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1
Jampel, Michael, Eugene Freuder, and Michael Maher, eds. Over-Constrained Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61479-6.
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Michael, Jampel, Freuder Eugene C, Maher Michael 1959-, and CP '95 (1995 : Cassis, France), eds. Over-constrained systems. Berlin: Springer, 1996.
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Liu, Qinyuan, Zidong Wang, and Xiao He. Stochastic Control and Filtering over Constrained Communication Networks. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00157-5.
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Mahvidi, Hamid. Performance of latency constrained turbo-like codes over correlated fading channels. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.
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Wang, Zidong, Qinyuan Liu, and Xiao He. Stochastic Control and Filtering over Constrained Communication Networks. Springer, 2019.
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Wang, Zidong, Qinyuan Liu, and Xiao He. Stochastic Control and Filtering over Constrained Communication Networks. Springer, 2018.
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Cost-Constrained Project Scheduling with Task Durations and Costs That May Increase Over Time: Demonstrated with the U.S. Army Future Combat Systems. Storming Media, 2004.
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Vivian, Bradford. Invention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190611088.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 uses a historical, and notably unconventional, example of witnessing to demonstrate how bearing witness involves sometimes radical and purposeful rhetorical invention (or reinvention) of historical fact. In his Cotton States Exposition Address (1895), Booker T. Washington, a former slave, romanticized the pre–Civil War South with curious irony. This counterintuitive example indicates that witnesses bear witness in public only if social, political, or moral authorities permit their testimonies. In Washington’s case, the authorities in question presided over the economic and political institutions of the post-Reconstruction South. Witnesses are either broadly empowered or narrowly constrained in their ability to invent a version of the past that presiding officials and the public at large may welcome, according to existing standards of decorum or conventions of praise and blame. Witnessing, this chapter argues, is rhetorically inventive insofar as witnesses testify by appearing to present unmediated recollections of the past; yet such apparently unmediated accounts are effects of rhetorical invention constrained by the dictates of immediate sociopolitical hierarchies.
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Roach, Lee. 11. Public regulation of land. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199603794.003.0011.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. A significant measure of socially beneficial control over land and the local environment is achieved through various forms of state-imposed regulation. This chapter, which discusses how estate ownership is constrained by conceptions of stewardship in the public interest, examines the law and context surrounding some of the most far-reaching forms of state intervention in the area of land: control of land use and takings of land.
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Roof, Tracy. Interest Groups. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.034.
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This chapter examines the role of interest groups in shaping American social welfare policy. It outlines major theories and findings on interest group influence in American politics and comparative welfare state development and examines the activities and influence of major categories of groups, including business, labor, agriculture, professional associations, intergovernmental organizations, and citizens’ groups. Although many interest groups have helped secure policies that form a limited social safety net, this chapter suggests that the competition among a diverse array of interest groups in a fragmented political system makes policy change difficult. This tendency towards gridlock, which favors the interests of some groups over others, has constrained the size and redistribution of the American welfare state.
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Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Awards in the Voluntary Sector. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0005.
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In the voluntary sector awards play a particularly important role because the respective organizations are often cash constrained, and social recognition is an important motivation for volunteers (which risks being crowded out by monetary pay). There are millions of people who voluntarily contribute to Wikipedia under pseudonyms (i.e. make anonymous contributions), but the number of active editors is on a pronounced decline, particularly among new editors. A field experiment is presented, which shows that a purely symbolic award scheme targeted at newcomers significantly raises their retention rate. The motivational effect persists over an entire year. It can be explained by the enhanced identity with the community, status and reputation concerns, recognition and self-confidence, and attention.
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Bosia, Michael J. Why States Act. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037726.003.0002.
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This chapter studies how the state when challenged is served by homophobia, what challenges homophobia addresses, and what problems it seeks to resolve. These phenomena are referred to as “state homophobia.” While “state” to some suggests law and policy, the chapter considers state homophobia as the totality of strategies and tools, both in policy and in mobilizations, through which holders of and contenders over state authority invoke sexual minorities as objects of condemnation and targets of persecution. The chapter examines the motif of governance in terms of sexuality, and considers political homophobia as embedded in forms of sexual governance and personhood. The framework follows three dimensions, focusing on purpose and will to target agency even when constrained, and on the work done by homophobia in periods of instability or uncertainty.
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Magnusson, Thor, and Alex McLean. Performing with Patterns of Time. Edited by Roger T. Dean and Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.21.
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Music is a time-based art form often characterized by patternings; manipulations of sequences over time. Composers and performers may think in terms of patterns, although the structure of patterned sequences is often not made explicit in musical notation. This chapter explores how musical sequences can be created and transformed in real-time performance through patterning functions. Topics related to the use of algorithms for pattern making are discussed, and two systems are introduced—ixi lang and TidalCycles, as high-level and expressive minilanguages for musical pattern. These two systems are constrained, purpose-built live coding systems, and with such systems has come rethinking about the computer language design and purpose, where performance and the conception of the code as something that be sculpted in real time is given a high priority.
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Grimaldi, Selena. The Leadership Capital of Italian Presidents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783848.003.0012.
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Recently, Italian presidents have become pivotal figures, deeply affecting the direction of the Italian political system, exercising influence far beyond their previous role as constitutional guardians. The aim of this chapter is to understand how Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, and Giorgio Napolitano have gained and spent ever greater amounts of power. The analysis is based on the LCI approach; however, the indicators used by Bennister et al. (2015) have been adapted both to the Italian context and to ‘institutionally’ constrained leaders. The LCI allows the traceability of power over time, revealing how each president has built on others’ strengths but all have encountered similar limits: while Italian presidents can spend their capital in focused areas, too overt attempts to act politically can erode their capital by damaging their perceived neutrality and moral probity.
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Md. Ali, Azham. The political economy of external auditing in Malaysia 1957 - 1997. UUM Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9839559656.
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This work investigates the role and contribution of external auditing as practiced in Malaysian society in the first 40 years since independence in 1957.It applies the political economic approach, which emphasises the social relations aspects of professional activity rather than economic forces alone.The political economic approach is applied by utilising an enlarged exogenous framework of processual change analysis.This particular interpretive framework views external auditing in Malaysia over the forty year period (1957-1997) as an open, dynamic social system comprising two pattern transformations.The study focuses specifically on the historical development of, and environment influences on the countrys audit practice and provides insights into the operational form of contemporary audit practice and the historical, social, economic and political determinants of that form.The writer extrapolates that in all probability, the future of auditing in Malaysia will continue to be constrained by unresolved problems; audit in Malaysia seems to be case of the triumph of hope over experience.
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St John, Taylor. Why is Exit So Hard? Positive Feedback and Institutional Persistence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0009.
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Chapter eight analyzes why institutions persist, even when they generate unintended consequences for the states that created them. The chapter sets out a typology of possible actions that governments can take to exit from investor–state arbitration. To date, governments have engaged in remarkably little exit. The second section explores how positive feedback has created a new constituency of law firms and investors with an interest in arbitration and therefore has led to a new politics of ISDS. The third section discusses other types of feedback that have stabilized and developed a dense web of commitments enshrining investor–state arbitration. The fourth section observes that over time, competitive dynamics emerged and define investor–state arbitration today: competition between law firms, arbitration organizations, and even jurisdictions hoping to host arbitrations makes exit and reform more difficult. The barriers to exit may be highest for capacity-constrained states.
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Ibbetson, David. Obligatio in Roman Law and Society. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.43.
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Obligatio is defined in Justinian’s Institutes as a tie of law, a legal relationship between two persons whereby one is constrained by the other to do or refrain from doing something. It brings together relationships arising out of contract or delict, though the Digest shows it used more generally wherever a personal bond was created. Its roots lie in the verb ligare, to bind; but although Roman lawyers preferred the use of verbs over abstract nouns, here the noun form is almost as common as the verb. As a noun obligatio describes either the active or the passive aspect of the relationship or the relationship itself, allowing flexibility in legal thinking. Originally, obligatio may have been related to actio, so that only enforceable relationships were included within the word, but by classical law it applied to any relationship with legal consequences, whether or not the relationship was enforceable.
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Kahn, Jonathon S. Secularism and Religion in American Education. Edited by Michael D. Waggoner and Nathan C. Walker. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199386819.013.4.
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Recent critics of the secular have presented a newly complicated account of secularity, one in which secularity and religion are seen not as separate but as mutually intertwined and interdependent. This chapter uses these new secular critics to reflect on the history and nature of a secular education. It argues that the emergence of American secular education over the course of the twentieth century was tied to power and production of knowledge that, at times, included religious moods and outlooks. Moving forward, secular education would do well to acknowledge and include those religious outlooks into its pedagogical practices. Secular education for the twenty-first century should embrace the way learning necessarily involves character formation. Vibrant modern secular education would be marked by not only the richness of its constrained disagreements, but also by reflection on how those disagreements function liturgically to shape and influence the making of community.
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Huebner, Bryce. Planning and Prefigurative Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0019.
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There are interesting and unexplored points of convergence between Daniel Dennett’s account of human freedom and Michael Bratman’s account of planning agency. Dennett claims that foreknowledge can generate control over ongoing behavior; and by reverse engineering the capacities that are required for planning agency, it is possible to clarify the forms of individual freedom that are available for us. Unfortunately, this process of reverse engineering also suggests that individual freedom is likely to be constrained by the statistical structure of a person’s social and memetic environment. Fortunately, as Dennett argues, human freedom is often sustained by help from our friends. And Bratman’s approach to interpersonal coordination suggests a way of understanding how human freedom can be socially scaffolded. Humans can collectively construct novel possibilities, provided that they are willing to listen to and learn from others. Recognizing this can help to clarify the micropolitical nature of agency and freedom.
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Clasen, Mathias. Monsters Everywhere. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666507.003.0006.
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The chapter gives an outline of the history of American horror across media, from prehistoric roots to postmodern slasher films and horror videogames. A specifically American literary horror tradition crystallizes in the mid-1800s, with authors such as Edgar Allan Poe, and is developed in the twentieth century by writers including H. P. Lovecraft. In that century, horror films—beginning with Universal’s monster films of the 1930s—became the dominant medium for the genre. Horror became a mainstream genre during the 1970s and 1980s, with the emergence of popular writers like Stephen King and many lucrative film releases. Slasher films dominated the 1980s and were reinvented in a postmodern version in the 1990s. Horror videogames became increasingly popular, offering high levels of immersion and engagement. The chapter shows that horror changes over time, in response to cultural change, but changes within a possibility space constrained by human biology.
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Meder, Björn, and Ralf Mayrhofer. Diagnostic Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.23.
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This chapter discusses diagnostic reasoning from the perspective of causal inference. The computational framework that provides the foundation for the analyses—probabilistic inference over graphical causal structures—can be used to implement different models that share the assumption that diagnostic inferences are guided and constrained by causal considerations. This approach has provided many critical insights, with respect to both normative and empirical issues. For instance, taking into account uncertainty about causal structures can entail diagnostic judgments that do not reflect the empirical conditional probability of cause given effect in the data, the classic, purely statistical norm. The chapter first discusses elemental diagnostic inference from a single effect to a single cause, then examines more complex diagnostic inferences involving multiple causes and effects, and concludes with information acquisition in diagnostic reasoning, discussing different ways of quantifying the diagnostic value of information and how people decide which information is diagnostically relevant.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. The Netherlands: Not Quite the First Modern Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0006.
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In this chapter, we look at four cases: Genoa, Venice, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Genoa, Venice, and Portugal acted as transitional agents over a five- to six-hundred-year period, creating sea power and trading regimes to move Asian commodities and innovations to and from European markets. While Genoa and Venice were primarily Mediterranean-centric, Portugal led the breakthrough from the constraints of the inland sea and inaugurated Europe’s Atlantic focus. None of these actors possessed the power of China nor subsequent global actors, but for their age, they were critical technological leaders, providing a technological bridge from the eastern zone of Eurasia to the western zone. The Netherlands fits into this narrative by combining Baltic and Atlantic activities to construct a European trade regime that greatly overshadowed the earlier transitional efforts. Buttressed by the development of agrarian and industrial technology and a heavy reliance on peat and wind as energy sources, the Dutch case seems idiosyncratic. Most critically, its energy transition was only partial. Although the Netherlands made clear advances in some power-driven machinery and technological innovation , the heat and energy that were expended remained constrained by the inherent limitations of the energy sources.
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Brooks, Rachel, and Paul Hodkinson. Sharing Care. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529205961.001.0001.
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Amidst a context in which the burden of early-years care continues to fall heavily on women, Sharing Care examines the experiences of the minority of fathers who take on an equal or greater share of caregiving for babies and young children. Drawing on detailed qualitative research in the UK, the book outlines the nature of equal and primary carer fathers’ experiences, paying particular attention to what prompted them to take on their unusual roles, how they and their families adjusted over time and the nature of the challenges they encountered. The authors argue that, for many such fathers, taking on an equal or primary care role represented a significant and unexpected shift in their horizons and the beginning of a journey towards experiencing themselves as largely interchangeable with their partners in their role as parents. Yet the book also explores how cultural and practical context around them generated challenges to the development of fathers’ caregiving, leaving certain responsibilities still centred on mothers. The book’s conclusions highlight the potential for fatherhoods and masculinities to be transformed by the experience of taking on of everyday care responsibilities, but also how such journeys can be constrained by enduring assumptions of default maternal responsibility that remain embedded in understandings, interactions and policy.
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Chiang, Connie Y. Nature Behind Barbed Wire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842062.001.0001.
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The mass imprisonment of over 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry during World War II was one of the most egregious violations of civil liberties in US history. Removed from their homes on the temperate Pacific Coast, Japanese Americans spent the war years in ten desolate camps in the nation’s interior. Although scholars and commentators acknowledge the harsh environmental conditions of these camps, they have turned their attention to the social, political, or legal dimensions of this story. Nature Behind Barbed Wire shifts the focus to the natural world and explores how it shaped the experiences of Japanese Americans and federal officials who worked for the War Relocation Authority (WRA), the civilian agency that administered the camps. The complexities of the natural world both enhanced and constrained the WRA’s power and provided Japanese Americans with opportunities to redefine the terms and conditions of their confinement. Even as the environment compounded their feelings of despair and outrage, they also learned that their willingness (or lack thereof) to transform and adapt to the natural world could help them endure and even contest their incarceration. Ultimately, this book demonstrates that the Japanese American incarceration was fundamentally an environmental story. Japanese Americans and WRA officials negotiated the terms of confinement with each other and with a dynamic natural world.
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Busch, Marc L., and Edward D. Mansfield. Trade: Determinants of Policies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.350.
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A survey of the literature on trade has revealed that it is becoming more difficult for elected officials resist protectionist pressures by citing constraints imposed by global pacts and supply free trade. There are two main reasons why. First, the literature on the design and politics of international institutions increasingly emphasizes how they build in slack that can undermine government claims of being constrained. Second, as states accede to an ever-growing list of overlapping international institutions, there is often a choice among, or uncertainty over, which institution’s obligations apply. Where this situation creates more policy space for government officials, it also will make it more difficult for them to credibly tie their hands and supply free trade in the face of interest group pressures for protection. Currently, the literature is somewhat at a turning point. Questions about the design and politics of international institutions, and the growing thickness of the market for them, are very much in vogue. These questions have profound implications for the supply of free trade. The credibility of elected officials’ hands-tying strategies is likely undermined where institutions anticipate the political reactions of their members, or where members can shop for different rules on trade to accommodate domestic preferences. The irony is that the proliferation of international institutions may lead scholars of trade policy to renew their focus on domestic interest groups.
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Rich Dorman, Sara. Understanding Zimbabwe. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634889.001.0001.
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This book seeks to understand the state, nation and political identities that are being forged in modern Zimbabwe, and the nature of control that Robert Mugabe’s ZANU exercises over those political institutions. Focusing on the perspective and experiences of societal groups including NGOs, churches, trade unions, students and academics the book explores how the construction of consent, threat of coercion and material resources are used to integrate social groups into the ruling nationalist coalition, but also how they resist and frame competing discourses and institutions. Taking seriously the discursive and institutional legacies of the nationalist struggle and the liberation war in shaping politics, it explores how independent Zimbabwe’s politics were molded by discursive claims to foster national unity that delegitimize autonomous political action outside the ruling party. Building a new societal coalition entailed the "demobilization" of ZANU(PF)’s original nationalist constituency which had backed it during the liberation war, and the "inclusion" of new groups including donors, white farmers and business interests. It also shows how legal practices and institution-building defused and constrained opportunities for contestation, even while the regime used the security forces to suppress those who challenged its political monopoly or who otherwise resisted incorporation. It thus presents a complex picture of how individuals and groups became bound up in the project of state- and nation-building, despite contesting or even rejecting aspects of it.
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Paczynska, Agnieszka. Globalization and Globality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.206.
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Globalization has opened up new avenues of investigation in many disciplines. Among these are political science and political sociology, where scholars have engaged in heated debates over issues such as the ways in which state sovereignty is changing, the role of new nonstate actors in shaping international social and political dynamics, and how globalization processes affecting patterns of social and political conflict. Scholars have extensively explored the impact of globalization on the nation-state. While some view the nation-state as increasingly constrained and weakening, others see it as the main actor in the international arena. Since the 1990s, the number of non-governmental organizations has grown significantly and increasing numbers are engaged in and form alliances with other civil society organizations across state borders. Some are engaged in long-term development work, others in humanitarian assistance, yet others focus primarily on advocacy. The extent of their influence and its consequences remain topics of often contentious debate within the literature. The debate on how globalization shapes conflict processes has also been contentious and deeply divisive. Some analysts view globalization processes as contributing to the emergence of new cultural and religious conflicts by challenging local cultural, religious, or moral codes, and imposing Western, secular, and materialistic values alien to indigenous ways of organizing social life. For others, the link between globalization processes and ethnic and cultural conflicts is at best indirect or simply nonexistent.
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James, David. Practical Necessity, Freedom, and History. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847885.001.0001.
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By means of careful analysis of relevant writings by Hobbes, Rousseau, Kant, Hegel, and Marx, the author argues that the concept of practical necessity is key to understanding the nature and the extent of human freedom. Practical necessity here means being, or believing oneself to be, constrained to act in certain ways in the absence (whether real or imagined) of other, more attractive options, or by the high costs attached to pursuing other options. Agents become subject to practical necessity because of economic, social, and historical forces over which they have, or appear to have, no effective control, while the extent to which they are subject to this form of necessity varies according to the amount of economic and social power that one agent possesses relative to other agents. The concept of practical necessity is also shown to acknowledge how the beliefs and attitudes of social agents are, in large part, determined by social and historical processes in which they are caught up, and how the type of motivation that we attribute to such agents should recognize this fact. Another key theme is how Rousseau, Kant, Hegel, and Marx, in contrast to Hobbes, explain the emergence of the conditions of a free society in terms of a historical process that is initially governed by practical necessity. The role that this form of necessity plays in explaining historical necessity invites thefollowing question: to what extent arehistorical agents genuinely subject to practical and historical necessity?
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Tausig, Benjamin. Bangkok is Ringing. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847524.001.0001.
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Bangkok Is Ringing is an on-the-ground sound studies analysis of the political protests that transformed Thailand in 2010–11. Bringing the reader through sixteen distinct “sonic niches” where dissidents used media to broadcast to both local and diffuse audiences, the book catalogues these mass protests in a way that few movements have ever been catalogued. The Red Shirt and Yellow Shirt protests that shook Thailand took place just before other international political movements, including the Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street. Bangkok Is Ringing analyzes the Thai protests in comparison with these, seeking to understand the logic not only of political change in Thailand, but across the globe. The book is attuned to sound in a great variety of forms. The author traces the history and use in protest of specific media forms, including community radio, megaphones, CDs, and live concerts. The research took place over the course of sixteen months, and the author worked closely with musicians, concert promoters, activists, and rank-and-file protesters. The result is a detailed and sensitive ethnography that argues for an understanding of sound and political movements in tandem. In particular, it emphasizes the necessity of thinking through constraint as a fundamental condition of both political movements and the sound that these movements produce. In order to produce political transformations, the book argues, dissidents must be sensitive to the ways that their sounding is constrained and channeled.
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Gent, Stephen E., and Mark J. C. Crescenzi. Market Power Politics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197529805.001.0001.
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This book explores how market power competition between states can create disruptions in the global political economy and potentially lead to territorial aggression and war. When a state’s firms have the ability to set prices in a key commodity market like oil or natural gas, state leaders can benefit from increased revenue, stability, and political leverage. Given these potential benefits, states may be motivated to expand their territorial reach in order to gain or maintain such market power. This market power motivation can sometimes lead to war. However, when states are economically interdependent, they may be constrained from using force to achieve their market power goals. This can open up an opportunity for institutional settlements. However, in some cases, institutional rules and procedures can preclude states from reaching a settlement in line with their market power ambitions. When this happens, states may opt for strategic delay and try to gradually accumulate market power over time through salami tactics. To explore how these dynamics play out empirically, the authors examine three cases of market power competition in hard commodity markets: Iraq’s invasion and occupation of Kuwait to seize market power in the oil export market, Russia’s territorial encroachment into Georgia and Ukraine to preserve and expand its market power in the natural gas market, and China’s ongoing use of strategic delay and gray zone tactics in the South and East China Seas to maintain its dominant position in the global market for rare earth elements.
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Rez, Peter. The Simple Physics of Energy Use. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.001.0001.
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In industrially developed countries, energy is used primarily for three things—maintaining a comfortable environment in buildings, transporting people and goods and manufacturing products. Each accounts for about one-third of the total primary energy use. Controlling the indoor temperature accounts for most of the energy use in buildings. Therefore, this strongly depends on the local climate. Electricity accounts for a high proportion of the energy transfer in developed countries. The problem is that electricity cannot easily be stored, and that supply therefore has to match demand. This makes the use of intermittent renewables such as solar and wind particularly challenging. Transportation efficiency can be measured by the energy used to move a person or a tonne of freight over a given distance, but there is also the journey time to consider. Transportation, with the exception of trains, is constrained by the energy density and convenience of fuels, and it is hard to beat liquid hydrocarbons as fuels. Materials that are dug out of the earth are nearly always oxides, but we want the element itself. The reduction process inevitably uses energy and produces carbon dioxide. Even growing crops requires energy in addition to that provided by sunlight. A meat-based diet requires significantly higher energy inputs than a vegetarian diet. Growing crops for fuel is a poor use of land, the problem being that crops do not grow fast enough. Policy should ultimately be based on what works from a physics and engineering viewpoint, and not on legislation that mandates the use of favoured renewable energy sources.
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Toprani, Anand. Oil and the Great Powers. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834601.001.0001.
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During the first half of the twentieth century, a lack of oil constrained Britain and Germany from exerting their economic and military power independently. Having fought World War I with oil imported from the United States, Britain was determined to avoid relying upon another great power for its energy needs ever again. Even before the war had ended, Whitehall began implementing a strategy of developing alternative sources of oil under British control. Britain’s key supplier would be the Middle East—already a region of vital importance to the British Empire, but one whose oil potential was still unproven. There turned out to be plenty of oil in the Middle East, but Italian hostility after 1935 threatened British transit through the Mediterranean. As war loomed in 1939, Britain’s quest for independence from the United States was a failure. Germany was in an even worse position than Britain. The Third Reich went to war dependent on petroleum synthesized from coal, meager domestic crude oil production, and overland imports—primarily from Romania. German leaders were confident, however, that they had sufficient oil to fight a series of short, localized campaigns that would deliver to them the mastery of Europe. Their plan derailed following Germany’s swift victory over France, when Britain refused to make peace. This left Germany responsible for satisfying Europe’s oil requirements while cut off from world markets. A looming energy crisis in Axis Europe, an absence of strategic alternatives, and ideological imperatives all compelled Germany to invade the Soviet Union in 1941—a decision that ultimately sealed its fate.
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Ganesh, Dr K., Dr B. A. Lakhani, Dr Ramesh Kumar, and Dr Pooja Kulkarni. E-Learning Management- A Modern Approach to Digital India & Challenges in 21st Century. KAAV PUBLICATIONS, DELHI, INDIA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/9789391842567.2022.eb.
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“Technology can become the 'wings' that will allow the educational world to fly farther and faster than ever before; if we will allow it.” - Jenny Arledge The theme of this book "E-Learning Management- A Modern Approach to Digital India & Challenges in 21st Century" was chosen due to its relevance for E-learning in the global digitalized world. We are running into the 21st century where innovation exceeds all logical limitations. This is the period of revolutionary advancement where innovation is assuming control over each specialty and corner. Cell phones, PCs, and tablets are not any more obscure words. During this stage the higher education or school system is advancing for improvement, as this age's understudies are not destined to be restricted by the constraints of basic learning; their interest is huge and can't be provided food with educational systems that were planned before. In the event that we continued to show our youngsters the manner in which we showed them yesterday, we would deny them of their tomorrow. Our old education system misses the mark on ability to have a potential for success in the 21st century. So we are constrained to involve digitization in our educational system. This book is about the new evolution of the educational sector. It explains the era of 21st century in the terms of educational progress & how the 'old school ' systems became the 'new school' systems that has boosted digital education. The book encompasses chapters with research-based perspectives in the area of E-Learning Management, Digital Innovations, Modern educational approach to Digital India in 21st Century & related fields. The book can be read as a compendium of readings of 21st century e-learning management in higher education institutions, business and industry. We editors offer heartfelt thanks to all contributors for their valuable research incorporated in this edited book as a chapter.
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Rodríguez Juárez, Carolina. Accesibilidad a la función Sujeto en lengua inglesa: restricciones funcionales, intrínsecas y jerárquicas. Servicio de Publicaciones y Difusión Científica de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20420/1650.2021.479.
Full textAbstract:
La accesibilidad de un término para participar en una operación gramatical como la asignación de Sujeto está condicionada por restricciones jerárquicas, funcionales e intrínsecas que favorecerán la asignación de la función de Sujeto al primer argumento, resultando en una oración activa, o a un término distinto al primer argumento, obteniéndose una construcción pasiva. Estas restricciones se representan en forma de jerarquías de carácter tipológico cuya relevancia ha sido enfatizada tanto en la teoría de la Gramática Funcional (Dik, 1978, 1989) como en la Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (Hengeveld y Mackenzie, 2008, 2011) y cuya validez no solo está demostrada en estudios realizados entre lenguas, sino también en el caso de lenguas individuales al permitir determinar qué categorías son estadísticamente más frecuentes y consecuentemente menos marcadas en una lengua en particular. A través de un estudio cuantitativo y multidimensional basado en el análisis de un corpus escrito formado por oraciones activas transitivas y pasivas en lengua inglesa, estudiamos la incidencia directa de siete jerarquías de prioridad en la selección de Sujeto: Jerarquía de Funciones Semánticas, de Definición, de Persona, de Animacidad, de Número, de Entidades/ Abstracción, de Predicación y la Jerarquía de Términos. Los resultados demuestran que se observan preferencias de unas jerarquías sobre otras a la hora de determinar la accesibilidad de los términos a la función sintáctica de Sujeto. Basándonos en los niveles de frecuencia y de dominancia registrados entre las jerarquías, presentamos una nueva jerarquía que predice qué prioridades son más dominantes en esta operación gramatical. Estas prioridades se agrupan y ordenan jerárquicamente en tres grandes bloques atendiendo al tipo de restricciones que expresan: restricciones relacionadas con la complejidad estructural y movilidad sintáctica del término; restricciones intrínsecas del término asociadas con operadores gramaticales; y restricciones atribuibles al referente del término. Accessibility to the Subject function in the English language: functional, intrinsic and hierarchical restrictions The accessibilty of terms in grammatical operations such as Subject assignment is constrained by hierarchical, functional and intrinsic restrictions that will either trigger the assignment of the Subject function to a first argument resulting in an active sentence, or to a non-first argument, which will produce a passive sentence. These restrictions are represented in the form of typological hierarchies whose relevance has been stressed both in the theory of Functional Grammar (Dik, 1978, 1989) and in Functional Discourse Grammmar (Hengeveld y Mackenzie, 2008, 2011), and whose validity has been tested not only in studies across languages but also in the case of individual languages since they are able to determine what categories are statistically more frequent and, as a result, less marked in a particular language. Through a quantitative and multidimensional study based on a written corpus of active and passive sentences in English, we explore the direct impact of seven priority hierarchies on Subject selection: the Semantic Function Hierarchy, the Definiteness Hierarchy, the Person Hierarchy, the Animacy Hierarchy, the Number Hierarchy, the Entities/Abstraction Hierarchy, the Predication Hierarchy and the Term Hierarchy. The results reveal that preferences of some hierarchies over others can be observed when determining the accessibility of terms to the Subject function. Taking as a basis the frequency and dominance levels registered for the different hierarchies, we present a new hierarchy that predicts what priorities are more dominant in this grammatical operation. These priorites are grouped and ordered in a hierarchical fashion into three big blocks according to the type of constraints they express: restrictions related to the structural complexity and syntactic mobility of the term; intrinsic restrictions of the term associated with grammatical operators; and restrictions related to the referent of the term.