Academic literature on the topic 'Over cropping'
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Journal articles on the topic "Over cropping"
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Ahmed, S., AFMR Quddus, M. Mohiuddin, MR Islam, and MA Hossain. "Performance of lentil-mungbean-T.aus rice-T.aman rice against existing cropping pattern lentil-jute-T.aman rice in Faridpur region." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 537–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v44i3.43484.
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A trial was conducted in the farmers’ field at Farming Systems Research and Development (FSRD) site, Hatgobindapur, Faridpur during 2014-15 and 2015-16 to develop an alternate cropping pattern over existing cropping pattern for increasing cropping intensity, total productivity as well as farmers’ income. The alternate cropping pattern Lentil (var. BARI Masur-7)- Mungbean (var. BARI Mung- 6)- T. Aus rice (var. BRRI dhan48)- T.Aman rice (var. BRRI dhan62) was tested against the existing cropping pattern Lentil (var. Local)- Jute (var. JRO 524)- T.Aman rice (var. BRRI dhan33). All the four crops in the AP were grown successfully within stipulated time frame following recommended practices. Crop duration and turn around time in alternate cropping pattern were 340 days and 25 days while that in existing cropping pattern were 313 days and 52 days, respectively. Cropping intensity increased from 300% (in existing pattern) to 400% in the alternate cropping pattern. Two years results showed that, average yield of T.Aus rice, T.Aman rice, Lentil and Mungbean in the alternate cropping pattern were 3.75, 4.17, 1.31 and 0.80 t ha-1, respectively. The rice equivalent yield and production efficiency was increased by 18 and 35%, respectively over existing pattern. The gross margin of the whole alternate cropping pattern was Tk.106304 ha-1whereas Tk. 75480 ha-1from existing cropping pattern. The alternate pattern provided 41% higher gross margin over existing cropping pattern. The MBCR was 4.86 over existing cropping pattern.
Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(3): 537-552, September 2019
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Saha, A., M. Nasim, M. Harunur Rashid, and SM Shahidullah. "Crop Diversity and Cropping Patterns of Comilla Region." Bangladesh Rice Journal 21, no. 2 (September 14, 2018): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v21i2.38198.
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Comilla region is highly diverse in respect to topography, agro-ecology, land-use pattern and cropping systems. Planning of agricultural development largely depends on the reliable and comprehensive statistics of the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity of a particular area, which will provide guideline to our policy makers, researchers, extensionists and development workers. The study was conducted over all 33 upazilas of Comilla region during 2016 using pre-tested semistructured questionnaire with a view to document the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity. From the present study it was observed that 73.56% of net cropped area (NCA) is covered by exclusive rice cropping systems whereas deep water rice cropping system occupied 16.09% of the regional NCA. The most dominant cropping pattern single Boro alone occupied 26.18% of NCA with its distribution over 30 out of 33 upazilas. The second largest area, 19.93% of NCA, was covered by Boro−Fallow−T. Aman cropping pattern, which was spread over 25 upazilas. One hundred and forty-six cropping patterns were identified in the whole region under this investigation. The highest, 36 cropping patterns were identified in Debidwar upazila of Comilla district and the lowest, seven were in Akhura and Ashuganj of B.Baria and Comilla Adarsha upazila. The lowest crop diversity index (CDI) was reported 0.481 in Comilla Adrasha upazila followed by 0.637 in Hajiganj of Chandpur. The highest value of CDI was observed 0.964 in Haimchar of Chandpur followed by 0.956 in Muradnagar of Comilla. The range of cropping intensity (CI) value was recorded 126-292%. The maximum value was for Barura of Comilla and minimum for Hajiganj of Chandpur district. The grand mean of CDI values for Comilla region was calculated 0.935 and the average cropping intensity at regional level was 192%.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 91-107
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JACQUES, S., R. K. BACON, and L. D. PARSCH. "COMPARISON OF SINGLE CROPPING, RELAY CROPPING AND DOUBLE CROPPING OF SOYABEANS WITH WHEAT USING CULTIVAR BLENDS." Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 4 (October 1997): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479797004043.
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Comparisons of single cropping, double cropping and relay cropping of soyabeans (Glycine max) with wheat (Triticum aestivum) were made at two sites in Arkansas over a two-year period. The comparisons were made using both soyabean blends and their component cultivars. In relay cropping the yields of pure lines of soyabeans were reduced by 17% compared with single-cropped soyabeans, but the yield of wheat in relay cropping was 15% less than in double cropping. Double cropping reduced the branch number, plant height, node number and leaf area of soyabeans compared with single cropping, but relay cropping reduced only node number and leaf area. Both double cropping and relay cropping gave greater land equivalent ratio (LER) values than single cropping, and double cropping gave greater LER values than relay cropping. Net returns were lowest with single cropping and greatest with double cropping. Soyabean blends gave yields similar to the mean of the component genotypes in all three cropping systems, and the net returns of blends were similar to those of the means of component genotypes.
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Mostafizur, ABM, MAU Zaman, M. Shahidullah, and M. Nasim. "Diversity of Cropping Patterns and Land Use Practices in Faridpur Region." Bangladesh Rice Journal 21, no. 2 (September 14, 2018): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v21i2.38203.
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The development of agriculture sector largely depends on the reliable and comprehensive statistics of the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity of a particular area, which will provide guideline to policy makers, researchers, extensionists and development workers. The study was conducted over all 29 upazilas of Faridpur region during 2015-16 using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire with a view to document the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity of this area. From the present study it was observed that about 43.23% net cropped area (NCA) was covered by only jute based cropping patterns on the other hand deep water ecosystem occupied about 36.72% of the regional NCA. The most dominant cropping pattern Boro−Fallow− Fallow occupied about 24.40% of NCA with its distribution over 28 out of 29. The second largest area, 6.94% of NCA, was covered by Boro-B. Aman cropping pattern, which was spread out over 23 upazilas. In total 141 cropping patterns were identified under this investigation. The highest number of cropping patterns was identified 44 in Faridpur sadar and the lowest was 12 in Kashiani of Gopalganj and Pangsa of Rajbari. The lowest crop diversity index (CDI) was reported 0.448 in Kotalipara followed by 0.606 in Tungipara of Gopalganj. The highest value of CDI was observed 0.981 in Faridpur sadar followed by 0.977 in Madhukhali of Faridpur. The range of cropping intensity value was recorded 113- 262%. The maximum value was for Saltha of Faridpur and minimum for Kotalipara of Gopalganj. As a whole the CDI of Faridpur region was calculated 0.971 and the average cropping intensity at regional level was 197%.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 157-172
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Sagar, Sandip. "Change in Cropping Pattern In Nalanda District." Journal of Advanced Research in Journalism & Mass Communication 07, no. 01 (June 15, 2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2395.3810.202003.
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Cropping pattern is a dynamic concept because it changes over space and time. The adoption of crops in any area can be understood by the physical characteristics and the socio-economic conditions of the people in the concerned area. Cropping pattern can be defined as the proportion of area under various crops at a point of time. In other words, it is a yearly sequence and spatil arrangement of sowing and fallow on a given area. In India, the cropping is determined by rainfall, climate, temperature, soil type and technology and so does in Nalanda District of Bihar.
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Parvin, N., A. Khatun, MK Quais, and M. Nasim. "Cropping Pattern, Intensity and Diversity in Dhaka Region." Bangladesh Rice Journal 21, no. 2 (September 14, 2018): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v21i2.38200.
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Sustainable crop production in Bangladesh through improvement of cropping intensity and crop diversity in rice based cropping system is regarded as increasingly important in national issues. Planning of agricultural development largely depends on the authentic, reliable and comprehensive statistics of the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity of a particular area, which will provide guideline to our policy makers, researchers, extensionists and development workers. The study was conducted over all 46 upazilas of Dhaka agricultural region in 2015 using pretested semi-structured questionnaire with a view to document the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity in the region. From the present study, it was observed that about 48.27% net cropped area (NCA) is covered by exclusive rice cropping systems whereas deep water rice occupied about 16.57% of the regional NCA. The most dominant cropping pattern Boro−Fallow−T. Aman alone occupied about 22.59% of net cropped area (NCA) with its distribution over 32 upazilas out of 46. The second largest area was covered by single Boro cropping pattern, which was spread over 44 upazilas. Total number of cropping patterns was observed 164. The highest number of cropping pattern was identified 35 in Tangail sadar and Dhamrai upazila of Dhaka district and the lowest was seven in Bandar of Narayanganj and Palash of Narsingdi district. The lowest crop diversity index (CDI) was reported as 0.70 in Dhamrai followed by 0.72 in Monohardi of Narsingdi. The highest value of CDI was observed as 0.97 in Tangail sadar followed by 0.95 in Dhamrai of Dhaka and Bhuanpur of Tangail. The range of cropping intensity value was recorded 124-239%. The maximum CDI was observed in Saturia upazila of Manikganj district and minimum in Sreenagar upazila of Munsiganj district. The CDI value for Dhaka region was calculated 0.94 and the average cropping intensity at regional level was 191%.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 123-141
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Shahidullah, SM, M. Nasim, MK Quais, and A. Saha. "Diversity of Cropping Systems in Chittagong Region." Bangladesh Rice Journal 21, no. 2 (September 14, 2018): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v21i2.38199.
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The study was conducted over all 42 upazilas of Chittagong region during 2016 using pre-tested semistructured questionnaire with a view to document the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity in the region. The most dominant cropping pattern Boro−Fallow−T. Aman occupied about 23% of net cropped area (NCA) of the region with its distribution over 38 upazilas out 42. The second largest area, 19% of NCA, was covered by single T. Aman, which was spread out over 32 upazilas. A total of 93 cropping patterns were identified in the whole region under the present investigation. The highest number of cropping patterns was 28 in Naokhali sadar and the lowest was 4 in Begumganj of the same district. The lowest crop diversity index (CDI) was observed 0.135 in Chatkhil followed by 0.269 in Begumganj. The highest value of CDI was observed in Banshkhali, Chittagong and Noakhali sadar (around 0.95). The range of cropping intensity values was recorded 103−283%. The maximum value was for Kamalnagar upazila of Lakshmipur district and minimum for Chatkhil upazila of Noakhali district. As a whole the CDI of Chittagong region was 0.952 and the average cropping intensity at the regional level was 191%.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 109-122
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Ibrahim, M., MAU Zaman, ABM Mostafizur, and SM Shahidullah. "Diversity of Crops and Land Use Pattern in Barisal Region." Bangladesh Rice Journal 21, no. 2 (September 14, 2018): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v21i2.38196.
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Development workers, researchers and extensionists always need a comprehensive understanding and a reliable database on existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity of a particular area for the planning of future research and development. With this view, a survey-work was implemented over all the upazilas of Barisal region during 2016. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used as tool to document the existing cropping patterns, cropping intensity and crop diversity of the area. In the current investigation, 103 cropping patterns were identified. The highest number of cropping patterns 40 was found in Burhanuddin upazila of Bhola district and the lowest eight was in Betagi and Taltali of Barguna. The most dominant cropping pattern single T. Aman occupied 13.40% of net cropped area (NCA) of the region with its distribution over 33 upazilas out of 42. The second largest area, 10.44% of NCA, was covered by Boro−Fallow− T. Aman, which was spread out over 32 upazilas. The lowest crop diversity index (CDI) was recorded 0.221 in Agailjhara of Barisal district followed by 0.598 in Bhandaria of Pirojpur. The highest value of CDI was observed 0.972 in Charfasson followed by 0.968 in Tazumuddin of Bhola. The range of cropping intensity values was observed 107-249%. The maximum value was for Bhola sadar and minimum for Agailjhara of Barisal. The overall CDI of Barisal region was calculated 0.968 and the grand mean for cropping intensity at regional level was 204%.Bangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(2): 57-72
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Li, Meijuan, Jiaen Zhang, Shiwei Liu, Umair Ashraf, Benliang Zhao, and Shuqing Qiu. "Mixed‐cropping systems of different rice cultivars have grain yield and quality advantages over mono‐cropping systems." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 99, no. 7 (February 4, 2019): 3326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9547.
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Koné, Brahima, Zadi Florent, Gala bi Trazié Jeremie, Akassimadou Edja Fulgence, Konan Kouamé Firmin, Traoré Minignan Joachim, Kouamé René N’ganzoua, and Yao Kouamé Albert. "Lowland Rice Yield as Affected by Straw Incorporation and Inorganic Fertilizer Over Cropping Seasons in Fluvisol." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 3, no. 1 (September 26, 2014): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v3i1.5409.
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Grain yield stabilization of lowland rice over cropping seasons was explored using different compositions of inorganic fertilizers (NPK, NPKCa, NPKMg, NPKZn, NPKCaMg, NPKCaZn and NPKCaMgZn) and straw incorporation (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 tha-1 ). No fertilizer and no straw amended plot was the control in a split-plot design with three replications laid in a Fluvisol of Guinea savanna in Centre Cote d’Ivoire. Three weeks old nursery rice variety NERICA L19 was transplanted. No significant difference of grain yield was observed between the different treatments excluding the highest yields recorded for treatments NPKMg (5.09 tha-1 ), NPKZn (5.15 tha-1 ) and NPKCaéMg (5.31 tha-1 ) compared with 12 (3.95 tha1 ) and 15 tha-1 (4.14 tha-1 ) as straw rates respectively. Grain yield declining trend was more pronounced for mineral fertilizer treatments showing twice greater depressive effect of cropping cycle compared with the straw especially, for treatments characterized by highest grain yield in the first cropping season and similar grain yields were recorded for both sources of nutrient in the third cropping cycle. Of slowness of nutrients releasing by straw, highest grain yield was expected for this soil amender within a longer period of cultivation whereas, unbalance soil micronutrients should be relevant to studious declining yield under inorganic fertilizer effect. Nevertheless, the straw rate of 12 tha-1 supplying 0.58% of NPK as mineral fertilizer equivalent can be recommended for sustaining lowland rice production in the studied agro-ecosystems unless for three cropping seasons.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Over cropping"
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Roberts, Craig Penny. "Development of a novel crop-pasture system for mixed farms in the higher rainfall zone of southern Australia." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/72860.
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The use of annual-based pasture and/or annual crops is now common practice in the higher rainfall regions of southern Australia where livestock grazing is the traditional practice. The lower water use of these annual-based systems, compared with systems based on perennial pastures, exacerbates issues of waterlogging, rising watertables and salinity in these regions. For environmental reasons farming systems used in the higher rainfall regions should target the use of more perennials in the landscape, but this should not be done at the expense of farm productivity or profitability. Intercropping, where the pasture component of the system is a perennial species, may provide the opportunity to maintain or improve farm productivity whilst delivering favourable environmental outcomes. A study of crop/perennial pasture intercrops is the core investigation undertaken in this thesis. Perennial pasture species lucerne (Medicago sativa) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) were established and maintained for three seasons with annually sown (2006-08 seasons) crop species (wheat (Triticum aestivum), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and canola (Brassica napus)), in a double skip row arrangement. These intercrops were compared for production, resource use and farm productivity with the individual crops and pastures grown as monocultures. Yields of grain crops were reduced when grown in intercrop with lucerne and chicory. Grain yield reductions ranged from 0-46% for wheat, 45-74% for lupins and 8-83% for canola. Pasture dry matter was also reduced when intercropped, ranging from 0-78% for lucerne and 19-78% for chicory. Despite the reduction in crop and pasture production, the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) (used as a measure of the productivity of the intercropping system) ranged from 0.71-1.66, with all intercrop combinations over-yielding (LER 1.01 -1.66) in favourable growing seasons. With soil moisture becoming limited during September/October (measured using Time Domain Reflectometry), the grain yield components of wheat heads/m² , number of lupin branches/plant, pod number/plant and pasture dry matter were reduced by competition. Lucerne intercrops gave higher yield penalties to the companion species, attributed to greater competition for soil moisture between the component species. Higher soil moisture (9-25mm) for monoculture chicory, compared to monoculture lucerne, indicates chicory growing in intercrop was not likely to compete as strongly for water as lucerne. Plant height and Leaf Area Index (LAI) measurements were taken to assess light capture and showed minimal incidence of light competition in the intercrops. As a result, it was concluded that competition for water was the main resource competition responsible for yield reductions in intercrops. The Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM) model was used to try to assess longer-term intercrop productivity. The model was satisfactory in simulating monoculture crop production; however there was poor agreement for monoculture lucerne production and this subsequently affected the modelled agreement with intercrop production. Notwithstanding these discrepancies, some of the modelled data and extrapolated data were used to produce a medium-term productivity dataset for economic analysis. Economically, the intercrops were found to have higher gross margin returns than monoculture pastures, and lower gross margins of $39-55/ha when compared to monoculture crops. Despite yield reductions in the intercrop components, intercropping increased productivity compared to growing the components as monoculture stands. It also provided an environmental benefit of retaining perennial pastures in the system, and produced comparable economic returns to the growing of monocultures stands/swards.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2011
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Taylor, Amanda M. "A comparison of the carbon dioxide fluxes of two annual cropping systems and a perennial hay field in southern Manitoba over 30 months." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/14427.
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The eddy-covariance method was used to measure net ecosystem productivity over three adjacent fields from 2009 to 2011: two annual cropping systems (oat-canola-oat and hay-oat-fallow) recently converted from perennial cropping, and a perennial hay/pasture. We compared the management practises, determined the net carbon budget, and examined the effects of inter-annual variability. Carbon accumulation began earlier in the spring and continued later in the fall at the perennial site, compared with the annual crop sites, due to a longer growing season and continual plant cover. Cumulative cropping season net ecosystem productivity at the perennial site ranged from 40 to 240 g C m^(-2) because of variable weather. Including harvest removals and manure additions, the perennial site gained 120 g carbon m^(-2) and the annual sites lost 240 and 415 g carbon m^(-2), respectively, over the 30-month period. This indicates that the annual cropping systems would decrease soil carbon at this location.
Books on the topic "Over cropping"
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The scrap happy guide to - crop-a-lot: Better photos and cropping tips! over 150 creative ideas (Scrap happy guides). Design Originals, 1999.
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Lindenmayer, David, Damian Michael, Mason Crane, Daniel Florance, and Emma Burns. Restoring Farm Woodlands for Wildlife. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486309658.
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Millions of hectares of temperate woodland and billions of trees have been cleared from Australia’s agricultural landscapes. This has allowed land to be developed for cropping and grazing livestock but has also had significant environmental impacts, including erosion, salinity and loss of native plant and animal species.
Restoring Farm Woodlands for Wildlife focuses on why restoration is important and describes best practice approaches to restore farm woodlands for birds, mammals and reptiles. Based on 19 years of long-term research in temperate agricultural south-eastern Australia, this book addresses practical questions such as what, where and how much to plant, ways to manage plantings and how plantings change over time. It will be a key reference for farmers, natural resource management professionals and policy-makers concerned with revegetation and conservation.
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Munro, Nicola, and David Lindenmayer. Planting for Wildlife. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103139.
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Across Australia, woodlands are increasingly being planted on formerly cleared or semi-cleared land. Such revegetation efforts can improve biodiversity of farm wildlife, enhance aesthetics of the landscape and even boost farm production.
Planting for Wildlife provides the latest information on restoring woodlands, with particular emphasis on plantings as habitat for wildlife. Key topics include why it is important to revegetate, where to plant, how to prepare a site, how to maintain and manage plantings, and how they change over time.
The authors focus on the south-eastern grazing region where domestic livestock grazing and/or cropping have been prominent forms of land use. These agricultural landscapes have suffered widespread land degradation and significant losses of biodiversity. Revegetation is a vital step towards solving these problems.
The book includes high-quality colour photographs to support the themes discussed. It is ideal for natural resource managers; field staff from state and federal government agencies; landholders; hobby farmers; vineyard owners; naturalists interested in birds, conservation and revegetation; as well as policy makers in regional, state and federal government.
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Wangui, Edna. Adaptation to Current and Future Climate in Pastoral Communities Across Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.604.
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Pastoralists around the world are exposed to climate change and increasing climate variability. Various downscaled regional climate models in Africa support community reports of rising temperatures as well as changes in the seasonality of rainfall and drought. In addition to climate, pastoralists have faced a second exposure to unsupportive policy environments. Dating back to the colonial period, a lack of knowledge about pastoralism and a systemic marginalization of pastoral communities influenced the size and nature of government investments in pastoral lands. National governments prioritized farming communities and failed to pay adequate attention to drylands and pastoral communities. The limited government interventions that occurred were often inconsistent with contemporary realities of pastoralism and pastoral communities. These included attempts at sedentarization and modernization, and in other ways changing the priorities and practices of pastoral communities.The survival of pastoral communities in Africa in the context of this double exposure has been a focus for scholars, development practitioners, as well as national governments in recent years. Scholars initially drew attention to pastoralists’ drought-coping strategies, and later examined the multiple ways in which pastoralists manage risk and exploit unpredictability. It has been learned that pastoralists are rational land managers whose experience with variable climate has equipped them with the skills needed for adaptation. Pastoralists follow several identifiable adaptation paths, including diversification and modification of their herds and herding strategies; adoption of livelihood activities that did not previously play a permanent role; and a conscious decision to train the next generation for nonpastoral livelihoods. Ongoing government interventions around climate change still prioritize cropping over herding. Sometimes, such nationally supported adaptation plans can undermine community-based adaptation practices, autonomously evolving within pastoral communities. Successful adaptation hinges on recognition of the value of autonomous adaptation and careful integration of such adaptation with national plans.
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Gujar, G., Y. Andi Trisyono, and Mao Chen, eds. Genetically Modified Crops in Asia Pacific. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486310913.
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Meeting future food needs without compromising environmental integrity is a central challenge for agriculture globally but especially for the Asia Pacific region – where 60% of the global population, including some of the world’s poorest, live on only 30% of the land mass. To guarantee the food security of this and other regions, growers worldwide are rapidly adopting genetically modified (GM) crops as the forerunner to protect against many biotic and abiotic stresses. Asia Pacific countries play an important role in this, with India, China and Pakistan appearing in the top 10 countries with acreage of GM crops, primarily devoted to Bt cotton.
Genetically Modified Crops in Asia Pacific discusses the progress of GM crop adoption across the Asia Pacific region over the past two decades, including research, development, adoption and sustainability, as well as the cultivation of insect resistant Bt brinjal, drought-tolerant sugarcane, late blight resistant potato and biotech rice more specific to this region. Regulatory efforts of the Asia Pacific member nations to ensure the safety of GM crops to both humans and the environment are also outlined to provide impetus in other countries initiating biotech crops. The authors also probe into some aspects of gene editing and nanobiotechnology to expand the scope into next generation GM crops, including the potential to grow crops in acidic soil, reduce methane production, remove poisonous elements from plants and improve overall nutritional quality.
Genetically Modified Crops in Asia Pacific provides a comprehensive reference not only for academics, researchers and private sectors in crop systems but also policy makers in the Asia Pacific region. Beyond this region, readers will benefit from understanding how GM crops have been integrated into many different countries and, in particular, the effects of the take-up of GM cropping systems by farmers with different socioeconomic backgrounds.
Book chapters on the topic "Over cropping"
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Owoade, Folasade Mary, Samuel Godfried Kwasi Adiku, Christopher John Atkinson, and Dilys Sefakor MacCarthy. "Differential Impact of Land Use Types on Soil Productivity Components in Two Agro-ecological Zones of Southern Ghana." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1721–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_144.
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AbstractThe maintenance of soil productivity is important for sustained crop yield in low-input systems in the tropics. This study investigated the impact of four different land use types, namely, maize and cassava cropping, woodlot/plantations, and natural forests on soil productivity components, especially soil carbon accretion, at six sites within two agro-ecological zones of southern Ghana. Soil properties were significantly different between sites and ecological zones. The coastal savanna zones, which is a low rainfall zone had relatively lower soil carbon storage than the high rainfall forest-savanna transition zone. Soil productivity conditions in the later zone were much more favorable for cropping than the former. Land use types significantly affected the soil carbon (SOC) storage within the two ecological zones. In the low rainfall zone, soil carbon accretion by maize cropping, cassava cropping, and plantations were 48%, 54%, and 60%, respectively, of the forest carbon stock (47,617 kg/ha). In the transition zone, the soil carbon accretion was over 90% of the forest value (48,216 kg/ha) for all land use types. In effect use of land use types in maintaining soil productivity must consider the conditions in a given ecological zone.
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Bationo, A., J. Kimetu, J. Kihara, Z. Traore, M. Bagayoko, V. Bado, M. Lompo, R. Tabo, and S. Koala. "Cropping Systems in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone: Implications on Soil Fertility Management over Varied Seasons." In Lessons learned from Long-term Soil Fertility Management Experiments in Africa, 137–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2938-4_8.
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Nwoke, O. C., R. C. Abaidoo, G. Nziguheba, and J. Diels. "Residual Effects of Contrasting Organic Residues on Maize Growth and Phosphorus Accumulation over Four Cropping Cycles in Savanna Soils." In Innovations as Key to the Green Revolution in Africa, 349–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2543-2_35.
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Thierfelder, Christian, and Peter Steward. "Increasing adaptation to climate stress by applying conservation agriculture in Southern Africa." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 270–83. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0016.
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Abstract Climate change and soil fertility decline are threatening food security in southern Africa and efforts have been made to adapt current cropping systems to the needs of smallholder farmers. Conservation Agriculture (CA) based on minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention and crop diversification has been proposed as a strategy to address the challenges smallholder farmers face. Here we analyse the potential contributions of CA towards adaptation to the effects of climate change by summarizing data on infiltration, soil moisture dynamics and crop productivity under heat and drought stress. The data were taken in the main from CIMMYT's on-farm and on-station trial network. Data show that CA systems maintain 0.7-7.9 times higher water infiltration than the conventional tilled system depending on soil type, which increases soil moisture during the cropping season by 11%-31% between CA treatments and the conventional control treatment. This leads to greater adaptive capacity of CA systems during in-season dry spells and under heat stress. A supporting regional maize productivity assessment, analysing the results of numerous on-farm and on-station experiments, showed that CA systems will outperform conventional tillage practices (CP), especially on light-textured soils, under heat and drought stress. With higher rainfall and low heat stress, this relation was more positive towards CP and on clay soil there was no benefit of practising CA when rainfall was high. The long dry season and limited biomass production of CA systems in southern Africa require complementary good agricultural practices to increase other soil quality parameters (e.g. increased soil carbon) to maintain higher productivity and sustainability over time. This can be addressed by combinations of improved stress-tolerant seed, targeted fertilization, inclusion of tree-based components or green manure cover crops in the farming system, scale-appropriate mechanization and improved weed control strategies.
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Strauss, Johann A. "Economic and yield comparisons of different crop and crop-pasture production systems." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 206–14. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0011.
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Abstract Over the past 15 years the adoption rate of Conservation Agriculture (CA) in southern South Africa has increased at a fast rate, although the adoption of the three pillars of CA was to varying degrees. The adoption of CA happened in the absence of any policy support framework directed to CA. The market drove the adaptation rate with a handful of local producers being the first to adopt no-till (NT) strategies. Long-term field experiments demonstrate that the effects of crop rotation include increased yields from the main wheat crop so that two-thirds of the present total wheat production may be achieved with only half the cropped area under the main crop, and gross margins are better - and dramatically better - with integration of cropping and livestock. This chapter presents an overview of the benefits to yield and economic sustainability of including alternative cash and pasture crops into CA farming systems in the winter rainfall region of southern South Africa.
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Alahmad, Samir, Charlotte Rambla, Kai P. Voss-Fels, and Lee T. Hickey. "Accelerating Breeding Cycles." In Wheat Improvement, 557–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_30.
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AbstractThe rate of genetic gain in wheat improvement programs must improve to meet the challenge of feeding a growing population. Future wheat varieties will need to produce record high yields to feed an anticipated 25% more inhabitants on this planet by 2050. The current rate of genetic gain is slow and cropping systems are facing unprecedented fluctuations in production. This instability stems from major changes in climate and evolving pests and diseases. Rapid genetic improvement is essential to optimise crop performance under such harsh conditions. Accelerating breeding cycles shows promise for increasing the rate of genetic gain over time. This can be achieved by concurrent integration of cutting-edge technologies into breeding programs, such as speed breeding (SB), doubled haploid (DH) technology, high-throughput phenotyping platforms and genomic selection (GS). These technologies empower wheat breeders to keep the pace with increasing food demand by developing more productive and robust varieties sooner. In this chapter, strategies for shortening the wheat breeding cycle are discussed, along with the opportunity to integrate technologies to further accelerate the rate of genetic gain in wheat breeding programs.
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Le, Thao Duc, and Chung Thi Bao Pham. "Soybean breeding through induced mutation in Vietnam." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 40–46. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0004.
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Abstract In Vietnam, soybean is one of the traditional crops and plays an important role in crop rotation, soil improvement and meeting the nutritional needs of humans and livestock. With the aim of generating genetic variability in soybean and creating new soybean varieties to meet the needs of production, induced mutation research has been carried out since the 1980s and has gained outstanding achievements. Induction of modified traits and their incorporation into an ideal genotype was achieved by judicious use of the induced mutation technique. So far, outstanding soybean varieties such as DT84, DT90, DT99, DT2008 and several promising lines have been developed in Vietnam by incorporating desirable traits like high and stable yield (2.0-3.5 t/ha), good quality, drought tolerance, disease resistance (rust, powdery mildew, downy mildew), short growth duration (70-100 days), wide adaptability and suitability for cropping systems and ecological regions in the whole country. The most outstanding variety, DT84, occupies over 50% of the total production area and 80% in Central and North Vietnam (about 70,000-80,000 ha/year). These varieties have also been used as materials for developing several additional improved soybean varieties. Thus, induced mutation research has played an important role in improving soybean varieties in Vietnam.
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Singh, V. K., B. S. Dwivedi, S. S. Rathore, R. P. Mishra, T. Satyanarayana, and K. Majumdar. "Timing Potassium Applications to Synchronize with Plant Demand." In Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops, 363–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59197-7_13.
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AbstractPotassium (K) demand by crops is almost as high as that of nitrogen (N) and plays a crucial role in many plant metabolic processes. Insufficient K application results in soil K mining, deficiency symptoms in crops, and decreased crop yields and quality. Crop K demands vary with crop types, growth patterns, nutrient needs at different physiological stages, and productivity. Science-based K application in crops needs to follow 4R Nutrient Stewardship to ensure high yield, improved farm income, and optimum nutrient use efficiency. Studies around the world report widespread K deficiency, ranging from tropical to temperate environments. Long-term experiments indicate significant yield responses to K application and negative K balances where K application is either omitted or applied suboptimally. Limited understanding of K supplementation dynamics from soil non-exchangeable K pools to the exchangeable and solution phases and over-reliance on native K supply to meet crop demand are major reasons for deficit of K supply to crops. Research on optimum timing of K fertilizer application in diverse climate–soil–crop systems is scarce. The common one-time basal K management practice is often not suitable to supply adequate K to the crops during peak demand phases. Besides, changes in crop establishment practices, residue retention, or fertigation require new research in terms of rate, time, or source of K application. The current review assesses the synchrony of K supply from indigenous soil system and from external sources vis-à-vis plant demand under different crops and cropping systems for achieving high yield and nutrient use efficiency.
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Fadairo, Olushola, Samuel Olajuyigbe, Tolulope Osayomi, Olufolake Adelakun, Olanrewaju Olaniyan, Siji Olutegbe, and Oluwaseun Adeleke. "Climate Change, Rural Livelihoods, and Ecosystem Nexus: Forest Communities in Agroecological zones of Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1169–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_155.
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AbstractA top-bottom approach where local problems are treated in isolation has proven ineffective in achieving sustainable development. The need for inclusive approaches to managing the demand for arable lands, forest resources, and the problems of resource exploitation and climate change calls for local understanding of these elements’ interrelationship. Understanding the interrelationships among climate change, agriculture, and the ecosystems in different agroecological zones in Nigeria was the purpose of this chapter. Deforestation and forest degradation analysis approach was utilized. One state and two forest communities from each of the rainforest, savannah, and mangrove agroecological zones were purposively focused in this chapter based on forest distribution and cover. Focus group discussions involving 252 male and female farmers using 30 years as reference were used to garner relevant information. Climate variation caused a slight modification in cropping schedules of farmers due to prolonged dry season, mainly in the savannah region. Farmers engaged in mixed farming and also cultivate more hardy crops like cassava in response to climate uncertainties. Especially in the mangrove and savannah, ecosystem components such as agriculture and population showed increasing trends over the years as forest cover reduces. Downward trend in charcoal production was limited to mangrove and rainforest zones as fishing and hunting becomes vulnerable livelihoods across the zones. The degree and progression of climate change effects on the ecosystem in Nigeria agroecological zones is largely comparable and have both desirable and adverse livelihood outcomes. Affordable insurance policy, credit, agri-inputs, favorable forest regulatory framework, and youth empowerment supports would enhance sustainable adjustment to climate change.
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Muzangwa, Lindah, Isaac Gura, Sixolise Mcinga, Pearson Nyari Mnkeni, and Cornelius Chiduza. "Impact of conservation agriculture on soil health: lessons from the university of fort hare trial." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 293–304. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0018.
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Abstract Conservation Agriculture (CA) promotes soil health, but issues to do with soil health are poorly researched in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. This study reports on findings from a field trial done on the effects of tillage, crop rotations composed of maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) and residue management on a number of soil health parameters such as carbon (C)-sequestration, CO2 fluxes, enzyme activities, earthworm biomass and the Soil Management Assessment Framework soil quality index (SMAF-SQI). The field trial was done in a semi-arid region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, over five cropping seasons (2012-2015). It was laid out as a split-split plot with tillage [conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT)] as main plot treatment. Sub-treatments were crop rotations: maize-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (MFS); maize-wheat-maize (MWM) and maize-wheat-soybean (MWS). Residue management: removal (R-) and retention (R+) were in the sub-sub-plots. Particulate organic matter (POM), soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzyme activities were significantly (p < 0.05) improved by residue retention and legume rotation compared to residue removal and cereal-only rotations. Also, carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes under CT were higher compared to NT. The calculated soil quality index (SQI) was greatly improved by NT and residue retention. MWM and MWS rotations, in conjunction with residue retention under NT, offered the greatest potential for building soil health. Residue retention and inclusion of soybean in crop rotations are recommended for improving soil health under CA systems in the semi-arid regions of South Africa.
Conference papers on the topic "Over cropping"
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Nadkarni, Prajit, and Narendra Varma Dasararaju. "Visually Similar Products Retrieval for Shopsy." In International Conference on Signal Processing and Vision. Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.122203.
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Visual search is of great assistance in reseller commerce, especially for non-tech savvy users with affinity towards regional languages. Product attributes available in e-commerce have potential for building better visual search systems [2, 20, 29]. We design a visual search system for reseller commerce using a multi-task learning approach and address challenges like image compression, cropping, etc, faced in reseller commerce. Our model consists of three tasks: attribute classification, triplet ranking and variational autoencoder (VAE). We introduce an offline triplet mining technique which utilizes information from multiple attributes to capture relative order within data. This technique displays better performance compared to traditional triplet mining [27] baseline. We compare and report incremental gain achieved by our unified multi-task model over each individual task separately. The efsfectiveness of our method is demonstrated using in-house dataset of images from the Lifestyle business-unit of Flipkart. To efficiently retrieve images in production, we use Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) index.
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Kandasamy, Veera Vignesh, and Anup Bera. "Improving Robustness of Age and Gender Prediction based on Custom Speech Data." In 8th International Conference on Signal, Image Processing and Embedded Systems (SIGEM 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.122005.
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With the increased use of human-machine interaction via voice enabled smart devices over the years, there are growing demands for better accuracy of the speech analytics systems. Several studies show that speech analytics system exhibits bias towards speaker demographics, such age, gender, race, accent etc. To avoid such a bias, speaker demographic information can be used to prepare training dataset for the speech analytics model. Also, speaker demographic information can be used for targeted advertisement, recommendation, and forensic science. In this research we will demonstrate some algorithms for age and gender prediction from speech data with our custom dataset that covers speakers from around the world with varying accents. In order to extract speaker age and gender from speech data, we’ve also included a method for determining the appropriate length of audio file to be ingested into the system, which will reduce computational time. This study also identifies the most effective padding and cropping mechanism for obtaining the best results from the input audio file. We investigated the impact of various parameters on the performance and end-to-end implementation of a real-time speaker age and gender information extraction system. Our best model has a RMSE value of 4.1 for age prediction and 99.5% for gender prediction on custom test dataset.
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Akhbardeh, Farhad, and Hasan Demirel. "Coronary Stenosis Measurements Using K-Means Clustering." In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6968.
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Medical imaging is one of common area that nowadays researchers uses human body images for clinical or medical science [1] [2]. Currently most of the diagnoses are performed by doctors after manual inspection of real time frames of the video generated by the respective medical imaging systems. In this paper, we propose to use digital image processing techniques in detection and categorization of the clogs in the arteries (stenosis/blockage) by using the frames generated from the X-ray angiography [3][4]. Utilized image pre-processing methods includes selecting a line of Interest (LOI) on blocked vessel and further selection of the region of interest (ROI) on that area, then automatically cropping the region of interest followed by Gaussian filtering for smoothing. In the post processing, three alternative methods are proposed to measure the stenosis in the vessel. The first method applies thresholding (Local) to extract the vessel of interest. The extracted vessel is analyzed for the calculation of the stenosis in percentage [5]. The second method utilizes segmentation (both edge-based and region-based) of the vessel tissue over the extracted pixels of ROI. The final method uses K-means clustering to differentiate between the vessel regions and non-vessel regions. Among the proposed methods K-means clustering based method outperforms the thresholding and segmentation methods.
Reports on the topic "Over cropping"
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Anderson, Gerald L., and Kalman Peleg. Precision Cropping by Remotely Sensed Prorotype Plots and Calibration in the Complex Domain. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585193.bard.
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This research report describes a methodology whereby multi-spectral and hyperspectral imagery from remote sensing, is used for deriving predicted field maps of selected plant growth attributes which are required for precision cropping. A major task in precision cropping is to establish areas of the field that differ from the rest of the field and share a common characteristic. Yield distribution f maps can be prepared by yield monitors, which are available for some harvester types. Other field attributes of interest in precision cropping, e.g. soil properties, leaf Nitrate, biomass etc. are obtained by manual sampling of the filed in a grid pattern. Maps of various field attributes are then prepared from these samples by the "Inverse Distance" interpolation method or by Kriging. An improved interpolation method was developed which is based on minimizing the overall curvature of the resulting map. Such maps are the ground truth reference, used for training the algorithm that generates the predicted field maps from remote sensing imagery. Both the reference and the predicted maps are stratified into "Prototype Plots", e.g. 15xl5 blocks of 2m pixels whereby the block size is 30x30m. This averaging reduces the datasets to manageable size and significantly improves the typically poor repeatability of remote sensing imaging systems. In the first two years of the project we used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), for generating predicted yield maps of sugar beets and com. The NDVI was computed from image cubes of three spectral bands, generated by an optically filtered three camera video imaging system. A two dimensional FFT based regression model Y=f(X), was used wherein Y was the reference map and X=NDVI was the predictor. The FFT regression method applies the "Wavelet Based", "Pixel Block" and "Image Rotation" transforms to the reference and remote images, prior to the Fast - Fourier Transform (FFT) Regression method with the "Phase Lock" option. A complex domain based map Yfft is derived by least squares minimization between the amplitude matrices of X and Y, via the 2D FFT. For one time predictions, the phase matrix of Y is combined with the amplitude matrix ofYfft, whereby an improved predicted map Yplock is formed. Usually, the residuals of Y plock versus Y are about half of the values of Yfft versus Y. For long term predictions, the phase matrix of a "field mask" is combined with the amplitude matrices of the reference image Y and the predicted image Yfft. The field mask is a binary image of a pre-selected region of interest in X and Y. The resultant maps Ypref and Ypred aremodified versions of Y and Yfft respectively. The residuals of Ypred versus Ypref are even lower than the residuals of Yplock versus Y. The maps, Ypref and Ypred represent a close consensus of two independent imaging methods which "view" the same target. In the last two years of the project our remote sensing capability was expanded by addition of a CASI II airborne hyperspectral imaging system and an ASD hyperspectral radiometer. Unfortunately, the cross-noice and poor repeatability problem we had in multi-spectral imaging was exasperated in hyperspectral imaging. We have been able to overcome this problem by over-flying each field twice in rapid succession and developing the Repeatability Index (RI). The RI quantifies the repeatability of each spectral band in the hyperspectral image cube. Thereby, it is possible to select the bands of higher repeatability for inclusion in the prediction model while bands of low repeatability are excluded. Further segregation of high and low repeatability bands takes place in the prediction model algorithm, which is based on a combination of a "Genetic Algorithm" and Partial Least Squares", (PLS-GA). In summary, modus operandi was developed, for deriving important plant growth attribute maps (yield, leaf nitrate, biomass and sugar percent in beets), from remote sensing imagery, with sufficient accuracy for precision cropping applications. This achievement is remarkable, given the inherently high cross-noice between the reference and remote imagery as well as the highly non-repeatable nature of remote sensing systems. The above methodologies may be readily adopted by commercial companies, which specialize in proving remotely sensed data to farmers.
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Malek, Mohammad Abdul, Aiko Kikkawa, Yasuyuki Sawada, and Abdul Kalam Azad. Rural Development in Bangladesh Over Four Decades: Findings from Mahabub Hossain Panel Data and the Way Forward. Asian Development Bank Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/ppxg8315.
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The Mahabub Hossain Panel Data (MHPD) was initiated in 1988 and maintained by and named after the late Mahabub Hossain, a well-known agricultural and development economist who led a number of reputed organizations in Bangladesh (Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies and BRAC) and in the region (International Rice Research Institute). We portray the historical context, sampling evolution, survey structure and methodology, and academic and policy contributions of the MHPD with some lessons learned for the next step forward. The MHPD has tracked rural households for a period of over 3 decades (1988–2014) with five waves of household surveys covering over 2,800 households and has collected a wide range of information on household composition, schooling of household members, assets, cropping intensity and patterns including cost and return, employment and income, consumption, participation in different government and nongovernment programs. We reviewed several books and journal articles authored by Mahabub Hossain and related academic papers and documents and collated information on MHPD, including (i) mapping out information on past and ongoing panel or cross-sectional household survey data series in Bangladesh; (ii) undertaking the review of all past rounds of MHPD survey documents, such as survey implementation plans, questionnaires, codebooks, databases, and processed data; (iii) consulting relevant stakeholders, including the past implementers of the surveys and the users of the data as needed to validate documented information; (iv) taking stock of the contribution of MHPD to academic literature and policy development; and (v) drawing a number of lessons learned for future data collection and policy making. The report aims to (i) serve as a comprehensive reference document for scholars and policy makers who wish to understand MHPD for possible use in their research; and (ii) provide a comprehensive baseline from which we can consider ways to enhance MHPD further to continue contributing to understanding the economic and social issues of today and near future. By compiling all associated research work based on MHPD, we offer a historical landscape of Bangladesh’s social and economic development and a credible explanation for the Bangladesh development model for global comparison.