miko, Mikiyasu Nakayama, Ryo Fujikura, Takayasu Yoshida, and Nagisa Shiiba. "Highly Skilled Migrant Workers as a Vulnerability of Small Island Developing States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cases of Three Countries in Micronesia." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 3 (April 1, 2022): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0380.
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Several small island developing states (SIDS) in the Pacific managed to avoid the COVID-19 pandemic by implementing measures to ensure national isolation. Primarily due to being ordered to leave by their respective organizations, e.g., overseas development administration (ODA) in the developed world, many highly skilled migrant workers left these countries. This sudden exodus of highly skilled foreigners created a number of problems in these countries; for example, schools suffered from teacher staffing shortages and hospitals had reduced capacity to offer medical services due to the paucity of nurses and doctors. This study aims to examine the situations in the Federated State of Micronesia (FSM), Palau, and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), where many foreign workers have left their duty stations to return home under COVID-19, to elicit lessons learned and possible ways and means to alleviate the observed problems. To this end, literature surveys and interviews were conducted with informants. Results indicated that developing and maintaining a remote work environment is a promising method to fill the gaps caused by the sudden absence of foreign workers in management posts, even under non-emergency situation. This is because in the case that highly skilled migrant workers are forced to vacate their duty stations suddenly, immediately hiring replacements is often not possible. Promoting distance education also proved effective for COVID-19-free nations such as the FSM, Palau, and the RMI, not only during emergencies, but also during normal times. Similarly, the daily use of telemedicine is likely to be effective in coping with emergencies, as shown in the case of FSM’s Pohnpei State Hospital. We found both distance education and telemedicine to be effective measures to address the sudden departure of highly skilled migrant workers in the fields of education and medical services. Moreover, other forms of remote work should prove useful in other sectors such as industry and administration. These systems should be progressively developed during non-emergency times and integrated into the daily operations of relevant sectors.
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Lim, Dong Sup. "A Study on the exclusionary Clause of ‘Professional Climbing for club activities’ in Health-Accidental Insurance." Korean Insurance Law Association 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 269–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36248/kdps.2022.16.2.269.
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The standard terms and conditions of Personal accident and Sickness Insurance compensate for sudden, external and identifiable event that happens by chance, but "professional climbing for the purpose of job, duty and club activity" shall not be compensated unless additional contracts.
An insured person, a member of the mountaineering club and an educational technology director of the Gwangju Metropolitan Federation of the Korea Alpine Federation, fell and died while climbing the 8,586m above sea level in Kanchenjunga. The Supreme Court cannot be regarded as professional climbing for the purpose of job or duties ① because it is not a professional climbing for the purpose of maintaining a living, such as the Brand Climbing Team or the Business Team, ② The parallel listing of "the purpose of the club’s activities" along with "job and duty" in the exclusionary provision, is based on the fact that the club’s activities are repeated for a certain period of time, such as job or duty. ③ In other words, in the case of overseas expedition climbing, several people form a team and it will take a considerable period of time from the preparation stage to the actual climbing stage, so it cannot be considered for the purpose of club activities just because several people prepared for a long time and did professional climbing together. ④ In addition, the Gwangju Mountaineering Union, which limited membership requirements to member organizations, was not allowed to join, and the Gwangju Mountaineering Union was not directly or indirectly involved in the expedition. ⑤ In the case of the Himalayan Kanchenjunga expedition, death benefit should be paid because it is not a "professional climbing for the purpose of club activities" stipulated in the exclusionary provision because people from different mountaineering clubs are only one-time. A professional mountaineer who has climbed alpine more than 8,000 meters four times in the past while interpreting the purpose of the club’s activities excessively reduced and recognized the insurer’s responsibility for paying a death benefit again during alpine climbing, making the exclusionary provision useless. Therefore, it is judged that the best way is to clearly define "professional climbing for the purpose of club activities", separate Alpine climbing, and enter into an insurance contract through additional subscription and acceptance procedures for "Professional sports Applicable to the policy" to meet the original purpose of exclusionary provision. It is expected that disputes related to professional climbing for the purpose of club activities will be minimized through the revision of the standard terms and conditions in the future.
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Valdiri, Linda A., Virginia E. Andrews-Arce, and Jason M. Seery. "Training Forward Surgical Teams for Deployment: The US Army Trauma Training Center." Critical Care Nurse 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): e11-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2015752.
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Since the late 1980s, the US Army has been deploying forward surgical teams to the most intense areas of conflict to care for personnel injured in combat. The forward surgical team is a 20-person medical team that is highly mobile, extremely agile, and has relatively little need of outside support to perform its surgical mission. In order to perform this mission, however, team training and trauma training are required. The large majority of these teams do not routinely train together to provide patient care, and that training currently takes place at the US Army Trauma Training Center (ATTC). The training staff of the ATTC is a specially selected 10-person team made up of active duty personnel from the Army Medical Department assigned to the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital Ryder Trauma Center in Miami, Florida. The ATTC team of instructors trains as many as 11 forward surgical teams in 2-week rotations per year so that the teams are ready to perform their mission in a deployed setting. Since the first forward surgical team was trained at the ATTC in January 2002, more than 112 forward surgical teams and other similar-sized Department of Defense forward resuscitative and surgical units have rotated through trauma training at the Ryder Trauma Center in preparation for deployment overseas.
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JONES, EDGAR, ADAM THOMAS, and STEPHEN IRONSIDE. "Shell shock: an outcome study of a First World War ‘PIE’ unit." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 2 (November 9, 2006): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706009329.
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Background. ‘Forward psychiatry’ was introduced by the French Army in 1915 to stem the loss of troops to base hospitals. Also known by the acronym PIE (proximity to the battle, immediacy of treatment and expectancy of recovery, including return to duty), it was subsequently used by the British and Americans in both World Wars. The US Army used PIE techniques in Korea and Vietnam. Although widely accepted as an effective intervention, forward psychiatry is not amenable to random-controlled trials and only one controlled outcome study has been conducted.Method. All 3580 soldiers with shell shock admitted to 4 Stationary Hospital between January and November 1917 were recorded. Unit details, military experience, length of stay and outcomes were analysed. Soldiers were categorized into combat, combat-support and non-combatant groups. Admissions were correlated with military operations to compare the impact of defensive and offensive phases of warfare.Results. Rates of admission for shell shock rose significantly during offensives when physical casualties escalated. Combat troops were disproportionately represented. Over 50% of admissions had less than 9 months service in France and 21% broke down within 3 months of going overseas. Less than 20% returned directly to combat units, most going to other hospitals, convalescent depots or base duties.Conclusions. Forward psychiatry was not effective in returning combat troops to fighting units but, by allocating soldiers to support roles, it prevented discharge from the armed forces. Uncertainties remain about relapses, including other routes that servicemen used to escape from a combat zone.
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Singhal, L. B. "Evolution and Performance of Indian EPZs/SEZs." Foreign Trade Review 40, no. 3 (October 2005): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515050301.
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A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is defined as a specially delineated duty free enclave for trade operations. This area is reckoned as a foreign territory for the purpose of duties and tariffs. Movement of goods/services between SEZ and Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) is treated as exports and imports. SEZ units can be set up for export of goods and services including trading. Establishment of EPZs/SEZs is essentially a post World War-II syndrome when import substitution was gradually discarded to adopt export led growth – opened up/free trade policy. Rationale for setting up EPZs/SEZs emanates from natural endowments and other resources of different countries. The developing countries have plenty of cheep labour but they lack in export related infrastructure, technology and even access to their products in overseas markets. The first example of EPZ – Shannon Export Processing Zone – designed to liberalize trade/FDI debuted in Ireland during 1956. First FTZ in India was set up at Kandla in 1965. Then came the establishment of EPZs at SEEPZ (1974), Cochin, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Falta, Noida and Surat. As a part of its Export & Import Policy, the Government of India had announced setting up of SEZs in April 2000. The Government of India has enacted SEZ Act, 2005 in June 2005. At present, 14 SEZs are operating and approvals have been given for establishment of 64 more such enclaves. The paper attempts to throw light on the major issues involving evolution and performance of Indian EPZs/SEZs.
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KALICKI, KONRAD. "Electoral Rights beyond Territory and beyond Citizenship? The Case of South Korea." Japanese Journal of Political Science 10, no. 3 (October 30, 2009): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109909990077.
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AbstractCurrent world migration is disrupting conceptual boundaries of national democratic polities. One area where the traditional sense of political community is being challenged concerns electoral rights for non-resident citizens and non-citizen residents. With the right to vote being an ultimate expression of political membership in a democratic nation-state, any debates about these two groups’ suffrage rights constitute a critical source of empirical insights into how democracies re-imagine themselves away from fixed identities under the pressure of globalization. In view of this, this paper examines the understudied case of South Korea, utilizing the most systematic theoretical framework currently available: one developed by Rainer Bauböck. It provides direct empirical evidence that undermines the conventional wisdom that Koreans define their polity purely on the basis of their ethnicity. Contrary to our expectations, a close scrutiny of the Korean debates in question reveals ample references to the civic ideals of political community. The line of reasoning that emphasizes duties towards the welfare of the polity has produced powerful justifications for denying political franchise to overseas compatriots, while granting limited electoral rights to qualified resident foreigners. A broader implication of this empirical finding is that it highlights a fundamental limitation of Bauböck's theoretical framework: it conceives political franchise only as an expression of people's rights in regard to law-making. The case of South Korea, thus, suggests that Bauböck's scheme should be modified to address both the rights-based logics and the somewhat obsolete duty-based logic of franchise extension.
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Selig, Daniel J., Jeannette Collins, Tyler L. Church, and Joseph Zeman. "An Editorial Review of Mobile Health: Implications for the US Military Health System." Military Medicine 184, no. 7-8 (April 20, 2019): e253-e258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz073.
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Abstract Introduction The United States Military Health System provides healthcare to a diverse patient population throughout the world. There are three distinct challenges that the Military Health System faces. (1) Providers have varying degrees of clinical training expertise and may be called upon to practice outside their usual scope of care. (2) There is geographic isolation of patients and providers with limited resources while stationed overseas. (3) Patients are at higher risk of breaks in continuity of care because of permanent change of duty stations, deployments, and retirement. Materials and Methods In this article we review the history of mobile health in both the civilian and military sectors, and how mobile health may be used to address the challenges unique to the United States Military Health System. Results There are many good initiatives in military mobile health, however they are decentralized and different across the services and military treatment facilities. We describe some military specific success stories with improving patient access to care and disease specific mobile health applications implemented. Conclusions Mobile health is a powerful platform which can help deliver standardized care in missions around the world and improve access to care for patients at military treatment facilities in the United States. The United States Military Health System would benefit greatly from creating universal mobile health applications to assist providers in patient access to care, military mission readiness, and disease specific modules. Future resources should be dedicated to the development of a mobile health application pool that is universally implemented across services to improve quality of care delivered at home and in theater by military providers.
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Lee, Sung-Jae. "Patriotism in American Pin-Up Girls during World War II." Korea Association of World History and Culture 68 (September 30, 2023): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2023.09.68.245.
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During World War II, Pin-Ups played a big role in military propaganda. At the time, Pin-Ups weren’t just about comforting soldiers on the battlefield. Therein lay a uniquely American patriotism. In a liberal country like the United States, it is difficult to ask citizens to defend the country, so American politicians had to appeal to private obligations, first and foremost the moral obligations that exist between men and women. Pin-Ups were a useful tool to arouse men’s patriotism by conveying the message that they should defend their wives and girlfriends on the mainland.
Meanwhile, American women were able to find their own new sexual identity through Pin-Ups. The conventions that confined women to the roles of wife and mother were broken during the war. New attributes of independence and assertiveness were spreading among American women. The Pin-Up Girl, an icon of the active and desirable woman, was a useful model for American women to create a new self.
With the end of World War II and the return of men from overseas, the social climate for women returned to the past. A country that had actively supported women’s mobilization into the workforce during the war now began to tell women that it was their patriotic duty to return home. Women lost their place in the workplace and men-only magazines like Playboy became popular. However, the sense of liberation that American women experienced during the war, and the experience of living as full members of society, would later lead to the American women’s movement of the 1960s.
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Boatwright, Michael A., Gregory Utz, Anjali Kunz, Rhonda E. Colombo, Jamie Fraser, Huai-Ching Kuo, David Tribble, and Tahaniyat Lalani. "726. Operational Impact of Infectious Disease Threats During Military Travel." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.923.
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Abstract Background We evaluated the incidence and operational impact of travelers’ diarrhea (TD), influenza-like illness (ILI) and undifferentiated febrile illness (FI) in US active duty (AD) personnel traveling outside the continental U.S for deployment (DEP), joint military training exercises (EXR) or other military travel (e.g. Temporary Duty Travel) (TDY). Methods AD personnel traveling for ≤ 6.5 months were prospectively enrolled between 2010-2019. Participants completed a post-travel survey regarding risk behaviors, illnesses and impact on daily activities. Trip purpose was categorized into DEP, EXR, TDY and syndromic definitions were used to identify cases of TD, ILI and FI based on symptoms. A multivariate logistic regression model with backward selection was used to determine the odds ratio associated with partial or complete incapacitation due to infections (a composite endpoint of either TD, ILI or FI). Results 1822 servicemembers were enrolled: 36.2% traveled on DEP, 36.2% for EXR and 27.7% for TDY (Table 1). 83.5% of personnel traveling for DEP were Special Operations and Marine units, and 82% of the EXR group participated in Pacific Pathways. Overall, 19% of US personnel experienced infections associated with partial or complete incapacitation (median duration of incapacitation- TD: 1 day; ILI: 4 days; FI: 3 days). DEP personnel had a longer travel duration and the highest rate of partial or complete incapacitation due to TD, ILI or FI (Figure 1 and 2). Risk factors associated with partial or complete incapacitation due to infections were non-adherence with malaria chemoprophylaxis (OR: 1.7 [95%CI:1.2-2.4]), close contact with locals (OR:1.7 [95%CI:1.3-2.2]), inability to clean hands regularly before meals (OR: 1.7 [95%CI: 1.3-2.3]), fresh water or rodent exposure OR: 1.4 (95%CI:1.1-1.9) and consuming street vendor food (OR:1.8 [95%CI:1.3-2.4]). Table 1. Demographic and travel characteristics of AD personnel traveling outside the continental US. Proportion of AD servicemembers that experienced TD, ILI or undifferentiated febrile illness during DEP, EXR, TDY (p<0.05 for the comparison of each illness between DEP, EXR and TDY). Figure 2. Proportion of AD personnel with partial or complete incapacitation due to TD, ILI or FI during DEP, EXR or TDY (p < 0.05 for the comparison of each illness between DEP, EXR and TDY). Conclusion Infectious disease syndromes are common during overseas military travel. TD had the highest negative impact on military travel especially among DEP personnel. We identified several modifiable risk factors associated with incapacitating infections which can be used to inform preventive and treatment strategies. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Okulate, G. T., and C. Oguine. "Homicidal violence during foreign military missions - prevention and legal issues." South African Journal of Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v12i1.52.
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<p><strong>Objectives.</strong> The study involved Nigerian soldiers engaged in peacekeeping missions in Liberia and Yugoslavia. Using case illustrations, the study sought to describe patterns of homicidal violence among soldiers from the same country or soldiers from allied forces, and to suggest possible reasons for the attacks.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Design and setting.</strong> Nigeria was actively involved in peacekeeping missions in Liberia between 1990 and 1996. During this period, intentional homicidal attacks occurred among the Nigerian military personnel. Post- homicidal interviews conducted among the perpetrators were combined with evidence obtained at military courts to produce the case studies.</p><p><strong>Subjects.</strong> Six Nigerian military personnel who attacked other Nigerians or soldiers from allied forces, with homicidal intent.</p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Possible predisposing and precipitating factors for these attacks were highlighted. The possibility of recognising these factors before embarking on overseas missions was discussed, so that preventive measures could be instituted as far as possible. Finally, medico-legal implications of homicide in the military were discussed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.</strong> A certain degree of pre-combat selection is essential to exclude soldiers with definite severe psychopathology. A clearly defined length of duty in the mission areas and adequate communication with home could reduce maladjustment. Health personnel deployed to mission areas should be very conversant with mental health issues so that early recognition of psychological maladjustment is possible.</p>
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Preston, Judith. "If mining conflicts suppress the right of public participation, then can mining be sustainable?" International Journal of Rural Law and Policy, no. 1 (September 8, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijrlp.i1.2014.3849.
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Mining of natural resources has surpassed agriculture as the basis for Australia’s economy; but at what cost? It is essential to Australia’s economic health to have access to a continuing income stream from a number of sources including minerals. However, there is a presumption – in both the political and resources sectors – that mining interests should trump all other interests, including social and environmental ones. A number of recent conflicts involving major mining projects in Australia and overseas have highlighted the fallacy of the claimed economic and social benefits, as well as the dangers to the community, the legal profession and the judiciary of suppressing public participation in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process.Any actions by the executive to exclude public participation in reviewing documentation related to resource management and extractive developments by legislative or policy changes such as the proposed new planning legislation in NSW and the new mining State Environmental Planning Policy (Mining Petroleum, Production and Extractive Industries) Amendment (Resource Significance) 2013 (Amended Mining SEPP), are retrogressive steps. The argument in this paper is that, due to the often negative and large-scale impacts that mineral extraction developments may have on the community and the environment, mineral extraction developments should be subject to a rigorous EIA processes which incorporate effective and inclusive rights of public participation, especially in relation to major projects. Such rights should be enshrined in environmental legislation in the objects clause, standing for merit and judicial review provisions, and there should be a duty for the decision-makers to properly consider public submissions. Such provisions may lead to revision of the development or its outright rejection. Furthermore, innovative policies, programmes and legislative reform should be drafted to protect public participation and the right to oppose inappropriate developments.
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Phillips, Peter C. B. "UNIT ROOTS IN LIFE—A GRADUATE STUDENT STORY." Econometric Theory 30, no. 4 (February 25, 2014): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466613000455.
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On the evening of March 7, 2008, the New Zealand Econometric Study Group Meeting held its Conference Dinner. The venue was the Owen Glenn Building, the spectacular new home of the Auckland Business School and the Department of Economics at the University of Auckland. The meeting was organized by my colleagues, co-authors, and close companions Donggyu Sul and Chirok Han. Chirok did double duty by videotaping the evening, Donggyu coordinated festivities with consummate skill, and we settled in to a memorable evening.Econometricians, old friends, former students, two of my former teachers, faculty, and senior administrators were gathered together to celebrate my 60th birthday. Many had traveled long distances from overseas and navigated busy schedules to come to this event. It was a singular honor. My wife and daughter were with me. Opening speeches from Bas Sharp and John McDermott broke the ice with endearing tales from the past and jokes about some mysterious hole in my vita. I stood at the front table, looked out, and felt a glow of fellowship envelop me. I was fortunate indeed. Life had bestowed many gifts. The warmth of family, friends, and collegiality were at the top of the list. My education and early training in New Zealand were a clear second.What follows is a graduate student story. It draws on the first part of the speech I gave that evening at the NZESG conference dinner. It mixes personal reflections with recollections of the extraordinary New Zealanders who shaped my thinking as a graduate student and beginning researcher—people who have had an enduring impact on my work and career as an econometrician. The story traces out these human initial conditions and unit roots that figure in my early life of teaching and research.
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So, C. J., C. A. Alfano, L. A. Riviere, and P. J. Quartana. "0273 Residual Sleep Difficulties During Reset Operations Predict Greater Post-Deployment Mental Health Difficulties in U.S. Soldiers: A Cross-Lagged Analysis." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.271.
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Abstract Introduction Military service is associated with a number of occupational stressors, including non-conducive sleeping environments, shift schedules, and extended deployments overseas. Service members who undergo combat deployments are at increased risk for mental health and sleep difficulties. Bidirectional associations between sleep and mental health difficulties are routinely observed, but the directional association of these difficulties from one deployment to the next has not been addressed. The purpose of this study was to examine whether residual sleep problems or mental health difficulties after a 12-month period of reset operations following an initial deployment were associated with changes in sleep and mental health following a subsequent deployment. Methods Data from 74 U.S. Soldiers were case-matched across three time points. Participants were assessed 6 months (T1) and 12 months (T2) following an initial deployment. Participants were then assessed 3 months (T3) following a subsequent deployment. Symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, depression, and sleep difficulties were assessed at all three time points. Results Cross-lagged hierarchical regression models revealed that residual sleep difficulties across the time points uniquely predicted later changes in PTSD and anxiety symptoms, but not depressive symptoms, following a subsequent deployment. Conversely, residual mental health difficulties were not unique predictors of later changes in sleep difficulties. Conclusion These findings suggest that higher levels of residual sleep difficulties 12 months following a prior deployment are associated with larger increases in mental health problems following a subsequent deployment. Moreover, and importantly, the converse association was not supported. Residual mental health difficulties prior to deployment were not associated with changes in sleep difficulties. These data provide a viable target for intervention during reset operations to mitigate mental health difficulties associated with combat deployments. They might also help inform return-to-duty decisions. Support N/A.
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Sgrignoli, Robert, Matthew Joseph Rendo, Kevin Sunderland, Joshua Fenderson, Chungting Kou, James K. Aden, Michael J. Morris, and Christin DeStefano. "Impact of Deployment on Survival in Military Personnel with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-181907.
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Introduction: It is estimated that approximately 3.5 million active duty service members (ADSM) have deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq from 2001-2022. There has been concern about potential exposure to carcinogenic or environmental hazards during overseas deployment. A recent study found ADSM with no prior deployments had an increased risk of cancer mortality compared to those who had served in Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom. Moreover, Nordic personnel with military deployments were also found to have a lower risk of cancer related death when compared to the general population. While there may be a link between potential environmental exposures, there is a lack of data on non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) survival in servicemembers who have previously deployed. Additionally, there are no studies comparing risk of aggressive B-cell lymphoma in these patient populations. Methods: Documented cases of NHL in the DoD's Tumor Registry (Oncolog) from 2001-2022 were obtained. This information was compared to the Defense Manpower Data Center's deployment data and the two datasets were merged. ADSMs and retirees were included; dependents were excluded. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to assess the impact of prior deployment on cancer survival in NHL, accounting for age, race, cancer stage, ethnicity, and gender. Results: There were 2,295 servicemembers and retirees diagnosed with NHL from 2001-2022. About 20% had previously deployed (n=467). Median age at diagnosis in those who had deployed was 35 years compared to 54 years for non-deployed (p<0.001). Race, ethnicity, and gender were similar between both arms. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated prior deployment was associated with better survival after accounting for age, race, stage, ethnicity, and gender (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.40-0.97, p=0.037). In addition to deployment status, other variables that influenced survival were age (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.03-1.54, p<0.001), stage (OR 2.92 for stage IV vs. stage I, 95% CI 2.06-4.15, p<0.001), and race (OR 1.97 for black vs. white race, 95% CI 1.37-2.83, p<0.001). To assess whether NHL subtype played a role in these findings, a post-hoc analysis was performed on patients with B-cell NHLs, revealing that ADSM with prior deployment were equally likely to have indolent and aggressive subtypes of B-cell NHL as ADSM who had never deployed. Among personnel with prior deployment, 29.6% and 70.4% had indolent and aggressive B-cell NHLs respectively, compared to 32.9% and 67.1% amongst those who never deployed (p=0.25). Conclusions: Military personnel with NHL who had previously deployed lived longer than those with no prior deployment, even after adjusting for age differences between the two cohorts. These findings are not attributable to B-cell NHL subtype (i.e. deployed personnel did not have more indolent NHLs than non-deployed personnel). These results highlight the healthy deployer effect, in which ADSM who are deployable are required to meet minimum fitness standards, undergo a physical health assessment, and do not have disqualifying comorbidities. This study did not evaluate whether an overseas deployment is associated with an increased risk of NHL, but it does appear to provide evidence that potential deployment-related exposures do not appear to alter the biology or subtype of B-cell NHLs. Disclaimer: The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views, opinions or policies of the Department of Defense (DoD) or the Departments of the Army, Navy, or Air Force. Mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
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Satya Pramana, I. Gede Arya Suta, and Ni Wayan Sutiani. "Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Tugas Dan Fungsi Bagian Humas Dan Protokol Dalam Menjaga Citra Kepala Daerah Pada Humas Dan Protokol Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Jembrana." Jurnal Ilmiah Cakrawarti 3, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jic.v3i1.131.
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Every government agency, company, or other institution must have a PublicRelations and Protocol. Public Relations and Protocols have the duty and function totake responsibility and maintain a positive image that already exists in an agency orcompany and to better re-image where the agency or company is located, has the roleof delivering a policy or all information carried out by an agency or a company. Fromthe above background, the purpose of this study is to find out how the effectivenessof the implementation of the duties and functions of the Public Relations and ProtocolSection in Maintaining the Image of the Regional Head (Study in the Public Relationsand Protocol Section of the Jembrana Regency Regional Secretariat.The data in thisstudy are qualitative secondary data. The population was taken from employees in thePublic Relations and Protocol Section of the District Secretariat of Jembrana totaling35, the sample method used was the census method. The data analysis technique usedis descriptive qualitative analysis. Data collection methods used in this research areinterview and documentation study methods.The results of the study showed that theeffectiveness of the duties and functions of the Public Relations and Protocol sectionin maintaining the image of regional heads in the Regional Secretariat of JembranaDistrict had been going well, as seen from the indicators: Reception / hearing(domestic and foreign) was carried out in accordance with the specified standards.Guest visits (domestic and foreign) are carried out in accordance with applicableguidelines. Travel to the region / Overseas is carried out in accordance with specifiedguidelines. Meeting / session arrangements are well implemented. The holding of areception / banquet has been carried out well. The implementation of the ceremoniesis in accordance with the established rules. With the implementation of the duties andfunctions of the Public Relations and Protocol section, the image of the regional headcan be maintained properly, as seen from the indicators: Personality of the regionalhead increases with the implementation of public relations and protocol activitiesproperly. Reputation of Jembrana Regency has improved the implementation ofpublic relations and procolo activities. The value of Jembrana Regency increases withthe implementation of public relations and procolo activities properly. Identity or selfcan be seen by the implementation of public relations and protocol activities well.
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Quigley, Robert Lawrence, Lisbeth Claus, and Ashley Nixon. "Behavioral health morbidity for those studying or working internationally." Journal of Global Mobility 3, no. 4 (December 14, 2015): 418–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-10-2014-0051.
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Purpose – The increase in prevalence of behavioral health issues among college and university students is burdening the scholastic sector both domestically and internationally. More American students participate in study abroad programs than ever before. These provide educational institutions with additional duty of care challenges and responsibilities especially when it comes to their health status while studying or working abroad. The requests for assistance to an assistance service provider of students from US universities studying abroad were compared to international assignees from US employers in terms of closing diagnoses and case outcome types. The purpose of this paper is to indicate that there are differences in diagnoses and case outcomes between students studying abroad and employees working abroad. Students are more likely than international assignees to be diagnosed with behavioral health issues, to be referred to a health provider (rather than being treated through in-patient care) and to be evacuated or repatriated. It is recommended that US universities change their duty of care practice from the “inform and prepare” to a higher level benchmark, commonly practiced in the US corporate sector, of “assess, assist and protect.” Design/methodology/approach – US employers and universities often contract with a service provider for international travel assistance for their traveling employees/students. The sample consisted of case records of a large assistance service provider based on request for assistance (RFAs) by international assignees and students from its different US client organizations (US employers and universities) over a 24-month period (January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011), with all client travel originating in the USA and traveling abroad. A two-year framework was used to include a larger sample of short- and long-term international assignees. The individual requesting assistance (student or international assignee) was the primary unit of analysis. The multiple case records can be viewed as a “case study” of an assistance provider (Yin, 2014). According to Yin’s case study design typology, this research used a single case (embedded) design. It is a single case study of client records from a global assistance provider of medical and security services for international travelers. The case study was embedded because it involved more than one unit of analysis. The case study included 17,071 records from two different subunits: 831 students studying abroad from 82 US universities and 16,240 US international assignees working for 889 US employers requesting assistance for health-related issues from the global service provider. The US client organizations included universities with study abroad programs and employers of different sizes and industries who have global mobility programs. Findings – The hypotheses related to different diagnoses and outcomes based on RFAs while working or studying internationally were confirmed in spite of the fact the age and gender (important antecedents of morbidity) were controlled. Compared to international assignees, students are more likely to be diagnosed with behavioral health issues, more likely to be referred to a health provider (rather than being treated) and more likely to be evacuated/repatriated. This not only shows the importance of behavioral issues among students while studying abroad but also indicates that the corporate organizational support structures for international assignees are different than those universities provide to students. Research limitations/implications – This study assessed how RFAs by students studying abroad differed from international assignees working in corporate organizations. With this type of case study, the mode of generalization is “analytic” rather than “statistical.” In analytic generalization, the empirical results of the case study are compared to a previously developed theory (Yin, 2004, p. 38). As a result, the authors are striving to generalize the particular empirical results of students and international assignees to the broader institutional theory. Practical implications – The research has implications for further research. First, these results can be replicated with other samples of students studying abroad. If replications result in similar findings, indicating that students have increased risk of being diagnosed with behavioral health conditions, this finding can be probed for a better understanding of both process and outcome. For instance, future research can delineate the specific behavioral health diagnoses the students are receiving, which can have important implications for behavioral health care providers, educational duty of care considerations, as well as direct future research in this area. An additional area of critical importance for future research will be elucidating the students’ systemic experience of increased stress associated by studying abroad, the subsequent psychological and physiological responses, as well as how students are impacted by this stress. There are also some systemic stresses that are unique to the study/work abroad context. Many of the administrative requirements (such as required paperwork for travel, visas, travel scholarships, funding, vaccinations, health care, etc.) are taken care of for international assignees by their employers through the global mobility division. They are not necessarily done by universities for their students. Students are largely responsible for these themselves although with some guidance through the study abroad program staff. Researchers can also examine how cultural adjustment models apply to students studying abroad. For instance, how might changes in anticipatory adjustment impact student development of behavioral health conditions, including both individual factors such as pre-travel training, as well as organizational factors such as selection systems designed to identify those that could need additional behavioral health support while they are abroad. Likewise, in-country adjustment can also be evaluated in future research to identify individual, organizational and cultural aspects that could be associated with increased behavioral health diagnoses in students. Such research can shed more light on this understudied population, illuminating the steps that university can take, with regard to duty of care concerns, to ensure students have safe and beneficial experiences abroad. Social implications – The population of corporate international assignees is emotionally more mature and more experienced in world travel and therefore more likely to be adaptable to the challenges of traveling and living abroad than the study abroad population of students. As more students enroll in study abroad programs, the absence of an infrastructure to support behavioral health issues at the time of enrollment, while on-site and upon return will only result in more exposure for both students and educational institutions. E-learning tools, and even anonymous student self-exams can assist in determining fitness for study abroad. Simultaneously, colleges and universities must educate their local and distant faculty/team leaders, host institutions as well as other students to recognize and react appropriately to a behavioral health crisis. Adherence to such a strategy will certainly help to mitigate the risk of a failed study abroad experience. Although this study is limited to US students traveling overseas, behavioral health is an issue with students globally. American institutions hosting foreign students should, therefore, re-evaluate their existing domestic resources to accommodate the psychological needs of their visiting international students. It is the authors recommendation that, prior to travel, students should develop greater self-awareness, with or without the assistance of a professional. Implementing these recommendations will move university duty of care practice from the “inform and prepare” to a higher level benchmark, commonly practiced in the corporate sector, of “assess, assist and protect.” Originality/value – With regard to case outcomes, students had lower odds of experiencing severe outcomes, such as in- and out-patient care, than international assignees. Similarly, students had lower odds of being evacuated or repatriated than international assignees.
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Gao, Shuojia. "Research on the Judgement Standard of the Duty of Care of Internet Service Providers." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 55, no. 1 (June 6, 2024): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/55/20240059.
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The internet service providers tort liability for general fault tort liability, which means that network service providers bear the tort liability need to subjective fault for the elements, then for the network service provider's subjective fault judgement standard objectively to rise to the network service provider's reasonable duty of care judgement standard above the problem. Up to now, about the network service provider's duty of care standard judgement is still no clear provisions, in the legal and judicial fields are more controversial. This paper explores these issues through an analysis of trial practices, seeking to establish a more standardized approach to evaluating ISPs' duty of care. The findings suggest that adopting the "good manager" standard could significantly enhance the clarity and effectiveness of managing ISPs' tort liabilities. It proposes the establishment of a dedicated management association within ISPs to implement and oversee these management policies consistently across the sector. This approach aims to not only define but also enforce a reasonable duty of care standard that is both fair and practicable.