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1
Marsh, Brian T. Overland Models-- the first 10 years. [Indiana]: B.T. Marsh, 1987.
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Wong, Tommy S. W. Overland flow and surface runoff. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.
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Kavanagh, Leonnie. Benkelman beam rebound: AC overlay model : joint C-SHRP/Manitoba Bayesian application. Ottawa: Canadian Strategic Highway Research Program, Transportation Association of Canada, 1995.
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Ovsyannikov, Evgeniy, and Tamara Gaytova. Optimal control of traction electric drives. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1141767.
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The monograph considers various types of traction electric drives of motor vehicles intended for operation in urban conditions. Mathematical models of these systems are proposed. On the basis of parametric optimization and graphoanalytic method, a method of joint control of electric drives according to the criteria of minimum losses and maximum overload capacity, taking into account possible restrictions on the resources of power elements, has been developed.
For a wide range of readers interested in improving motor vehicles. It will be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of engineering and technical universities.
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Oregon. Dept. of Land Conservation and Development., ed. Chronic coastal natural hazards model overlay zone. [Salem, Or.]: Oregon Dept. of Land Conservation and Development, 1998.
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Huda, Ahmed Samei. The Medical Model in Mental Health. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198807254.001.0001.
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The medical model is a biopsychosocial model assessing a patient’s problems and matching them to the diagnostic construct using pattern recognition of clinical features. Diagnostic constructs allow for researching, communicating, teaching, and learning useful clinical information to influence clinical decision-making. They also have social and administrative functions such as access to benefits. They may also help explain why problems occur. Diagnostic constructs are used to describe diseases/syndromes and also other types of conditions such as spectrums of conditions. Treatments in medicine and psychiatry have several treatment objectives including cure or reducing distress and a variety of mechanisms of action apart from reversing disease/cure. Causation of conditions in medicine and psychiatry are often complex. The medical model allows doctors to assess and offer effective treatments to large numbers of patients and provide emergency cover. Diagnostic constructs in psychiatry and general medicine overlap for attributes such as clinical utility (e.g. predicting likely outcomes) and validity (e.g. lack of boundaries between different diagnostic constructs) and importance of social factors. There is an overlap in effectiveness between psychiatric and general medicine treatments and many general medicine medications do not reverse disease processes. Different mental health classifications have particular strengths and weaknesses for clinical, research, and social functions. Mental health research into understanding causes and mechanisms may need other classifications than diagnosis. As doctors in all specialties encounter mental health problems, there will always be psychiatric diagnostic constructs compatible with their training. Mental health research and service provision will always need to address psychosocial issues.
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Edwards, Jane. Approaches and Models of Music Therapy. Edited by Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.38.
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This chapter presents eleven models and approaches in music therapy practice. The inclusion criteria is that each forms the basis, or is part, of an existing training, and at least one monograph exists. The distinction betweenmodelsand approaches is made such that models refer to developments which evolved from music therapy practice, andapproachesare music therapy techniques and methods overlaid on an existing model of therapy or theoretical principles. Music therapy training requires learning about theory within the parameters of at least one model or approach, and this engagement must be thorough and intensive. Trainees can struggle with having to do so much thinking and analyzing of their own reactions and integration of key theoretical concepts while concurrently focusing on improving their techniques and methods. Ultimately good enough training allows students to first comprehend and eventually internalize, the theoretical basis of their professional thinking in practice.
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Wolff, Nancy. A General Model of Harm in Correctional Settings. Edited by John Wooldredge and Paula Smith. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.013.33.
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The literature on inmate “harm” and inmate victimization within prison settings is reviewed with emphasis on the prevalence, predictors, and consequences associated with inmate misconduct, physical victimization, and sexual victimization in prison. The degree of overlap between “offenders” and “victims” is also discussed. The relevance of considering both inmate and facility characteristics for a more comprehensive understanding of both violent and property victimization is underscored. The potential impact of victimization on inmates’ feelings of safety is also covered. Strategies for preventing victimization and their limitations (e.g., protective custody, administrative segregation, disciplinary custody, prison transfers) are reviewed. A dyadic model of harm is developed that draws on routine activities theory and rational choice theory, to more clearly and systematically predict the effects of harm- and victim-propensity attributes of incarcerated people and correctional facilities on levels of harm.
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Keel, Pamela K., and Lauren A. Holland. Eating Disorders. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.017.
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This chapter examines patterns of comorbidity between eating disorders and mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders along with evidence regarding support for different theoretical models that may account for these patterns. Although comorbidity estimates may be inflated by reliance on treatment-seeking samples and double counting of symptoms that overlap between syndromes, evidence supports elevated risk of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Data from family and twin studies support that eating and anxiety disorders may have a shared diathesis, consistent with the common cause model. Data from longitudinal studies suggest that eating disorders may increase vulnerability for developing a substance use disorder, consistent with the predisposition model. In contrast, comorbidity between eating and mood disorders, such as depression, remains poorly understood. Clinical issues regarding comorbidity of depression and eating disorders along with guidelines for clinicians treating patients with comorbid depression and eating disorders are discussed.
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Ostermann, Marlies, and Ruth Y. Y. Wan. Diuretics in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0058.
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Fluid overload and chronic hypertension are the most common indications for diuretics. The diuretic response varies between different types and depends on underlying renal function. In patients with congestive heart failure, diuretics appear to reduce the risk of death and worsening heart failure compared with placebo, but their use in acute decompensated heart failure is questionable. Diuretics are also widely used in chronic kidney disease to prevent or control fluid overload, and treat hypertension. In acute kidney injury, there is no evidence that they improve renal function, speed up recovery, or change mortality. In patients with chronic liver disease and large volume ascites, paracentesis is more effective and associated with fewer adverse events than diuretic therapy, but maintenance treatment with diuretics is indicated to prevent recurrence of ascites. Mannitol has a role in liver patients with cerebral oedema and normal renal function. The use of diuretics in rhabdomyolysis is controversial and restricted to patients who are not fluid deplete. In conditions associated with resistant oedema (chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, chronic liver disease), combinations of diuretics with different modes of action may be necessary. Diuresis is easier to achieve with a continuous furosemide infusion compared with intermittent boluses, but there is no evidence of better outcomes. The role of combination therapy with albumin in patients with fluid overload and severe hypoalbuminaemia is uncertain with conflicting data.
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Tasan, Ramon, and Nicolas Singewald. Animal Models and Assays Probing Anxiety Related Behaviors and Neural Circuits. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0035.
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Anxiety tests and models in rodents are useful tools to reveal neurochemical, cellular, and molecular underpinnings of normal and pathological anxiety-related behaviors, as well as novel treatment targets. While anxiety models are generated by various approaches such as selective breeding, anxiety tests most commonly involve unconditioned approach avoidance tasks and conditioned learning paradigms, both characterized by inherent advantages and limitations, in particular their predictive value for specific anxiety disorders. To further improve the validity and translatability of preclinical anxiety testing, it is promising that some anxiety-relevant endophenotypes have now been investigated using similar tests in rodents and humans and that the involved neural pathways and mechanisms overlap considerably in both species.
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Engelhardt, Jeffers. Congregational Singing, Orthodox Christianity, and the Making of Ecumenicity. Edited by Jonathan Dueck and Suzel Ana Reily. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859993.013.25.
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This chapter offers an ethnographic and historical analysis of the many church-musical overlaps and exchanges between Orthodox and non-Orthodox Estonians. It traces several tunes through a broad variety of Estonian denominational hymnals and post-Soviet performance settings, showing a substantial historical overlap that happens in Estonian church musical practice across Lutheran, Orthodox, and other Protestant groups. This overlap creates musical commonalites in practice, “ecumenicities,” that speak to the “secular” backdrop of Estonian Christianity. In this chapter, “secularity” suggests a public culture and model of citizenship long constituted with relation to multiple Christianities (or multiple religions). That modern secularity is also a backdrop for the ethnomusicological study of world Christianities, Orthodox and otherwise.
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Benning, Tony. Mental Disorder and Transformation. Edited by John R. Peteet, Mary Lynn Dell, and Wai Lun Alan Fung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681968.003.0017.
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Throughout history and in all the world’s major faith traditions, it has been noted that conversion and other important spiritual and religious experiences may share or have features that overlap with signs and symptoms of psychiatric illness. William James, especially in The Varieties of Religious Experience, contributed significantly to the understanding of this overlap. The aim of this chapter is to explore the ethical and clinical dilemmas that arise when clinicians attempt to negotiate the seemingly conflicting imperatives of diagnosing on the one hand and of being open to the transformational significance of mental illness on the other. This is achieved by presenting three clinical cases from the author’s community psychiatric practice and analyzing them through the lens of Jonsen’s Four Quadrants Model for ethical case analysis.
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Andrews, Lindsey, and Jonathan M. Metzl. Reading the Image of Race: Neurocriminology, Medical Imaging Technologies and Literary Intervention. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0013.
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On 26 April 2013, the Wall Street Journal published an essay by neurocriminologist Adrian Raine promoting his newest book, The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime. On the newspaper’s website, an image of a black-and-white brain scan overlaid with handcuffs headed the essay. Clicking ‘play’ turned the image into a video filled with three-dimensional brain illustrations and Raine’s claims that some brains are simply more biologically prone to violence than others. Rejecting what he describes as ‘the dominant model for understanding criminal behaviour in the twentieth century’ – a model based ‘almost exclusively on social and sociological’ explanations – Raine wrote that ‘the genetic basis of criminal behaviour is now well established’ through molecular and behavioural genetics.
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Marmodoro, Anna. Forms and Structure in Plato's Metaphysics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577158.001.0001.
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This book investigates the thought of two of the most influential philosophers of antiquity, Plato and his predecessor Anaxagoras, with respect to their metaphysical accounts of objects and properties. It introduces a fresh perspective on these two thinkers’ ideas, displaying the debt of Plato’s theory to Anaxagoras’s, and principally arguing that their core metaphysical concept is overlap; overlap between properties and things in the world. Initially Plato endorses Anaxagoras’s model of constitutional overlap, and subsequently develops qualitative overlap. Overlap is the crux to our understanding of Plato’s theory of participation of objects in Forms; of his account of relatives without relations; of the role of Forms as causes; of the transcendent normativity of Forms; of the metaphysics of necessity; and of the role of the Great Kinds and of the paradeigma in the development of Plato’s thought. This book shows Plato as ground-breaking in the history of metaphysics, in different ways from those acknowledged so far, and with respect to more metaphysical questions than had been hitherto appreciated; for example, Plato’s treatment of structure as a property of things, and his introduction of the first ever account of metaphysical emergence. In addition to these results, the book makes Anaxagoras’s and Plato’s systems philosophically accessible to us, today’s philosophers, by applying conceptual tools from analytic metaphysics to the study of ancient metaphysics. In this way, the book brings Anaxagoras’s and Plato’s ideas to bear on todays’ philosophical discussions and opens up new venues of research for current philosophical discussions.
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O'Neill, Michael. Coleridge's Genres. Edited by Frederick Burwick. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644179.013.0021.
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This article examines the genres of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poetry. In 1849, Coleridge's daughter enumerated the modes of the poetic faculty of her father, which included love poems, imaginative poems, and satirical poems. Max Schulz also categorized Coleridge's poetry into various poetic voices in his The Poetic Voices of Coleridge. His list included farrago, prophecy, and conversation. The article highlights the overlap in the genres of Coleridge's poetry.
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Jacobsson, Bengt, and Göran Sundström. Governing the State. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.20.
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In modern democracies, demands put on governments to govern are high. However, the governing of states has proven difficult. The difficulties can be explained by the fact that modern states possess a complexity unparalleled in any other organization. Ambiguity, conflicting interests, compromises, and the risk of overload reveal governments as everything but those rational, coordinated and problem-solving entities that they routinely are presented as. However, this does not mean that states are ungovernable. Governments are often able to govern state activities, but they do it in other ways than those implied by contemporary management models with their hierarchical, top-down-oriented, command-and-control methods. Based on a multitude of empirical studies in Sweden, this chapter discusses six strategies that the Swedish government uses when governing state agencies: creating formal organizations, positioning, fostering competition, distancing, forming communication channels, and storytelling.
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Peteet, John R., Mary Lynn Dell, and Wai Lun Alan Fung. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681968.003.0001.
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Historical tensions between psychiatry and religion continue to hinder dialogue and restrict consensus on how to approach areas of overlap in clinical decision making. In Part One, contributors to this volume discuss concerns arising in the general areas of values, religious and psychiatric ethics, diagnosis and treatment, and the work of religious professionals and ethics committees. In Part Two, chapter authors consider these issues as they arise within various subspecialties of psychiatric practice, often using the Jonsen Four Topics (or Four Quadrants) Model. The theme of the relationship between religion and culture runs throughout and is addressed more directly than in the Outline for Cultural Formulation in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).
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Stein, Dan J., and Brian A. Harvey. The Compulsive-Impulsive Spectrum and Behavioral Addictions. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0028.
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Several models of psychopathology place constructs of compulsivity and impulsivity in diametric opposition. There are, however, a number of other models for conceptualizing the relationship between compulsive and impulsive psychopathology. Here we discuss some of the symptomatic overlap and distinctions between compulsive and impulsive disorders (addressing also the notion of behavioral addiction), review some of the underlying psychobiological mechanisms that may account for these overlaps and distinctions, and briefly consider the implications of this phenomenological and psychobiological work for management. Understanding the overlaps and distinctions between the compulsive and impulsive disorders may be useful for both research and clinical purposes. A range of other approaches to impulsivity may, however, also be useful. Both compulsivity and impulsivity are multidimensional constructs; further work is needed to delineate fully the nature of these dimensions and their underlying psychobiology.
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Hass, Christine C., and Jerry W. Dragoo. Competition and coexistence in sympatric skunks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0024.
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Ecological niches of three species of skunks (Mephitidae: Conepatus leuconotus, Mephitis mephitis, M. macroura) in and near their overlap zone in the American Southwest were studied to determine if competition may be limiting distribution of these species. A species distribution model developed in MaxEnt was used to identify suitable habitat for each species, from which contact zones for each species pair were identified. Principal components derived from habitat and climate variables inside and outside of contact zones for each species, and between species pairs within the contact zone were then compared. Species differed in environmental space inside and outside of contact zones, but species pairs did not differ within contact zones, indicating no evidence of competitive exclusion, and possible niche convergence at a broad spatial scale
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Vallier, Kevin, and Michael Weber. In Defense of the Sincerity Test. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666187.003.0014.
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Both legal scholars and judges have expressed discomfort with rigorously questioning the sincerity of plaintiffs requesting a religious exemption. Many have claimed that the sincerity test is in fact impossible to perform accurately, or poses grave risks of improper or biased application. These arguments overlook the fact that courts routinely evaluate the religious sincerity of certain categories of claimants, including incarcerated persons, by applying a sensible test based on neutral and objective factors. This article demonstrates that the most common criticisms of the sincerity test are largely speculative and not supported by case law. It also reveals that the test is currently applied most often to litigants who are members of a disfavored social class. Finally, this chapter outlines a model sincerity test based on existing case law, and contends that this test should become a routine part of all religious exemption litigation.
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Launay, Jean-Pierre, and Michel Verdaguer. The localized electron: magnetic properties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814597.003.0002.
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After preliminaries about electron properties, and definitions in magnetism, one treats the magnetism of mononuclear complexes, in particular spin cross-over, showing the role of cooperativity and the sensitivity to external perturbations. Orbital interactions and exchange interaction are explained in binuclear model systems, using orbital overlap and orthogonality concepts to explain antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic coupling. The phenomenologically useful Spin Hamiltonian is defined. The concepts are then applied to extended molecular magnetic systems, leading to molecular magnetic materials of various dimensionalities exhibiting bulk ferro- or ferrimagnetism. An illustration is provided by Prussian Blue analogues. Magnetic anisotropy is introduced. It is shown that in some cases, a slow relaxation of magnetization arises and gives rise to appealing single-ion magnets, single-molecule magnets or single-chain magnets, a route to store information at the molecular level.
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Malen, Donald E. Fundamentals of Automobile Body Structure Design. 2nd ed. SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9781468601756.
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This book provides readers with a solid understanding of the principles of automobile body structural design, illustrating the effect of changing design parameters on the behavior of automobile body structural elements. Emphasizing simple models of the behavior of body structural systems rather than complex mathematical models, the book looks at the best way to shape a structural element to achieve a desired function, why structures behave in certain ways, and how to improve performance. This second edition of Fundamentals of Automobile Body Structure Design contains many new sections including: the treatment of crashworthiness conditions of static roof crush and the small overlap rigid barrier torsion stiffness requirements material selection illustrations of body architecture Each chapter now includes a clear flow down of requirements following the systems engineering methodology. Illustrations have been updated and expanded and a fresh modern format has been adapted enhancing the readability of the book.
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L, Mauderly J., and McCunney Robert J, eds. Particle overload in the rat lung and lung cancer: Implications for human risk assessment : proceedings of a conference held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on March 29 and 30, 1995. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1996.
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Judge, Abigail M., and Robin M. Deutsch, eds. Overcoming Parent-Child Contact Problems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190235208.001.0001.
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This book focuses on family-based interventions for the continuum of parent–child problems, including affinity, alignment, justified rejection, alienation, and hybrid cases. Reintegration therapy is often recommended for families with these dynamics, but relatively limited clinical writing and virtually no program evaluation data exist to inform the selection of interventions. This book helps fill this gap. In Part I, the authors review a range of topics related to this specialized area of practice: assessment and clinical decision-making, the state of research evidence for outpatient treatment, and special clinical topics such as the management of countertransference among professional teams and the use of experiential therapies to overcome treatment resistance. Part II highlights one whole-family, psychoeducational approach to parent–child contact problems known as the Overcoming Barriers approach. Founders of this program and affiliated clinicians explicate components of this model in chapters on its therapeutic milieu; psychoeducational groups for rejected parents, favored parents, and children; and coparenting and parent–child interventions. The translation of model components to outpatient practice is also discussed, and program evaluation data are presented. Authors emphasize the evolving nature of this one approach, including areas of overlap with other family interventions, and highlight lessons learned from this innovative program.
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Lurie, Peter. “Orders from the House”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199797318.003.0003.
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This chapter takes its title from an essay about The Shining by Fredric Jameson, “Historicism in the Shining,” which, for all its acuity about the film’s awareness of economic history, demonstrates a notable blind spot around issues of race and the violence subtending America’s past in regions like the U.S. west. It shows a troubling alliance between Jack Torrance’s will to mastery and director Stanley Kubrick’s unique wielding of cinematic omniscience, suggesting the film’s awareness of the frontier as both a space of supposed white sovereignty and aesthetic spectacle. It employs key visual tropes and verbal details as well as the film’s stylistic excesses to suggest the history of genocide embedded in both the Overlook Hotel’s history and in American historical concepts such as manifest destiny. Its conclusion utilizes Gilles Deleuze’s model of the time-image to describe an apprehensible historicity in the film’s dual ending.
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Straaijer, Robin. The usage guide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808206.003.0002.
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Drawing on data from the Hyper Usage Guide of English (HUGE) database (Straaijer 2014), this chapter sets the context for the other chapters of the collection by exploring the usage guide as a genre since the earliest publication in 1770. While modern usage guides overlap in form and content with other genres of works about language, there are distinct characteristics that identify them as a separate genre. After this genre had slowly been evolving for 150 years, H. W. Fowler’s Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1926) became a model for future publications. However, the usage guide remains a strongly author-driven genre, resulting in much variation in form and content. After continued development and professionalization from the mid-twentieth century onwards, two subtypes within the genre seem to have emerged: one striving for comprehensiveness and the other offering entertaining narrative. This variety may account for the enduring popularity of the genre.
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Taber-Thomas, Bradley, and Koraly Pérez-Edgar. Emerging Adulthood Brain Development. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.15.
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Emerging adulthood (EA) is marked by a prolonged developmental transition to adulthood, dynamic personal and environmental circumstances, and unique patterns of vulnerability to psychological dysfunction. Neurodevelopment in childhood and adolescence has been studied extensively, but EA has not yet received its due attention from developmental cognitive neuroscience. The existing evidence shows that neurodevelopment continues throughout EA in support of emerging adult roles. The data suggest a frontolimbic fine-tuning model of brain development in EA that holds that adult functions are promoted through the strengthening of prefrontal regulation of limbic function and a newly emerging balance between prefrontal subregions involved in modulating approach and avoidance. Considering the overlap between these neurodevelopmental processes and the peak incidence of numerous psychological disorders in EA, it seems that individual differences in the dynamics of emerging adulthood neurodevelopment may not only underlie differences in functioning, but also risk for psychological disorder.
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Shaffer, Howard J., Alexander Blaszczynski, Robert Ladouceur, Davis Fong, and Peter Collins, eds. Responsible Gambling. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.001.0001.
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This volume reflects the perspectives of a diverse group of primary stakeholders interested in responsible gambling activities and programs. It also marks a watershed moment in the activities of the International Group on Responsible Gambling. The Reno Model, introduced by Blaszczynski, Ladouceur, and Shaffer in 2004, has provided the seminal architecture for understanding, creating, and implementing responsible gambling activities and programs. This model stimulated considerable interest and growth of responsible gambling activities around the world. This development contributed to the establishment of the editors’ international working group on responsible gambling—and the need to bring together a variety of divergent perspectives associated with responsible gambling. Stakeholders often overlook these viewpoints, protect a narrow view of responsible gambling, and avoid the scientific evidence associated with responsible gambling. Consequently, the primary purpose of this book is to discuss and formulate guidelines, elaborate principles, and stimulate discussion related to responsible gambling policies and activities. In addition, this book emphasizes the continuing need to empirically evaluate the efficacy, reach, and influence of responsible gambling activities. The contents of this volume represent the viewpoints of key stakeholders who are vested with the obligation to minimize harm and protect consumers (e.g., regulators, governments, academics, clinicians, individuals, gamblers, and the general community). This first-of-its-kind book provides an overall summary of the respective viewpoints, insights, and critical but constructive suggestions relevant to advancing the aims and objectives of responsible gambling.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Interdependent Multilayer Networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0011.
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This chapter characterizes interdependent multilayer networks and their increased fragility. Interdependent networks are stylized models that can represent different complex systems, ranging from global infrastructures to molecular networks in the cell. When a fraction of nodes is initially damaged, interdependent networks are affected by dramatic cascades of failures that suddenly dismantle the multilayer network. The theory beyond this phenomenology is discussed in a pedagogical way by characterizing the percolation, discontinuous and hybrid transitions. The interplay between structure and function is studied in this context by considering multiplex networks without and with link overlap, and the effect of built-in correlations in the multilayer network structure. Finally, partial interdependencies and redundant interdependencies are discussed as major strategies to reduce the fragility of interdependent networks.
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Grabbe, Lester L. Prophecy and Priesthood. Edited by Carolyn J. Sharp. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.013.2.
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Prophets and priests are often seen as opponents, but this is far from true. Prophets might well criticize what they see as priestly corruption, while in a similar vein priests might denounce prophets whom they think are false. Yet although each category of office has certain unique characteristics, their activities and functions often overlap with one another. Both act as intermediaries between humans and the divine, and both provide various means for seeking and obtaining a message from the deity. Some prophets came from priestly families, and there seem to have been cultic prophets connected with the temple. A variety of prophets and models of prophets are found in the Hebrew Bible, including female prophets, “sons/bands of the prophets,” and shaman-like figures.
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Parkes, Joanna E., Simon Rothwell, and Janine A. Lamb. Aetiology and pathogenesis. Edited by Hector Chinoy and Robert Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754121.003.0003.
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The aetiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) is poorly understood; IIM are thought to result from exposure to environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are involved in IIM, and there is increasing evidence that non-inflammatory mechanisms play an important role in disease pathology. Several environmental risk factors, including infectious agents, ultraviolet radiation, cigarette smoking, and exposure to statins, have been implicated. Genetic studies have identified the major histocompatibility complex as the most strongly associated region, while recent large scale genome-wide studies have implicated genes that commonly regulate the adaptive immune response, which overlap with other seropositive autoimmune diseases. Integrating data across these various fields should facilitate refined models of disease pathogenesis.
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Berry, Craig, and Scott Lavery. Towards a Political Economy of Depoliticization Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748977.003.0011.
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This chapter argues that the literature on depoliticization tends to overlook the structural context within which depoliticization processes take place and, in particular, the way in which depoliticization strategies are embedded within distinctively capitalist forms of social organization. Too often, analysis focuses on categorizing different ‘types’ of depoliticization processes or outcomes, while neglecting to examine how depoliticization strategies are used as a discursive tool for embedding or shoring up dominant models of economic growth. The chapter seeks to resituate depoliticization in the political economy framework developed originally by Peter Burnham, while acknowledging that Burnham’s reductionist approach to institutions has paradoxically encouraged subsequent scholars to largely ignore structural context in characterizing instances of depoliticization. The chapter offers a preliminary application of an alternative political economy approach by examining macroeconomic policymaking in the post-crisis period in the United Kingdom, focusing on the Help to Buy scheme and the Office for Budget Responsibility.
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Kumpfer, Karol L., and Cátia Magalhães. Prevention as Treatment. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.22.
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This chapter reviews the application of treatment methods in prevention, with an emphasis on family-based substance abuse, delinquency, and child maltreatment. The goal of prevention is to increase resilience in high-risk children. Considerable overlap exists between evidence-based prevention and treatment interventions, including their etiological and intervention theories, cognitive behavioral change methods and outcome objectives. Also included is the Institute of Medicinespectrum of treatment disorders, a review of prevention and treatment intervention theories, and methods used to design effective family interventions, with an emphasis on family systems, social ecology and resilience theories including the author’s Transactional Framework of Resilience model and the Strengthening Families Program. Lastly, this chapter covers the applications of clinical techniques to improve resilience characteristics and processes and places evidence-based prevention programs methods within this framework and details their similarity to treatment. Digital technology (e.g., DVDs, Web, smart phones, television, etc.) is recommended to reduce intervention costs and “go-to-scale” to have a greater public health impact in promoting resilience in children.
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Day, Matthew. Marxism. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.12.
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The ‘actually existing’ academic study of religion is barely imaginable without Marx. Rather than identifying an essential Marxist account of religion, the chapter distinguishes between a pre-1850 and post-1850 constellation of attitudes and intuitions. The chapter begins with this basic exegetical work and then documents a focus by many twentieth-century intellectuals on how Marxism and religion overlap: for much of the twentieth century, intellectuals were often more interested in assessing Marxism potential status as a religion, as opposed to strategically drawing upon the Marxist vocabulary in order to explain religious discourses and practices. It then identifies three successful Marxist strategies that take the latter approach: (a) a mode of anti-capitalist protest; (b) a form of non-elite reflection on capital; (c) a mythologizing ideological discourse.
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Ruma, Pal. Part IV Separation of Powers, Ch.15 Separation of Powers. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0015.
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This chapter examines how the issue of separation of powers is treated in the Indian Constitution. More specifically, it considers whether the separation of powers is a principle in the constitutional law of India and if so, what sort of doctrine of separation of powers is embraced by the Indian Constitution. The chapter begins with an overview of the three models of separation of powers articulated in the Indian Constitution, along with the constitutional provisions showing the functional overlap between the executive, legislature, and judiciary. It then turns to a discussion of the legislative branch’s judicial powers under the Constitution, as well as its control of the judiciary; the executive’s administration, legislative, and judicial functions; and the courts’ judicial power and independence. Finally, it looks at the allocation of powers relating to governance to autonomous bodies such as the Election Commission and the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
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Gordon, Kathryn H., Jill M. Holm-Denoma, Valerie J. Douglas, Ross Crosby, and Stephen A. Wonderlich. The Classification of Eating Disorders. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.1.
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The purpose of this chapter is to elucidate the key issues regarding the classification of eating disorders. To this end, a review of nosological research in the area of eating disorders is presented, with a particular focus on empirically based techniques such as taxometric analysis, latent class analysis, and factor mixture modeling. This is followed by a section outlining areas of overlap between the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth Edition (DSM-5) eating disorder categories and their symptoms. Next, eating disorder classification models that are alternatives to the DSM-5 are described and critically examined in light of available empirical data. Finally, areas of controversy and considerations for change in next version of the DSM (i.e., the applicability of DSM criteria to minority groups, children, and males; the question of whether clinical categories should be differentiated from research categories) are discussed.
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Clark, Luke. Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Pathological Gambling. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0035.
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Pathological gambling is an impulse control disorder (ICD) characterized by loss of control over gambling behavior. This chapter will describe the illness profile of pathological gambling. As well as summarizing the epidemiological data on the prevalence of pathological gambling and its associated comorbidities, I will also consider (1) the classificatory overlap between pathological gambling, the substance use disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder; (2) the emerging evidence for dimensional rather than categorical models of disordered gambling; and (3) some of the sources of hererogeneity among pathological gamblers, including the differences between common games. In the second part of the chapter, I will review several sets of psychological and neurobiological factors that are implicated in the etiology of pathological gambling, including the role of physiological arousal (“excitement”), conditioning influences, cognitive distortions, personality trait variables, and neuropsychological and neuroimaging markers. These mechanisms are often complementary, and a biopsychosocial theory of gambling will incorporate multiple levels of explanation.
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Wilkinson, Adrian, Paul J. Gollan, Mick Marchington, and David Lewin, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Participation in Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199207268.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Participation in Organizations discusses various arguments and schools of thought about employee participation; analyses the range of forms that participation can take in practice; and examines the way in which it meets objectives that are set for it, either by employers, trade unions, individual workers, or, indeed, the state. Employee participation encompasses the range of mechanisms used to involve the workforce in decisions at all levels of the organization whether direct or indirect conducted with employees or through their representatives. In its various guises, the topic of employee participation has been a recurring theme in industrial relations and human resource management. One of the problems in trying to develop any analysis of participation is that there is potentially limited overlap between these different disciplinary traditions, and scholars from diverse traditions may know relatively little of the research that has been conducted elsewhere. This book analyses a number of the more significant disciplinary areas in greater depth. Not only is there a range of different traditions contributing to the research and literature on the subject, there is also an extremely diverse sets of practices that congregate under the banner of participation. All the authors are leading scholars from around the world, who present and discuss fundamental theories and approaches to participation in organization as well as their connection to broader political forces. These selections address the changing contexts of employee participation, different cultural/institutional models, old/new economy models, shifting social and political patterns, and the correspondence between industrial and political democracy and participation.
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Camacho, Alejandro, and Robert Glicksman. Reorganizing Government. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479829675.001.0001.
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Reorganizing Government seeks to transform how policymakers and scholars understand relationships between government institutions, and offers a pioneering model for constructing and assessing government authority. Regulation is frequently less successful than it could be. This is at least partly because the relationships among regulatory institutions are poorly understood and regulatory structures are routinely poorly designed. The book advances a framework for assessing how governmental authority may be structured along three dimensions-centralization, overlap, and coordination-and demonstrates how differentiating among these dimensions and among particular governmental functions (e.g., standard setting, enforcement) better illuminates the tradeoffs of organizational alternatives. It illustrates these neglected dimensional and functional aspects of interjurisdictional relations through six in-depth explorations involving securities and banking regulation, food safety, environmental protection, and terrorism prevention. In each case study, the authors explore how differentiating among dimensions, and among particular governmental functions, better illuminates the advantages and disadvantages of available structural options. (Re)Organizing Government thus offers a way for officials and scholars to evaluate both adopted and contemplated allocations of authority and to structure intergovernmental authority more effectively. It uses the lens of climate change, an emerging and vital global policy challenge, to illustrate the practical value of applying the book's novel analytical framework to future reorganization efforts. The book concludes by proposing an "adaptive governance" infrastructure that provides a way for policymakers to embed the creation, evaluation, and adjustment of the organization of regulatory institutions into the democratic process itself.
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Drezner, Daniel W. Mercantilist and Realist Perspectives on the Global Political Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.260.
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Mercantilism and realism would appear to go hand in glove with each other. If realism represents both a systemic worldview and explanatory model for world politics, then mercantilism would appear to be the paradigm’s default foreign economic policy doctrine. And, to be sure, there are obvious and strong areas of overlap. Both paradigms stress the autonomous role of the state—and warn against capture by particularistic interests. Both also stress the conditioning effects of the distribution of power in defining national economic interests. Despite these constants, however, over time, the two approaches diverged more and more. Most modern-day writers who sympathize with mercantilism do so from perspectives ranging from left-leaning social democracy to more radical Gramscian critiques. Realists, on the other hand, have tended to gravitate towards the conservative, Burkean side of the political spectrum. While realists and mercantilists might agree on the role that power plays in the global economy, they do not necessarily agree on the normative implications of that insight. Paradoxically, as realism has acquired a more “scientific” cast, it has become less influential in international political economy (IPE) scholarship. For realism to maintain its relevancy in IPE, it must reacquire its deftness in incorporating nonstructural variables into its explanatory framework. The paradigm retains some useful predictive power for how systemic political variables affect global economic outcomes, but it is of little use in discussing the reverse causal effects.
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Nadler, Anthony, and A. J. Bauer, eds. News on the Right. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913540.001.0001.
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This volume seeks to initiate a new interdisciplinary field of scholarly research focused on the study of right-wing media and conservative news. To date, the study of conservative or right-wing media has proceeded unevenly, cross-cutting several traditional disciplines and subfields, with little continuity or citational overlap. This book posits a new multifaceted object of analysis—conservative news cultures—designed to promote concerted interdisciplinary investigation into the consistent practices or patterns of meaning making that emerge between and among the sites of production, circulation, and consumption of conservative news. With contributors from the fields of journalism studies, media and communication studies, cultural studies, history, political science, and sociology, the book models the capacious field it seeks to promote. Its contributors draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative research methods—from archival analysis to regression analysis of survey data to rhetorical analysis—to elucidate case studies focused on conservative news cultures in the United States and the United Kingdom. From the National Review to Fox News, from the National Rifle Association to Brexit, from media policy to liberal media bias, this book is designed as an introduction to right-wing media and an opening salvo in the interdisciplinary field of conservative news studies.
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Ferris, John. Intelligence in War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.405.
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A large literature has emerged on intelligence and war which integrates the topics and techniques of two disciplines: strategic studies and military history. The literature on intelligence and war is divided into theory and strategy; command, control, communications, and intelligence (C3I); sources; military estimates in peace; deception; conventional operations; strike; and counter-insurgency and guerilla warfare. Sun Tzu treats intelligence as central to all forms of power politics, and even defines strategy and warfare as “the way of deception.” On the other hand, C3I combines signals and data processing technology, command as thought, process and action, the training of people, and individual and bureaucratic modes of learning. Since 1914, the power of secret sources has risen dramatically in peace and war, revolutionizing the value of intelligence for operations, especially at sea. The strongest area in this study is signals intelligence. Meanwhile, the relationship of intelligence with war, and with power politics, overlaps on the matter of military estimates during peacetime. The literature on operational intelligence is strongest on World War II. However, analysts have particularly failed to differentiate the effect of intelligence on operations, from that on a key element of military power since 1914: strike warfare. In counter-insurgency, many types and levels of war and intelligence overlap, which include guerillas, conventional and strike forces, and politics in villages and capitals.
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Meng, X. J. Hepatitis E virus. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0048.
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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-strand, positive-sense RNA virus of approximately 7.2 kb in size. HEV is classified in the family Hepeviridae consisting of four recognized major genotypes that infect humans and other animals. Genotypes 1 and 2 HEV are restricted to humans and often associated with large outbreaks and epidemics in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 HEV infect humans, pigs and other animal species and are responsible for sporadic cases of hepatitis E in both developing and industrialized countries. The avian HEV associated with Hepatitis-Splenomegaly syndrome in chickens is genetically and antigenically related to mammalian HEV, and likely represents a new genus in the family. There exist three open reading frames in HEV genome: ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein, and the ORF3 encodes a small phosphoprotein. ORF2 and ORF3 are translated from a single bicistronic mRNA, and overlap each other but neither overlaps ORF1. Due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system and a practical animal model for HEV, the mechanisms of HEV replication and pathogenesis are poorly understood. The recent identification and characterization of animal strains of HEV from pigs and chickens and the demonstrated ability of cross-species infection by these animal strains raise potential public health concerns for zoonotic HEV transmission. It has been shown that the genotypes 3 and 4 HEV strains from pigs can infect humans, and vice versa. Accumulating evidence indicated that hepatitis E is a zoonotic disease, and swine and perhaps other animal species are reservoirs for HEV. A vaccine against HEV is not yet available.
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Whittier, Nancy. Frenemies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190235994.001.0001.
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What happens when activists who usually oppose each other work to advance similar goals? This book re-conceptualizes models of social movements’ relationships with each other and develops a new framework for understanding relationships that are neither coalitions nor countermovements. Rich, empirically grounded case studies of opposition to pornography, child sexual abuse policy, and the Violence Against Women Act show how feminists and conservatives engaged with the issues and with each other, the differences between their approaches, and both their points of overlap and their power struggles. Each case illustrates a different type of relationship: an adversarial yet collaborative interaction around pornography; a narrow, issue-specific, and politically neutral opposition to child sexual abuse; and an ambivalent alliance confined to the policy arena for the Violence Against Women Act. Focusing on activism targeting the federal government from 1980 to 2013, the book draws on a unique, in-depth dataset, including transcripts of Congressional hearings and movement documents, to analyze interpretive processes within the state. Activists constructed frames that enabled cross-ideological support, dealt with the reputational risk of appearing to consort with the enemy, and sometimes compromised or de-emphasized controversial goals in favor of areas of commonality. In the end, feminists and conservatives influenced policy and culture to different degrees in the three case studies, depending on their relative power. Frenemies draws powerful lessons about both the benefits and risks of collaboration across ideological difference.
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Gosetti-Ferencei, Jennifer Anna. On Being and Becoming. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913656.001.0001.
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On Being and Becoming offers a new approach to existentialist philosophy and literature, as responding to competing demands for universal truth and the defense of the irreducible singularity of the individual. On Being and Becoming traces the heterogeneity of existentialist thinking beyond the popular wartime philosophers of the Parisian Left Bank, demonstrating their critical dependence on sources from the nineteenth century and their complements in modernist works across the European continent and beyond. While quintessentially modern, existentialism inherits ideas of the past and anticipates challenges of the present. Despite its individualism, existentialist attention to the human self is related to conceptions of world, others, the earth, and the more encompassing concept of being. The predominance of ideas of authenticity, individuality, and self-determination makes any existentialist manifesto self-contradictory, while existentialist thinkers above all wanted to make their philosophy relevant to concrete human existence as it is lived. Prevailing models of existential authenticity life tend to overlook the rich diversity of its prospects, which, as this volume shows, involve not only anxiety, absurdity, awareness of death and of the loss of religious reassurances, but also hope, the striving for happiness, and a sense of the transcendent—all of these grounded our human capacity to create meaning. In spite of the diversity of existentialism, all of its thinkers recognize the self as becoming, and recognize the courage and creativity human individuality demands. On Being and Becoming elaborates pragmatic and philosophical relevance of existentialism for being human in the contemporary world.
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Isendahl, Christian, and Daryl Stump, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Historical Ecology and Applied Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199672691.001.0001.
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This volume presents theoretical discussions, methodological outlines, and case-studies describing the discursive overlap of the theoretical and methodological framework of historical ecology, and the emerging sub-discipline of applied archaeology. Historical ecology is based on the recognition that humans are not only capable of modifying their environments, but that all environments on earth have already been directly or indirectly modified. This includes anthropogenic climate change, widespread deforestations, and species extinctions, but also very local alterations, the effects of which may last a few years, or may have legacies lasting centuries or more. The volume presents a range of case-studies that highlight how modern environments and landscapes have been shaped by humans, and includes outlines of the methods we can use to better understand these changes. Authors include anthropologists, archaeologists, human geographers, and historians, all of whom are focussed not just on defining human impacts in the past, but on the ways that understanding these changes can help inform contemporary practices and development policies. Some present examples of how ancient or current societies have modified their environments in sustainable ways, while others highlight practices that had unintended long-term consequences. The possibility of learning from these practices are discussed, as is the potential of using the long history of human resource exploitation as a method for building or testing models of future change. Rather than merely acting as advocates for historical data, the chapters collected here also warn of the limitations of drawing simple lessons from the history of interactions between humans and their environments, and note that doing so is potentially just as damaging as ignoring these rich sources of data.
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Adler, Paul S., and Terry A. Winograd, eds. Usability: Turning Technologies into Tools. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195075106.001.0001.
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As more and more equipment incorporates advanced technologies, usability -- the ability of equipment to take advantage of users' skills and thereby to function effectively in the broad range of real work situations -- is becoming an essential component of equipment design. Usability: Turning Technologies into Tools collects six essays that herald a fundamental shift in the way industry and researchers think about usability. In this new, broader definition, usability no longer means safeguarding against human error, but rather enabling human beings to learn, to use, and to adapt the equipment to satisfy better the demands and contingencies of their work. Following an introduction that develops some core concepts of usability, the subsequent chapters: -- describe the role of usability in guiding one of Xerox's largest strategic initiatives -- analyze a Monsanto chemical plant where a study of worker's conversational patterns contributed to the design of a more effective system of controls -- present an empirical study of equipment design practices in U.S. industry which contrasts technology-centered and skill-based design approaches -- summarize recent Scandinavian experiences with user participation in design, with specific reference to the DEMOS and UTOPIA projects -- analyze European experiences that suggest five key criteria for effective human-centered design of advanced manufacturing technology --offer an insightful discussion of the powerful, often hidden human and organizational resources that conventional design processes overlook. Today, three quarters of all advanced technology implementations in manufacturing fail to achieve their performance goals because of inadequate usability. By viewing the human being as a mechanistic system component, and not a particularly reliable one, the traditional "human factors" model of usability virtually ensures that the uniquely human qualities -- experience, adaptation, innovation -- will be neglected, and therefore that new technologies will realize little of their true potential. Usability: Turning Technologies into Tools answers the need for better usability criteria and more effective design and usability assurance processes. In so doing, it leads the way to making a new, broader concept of usability central to design. Its chapters will be of interest to managers and professionals in computer systems, manufacturing engineering, industrial design, and human factors, as well as researchers in disciplines such as computer science, engineering, design studies, sociology, organizational behavior and human resource management, industrial relations, education, and business strategy.