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1

Liu, Yang, Fengmei Wang, Tofik Ahmed Shifa, Jie Li, Jing Tai, Yu Zhang, Junwei Chu, Xueying Zhan, Chongxin Shan, and Jun He. "Hierarchically heterostructured metal hydr(oxy)oxides for efficient overall water splitting." Nanoscale 11, no. 24 (2019): 11736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr02988e.

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2

Liang, Shuqin, Meizan Jing, Tiju Thomas, Jian Liu, Haichuan Guo, J. Paul Attfield, Ali Saad, Hangjia Shen, and Minghui Yang. "FeNi3–FeNi3N – a high-performance catalyst for overall water splitting." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 12 (2020): 6245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se01491e.

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3

Liu, Bingrui, Ning Zhang, and Mingming Ma. "Cobalt-based nanosheet arrays as efficient electrocatalysts for overall water splitting." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 33 (2017): 17640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta04248e.

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4

Amin, Bahareh Golrokh, Abdurazag T. Swesi, Jahangir Masud, and Manashi Nath. "CoNi2Se4 as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting." Chemical Communications 53, no. 39 (2017): 5412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc01489a.

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Electrodeposited CoNi2Se4 shows excellent electrocatalytic activity for OER and HER in alkaline medium with a low overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 (160 mV for OER, and 210 mV for HER).
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5

Duan, Wei, Shixing Han, Zhonghai Fang, Zhaohui Xiao, and Shiwei Lin. "In Situ Filling of the Oxygen Vacancies with Dual Heteroatoms in Co3O4 for Efficient Overall Water Splitting." Molecules 28, no. 10 (May 16, 2023): 4134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104134.

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Electrocatalytic water splitting is a crucial area in sustainable energy development, and the development of highly efficient bifunctional catalysts that exhibit activity toward both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of paramount importance. Co3O4 is a promising candidate catalyst, owing to the variable valence of Co, which can be exploited to enhance the bifunctional catalytic activity of HER and OER through rational adjustments of the electronic structure of Co atoms. In this study, we employed a plasma-etching strategy in combination with an in situ filling of heteroatoms to etch the surface of Co3O4, creating abundant oxygen vacancies, while simultaneously filling them with nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms. The resulting N/S-VO-Co3O4 exhibited favorable bifunctional activity for alkaline electrocatalytic water splitting, with significantly enhanced HER and OER catalytic activity compared to pristine Co3O4. In an alkaline overall water-splitting simulated electrolytic cell, N/S-VO-Co3O4 || N/S-VO-Co3O4 showed excellent overall water splitting catalytic activity, comparable to noble metal benchmark catalysts Pt/C || IrO2, and demonstrated superior long-term catalytic stability. Additionally, the combination of in situ Raman spectroscopy with other ex situ characterizations provided further insight into the reasons behind the enhanced catalyst performance achieved through the in situ incorporation of N and S heteroatoms. This study presents a facile strategy for fabricating highly efficient cobalt-based spinel electrocatalysts incorporated with double heteroatoms for alkaline electrocatalytic monolithic water splitting.
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6

Li, Ying, Fumin Li, Yue Zhao, Shu-Ni Li, Jing-Hui Zeng, Hong-Chang Yao, and Yu Chen. "Iron doped cobalt phosphide ultrathin nanosheets on nickel foam for overall water splitting." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 36 (2019): 20658–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07289f.

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7

Sun, Jianrui, Saisai Li, Qiaoqiao Zhang, and Jingqi Guan. "Iron–cobalt–nickel trimetal phosphides as high-performance electrocatalysts for overall water splitting." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 9 (2020): 4531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00694g.

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8

Liu, Xin, Jinmei Dong, Bo You, and Yujie Sun. "Competent overall water-splitting electrocatalysts derived from ZIF-67 grown on carbon cloth." RSC Advances 6, no. 77 (2016): 73336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17030g.

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9

Vigil, Julian A., and Timothy N. Lambert. "Nanostructured cobalt phosphide-based films as bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting." RSC Advances 5, no. 128 (2015): 105814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra24562a.

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Nanostructured cobalt phosphide-based films (Co-PP) were shown to be effective bifunctional electrocatalysts for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. A symmetrical alkaline electrolysis cell demonstrated low overpotential for water splitting.
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10

Wei, Yi, Cheol-Hwan Shin, Caleb Gyan-Barimah, Emmanuel Batsa Tetteh, Gisang Park, and Jong-Sung Yu. "Positive self-reconstruction in an FeNiMo phosphide electrocatalyst for enhanced overall water splitting." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 22 (2021): 5789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se01541a.

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Binder-free FeNiMoP synthesized by a simple two-step method shows interesting structural self-reconstruction and demonstrates remarkably high electrocatalytic overall water splitting performance in alkaline conditions.
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11

Wang, Pengyan, Honglin He, Zonghua Pu, Lei Chen, Chengtian Zhang, Zhe Wang, and Shichun Mu. "Phosphorization engineering ameliorated the electrocatalytic activity for overall water splitting on Ni3S2 nanosheets." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 35 (2019): 13466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt02841b.

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12

Chen, Dandan, Yingdong Chen, Wei Zhang, and Rui Cao. "Nickel selenide from single-molecule electrodeposition for efficient electrocatalytic overall water splitting." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 1 (2021): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj04966b.

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The prepared electrode (NiSe-TMEDA/CC) from single-molecule electrodeposition is functional for both the OER and HER and shows a superior performance for overall water splitting with a low cell voltage in alkaline medium.
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13

He, Wenjun, Dongbo Jia, Jianing Cheng, Fangqing Wang, Liang Zhang, Ying Li, Caichi Liu, Qiuyan Hao, and Jianling Zhao. "P-doped nickel sulfide nanosheet arrays for alkaline overall water splitting." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 22 (2020): 7581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy01577f.

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Heazlewoodite, Ni3S2, is one of the most promising bifunctional electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media due to its metallic conductivity and low cost.
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14

Wen, Yan, Jingyao Qi, Peicheng Wei, Xu Kang, and Xin Li. "Design of Ni3N/Co2N heterojunctions for boosting electrocatalytic alkaline overall water splitting." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 16 (2021): 10260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta00885d.

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The heterojunction structure accelerates the overall water splitting for transition metal nitrides. Pyridine nitrogen and metal ions that act as catalytic sites synergistically promote the electrocatalytic process.
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15

Manojkumar, Kaliyannan, Rajagopalan Kandeeban, Ramasubramanian Brindha, Velusamy Sangeetha, and Kulandaivel Saminathan. "Non-precious metal-based integrated electrodes for overall alkaline water splitting." Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 99, no. 11 (November 2022): 100775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2022.100775.

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16

Zhao, Peiwen, Linzheng Ma, and Jinxue Guo. "Vanadium doped nickel hydroxide nanosheets for efficient overall alkaline water splitting." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 164 (May 2022): 110634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2022.110634.

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17

Zhang, Chaoxiong, Haoxuan Liu, Jia He, Guangzhi Hu, Haihong Bao, Fang Lü, Longchao Zhuo, Junqiang Ren, Xijun Liu, and Jun Luo. "Boosting hydrogen evolution activity of vanadyl pyrophosphate nanosheets for electrocatalytic overall water splitting." Chemical Communications 55, no. 71 (2019): 10511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc04481g.

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Herein, vanadyl pyrophosphate nanosheets have been firstly reported as a novel catalyst for hydrogen evolution with superb catalytic activity, and also exhibited outstanding performance for overall water splitting in an alkaline electrolyte.
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18

Sial, Muhammad Aurang Zeb Gul, Haifeng Lin, and Xun Wang. "Microporous 2D NiCoFe phosphate nanosheets supported on Ni foam for efficient overall water splitting in alkaline media." Nanoscale 10, no. 27 (2018): 12975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr03350a.

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19

Peng, Zheng, Siwei Yang, Dingsi Jia, Peimei Da, Peng He, Abdullah M. Al-Enizi, Guqiao Ding, Xiaoming Xie, and Gengfeng Zheng. "Homologous metal-free electrocatalysts grown on three-dimensional carbon networks for overall water splitting in acidic and alkaline media." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 33 (2016): 12878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta04426c.

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20

Zhu, Xiaolin, Cheng Tang, Hao-Fan Wang, Bo-Quan Li, Qiang Zhang, Chunyi Li, Chaohe Yang, and Fei Wei. "Monolithic-structured ternary hydroxides as freestanding bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 19 (2016): 7245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta02216b.

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Fully exposed ternary hydroxides electrodeposited on Ni foam (NiCoFe/NF) exhibited superb oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution reactivity in alkaline media, and this monolithic-structured electrode further enabled a high-efficiency water electrolyzer.
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21

Wang, Jian, Subin Choi, Juwon Kim, Suk Won Cha, and Jongwoo Lim. "Recent Advances of First d-Block Metal-Based Perovskite Oxide Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Water Splitting." Catalysts 10, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10070770.

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First d-block metal-based perovskite oxides (FDMPOs) have garnered significant attention in research for their utilization in the water oxidation reaction due to their low cost, earth abundance, and promising activities. Recently, FDMPOs are being applied in electrocatalysis for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and overall water splitting reaction. Numerous promising FDMPO-based water splitting electrocatalysts have been reported, along with new catalytic mechanisms. Therefore, an in-time summary of the current progress of FDMPO-based water splitting electrocatalysts is now considered imperative. However, few reviews have focused on this particular subject thus far. In this contribution, we review the most recent advances (mainly within the years 2014–2020) of FDMPO electrocatalysts for alkaline water splitting, which is widely considered to be the most promising next-generation technology for future large-scale hydrogen production. This review begins with an introduction describing the fundamentals of alkaline water electrolysis and perovskite oxides. We then carefully elaborate on the various design strategies used for the preparation of FDMPO electrocatalysts applied in the alkaline water splitting reaction, including defecting engineering, strain tuning, nanostructuring, and hybridization. Finally, we discuss the current advances of various FDMPO-based water splitting electrocatalysts, including those based on Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, and other first d-block metal-based catalysts. By conveying various methods, developments, perspectives, and challenges, this review will contribute toward the understanding and development of FDMPO electrocatalysts for alkaline water splitting.
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22

Huang, Song-Jeng, Adil Muneeb, Palani Sabhapathy, Khasim Saheb Bayikadi, Tahir Murtaza, Kalaivanan Raju, Li-Chyong Chen, Kuei-Hsien Chen, and Raman Sankar. "Two-Dimensional Layered NiLiP2S6 Crystals as an Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting." Catalysts 11, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11070786.

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The quest of earth-abundant bifunctional electrocatalysts for highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is essential for clean and renewable energy systems. Herein, directed by the experimental analysis, we demonstrate layered nickel lithium phosphosulfide (NiLiP2S6) crystal as a highly efficient water-splitting catalyst in alkaline media. With strained lattice due to stacked layers as observed by TEM and electronic structure analysis performed by XPS showed mixed Ni2+,3+ oxidation states induced by addition of Li as a cation, NiLiP2S6 displays excellent OER (current density of 10 mA cm–2 showed an overpotential of 303 mV vs. RHE and a Tafel slope of 114 mV dec–1) and HER activity (current density of −10 mA cm–2 showed an overpotential of 184 mV vs. RHE and a Tafel slope of 94.5 mV dec–1). Finally, an alkaline media was employed to demonstrate the overall water splitting using NiLiP2S6 as both the anode and the cathode, which attained a 50 mA cm−2 current density at 1.68 V. This bimetallic phosphosulfide, together with long-term stability and enhanced intrinsic activity, shows enormous potential in water splitting applications.
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23

Zhao, Meiru, Jia Du, Hao Lei, Lingwei Pei, Zhangquan Gong, Xing Wang, and Haifeng Bao. "Enhanced electrocatalytic activity of FeNi alloy quantum dot-decorated cobalt carbonate hydroxide nanosword arrays for effective overall water splitting." Nanoscale 14, no. 8 (2022): 3191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr08035k.

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24

Han, Guan-Qun, Xiao Li, Yan-Ru Liu, Bin Dong, Wen-Hui Hu, Xiao Shang, Xin Zhao, Yong-Ming Chai, Yun-Qi Liu, and Chen-Guang Liu. "Controllable synthesis of three dimensional electrodeposited Co–P nanosphere arrays as efficient electrocatalysts for overall water splitting." RSC Advances 6, no. 58 (2016): 52761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra04478f.

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Novel three dimensional (3D) electrodeposited Co–P nanosphere arrays on FTO (Co–P/FTO) have been successfully prepared as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting in alkaline media.
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25

Cao, Dong, and Daojian Cheng. "One-pot synthesis of copper–nickel sulfide nanowires for overall water splitting in alkaline media." Chemical Communications 55, no. 56 (2019): 8154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc02977j.

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Herein, one dimensional copper–nickel sulfide nanowires (NWs) were, for the first time, synthesized by using an accurate one pot multi-step wet chemistry strategy, which display superior activity for overall water splitting in alkaline media.
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26

Chen, Lei, Yaohao Song, Yi Liu, Liang Xu, Jiaqian Qin, Yongpeng Lei, and Yougen Tang. "NiCoP nanoleaves array for electrocatalytic alkaline H2 evolution and overall water splitting." Journal of Energy Chemistry 50 (November 2020): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2020.03.046.

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27

Liu, Yu, Panpan Li, Zegao Wang, and Liangjuan Gao. "Shape–Preserved CoFeNi–MOF/NF Exhibiting Superior Performance for Overall Water Splitting across Alkaline and Neutral Conditions." Materials 17, no. 10 (May 7, 2024): 2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102195.

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This study reported a multi–functional Co0.45Fe0.45Ni0.9–MOF/NF catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and overall water splitting, which was synthesized via a novel shape–preserving two–step hydrothermal method. The resulting bowknot flake structure on NF enhanced the exposure of active sites, fostering a superior electrocatalytic surface, and the synergistic effect between Co, Fe, and Ni enhanced the catalytic activity of the active site. In an alkaline environment, the catalyst exhibited impressive overpotentials of 244 mV and 287 mV at current densities of 50 mA cm−2 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively. Transitioning to a neutral environment, an overpotential of 505 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 was achieved with the same catalyst, showing a superior property compared to similar catalysts. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that Co0.45Fe0.45Ni0.9–MOF/NF shows versatility as a bifunctional catalyst, excelling in both OER and HER, as well as overall water splitting. The innovative shape–preserving synthesis method presented in this study offers a facile method to develop an efficient electrocatalyst for OER under both alkaline and neutral conditions, which makes it a promising catalyst for hydrogen production by water splitting.
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28

Woo, Seongwon, Jooyoung Lee, Dong Sub Lee, Jung Kyu Kim, and Byungkwon Lim. "Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers with Embedded Co-Ceria Nanoparticles for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution and Overall Water Splitting." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040856.

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In this study, simple electrospinning combined with pyrolysis were used to fabricate transition-metal-based-nanoparticle-incorporated carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrocatalysts for a high-efficiency hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and overall water splitting. Co-CeO2 nanoparticle-incorporated carbon nanofibers (Co-CeO2@CNF) exhibit an outstanding electrocatalytic HER performance with an overpotential and Tafel slope of 92 mV and 54 mV/dec, respectively. For the counterpart, electrolysis, we incorporate the widely used Ni2Fe catalyst with a high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity into the carbon nanofiber (Ni2Fe@CNF). To evaluate their electrochemical properties for the overall water splitting, Co-CeO2@CNF and Ni2Fe@CNF were used as the HER and OER electrocatalysts in an alkaline electrolyzer. With the paired Co-CeO2@CNF and Ni2Fe@CNF electrodes, an overall water splitting current density of 10 mA/cm2 was achieved by applying 1.587 V across the electrodes with a remarkably lower overpotential of 257 mV compared to that of an electrolyzer comprised of Pt/C and IrO2 electrodes (400 mV). Owing to the conformal incorporation of nanoparticles into the CNF, the electrocatalysts exhibit significant long-term durability over 70 h of overall water splitting. This study provides rational designs of catalysts with high electrochemical catalytic activity and durability to achieve overall water splitting.
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29

Dong, Tao, Xiao Zhang, Yongqiang Cao, Hsueh-Shih Chen, and Ping Yang. "Ni/Ni3C core–shell nanoparticles encapsulated in N-doped bamboo-like carbon nanotubes towards efficient overall water splitting." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 6, no. 4 (2019): 1073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8qi01335g.

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A novel electrocatalyst of Ni/Ni3C core–shell nanoparticles embedded in bamboo-like N-doped carbon nanotubes has been successfully synthesized, which exhibits superior overall water splitting performance in alkaline solution.
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30

Liu, Peng, Weisheng Pan, Rui Yao, Lihan Zhang, Qianyuan Wu, Feiyu Kang, Hong Jin Fan, and Cheng Yang. "NiMoFe nanoparticles@MoO2 nano-pillar arrays as bifunctional electrodes for ultra-low-voltage overall water splitting." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 7 (2022): 3760–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta09245f.

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A bifunctional alkaline water splitting electrode material featuring dense ternary NiMoFe alloy nanoparticles anchored on the hierarchical MoO2 nano-pillar arrays is prepared by a unique reductive annealing-induced phase separation method.
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31

Dong, Chenlong, Xiangye Liu, Xin Wang, Xiaotao Yuan, Ziwan Xu, Wujie Dong, Muhammad Sohial Riaz, Guobao Li, and Fuqiang Huang. "Hierarchical Ni/NiTiO3 derived from NiTi LDHs: a bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 47 (2017): 24767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta08440d.

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32

Tang, Jiaruo, Xiaoli Jiang, Lin Tang, Yao Li, Qiaoji Zheng, Yu Huo, and Dunmin Lin. "Self-supported wire-in-plate NiFeS/CoS nanohybrids with a hierarchical structure for efficient overall water splitting." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 17 (2021): 5921–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt00319d.

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A self-supported hierarchical NiFeS/CoS nanosheet/nanowire is developed for water splitting in alkaline media. The catalyst delivers 50 and 150 mA cm−2 at ultralow overpotentials of 170 and 150 mV toward the OER and HER, respectively.
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33

Chen, Xinran, Yang Li, Lu Chen, Lili Cui, Zhiyu Dou, Xingquan He, Meihong Fan, and Tewodros Asefa. "Sulfur-bridged iron-polyphthalocyanine on CuxO/copper foam: efficient and durable electrocatalyst for overall water splitting." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 23 (2021): 5985–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se01167g.

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Sulfur-bridged iron polyphthalocyanine (FeSPPc) is grown in situ on CuxO-coated Cu foam and then shown to serve as an efficient non-noble electrocatalyst for alkaline overall water splitting to produce green hydrogen.
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34

Kamali Moghaddam, Saeideh, Seyed Masoud Seyed Ahmadian, and Behzad Haghighi. "AgCuO2 as a novel bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting in alkaline media." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 11 (2019): 4633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj06505e.

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35

Li, Yingjie, Haichuan Zhang, Ming Jiang, Yun Kuang, Xiaoming Sun, and Xue Duan. "Ternary NiCoP nanosheet arrays: An excellent bifunctional catalyst for alkaline overall water splitting." Nano Research 9, no. 8 (June 1, 2016): 2251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1112-z.

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36

Li, Caicai, Junxian Hou, Zexing Wu, Kai Guo, Deli Wang, Tianyou Zhai, and Huiqiao Li. "Acid promoted Ni/NiO monolithic electrode for overall water splitting in alkaline medium." Science China Materials 60, no. 10 (September 5, 2017): 918–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40843-017-9089-y.

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37

Bu, Yunfei, Seona Kim, Ohhun Kwon, Qin Zhong, and Guntae Kim. "A Composite Catalyst Based on Perovskites for Overall Water Splitting in Alkaline Conditions." ChemElectroChem 6, no. 5 (March 2019): 1520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801775.

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38

Wang, Bowen, Xiangxiong Chen, Yingjian He, Qin Liu, Xinxin Zhang, Ziyu Luo, John V. Kennedy, et al. "Fe2O3/P-doped CoMoO4 electrocatalyst delivers efficient overall water splitting in alkaline media." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 346 (June 2024): 123741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2024.123741.

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39

Tong, Yun, and Pengzuo Chen. "Optimized hierarchical nickel sulfide as a highly active bifunctional catalyst for overall water splitting." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 22 (2021): 7776–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt00867f.

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A highly efficient water electrolyzer has been developed to achieve superior performance with a very low cell voltage of 1.50 V at 10 mA cm−2 and excellent durability for 120 h in alkaline medium.
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40

Jia, Feihong, Xiangyu Zou, Xueling Wei, Weiwei Bao, Taotao Ai, Wenhu Li, and Yuchen Guo. "Synergistic Effect of P Doping and Mo-Ni-Based Heterostructure Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting." Materials 16, no. 9 (April 27, 2023): 3411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093411.

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Heterostructure construction and heteroatom doping are powerful strategies for enhancing the electrolytic efficiency of electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. Herein, we present a P-doped MoS2/Ni3S2 electrocatalyst on nickel foam (NF) prepared using a one-step hydrothermal method. The optimized P[0.9mM]-MoS2/Ni3S2@NF exhibits a cluster nanoflower-like morphology, which promotes the synergistic electrocatalytic effect of the heterostructures with abundant active centers, resulting in high catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolyte. The electrode exhibits low overpotentials and Tafel slopes for the HER and OER. In addition, the catalyst electrode used in a two-electrode system for overall water splitting requires an ultralow voltage of 1.42 V at 10 mA·cm−2 and shows no obvious increase in current within 35 h, indicating excellent stability. Therefore, the combination of P doping and the heterostructure suggests a novel path to formulate high-performance electrocatalysts for overall water splitting.
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41

Li, Wei, Xuefei Gao, Dehua Xiong, Fang Xia, Jian Liu, Wei-Guo Song, Junyuan Xu, et al. "Vapor–solid synthesis of monolithic single-crystalline CoP nanowire electrodes for efficient and robust water electrolysis." Chemical Science 8, no. 4 (2017): 2952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc05167g.

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42

Cheng, Yafei, Fan Liao, Wen Shen, Liangbin Liu, Binbin Jiang, Yanqing Li, and Mingwang Shao. "Carbon cloth supported cobalt phosphide as multifunctional catalysts for efficient overall water splitting and zinc–air batteries." Nanoscale 9, no. 47 (2017): 18977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr06859j.

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The self-standing CoP@CC shows superior HER performance in both acid and alkaline media and excellent OER activity in an alkaline environment. This multifunctional CoP@CC was also used as the air-electrode in zinc–air batteries.
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43

Han, Yide, Siyao Sun, Junli Xu, Xia Zhang, Linshan Wang, Yan Xu, Junbiao Wu, and Zhuopeng Wang. "Flocculent VS nanoparticle aggregate-modified NiCo2S4 nanograss arrays for electrocatalytic water splitting." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 15 (2021): 3858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se00485a.

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Flocculent VS nanoparticle aggregate-modified NiCo2S4 nanorod arrays grown on a nickel foam as a electrocatalyst exhibited superior electrocatalytic performance for overall water splitting in alkaline media.
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44

Li, Xiao-Peng, Wen-Kai Han, Kang Xiao, Ting Ouyang, Nan Li, Feng Peng, and Zhao-Qing Liu. "Enhancing hydrogen evolution reaction through modulating electronic structure of self-supported NiFe LDH." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 13 (2020): 4184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy00315h.

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NiFe-layered double hydroxide (NiFe LDH), as an efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst, has emerged as a promising electrocatalyst for catalyzing overall water splitting in alkaline electrolyte.
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45

Hu, Wenjing, Qingqing Jiang, Lin Wang, Sha Hu, Zhengxi Huang, Tengfei Zhou, Hai-Jian Yang, Juncheng Hu, and Nanfang Tang. "Hierarchical Ni–Co–O–C–P hollow tetragonal microtubes grown on Ni foam for efficient overall water splitting in alkaline media." RSC Advances 9, no. 45 (2019): 26051–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05165a.

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Herein, the Ni–Co–O–C–P hollow tetragonal microtubes grown on 3D Ni foam (Ni–Co–O–C–P/NF) was delicately designed and synthesized, which presented a high activity and durability for electrocatalytic overall-water-splitting in alkaline media.
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46

Ji, Xuefeng, Chuanqi Cheng, Zehao Zang, Lanlan Li, Xiang Li, Yahui Cheng, Xiaojing Yang, et al. "Ultrathin and porous δ-FeOOH modified Ni3S2 3D heterostructure nanosheets with excellent alkaline overall water splitting performance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 40 (2020): 21199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta07676g.

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47

Xu, Heyang, Xilin She, Haolin Li, Chuanhui Wang, Shuai Chen, Lipeng Diao, Ping Lu, et al. "Electronic Structure Regulated Nickel-Cobalt Bimetal Phosphide Nanoneedles for Efficient Overall Water Splitting." Molecules 29, no. 3 (January 31, 2024): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29030657.

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Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have been widely studied for water decomposition for their monocatalytic property for anodic or cathodic reactions. However, their bifunctional catalytic activity still remains a major challenge. Herein, hexagonal nickel-cobalt bimetallic phosphide nanoneedles with 1–3 μm length and 15–30 nm diameter supported on NF (NixCo2−xP NDs/NF) with adjusted electron structure have been successfully prepared. The overall alkaline water electrolyzer composed of the optimal anode (Ni0.67Co1.33P NDs/NF) and cathode (Ni1.01Co0.99P NDs/NF) provide 100 mA cm−2 at 1.62 V. Gibbs Free Energy for reaction paths proves that the active site in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is Ni and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is Co in NixCo2−xP, respectively. In the HER process, Co-doping can result in an apparent accumulation of charge around Ni active sites in favor of promoting HER activity of Ni sites, and ΔGH* of 0.19 eV is achieved. In the OER process, the abundant electron transfer around Co-active sites results in the excellent ability to adsorb and desorb *O and *OOH intermediates and an effectively reduced ∆GRDS of 0.37 eV. This research explains the regulation of electronic structure change on the active sites of bimetallic materials and provides an effective way to design a stable and effective electrocatalytic decomposition of alkaline water.
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48

Hu, Qi, Xiufang Liu, Chaoyun Tang, Liangdong Fan, Xiaoyan Chai, Qianling Zhang, Jianhong Liu, and Chuanxin He. "Facile fabrication of a 3D network composed of N-doped carbon-coated core–shell metal oxides/phosphides for highly efficient water splitting." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 5 (2018): 1085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00576h.

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49

Zhang, Shasha, Mingjing Guo, Shuyi Song, Ke Zhan, Ya Yan, Junhe Yang, and Bin Zhao. "Hierarchical Mo-doped CoP3 interconnected nanosheet arrays on carbon cloth as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting in an alkaline electrolyte." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 17 (2020): 5563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt00671h.

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50

Yang, Wenjie, Xiaolan Tang, Honghui Jiang, Juan Liu, Rizwan Ur Rehman Sagar, Yiqun Deng, Xiaopeng Qi, and Tongxiang Liang. "Fe-ZIF-67-Derived FeCo/NC for Alkaline Water Splitting." Science of Advanced Materials 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2022.4243.

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Many results have demonstrated that non-noble metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are good candidates as efficient catalyst templates for water splitting. In this syudy, Fe3+-containing ZIF-67 template is synthesized using the coprecipitation. We find that after pyrolysis Co2Fe4/NC exhibits excellent HER and OER catalytic activities with overpotential (the current density is 10 mA cm−2) values of 135 and 282 mV, respectively. In the overall water-splitting test, after running for 1000 cycles, the required voltage only increases by 24 mV from the onset of voltage 1.619 V. These superior results can be attributed to introduction of Fe3+ into the matrix and the increased active sites, which redistributes the d-band electron of Co atoms for better performance.
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