Academic literature on the topic 'Overloaded government'
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Journal articles on the topic "Overloaded government"
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Moran, Michael. "Whatever Happened to Overloaded Government?" Political Quarterly 89, no. 1 (December 2, 2017): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.12450.
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Muhinat, Bello Bolanle. "Scores From Overloaded Continuous Assessment Timetable: A Predictor Of Senior School Students Performance In Economics In Ilorin South." Anterior Jurnal 20, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/anterior.v20i2.1724.
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This research work was carried out to investigate and ascertain how scores from overloaded continuous assessment (C.A) timetable predict senior school students’ academic performance in economics in Ilorin south local government. The study adopted an ex-post-facto design, and sample senior school (SS-II) students as the target population from nine randomly selected senior schools in Ilorin south local government. A hundred and eighty-two senior school students’ 2019 C.A and examination were sampled with the use of proforma. The data collected was analyzed using the mean score and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation. The findings revealed that the students’ performance in economics C.A was low as a result of the overloaded in the C.A timetable. The result indicated that there was a significant relationship between senior school students’ C.A score and their economics examination at 0.05 level of significance. Based on these findings, it is recommended that school administrators should ensure that C.A timetable is properly designed and structured in a way that will enhance the performance of students in economics C.A in Ilorin south local government
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Huang, Haiyun, Junyong Zhou, Junping Zhang, Wangxi Xu, Zhixing Chen, and Ningning Li. "Effects of Revised Toll-by-Weight Policy on Truck Overloading Behavior and Bridge Infrastructure Damage Using Weigh-in-Motion Data: A Comparative Study in China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 4, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5910463.
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Since 2000, overloaded trucks have caused more than 50 bridges to collapse in China. In an effort to ensure the structural safety and extend the service life of the highway infrastructure, the Chinese government has proposed a series of policies in the past decade to mitigate truck overloading. This study aimed at investigating the effects of China’s recently revised toll-by-weight policy on truck overloading behavior and bridge infrastructure damage using weigh-in-motion data that spanned seven years (January 2011 to March 2018) and two successive toll-by-weight policies (with the new one implemented from August 2016), wherein truck data were measured from a typical national freeway segment. We first compared truck traffic volumes, compositions, and weight distributions under the initial and revised toll-by-weight policies. Next, we compared bridge infrastructure performance with respect to safety and fatigue based on the overloaded truck traffic observed under the initial and revised toll-by-weight policies. The results indicated that the revised toll-by-weight policy, which uses a stepwise incremental fee structure based on vehicle weight, was more effective at controlling truck overloading behavior and reducing bridge infrastructure damage than the initial toll-by-weight policy. Under the current policy, average daily truck volumes, overloaded truck proportions, and maximum truck weights decreased significantly. Concurrently, extreme and equivalent load effects for safety and fatigue assessments, respectively, decreased by an average of 20% for small- to medium-span bridges. Despite these noted improvements, overloaded truck traffic persisted, with loads often exceeding bridge design levels. This study’s findings can support future efforts by the Chinese government to further refine their toll-by-weight policies and subsequently ensure a safe and viable transportation network.
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Haveri, Arto. "Nordic local government: a success story, but will it last?" International Journal of Public Sector Management 28, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-09-2014-0118.
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Purpose – The Nordic narrative on local government highlights municipalities’ role in social consumption, a model, which is often considered a success story. The purpose of this paper is to apply Gerry Stoker’s (2011) theory on local government roles in society to critically analyse the sustainability of the Nordic model. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on literature review, documents and statistics of Nordic public authorities’, the author formulates exploratory theoretical propositions on the sustainability of the Nordic model of local government. Findings – The emphasis placed on welfare task has made Nordic local government overloaded and vulnerable to central government intervention and reforms, resulting in a cumulative process towards an ever narrowing conception of local government. Research limitations/implications – The research results are exploratory. Comparative empirical research is needed to verify the idea. Social implications – The legitimacy of Nordic local government may be challenged because of municipalities’ weakening possibilities to discharge their welfare role in a manner that would satisfy citizens’ growing needs. Originality/value – The paper is a critical analyses of the sustainability of local government system in Nordic countries. It discusses the possible negative consequences of the overemphasis of the welfare role of local government.
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Liu, Shuiyun, and Peter C. van der Sijde. "Towards the Entrepreneurial University 2.0: Reaffirming the Responsibility of Universities in the Era of Accountability." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063073.
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Universities have been expected to do more to solve economic and social problems in the knowledge-based society. Many universities have tried to become more entrepreneurial in order to respond to the overloaded demands from external society. However, the notion of entrepreneurial university is still quite vague, and so this paper firstly tries to propose a comprehensive framework describing the entrepreneurial university. Facing the increasing global competition, the national governments have also push universities to do more for the society and to be accountable for their “effectiveness” and “quality”, by using the new public management techniques. However, these managerialism approaches have posed serious challenge for the development of entrepreneurial universities. In order to better balance the expectation for being entrepreneurial from the external industry and society, and the managerialism requirement from the government, this paper proposes to reassert the responsibility of universities in the accountability era, moving towards “Entrepreneurial Universities 2.0”.
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Song, Xingyi, Johann Petrak, Ye Jiang, Iknoor Singh, Diana Maynard, and Kalina Bontcheva. "Classification aware neural topic model for COVID-19 disinformation categorisation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): e0247086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247086.
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The explosion of disinformation accompanying the COVID-19 pandemic has overloaded fact-checkers and media worldwide, and brought a new major challenge to government responses worldwide. Not only is disinformation creating confusion about medical science amongst citizens, but it is also amplifying distrust in policy makers and governments. To help tackle this, we developed computational methods to categorise COVID-19 disinformation. The COVID-19 disinformation categories could be used for a) focusing fact-checking efforts on the most damaging kinds of COVID-19 disinformation; b) guiding policy makers who are trying to deliver effective public health messages and counter effectively COVID-19 disinformation. This paper presents: 1) a corpus containing what is currently the largest available set of manually annotated COVID-19 disinformation categories; 2) a classification-aware neural topic model (CANTM) designed for COVID-19 disinformation category classification and topic discovery; 3) an extensive analysis of COVID-19 disinformation categories with respect to time, volume, false type, media type and origin source.
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Trisnawathi, Ida Ayu Adi. "Panca Wali Krama 2019; through fire of Mount Agung Eruption to Overloaded Morgue crisis." Bali Tourism Journal 3, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36675/btj.v3i1.28.
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Balinese people hold Yadnya ceremony Panca Wali Krama every ten years. Panca means Five, represents five elements that compose the universe Panca Maha Bhuta, while Bali or Wali means offering or ceremony. In this year, the ritual was considered exceptional due to it took place twice, the first in Lempuyang Luhur Temple and the second in the largest temple in Bali, Besakih Temple. Hindu communities from all regions in Bali came to participate in the event, as their symbol of faith toward the God Almighty. This ten-year event took place for more than twenty days in Lempuyang Luhur and thirty-seven days in Besakih temple. While Panca Wali Krama was taking place at Besakih, Mount Agung has been reported experiencing several hiccups on 9, 15 and 21 March 2019. Despite the eruption, the communities kept doing their prayer and service at the temple located on the slope of the volcano. Meanwhile, another crisis was faced by hospitals on the island, due to an announcement from the official to ban Ngaben ceremony until the Yadnya is over. As a result, Mortuary in several hospitals was reported overloaded. The official and Government hastily response to the overloaded problem, since according to Balinese Hindu believe, keeping the dead body stranded was considered defiling the area.
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Hunter, Kate, Amy Bestman, Madeleine Dodd, Megan Prinsloo, Pumla Mtambeka, Sebastian van As, and Margaret Mary Peden. "Overloaded and Unrestrained: A Qualitative Study with Local Experts Exploring Factors Affecting Child Car Restraint Use in Cape Town, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 4974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144974.
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(1) Background: Children in South Africa experience significant impacts from road injury due to the high frequency of road crashes and the low uptake of road safety measures (including the use of appropriate child restraints). The current study aimed to assess the feasibility of a child restraint program and to describe factors influencing child restraint use from the perspectives of clinicians, representatives of non-government agencies, and academics in Cape Town, South Africa. (2) Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 13 experts from government, academic and clinical backgrounds. Findings were analyzed using the COM-B component of the Behaviour Change Wheel and were grouped by the layers of the social-ecological model (individual, relational, community and societal). (COM-B is a framework to explain behaviour change which has three key components; capability, opportunity and motivation), (3) Results: Experts believed that there was a need for a child restraint program that should be staged and multifactorial. Participants described knowledge gaps, perceptions of risk, mixed motivations and limited enforcement of child restraint legislation as key influences of restraint use. (4) Conclusions: The results demonstrate potential areas on which to focus interventions to increase child restraint use in Cape Town, South Africa. However, this will require a coordinated and consistent response across stakeholder groups.
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Mouter, Niek, Jose Ignacio Hernandez, and Anatol Valerian Itten. "Public participation in crisis policymaking. How 30,000 Dutch citizens advised their government on relaxing COVID-19 lockdown measures." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e0250614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250614.
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Following the outbreak of COVID-19, governments took unprecedented measures to curb the spread of the virus. Public participation in decisions regarding (the relaxation of) these measures has been notably absent, despite being recommended in the literature. Here, as one of the exceptions, we report the results of 30,000 citizens advising the government on eight different possibilities for relaxing lockdown measures in the Netherlands. By making use of the novel method Participatory Value Evaluation (PVE), participants were asked to recommend which out of the eight options they prefer to be relaxed. Participants received information regarding the societal impacts of each relaxation option, such as the impact of the option on the healthcare system. The results of the PVE informed policymakers about people’s preferences regarding (the impacts of) the relaxation options. For instance, we established that participants assign an equal value to a reduction of 100 deaths among citizens younger than 70 years and a reduction of 168 deaths among citizens older than 70 years. We show how these preferences can be used to rank options in terms of desirability. Citizens advised to relax lockdown measures, but not to the point at which the healthcare system becomes heavily overloaded. We found wide support for prioritising the re-opening of contact professions. Conversely, participants disfavoured options to relax restrictions for specific groups of citizens as they found it important that decisions lead to “unity” and not to “division”. 80% of the participants state that PVE is a good method to let citizens participate in government decision-making on relaxing lockdown measures. Participants felt that they could express a nuanced opinion, communicate arguments, and appreciated the opportunity to evaluate relaxation options in comparison to each other while being informed about the consequences of each option. This increased their awareness of the dilemmas the government faces.
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Maluleka, Jan Resenga, and Mpho Ngoepe. "Integrating traditional medical knowledge into mainstream healthcare in Limpopo Province." Information Development 35, no. 5 (July 1, 2018): 714–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666918785940.
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In most African states, the majority of the population depend on indigenous healing knowledge for their healthcare. This knowledge is in danger of being obliterated due to a number of factors such as it being not documented, low life expectancy where people die before transferring it to the next generation and the governments failing to incorporate it into the mainstream health system that is often overloaded. This qualitative study adopted a hermeneutic phenomenology to investigate the development of a framework to integrate knowledge of traditional healing into the mainstream healthcare system in the Limpopo province. Data were collected through interviews with traditional healers chosen through snowball sampling technique augmented by observations and analysis of legislation, notes, records and other forms of documents held by healers. Data were analysed and interpreted thematically according to the objectives of the study. The study established that indigenous medical knowledge is marginalised, and healers are not getting support from the government despite the important role they play in the national health systems. Traditional healing is not properly regulated creating a loophole for anyone to practise as a healer. A framework that points the link factors that attempt to create an understanding of how knowledge of traditional healing can be managed and integrated into the mainstream healing is proposed. It is concluded that failure to recognise traditional healing and integrate it in the mainstream health system will continue to hamstring the health system with resources in South Africa.
Books on the topic "Overloaded government"
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Jacobsson, Bengt, and Göran Sundström. Governing the State. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.20.
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In modern democracies, demands put on governments to govern are high. However, the governing of states has proven difficult. The difficulties can be explained by the fact that modern states possess a complexity unparalleled in any other organization. Ambiguity, conflicting interests, compromises, and the risk of overload reveal governments as everything but those rational, coordinated and problem-solving entities that they routinely are presented as. However, this does not mean that states are ungovernable. Governments are often able to govern state activities, but they do it in other ways than those implied by contemporary management models with their hierarchical, top-down-oriented, command-and-control methods. Based on a multitude of empirical studies in Sweden, this chapter discusses six strategies that the Swedish government uses when governing state agencies: creating formal organizations, positioning, fostering competition, distancing, forming communication channels, and storytelling.
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Sugden, Robert. Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825142.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 considers a range of conditions that are usually considered as ‘market failures’ to be corrected by governmental regulation. I discuss these conditions, and possible responses to them, from a contractarian viewpoint. I argue that neoclassical arguments for regulations against cartels and against the exploitation of monopoly power can be endorsed on contractarian grounds, as can certain kinds of regulations against spurious complexity in pricing. I raise doubts about the significance of behavioural arguments for regulation that assume choice overload or preferences for self-constraint. I develop a concept of consumers’ surplus that does not depend on assumptions about preferences, and is defined in terms of the maximum yield of discriminatory pricing. I discuss two opportunity-enhancing mechanisms for the supply of public goods.
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Vrabec, Helena U. Data Subject Rights under the GDPR. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868422.001.0001.
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In 2018, the GDPR started a revolution in the data protection world. One of the most far-reaching developments of the new regulation was the chapter on data subject rights. Old rights were strengthened and extended, and several new rights were introduced. For data subjects who felt overwhelmed with the information overload, the GDPR meant a promise of more individual control over data. In combination with severe financial penalties, the revised rights brought the potential to become a vehicle of data protection law enforcement. However, there are still many uncertainties related to data subject rights due to the fact that the GDPR only recently entered into force. The Court of Justice of the EU and other EU governmental authorities have not yet had the time to provide thorough and updated guidance (although the court has been actively adjudicating on these individual rights ever since the GDPR was adopted). Not only is the lack of guidance a problem, the applicability of data subject rights is strongly influenced by the economic and social (data-driven) context. This book provides a thorough analysis of data subject rights under the new GDPR framework and their legal operation. The goal is to help individuals (lawyers and others) to navigate the subject area and/or possibly pursue claims. Its additional value is that it considers the rights in a big data environment and therefore more accurately points out inefficiencies and provides criticism where needed.
Book chapters on the topic "Overloaded government"
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"Government Information Overload." In Overload!, 203–12. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119200642.ch20.
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Straussman, Jeffrey. "Government Overload Revisited." In Principles And Practices Of Public Administration. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0824750251.ch4.4.
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Terrio, Susan J. "Immigration Courts." In Illegal Encounters, 102–13. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479887798.003.0009.
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This chapter draws on extended observations within federal immigration courts and interviews conducted with sitting and retired immigration judges both before and after the 2014 influx of undocumented minors who were apprehended, detained, put into deportation proceedings, and forced to appear in fast track hearings. It examines the specific challenges judges face such as staff shortages, court backlogs, and negative press regarding the judicial training immigration they receive before appointment to the bench. Since 2014, stress on judges has been heightened with the creation of expedited juvenile hearings, the increased numbers of children in removal proceedings, overloaded dockets, a dramatic reduction in the proportion of children with legal representation, and mounting numbers of in absentia deportation orders. Immigration judges share views on what they see as their weak structural position within the U.S. Department of Justice, the power imbalances that favor the government and threaten both fairness and due process protections, the inadequate legal protections for immigrant children, and the heavy toll their work exacts through exposure to horrific persecution stories, heavy caseloads, and intrusive administrative oversight..
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Terán, Luis. "Enhancing Citizens' Participation via Recommender Systems." In Open Government, 624–50. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9860-2.ch030.
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With the introduction of Web 2.0, which includes users as content generators, finding relevant information is even more complex. To tackle this problem of information overload, a number of different techniques have been introduced, including search engines, Semantic Web, and recommender systems, among others. The use of recommender systems for e-Government is a research topic that is intended to improve the interaction among public administrations, citizens, and the private sector through reducing information overload on e-Government services. In this chapter, the use of recommender systems on eParticipation is presented. A brief description of the eGovernment Framework used and the participation levels that are proposed to enhance participation. The highest level of participation is known as eEmpowerment, where the decision-making is placed on the side of citizens. Finally, a set of examples for the different eParticipation types is presented to illustrate the use of recommender systems.
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Terán, Luis. "Enhancing Citizens' Participation via Recommender Systems." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 99–123. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8430-0.ch006.
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With the introduction of Web 2.0, which includes users as content generators, finding relevant information is even more complex. To tackle this problem of information overload, a number of different techniques have been introduced, including search engines, Semantic Web, and recommender systems, among others. The use of recommender systems for e-Government is a research topic that is intended to improve the interaction among public administrations, citizens, and the private sector through reducing information overload on e-Government services. In this chapter, the use of recommender systems on eParticipation is presented. A brief description of the eGovernment Framework used and the participation levels that are proposed to enhance participation. The highest level of participation is known as eEmpowerment, where the decision-making is placed on the side of citizens. Finally, a set of examples for the different eParticipation types is presented to illustrate the use of recommender systems.
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Molina, María de Miguel, and Carlos Ripoll Soler. "The Use of Social Network Sites to Market E-Government to Citizens." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 166–75. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-3691-0.ch009.
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In this chapter, the authors explore the different literature that analyses the application of Social Network Sites (SNSs) in e-government to help government managers to improve citizens' communication and participation. The use of Web 2.0 tools is perceived as a new way of communication not only in the political arena but also on the government level to improve civic engagement, to coproduce public services, and to increase service personalization. Citizens still like traditional communication tools, and it is important not to overload them through SNSs. The authors show possible new trends for future analysis on the application of SNSs.
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Durodolu, Oluwole O., Philomina A. Mamudu, and Vusi O. Tsabedze. "Management of Electronic Records for Service Delivery at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 199–214. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2527-2.ch011.
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Healthcare providers have, over the years, struggled with the management of patient records. The struggle became exaggerated as information became increasingly large and convoluted. The contemporary healthcare environment is characterised by information overload; without the proper organisation of information resources, access to valuation resources can become an albatross, if not properly managed. Health information is the data associated with the medical ailment of a patient's history, containing symptoms, diagnoses, procedures, and results. Quick access to this vital information may be a life-and-death decision that must not be taken for granted. This chapter aims to investigate how electronic records are managed in a contemporary method as adopted by the University College Hospital (UCH).
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Lee, Deirdre, Yojana Priya Menda, Vassilios Peristeras, and David Price. "The WAVE Platform." In Mobile Opportunities and Applications for E-Service Innovations, 267–82. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2654-6.ch015.
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The growth of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) offers governments advanced methods for providing services and governing their constituency. eGovernment research aims to provide the models, technologies, and tools for more effective and efficient public administration systems as well as more participatory decision processes. In particular, eParticipation opens up greater opportunities for consultation and dialogue between government and citizens. Many governments have embraced eParticipation by setting up websites that allow citizens to contribute and have their say on particular issues. Although these sites make use of some of the latest ICT and Web 2.0 technologies, the uptake and sustained usage by citizens is still relatively low. Additionally, when users do participate, there is the issue of how the numerous contributions can be effectively processed and analysed, to avoid the inevitable information overload created by thousands of unstructured comments. The WAVE platform addresses what the authors see as the main barriers to the uptake of eParticipation websites by adopting a holistic and sustained approach of engaging users to participate in public debates. The WAVE platform incorporates argument visualisation, social networking, and Web 2.0 techniques to facilitate users participating in structured visual debates in a community environment.
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Terán, Luis, Andreas Ladner, Jan Fivaz, and Stefani Gerber. "Using a Fuzzy-Based Cluster Algorithm for Recommending Candidates in E-Elections." In Digital Democracy, 684–705. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1740-7.ch034.
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The use of the Internet now has a specific purpose: to find information. Unfortunately, the amount of data available on the Internet is growing exponentially, creating what can be considered a nearly infinite and ever-evolving network with no discernable structure. This rapid growth has raised the question of how to find the most relevant information. Many different techniques have been introduced to address the information overload, including search engines, Semantic Web, and recommender systems, among others. Recommender systems are computer-based techniques that are used to reduce information overload and recommend products likely to interest a user when given some information about the user’s profile. This technique is mainly used in e-Commerce to suggest items that fit a customer’s purchasing tendencies. The use of recommender systems for e-Government is a research topic that is intended to improve the interaction among public administrations, citizens, and the private sector through reducing information overload on e-Government services. More specifically, e-Democracy aims to increase citizens’ participation in democratic processes through the use of information and communication technologies. In this chapter, an architecture of a recommender system that uses fuzzy clustering methods for e-Elections is introduced. In addition, a comparison with the smartvote system, a Web-based Voting Assistance Application (VAA) used to aid voters in finding the party or candidate that is most in line with their preferences, is presented.
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Terán, Luis, Andreas Ladner, Jan Fivaz, and Stefani Gerber. "Using a Fuzzy-Based Cluster Algorithm for Recommending Candidates in E-Elections." In Fuzzy Methods for Customer Relationship Management and Marketing, 115–38. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0095-9.ch006.
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The use of the Internet now has a specific purpose: to find information. Unfortunately, the amount of data available on the Internet is growing exponentially, creating what can be considered a nearly infinite and ever-evolving network with no discernable structure. This rapid growth has raised the question of how to find the most relevant information. Many different techniques have been introduced to address the information overload, including search engines, Semantic Web, and recommender systems, among others. Recommender systems are computer-based techniques that are used to reduce information overload and recommend products likely to interest a user when given some information about the user’s profile. This technique is mainly used in e-Commerce to suggest items that fit a customer’s purchasing tendencies. The use of recommender systems for e-Government is a research topic that is intended to improve the interaction among public administrations, citizens, and the private sector through reducing information overload on e-Government services. More specifically, e-Democracy aims to increase citizens’ participation in democratic processes through the use of information and communication technologies. In this chapter, an architecture of a recommender system that uses fuzzy clustering methods for e-Elections is introduced. In addition, a comparison with the smartvote system, a Web-based Voting Assistance Application (VAA) used to aid voters in finding the party or candidate that is most in line with their preferences, is presented.
Conference papers on the topic "Overloaded government"
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Angelova, Ivana. "Building moratorium as a future instrument for tackling unsustainable urban growth." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ftam9222.
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We live in times when our planet is overloaded with issues coming from human activities where additional mechanisms to preserve the quality of life are essential. Modern societies experience constant internal dynamics. The uncontrolled urban growth leading to dense and unmanageable environment is a main urban issue cities face today. This is a prevailing problem in the developing countries where the construction industry is booming. Overall, while there is a rush to development there are also some conflicting interests and policies that are leading to unsustainable urban growth. To regulate a property development a local government can try to impose a moratorium on the issuance of building permits and this can be agreed upon all the interest parties or it may be imposed by operation of law (Lehman and Phelps, 2005). Oftentimes local authorities will impose a building moratorium to tackle development in order to have time to make a satisfactory urban plan or to make some changes and update the regulations. The land use control objective is to promote good planning values supported by the whole community. This is done by regulating the urban growth and it is best implemented on a carefully contemplated comprehensive plan. During a time a new plan is being drafted and growth balance is achieved some construction demand may arise based on an existing outdated, inadequate urban plan. If this demands are met “the ultimate worth of the eventual plan could be undermined” and this where the moratorium comes in place (Coon, 2010). The resources of academic literature on the case are somewhat in short supply and mainly based on describing specific case scenarios without a critical thought on the tool itself. Based on the resources the paper will look at a few different cases in developed countries using the growth management systems and one southeast european case - the city of Skopje, Macedonia that adopted the building moratorium system in January 2018. The author of this paper was personally involved in the decision making process in that time and will try to elaborate on how the tool was being used. The validity should be determined by weighing its impact on the affected parties and more comprehensive research in the economic repercussions of the mechanism is needed. A building moratorium is oftentimes a political decision and it's downside is that political parties would use it merely for their own purposes.
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Meckler, Milton, and Amip J. Shah. "Use of Thermodynamics, Engineering Economics and Probabilistic Risk Assessment in Evaluating Climate Change Decisions." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10182.
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Climate change is often considered in terms of its macroscale implications. For example, many governments and non-governmental organizations are engaged in the development of policy frameworks that could influence different societal actions and behavioral scenarios. But such macroscale policy decisions may also significantly impact the localized design of products and services in different business ecosystems. Unfortunately, products and services are generally designed only taking into account local influences. An approach that ties macroscale frameworks to localized product- or system-level design metrics is lacking. For example, the cost of upgrading the entire U.S. electrical system has been estimated to be on the order of $200 billion, and recent U.S. policy discussions in the area outline options such as “smart” grid upgrades, distributed and/or on-site renewable energy systems including solar and wind energy, infrastructural support for plug-in of electric and hybrid vehicles etc. But most existing electricity generation and thermal performance models of power generating stations or cogeneration plants fail to provide any indication of the environmental impacts associated with distributing electricity from generator to point-of-use. It is thus not intuitive how the direction of localized plant or system design should be altered given the different macro-level initiatives. This paper attempts to fill this gap by exploring a methodology that combines engineering economics, probabilistic risk assessment, and thermodynamic (2nd Law) analysis to evaluate different policy choices. Specifically, a framework that could allow quick estimation of the comparative consumption, operational power requirements, relative thermal performance and environmental footprint associated with different proposals on upgrading the grid is developed. The approach is demonstrated in the context of a representative segment of a hypothetical electrical grid distribution system located between two electric power generating stations (EPGS) facing overload as additional customer demands are projected to be integrated with renewable sources in the near-term future.
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Almeida, Pedro, Maruska L. S. Holanda, and Ronaldo O. Almeida. "The structural rehabilitation of the Costa e Silva bridge in Brasília, DF, Brazil." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0638.
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<p>The structural rehabilitation of bridges is generally motivated by the premature aging of the structures and the increased daily traffic of vehicles. In the case of the Costa e Silva Bridge, the rehabilitation was conceived by the Federal District Government due to the partial collapse of the viaduct over the “Galeria dos Estados”, occurred in February 2018, with the same age and the same structural system and due to the relevance for Brasília's transportation system. Also, it was designed by the renowned architect Oscar Niemeyer and the only one designed by him that was built. The bridge is part of the world heritage site of the "Plano Piloto" of Brasília, by UNESCO. The investigation of the structural behavior of the bridge, to verify the need for rehabilitation, was made from visual inspections, geometric and topographic surveys, photographic records, extraction of samples of concrete, analysis of the original building design and after some occurrences along the way of time, structural monitoring. As a result of these investigations, several damages were identified, in particular: cracks in the webs of the box girders, concreting failures, increased permanent overload due to the thickness of the current pavement layer, leaching of concrete and, mainly, approximately 40 cm of deflection at cantilever beams. All of these damages were simulated in the numerical model of the bridge, proving that the excessive deflection at central span is resulted in the loss of prestressing due to stress corrosion and fatigue, reducing structural stiffness and can lead to sudden collapse. As the solution for rehabilitation of the structure was designed a reinforcement with external prestressing to reduce the cracking process and to neutralize the loss of prestressing, due to strands corrosion that can result in broken wires.</p>