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Chatzakis, Manos, Michalis Mountantonakis, and Yannis Tzitzikas. "RDFsim: Similarity-Based Browsing over DBpedia Using Embeddings." Information 12, no. 11 (October 23, 2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12110440.
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Browsing has been the core access method for the Web from its beginning. Analogously, one good practice for publishing data on the Web is to support dereferenceable URIs, to also enable plain web browsing by users. The information about one URI is usually presented through HTML tables (such as DBpedia and Wikidata pages) and graph representations (by using tools such as LODLive and LODMilla). In most cases, for an entity, the user gets all triples that have that entity as subject or as object. However, sometimes the number of triples is numerous. To tackle this issue, and to reveal similarity (and thus facilitate browsing), in this article we introduce an interactive similarity-based browsing system, called RDFsim, that offers “Parallel Browsing”, that is, it enables the user to see and browse not only the original data of the entity in focus, but also the K most similar entities of the focal entity. The similarity of entities is founded on knowledge graph embeddings; however, the indexes that we introduce for enabling real-time interaction do not depend on the particular method for computing similarity. We detail an implementation of the approach over specific subsets of DBpedia (movies, philosophers and others) and we showcase the benefits of the approach. Finally, we report detailed performance results and we describe several use cases of RDFsim.
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Liu, Xiang, Yuchun Guo, Xiaoying Tan, and Yishuai Chen. "Differentially Private Web Browsing Trajectory over Infinite Streams." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (August 4, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9968905.
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Nowadays, a lot of data mining applications, such as web traffic analysis and content popularity prediction, leverage users’ web browsing trajectories to improve their performance. However, the disclosure of web browsing trajectory is the most prominent issue. A novel privacy model, named Differential Privacy, is used to rigorously protect user’s privacy. Some works have applied this privacy model to spatial-temporal streams. However, these works either protect the users’ activities in different places separately or protect their activities in all places jointly. The former one cannot protect trajectories that traverse multiple places; while the latter ignores the differences among places and suffers the degradation of data utility (i.e., data accuracy). In this paper, we propose a w , n -differential privacy to protect any spatial-temporal sequence occurring in w successive timestamps and n -range places. To achieve better data utility, we propose two implementation algorithms, named Spatial-Temporal Budget Distribution (STBD) and Spatial-Temporal RescueDP (STR). Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that these two algorithms can achieve a balance between data utility and trajectory privacy guarantee.
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Echevarria, Juan Jose, Jonathan Ruiz-de-Garibay, Jon Legarda, Maite Álvarez, Ana Ayerbe, and Juan Ignacio Vazquez. "WebTag: Web Browsing into Sensor Tags over NFC." Sensors 12, no. 7 (June 26, 2012): 8675–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120708675.
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Johnson, Tony. "Browsing back over a life on the Web." Physics World 13, no. 4 (April 2000): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/13/4/27.
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Zou, Chunjing, Chao Zhang, Hideyuki Shimizu, Qing Song, Mudan Jin, Yongliang Ma, and Wenduo Xu. "Growth Responses of Picea Mongolica Saplings to Goat Browsing." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 54, no. 2 (May 6, 2008): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2008.10639614.
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Picea mongolicaW. D. Xu is an endemic and endangered species that is only found in semiarid areas in north China. It has also been widely used as the forestation tree in China's "Three-North" shelterbelts construction. Although a National Natural Reserve has been set up for conserving the rare species, it always suffers from goat browsing, especially during the winter. Dendrochronology analysis is applied to understand the consequences of goat browsing onPicea mongolica's growth. Two sites with different types of trees were chosen side by side to compare the differences between shape, radial growth, height growth, and age of spruce saplings: (1) stunted and heavily browsed spruce, shorter than the browsing limit and (2) escaped spruce that were taller than the browsing limit but still browsed in their lower part. Under repeated and intense browsing, the shape in stunted spruce was compact and heavily ramified, and the same phenomenon was shown below the browsing limit in escaped spruce (1.05 ± 0.06 m), distinctly different from the shape of escaped spruce above the browsing limit. The results showed that the release of browsing pressure, once the tree reached the browsing limit, was characterized by an abrupt increase in radial growth. Before release, trees showed a growth stagnation characterized by annual rings (0.5 mm per year) and annual height (<5 cm per year) increments. After release, the increments of rings and height were 2 mm and 14 cm each year, respectively. We use this pattern to estimate the release ages and their possible variation over time. Age differences between stunted and escaped spruce were highly significant and indicate that, despite browsing, most, if not all, trees will ultimately reach the browsing limit and escape. Heavy goat pressure delayed spruce sapling recruitment by about 10 years. This delay varied in relation to site quality and seemed to have increased over time, suggesting an increase in browsing pressure.
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Britton, Justin M., R. Justin DeRose, Karen E. Mock, and James N. Long. "Herbivory and advance reproduction influence quaking aspen regeneration response to management in southern Utah, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 5 (May 2016): 674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0010.
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Recent concern regarding the potential decline of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forests in the western United States has sparked concern over whether the species can be effectively regenerated. Using a retrospective approach, we quantified the response of regenerating aspen stems to an ordinary set of silvicultural treatments conducted over approximately the past decade in southern Utah, USA. A suite of variables describing stand structure and composition, stand vigor, physiographic factors, herbivore pressure, and treatment types were measured to predict the possible controls, as well as their relative importance, on aspen regeneration. Results suggested that aspen regeneration was most strongly related to browsing pressure, site preparation technique, and the presence of advance reproduction before treatment, which is a novel finding. Secondary predictors included elevation, site index, and overstory conditions, which are generally characteristics of stand vigor. Management recommendations based on our results should recognize the strong primary control that browsing pressure exerts on regeneration. First, the height of advance reproduction is inherently dependent on antecedent herbivory and also indicative of present browsing and should be assessed before treatment. Second, the most effective site preparation techniques, namely broadcast burning and browsing reduction, will directly reduce browsing pressure, assuming ungulate populations are not too large. Any management targeting timely and effective aspen regeneration should incorporate monitoring and (or) controlling browsing pressure, both before and after treatment.
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White, Shannon, Xinbiao Zhu, Fanrui Meng, Scott Taylor, and Charles P. A. Bourque. "Intensive moose browsing and small-scale domestic woodcutting impacts on forest successional trajectories in Gros Morne National Park, Canada." Forestry Chronicle 97, no. 3 (September 2021): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2021-033.
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Moose (Alces alces L.) browsing in Gros Morne National Park has damaged its balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.)-dominated forest. A forest estate model was used to evaluate (i) the impacts of moose browsing and woodcutting on forest succession and (ii) strategies of forest restoration through planting and moose population management. The simulation results show that under current heavy browsing pressure growing stock of balsam fir decreases by 38%, but the area of spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP and P. glauca (Moench) Voss) increases by 32% over a 100-year planning horizon, compared to that under light browsing scenario which is assumed to be similar to the forest outside the Park due to moose population management. Annual allowable cut (AAC) for the Park’s 19 400 ha domestic harvest area is estimated to be around 120 979 m3 in a light browsing scenario, 21% higher than the sustainable harvest level in a heavy browsing scenario. The model forecasts a 97% reforestation of the Park’s 7 194 ha disturbed area by planting in the heavy browsing scenario, leading to an increase in total forest growing stock by 22% and AAC by 12%. Integration of planting with moose population management could be a more efficient way of restoring forest under high browsing pressure in GMNP.
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Helmefalk, Miralem. "Browsing behaviour as a mediator: the impact of multi-sensory cues on purchasing." Journal of Consumer Marketing 36, no. 2 (March 18, 2019): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-10-2017-2392.
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PurposeThis paper aims to examine how multi-sensory cues, when store-congruent, influence consumer browsing behaviour and its subsequent effect on purchasing.Design/methodology/approachTwo studies were used with a field experimental design in a furnishing retail store to examine browsing behaviour and purchasing in a visual, auditory, olfactory and a multi-sensory treatment group. Data were gathered over 12 weeks. This study was a set of studies comprising my dissertation thesis (Helmefalk, 2017).FindingsFindings show that multi-sensory cues in a retail atmosphere are evidently influencing purchasing via browsing behaviour as a mediator.Originality/valueThe findings evidence browsing behaviour as a mediator and predictor for purchasing, which emphasizes its conceptual and empirical contribution in terms of modifying retail atmospheres. The work contributes to the field of retailing, sensory marketing and consumer behaviour, a novel view on the linkages between multi-sensory cues, browsing behaviour and purchasing.
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Dangerfield, J. M., and B. Modukanele. "Over compensation by Acacia erubescens in response to simulated browsing." Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, no. 6 (November 1996): 905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010178.
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Catasta, Michele, Alberto Tonon, Gianluca Demartini, Jean-Eudes Ranvier, Karl Aberer, and Philippe Cudré-Mauroux. "B-hist: Entity-centric search over personal web browsing history." Journal of Web Semantics 27-28 (August 2014): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2014.07.003.
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IKEDA, KEN'ICHI, SEAN RICHEY, and HOLLY TERESI. "Browsing Alone: The Differential Impact of Internet Platforms on Political Participation." Japanese Journal of Political Science 14, no. 3 (August 13, 2013): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109913000121.
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AbstractWe research the political impact of how users access the Internet. Recent research suggests that Internet usage may promote political participation. Internet usage is proposed to be beneficial because it increases activity in diverse politicized social networks and through greater access to information. Even though Internet usage may begin as a non-political activity, we outline several reasons to believe that it may spark later political participation. This impact, however, is likely to be non-existent in new forms of Internet browsing such as through mobile phones, where users do less full-scale browsing. The more difficult browsing interface of mobile phones reduces activity in chat rooms and in-depth browsing of online sources of information which promote participation. To test these ideas, we use nationally representative survey data from Japan, a country which has more pronounced usage of mobile phone browsing. Using a Seemingly Unrelated Regression Model, we also show that the chief determinants of using PC's over mobile phones for Internet browsing are age and education. We then show that PC-based Internet activity correlates with increased political participation, but mobile phone usage correlates with less participation.
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O'Kane, Christopher A. J., Kevin J. Duffy, Bruce R. Page, and David W. Macdonald. "Overlap and seasonal shifts in use of woody plant species amongst a guild of savanna browsers." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 03 (March 10, 2011): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000817.
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Abstract:To clarify the potential influence of different browsers in the same guild on woody vegetation, dietary overlap and separation between elephant, giraffe, kudu, nyala and impala was assessed in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa. Woody species browsed, browsing heights, plant-parts browsed and browsing versus grazing were recorded over 2 y by direct observation. We obtained 3068 browse records. Niche breadth (Levins' measure) and overlap (Schoener's index) in species browsed and browsing heights were calculated. Annual and seasonal differences in these measurements, plant-part use and browsing versus grazing were assessed. Elephant utilized the largest number (n = 78) of different woody plant species. Overlap in species browsed was lower between elephant and other browsers than amongst the latter. Seasonal rainfall influenced the range of woody plants utilized, niche breadth in terms of species browsed and browsing versus grazing. Marked resource depletion caused elephant, contrary to theoretical predictions, to narrow niche breadth in terms of species browsed. However, resource depletion rarely had a significant effect on interspecific overlap in species browsed or overlap in browsing heights, on actual browsing heights or plant-parts utilized. A small suite (n = 8) of woody species formed the core diet of all guild members, implying the potential for synergistic impacts by guild members on these species and for competition between populations of different guild members.
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Bucklin, Randolph E., and Catarina Sismeiro. "A Model of Web Site Browsing Behavior Estimated on Clickstream Data." Journal of Marketing Research 40, no. 3 (August 2003): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.40.3.249.19241.
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Using the clickstream data recorded in Web server log files, the authors develop and estimate a model of the browsing behavior of visitors to a Web site. Two basic aspects of browsing behavior are examined: (1) the visitor's decisions to continue browsing (by submitting an additional page request) or to exit the site and (2) the length of time spent viewing each page. The authors propose a type II tobit model that captures both aspects of browsing behavior and handles the limitations of server log-file data. The authors fit the model to the individual-level browsing decisions of a random sample of 5000 visitors to the Web site of an Internet automotive company. Empirical results show that visitors' propensity to continue browsing changes dynamically as a function of the depth of a given site visit and the number of repeat visits to the site. The dynamics are consistent both with “within-site lock-in” or site “stickiness” and with learning that carries over repeat visits. In particular, repeat visits lead to reduced page-view propensities but not to reduced page-view durations. The results also reveal browsing patterns that may reflect visitors' time-saving strategies. Finally, the authors report that simple site metrics computed at the aggregate level diverge substantially from individual-level modeling results, which indicates the need for Web site analyses to control for cross-sectional heterogeneity.
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Canham, Charles D., Jay B. McAninch, and David M. Wood. "Effects of the frequency, timing, and intensity of simulated browsing on growth and mortality of tree seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-107.
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Field exclosure studies have shown that mammalian browsers such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileusvirginianus) can have pervasive effects on forest dynamics in eastern North America. Direct experimental tests of the effects of browsing on growth and survival of a wide range of tree species, however, have yielded conflicting results. This study was designed to assess the effects of variation in the frequency, seasonal timing, and intensity of browsing (simulated by mechanical clipping) on the growth and mortality of three of the major tree species of the Hudson Valley, New York. The clipping treatments were applied to seedlings grown under two different light regimes (full sun and 8% of full sun) to examine seedling responses under different levels of shade-induced carbon stress. Our results demonstrate that even 2 successive years of heavy winter clipping (75% of new shoot growth removed) has little immediate effect on growth or survival of any of the three species. It is possible that winter browsing only has significant negative effects when seedlings are browsed repeatedly over long periods of time. However, comparable levels of summer browsing for only 2 years significantly reduced both growth and survival of all three species. While most natural browsing occurs in the dormant season, our results suggest that it is the less frequent browsing during late spring and early summer that has the greatest immediate effect on tree seedlings. Shading reduced growth and increased mortality in all three species; however, there was only a limited interaction between light level and the simulated browsing treatments. The effects of browsing on survival were similar in all three species; however, the effects of browsing on cumulative height and annual growth varied enough among the species to suggest that browsing could cause significant variation among these species in their rate of invasion in old fields and rights of way, and their rate of regeneration following logging or disturbance of forests.
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Boulanger, Vincent, Christophe Baltzinger, Sonia Saïd, Philippe Ballon, Jean-Francois Picard, and Jean-Luc Dupouey. "Decreasing deer browsing pressure influenced understory vegetation dynamics over 30 years." Annals of Forest Science 72, no. 3 (November 18, 2014): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0431-z.
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Sharafeddine, Sanaa, and Amal El Arid. "An empirical energy model for secure Web browsing over mobile devices." Security and Communication Networks 5, no. 9 (October 25, 2011): 1037–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sec.391.
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Kolly, Anna Camille, and Andrea Doris Kupferschmid. "Reaktion von Weisstannen auf ein- bis mehrmaligen Verbiss entlang von Lichtgradienten." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 165, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2014.0198.
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Response of Abies alba saplings to single and repeated browsing along light gradients Browsing of silver fir (Abies alba) saplings by ungulates is one of the most important issues concerning decreasing regeneration of this tree species. In addition to genetic drivers, environmental factors such as light availability play an important role for the response of a browsed tree. Using an experimental design with fences, we investigated the influence of natural browsing on tree growth along a light gradient. The few fir saplings that responded by flagging up a lateral shoot compensated the browsing induced height difference compared to unbrowsed trees within four vegetation periods. Most firs however reacted with new shoots and remained smaller than unbrowsed ones. The more often a fir sapling was damaged on its terminal shoot, the smaller the tree remained. A positive relation between tree height and light was found only up to a canopy openness of 11%. Mortality over the whole five years was high in low light (<10%) and in forest gaps (>15%), due to desiccation, competition with other plants or browsing (50% of total mortality). We recommend regenerating firs under moderately shaded conditions.
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Ripple, W. J., and E. J. Larsen. "The Role of Postfire Coarse Woody Debris in Aspen Regeneration." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/16.2.61.
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Abstract The paucity of aspen (Populus tremuloides) regeneration in the western United States and on Yellowstone National Park's (YNP) northern range has been of concern to managers and scientists for much of the 20th century, with the effects of ungulate browsing, climate fluctuation, and fire suppression being vigorously debated. We analyzed the interaction of fire and elk (Cervus elaphus) browsing in YNP, specifically the role of coarse woody debris as a mechanism for assisting aspen regeneration. We hypothesized that fallen conifers killed in the 1988 YNP fires would provide refugia, allowing a limited amount of aspen regeneration under the current levels of heavy ungulate browsing. We located burned sites on YNP's northern range and searched for “jackstraw piles,” where fallen conifers provided aspen refugia from ungulate browsing. We discovered that aspen suckers protected by fallen conifer barriers were on average over two times the height of adjacent unprotected suckers. Paired t-tests showed a highly significant difference between the aspen heights within the protected jackstraw sites (>0.8 m high) and those in the open that were subjected to elk browsing (P = 0.000). These results illustrate the role that fallen conifers can play in aspen regeneration as well as the interaction of the ecological processes of wildfire, ungulate browsing, and seral stage development. West. J. Appl. For. 16(2):61–64.
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Krueger, Lisa M., Chris J. Peterson, Alejandro Royo, and Walter P. Carson. "Evaluating relationships among tree growth rate, shade tolerance, and browse tolerance following disturbance in an eastern deciduous forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 12 (December 2009): 2460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-155.
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Interspecific differences in shade tolerance among woody species are considered a primary driving force underlying forest succession. However, variation in shade tolerance may be only one of many interspecific differences that cause species turnover. For example, tree species may differ in their sensitivity to herbivory. Nonetheless, existing conceptual models of forest dynamics rarely explicitly consider the impact of herbivores. We examined whether browsing by white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) alters the relationship between light availability and plant performance. We monitored growth and survival for seedlings of six woody species over 2 years within six windthrow gaps and the nearby intact forest in the presence and absence of deer. Browsing decreased seedling growth for all species except beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). More importantly, browsing altered growth rankings among species. Increased light availability enhanced growth for three species when excluded from deer, but browsing obscured these relationships. Browsing also reduced survival for three species; however, survival rankings did not significantly differ between herbivory treatments. Our results indicated that browsing and light availability operated simultaneously to influence plant growth within these forests. Thus, existing models of forest dynamics may make inaccurate predictions of the timing and composition of species reaching the canopy, unless they can account for how plant performance varies as a result of a variety of environmental factors, including herbivory.
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Barrett, Kevin J., and Oswald J. Schmitz. "Effects of Deer Settling Stimulus and Deer Density on Regeneration in a Harvested Southern New England Forest." International Journal of Forestry Research 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/690213.
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Elevated deer densities have led to reports of forest regeneration failure and ecological damage. However, there is growing evidence that the biophysical conditions of a forest that make it attractive to deer may be a contributing factor in determining browsing levels. Thus, an understanding of settling stimulus—how attractive an area is to deer in terms of food-independent habitat requirements—is potentially important to manage deer browsing impacts. We tested the settling stimulus hypothesis by evaluating the degree to which thermal settling stimulus and deer density are related to spatial variation in browsing intensity across different forest harvesting strategies over the course of a year. We determined if deer were impacting plant communities and if they resulted in changes in plant cover. We quantified the thermal environment around each harvest and tested to see if it influenced deer density and browsing impact. We found that deer had an impact on the landscape but did not alter plant cover or diminish forest regeneration capacity. Deer density and browse impact had a relationship with thermal settling stimulus for summer and fall months, and deer density had a relationship with browse impact in the winter on woody plants. We conclude that thermal settling stimulus is an important predictor for deer density and browsing impact.
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Odermatt, Oswald. "Wildtiereinfluss auf die Waldverjüngung messen: mit Stammzahlen oder mit dem Verbissprozent? | Which measurement category for quantifying the impact of wild ungulates on forest regeneration: stem number or browsing percentage?" Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0303.
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In forest and game management there is frequently controversy about the right measurement category for quantifying the impact of wild ungulates on forest regeneration. This paper tries to describe under which circumstances it is appropriate to determine the browsing percentage and under which circumstances it is preferable to make an analysis of the stem number. The limitations of the two approaches are also described. To quantify the impact of ungulates over a large area, determining the browsing percentage (browsed trees in proportion to the totality of young trees) is the most appropriate, it allows the impact of browsing on the development of the stem number to be monitored. Undesirable developments can be detected early. If the stem number in a particular size category of a certain tree species begins to decrease, this is defined as a critical point. To identify browsing damage however, the stem number should be analyzed. Such an analysis should only be performed in forest stands where regeneration is required. Absence of regeneration should not be treated as damage in cases where the silvicultural aim does not necessarily involve it.
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Garimella, Kiran, Tim Smith, Rebecca Weiss, and Robert West. "Political Polarization in Online News Consumption." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 15 (May 22, 2021): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v15i1.18049.
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Political polarization appears to be on the rise, as measured by voting behavior, general affect towards opposing partisans and their parties, and contents posted and consumed online. Research over the years has focused on the role of the Web as a driver of polarization. In order to further our understanding of the factors behind online polarization, in the present work we collect and analyze Web browsing histories of tens of thousands of users alongside careful measurements of the time spent browsing various news sources. We show that online news consumption follows a polarized pattern, where users' visits to news sources aligned with their own political leaning are substantially longer than their visits to other news sources. Next, we show that such preferences hold at the individual as well as the population level, as evidenced by the emergence of clear partisan communities of news domains from aggregated browsing patterns. Finally, we tackle the important question of the role of user choices in polarization. Are users simply following the links proffered by their Web environment, or do they exacerbate partisan polarization by intentionally pursuing like-minded news sources? To answer this question, we compare browsing patterns with the underlying hyperlink structure spanned by the considered news domains, finding strong evidence of polarization in partisan browsing habits beyond that which can be explained by the hyperlink structure of the Web.
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Begley-Miller, Danielle, Duane Diefenbach, Marc McDill, Christopher Rosenberry, and Emily Just. "Evaluating Inter-Rater Reliability and Statistical Power of Vegetation Measures Assessing Deer Impact." Forests 9, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9110669.
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Long-term vegetation monitoring projects are often used to evaluate how plant communities change through time in response to some external influence. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of vegetation monitoring to consistently detect changes in white-tailed deer browsing effects. Specifically, we compared inter-rater reliability (Cohen’s κ and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient) between two identically trained field crews for several plant metrics used by Pennsylvania state agencies to monitor deer browsing impact. Additionally, we conducted a power analysis to determine the effect of sampling scale (1/2500th or 1/750th ha plots) on the ability to detect changes in tree seedling stem counts over time. Inter-rater reliability across sampling crews was substantial for most metrics based on direct measurements, while the observational based Deer Impact Index (DII) had only moderate inter-rater reliability. The smaller, 1/2500th ha sampling scale resulted in higher statistical power to detect changes in tree seedling stem counts due to reduced observer error. Overall, this study indicates that extensive training on plant identification, project protocols, and consistent data collection methods can result in reliable vegetation metrics useful for tracking understory responses to white-tailed deer browsing. Smaller sampling scales and objective plant measures (i.e., seedling counts, species richness) improve inter-rater reliability over subjective measures of deer impact (i.e., DII). However, considering objective plant measures when making a subjective assessment regarding deer browsing effects may also improve DII inter-rater reliability.
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Kittredge, David B., Matthew J. Kelty, and P. Mark S. Ashton. "The Use of Tree Shelters with Northern Red Oak Natural Regeneration in Southern New England." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/9.4.141.
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Abstract The use of tree shelters with naturally established red oak seedlings was studied in southern New England mixed-hardwood stands where deer browsing limited regeneration height growth. Seedlings of three size classes (basal diameters of 5 mm, 8 mm, and 15 mm) were cut off just above ground level during the dormant season to induce sprouting. Plastic tree shelters were placed over one group in each size class; another group was left without shelters but was protected from deer browsing by fencing. In the first growing season, seedling sprouts inside shelters in the two larger size classes had double the height growth (with some terminals growing out of the 150-cm tall shelters) but less diameter growth, compared to sprouts outside shelters. The height difference was maintained but not increased over the next 2 growing seasons. Height growth for sprouts from the smaller size class was not increased by shelters. The use of tree shelters with large diameter seedlings stunted by browsing may have potential for ensuring successful red oak regeneration without the costs of planting. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):141-145.
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Sakata, Yuzu, Nami Shirahama, Ayaka Uechi, and Kunihiro Okano. "Variability in deer diet and plant vulnerability to browsing among forests with different establishment years of sika deer." PeerJ 9 (September 17, 2021): e12165. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12165.
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Increased ungulate browsing alters the composition of plant communities and modifies forest ecosystems worldwide. Ungulates alter their diet following changes in availability of plant species; however, we know little about how browse selection and plant community composition change with different stages of deer establishment. Here, we provide insight into this area of study by combining multiple approaches: comparison of the understory plant community, analysis of records of browsing damage, and DNA barcoding of sika deer feces at 22 sites in forests in northern Japan varying in when deer were first established. The coverage of vegetation and number of plant species were only lower at sites where deer were present for more than 20 years, while the difference in plant coverage among deer establishment years varied among plant species. Deer diet differed across establishment years, but was more affected by the site, thereby indicating that food selection by deer could change over several years after deer establishment. Plant life form and plant architecture explained the difference in plant coverage across establishment years, but large variability was observed in deer diet within the two categories. Integrating these results, we categorized 98 plant taxa into six groups that differed in vulnerability to deer browsing (degree of damage and coverage). The different responses to browsing among plant species inferred from this study could be a first step in predicting the short- and long-term responses of forest plant communities to deer browsing.
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Box, Jayne Brim, Catherine E. M. Nano, Glenis McBurnie, Donald M. Waller, Kathy McConnell, Chris Brock, Rachel Paltridge, Alison McGilvray, Andrew Bubb, and Glenn P. Edwards. "The impact of feral camels (Camelus dromedarius) on woody vegetation in arid Australia." Rangeland Journal 38, no. 2 (2016): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15073.
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Data on the extent of feral camel damage on trees and shrubs in inland Australia are scarce, and there is currently no universally accepted theoretical framework for predicting the impact of a novel large mammal browser on arid vegetation. In other (mainly mesic) grassy systems, large mammal browsers can strongly suppress woody biomass across landscapes by limiting the transition of saplings to adulthood and by significantly thinning adult tree canopies. The recent Australian Feral Camel Management Project provided an opportunity to assess the impacts of camel browsing on woody vegetation in inland Australia. We examined browsing intensity and severity (stunting and canopy loss) in 22 species of woody plants in camel-affected regions across inland Australia prior to camel removal operations. The severity of plant damage increased with camel density as both trees and shrub growth were strongly suppressed where camel densities exceeded 0.25 km–2. In most tree and shrub species tested, camel browsing significantly stunted plants, suggesting that camel browsing has long-term impacts on plant populations. Browsing also reduced canopy volume in several species, including the structurally important Acacia aneura F.Muell. ex Benth. Thus, in this dryland ecosystem, camels can curtail the regeneration and growth of woody species enough to threaten ecosystem health. To avoid adverse impacts on woody plant populations, camel densities should be maintained at 0.25 camels km–2 or less over as much of inland Australia as possible.
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Irons III, John G., John P. Bryant, and Mark W. Oswood. "Effects of Moose Browsing on Decomposition Rates of Birch Leaf Litter in a Subarctic Stream." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 442–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-058.
Full textAbstract:
Leaves from birch trees previously browsed by moose differed from leaves from unbrowsed trees in food quality for stream detritivores in an Alaskan subarctic stream. Leaves from previously browsed plants decomposed faster. Effects of browsing were tested by collecting leaves from previously browsed and unbrowsed trees and measuring loss of mass over time in an Alaskan subarctic stream. The browsing history of birch trees was associated with increased leaching rate of tannin, foliar nitrogen concentration, and rate of mass loss. All three factors were higher for leaves from trees previously browsed than for unbrowsed ones. Faster loss of tannin through leaching and higher foliar nitrogen concentration apparently caused birch detritus to be processed more rapidly by stream biota, potentially increasing secondary production of stream consumers. Hence, moose browsing was associated with important changes in the food quality of birch leaf litter, Sinking terrestrial herbivory and aquatic food webs.
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Kohli, Ankita, Chunying Zhao, and Jun Kong. "Automatic Usability Evaluation of Mobile Web Pages with XML." International Journal of Handheld Computing Research 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jhcr.2013070102.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, mobile browsing on the World Wide Web is growing rapidly. The growth has created a surge in the number of Web pages designed for mobile devices. To increase the usability of mobile browsing, the Mobile Web Best Practices have been proposed to guide the development of mobile-friendly Web pages. In this paper, the mobileOK checker, a free service provided by W3C, is used to automatically inspect the conformance of 46 popular mobile Web sites to the Mobile Web Best Practices. We analyze the evaluation results and provide suggestions for improving the design of mobile Web sites. In mobile browsing, different mobile devices have different screen sizes, layout structures, and styles to represent Web contents. Furthermore, mobile devices are developing fast. The diversity and fast development of mobile devices cause the mobile design guidelines changing over time. However, the mobileOK checker is not flexible to include new guidelines or customize a best practice rule to fit a specific mobile browsing scenario. To solve this problem, this paper presents a generic approach to represent the mobile design guidelines through an XML schema. Using the XML schema provides the flexibly to support evolving guidelines in an open format. To evaluate our approach, a prototype, WPChecker, has been developed.
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Tremblay, Jean-Pierre, Isabel Thibault, Christian Dussault, Jean Huot, and Steeve D. Côté. "Long-term decline in white-tailed deer browse supply: can lichens and litterfall act as alternative food sources that preclude density-dependent feedbacks." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-090.
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Selective browsing by cervids has persistent impacts on forest ecosystems. On Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada, introduced white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) have caused massive changes to the native boreal forest. Despite the apparent stability of the deer population over recent decades, we suspected that they were not at equilibrium with their browse supply and that further degradation of the habitat had occurred. A comparison of two browse surveys conducted 25 years apart showed a strong decline in browse availability. Although balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.) remained the most available browse species, it declined or disappeared from most stands (n = 13). Preferred deciduous species that were still available 25 years ago have almost disappeared. The continuous decline of the browse supply confirmed our hypothesis. This situation may be exacerbated by a subsidy from the winter litterfall, a significant and stable alternative food source. The abundance of litterfall from mature trees is independent of browsing over a long time period, which introduces a temporal uncoupling between the impact of deer browsing on balsam fir seedlings and the negative feedback from recruitment failure of mature balsam fir on the deer population. This means that the system is susceptible to being forced into an alternative regime.
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Harrington, GN. "Herbivore diet in a semi-arid Eucalyptus populnea woodland. 2. Feral goats." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 4 (1986): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860423.
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The diet of feral goats was recorded by direct observation in a shrub-dominated Eucalyptus populnea woodland between Nyngan and Bourke, N.S.W., on 7 sampling occasions over 2 years. Different nutritional opportunities were provided by the effects of rainfall on 4 contrasting grazing treatments. The goats foraged evenly over the paddocks and encountered most foods with the same frequency as they occurred. With unlimited quantities of forage available the goats spent 63% of their time grazing and only 28% browsing. Most browsing took place under dry conditions when pasture quality was low. When forage was in short supply the goats accepted some shrubs not normally eaten, and these plants died; other woody plants were consumed erratically or not at all. Acacia aneura was the only woody plant which was both palatable and resilient to goat browsing. Goats mostly ate the same plant species as sheep and with the same preference, but tended to eat more browse and less forbs than sheep in dry times. The browse consumed was principally the same as consumed by sheep, demonstrating sequential competition for dry-season fodder. Goats demonstrated a potential for overgrazing in dry times, indicating that stocking rates must be adjusted at such times to avoid pastures becoming extinct.
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Royo, Alejandro A., Cornelia C. Pinchot, John S. Stanovick, and Susan L. Stout. "Timing is Not Everything: Assessing the Efficacy of Pre- Versus Post-Harvest Herbicide Applications in Mitigating the Burgeoning Birch Phenomenon in Regenerating Hardwood Stands." Forests 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040324.
Full textAbstract:
Sweet birch (Betula lenta L.) is aggressively recruiting in temperate forest understories of the eastern United States and often dominates the post-disturbance seedling community, diminishing diversity and hindering sustainable silviculture. The type and timing of silvicultural actions affect birch recruitment via their effects on seedling recruitment, survival, and growth. Here, we examine birch regeneration under two contrasting treatment sequences: pre- versus post-shelterwood harvest herbicide application (H–S vs. S–H) in combination with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) browsing (fenced vs. unfenced) at 22 sites in northwestern Pennsylvania, USA. Additionally, we examine how treatments interact with additional site factors, including potential propagule sources and site productivity (i.e., integrated moisture index). We found the S–H sequence initially reduced birch density by 71% relative to the H–S sequence; however, the magnitude of this reduction waned over five growing seasons. Furthermore, birch proliferated following the H–S sequence only where mature birch were present. Deer browsing reduced birch height by 29% relative to fenced areas protected from browsing; however, by the fifth growing season birch seedlings were over twice as tall as other hardwood species across all treatments. Finally, increasingly mesic sites enhanced birch height growth. In sum, although post-harvest herbicide (S–H) provides short-lived control over birch, land managers should also consider browse pressure, seed source, and site productivity, as these may enhance or diminish the efficacy of post-shelterwood herbicide sequence effects on birch.
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Gasser, Nora, Monika Frehner, Jürg Zinggeler, and Roland Olschewski. "Ökonomische Konsequenzen der Verbissprobleme an der Rigi-Nordlehne." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 162, no. 10 (January 1, 2011): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2011.0364.
Full textAbstract:
Economic consequences of browsing problems on Rigi-Nordlehne Stand regeneration with suitable tree species plays a key role in the management of protection forests. This is complicated in many regions in Switzerland due to browsing damage caused by game animals. In particular, the regeneration of the valuable Abies alba species is regionally heavily impaired. This can entail considerable expenses for the support of stand regeneration and compensation of lost protective effects. Using the Rigi-Nordlehne in Switzerland as test location, the following three questions were studied with the help of an analysis of cost-effectiveness and based on the Rigfor forest development model: 1) What costs are to be expected over the next 50 years for protection measures against browsing damage, 2) what would be the cost of a reduction of the game population size and 3) what measures are necessary for the replacement of the protective effects against avalanches and what are the respective costs? The study resulted in cost estimations for technical measures against browsing damage, game regulation and the combination of these two strategies. In addition, costs for the replacement of lost protective effects related to snow movements were estimated. The study shows, that the high pressure of browsing damage at the Rigi-Nordlehne causes forest management problems as well as economic disadvantages. Their amount is 3 million to 6.6 million Swiss francs within 50 years depending on the measures taken. Thus, the results obtained by the study at the Rigi-Nordlehne provide a new argument in the discussion of regeneration in protection forests, which in Switzerland for many years has mainly been lead based on silviculture and game ecology issues.
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Natsir, Mochamad. "Analisis Bandwidth Jaringan Internet PLIK dengan Metode Fuzzy Sugeno." Jurnal Telekomunikasi dan Komputer 6, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/incomtech.v6i2.1153.
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Internet is a major part in the development and progress of the nation, especially the Indonesian nation, government issued a policy in Candy Kominfo about PLIK program (District Internet Service Center) which has a strategic role in sustaining and supporting economic activity, strengthening defense and security and the intellectual life of the nation. In the implementation of the program PLIK (District Internet Service Center) have not been targeted in a side benefit, this program should have as a means to meet the needs of information and knowledge, but rather the mere entertainment and more oriented to the business, which is equated with the cafe. This study attempts to retrieve the data in bandwidth usage that will be processed by the method of Fuzzy Sugeno and will generate average maximum bandwidth usage in applications Browsing, Download and Streaming. In determining the average bandwidth usage using Fuzzy Sugeno, From the average bandwidth will be used as a reference in determining the usage restrictions Browsing, Download and Stream with the aim to give control over bandwidth usage for applications Browsing, Download and Streaming.
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Munro, Nicola T., Katherine E. Moseby, and John L. Read. "The effects of browsing by feral and re-introduced native herbivores on seedling survivorship in the Australian rangelands." Rangeland Journal 31, no. 4 (2009): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj08027.
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Browsing by introduced cattle (Bos taurus) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) can limit the recruitment of some arid zone tree and shrub species. In a study conducted at the Arid Recovery Reserve, Roxby Downs, SA, we aimed to quantify initial recruitment changes in shrubs after the removal of cattle and rabbits and the re-introduction of locally extinct fauna. The presence and abundance of seedlings was measured at groves of seven native perennial shrubs over 6 years under four browsing treatments: (1) ‘reserve-reintroductions’ [re-introduced greater stick-nest rats (Leporillus conditor), burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) and greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis)], (2) ‘reserve-no browsers’, (3) ‘pastoral-stocked’ (rabbits and cattle), and (4) ‘pastoral-destocked’ (rabbits). Recruitment of mulga (Acacia aneura F.Muell. ex Benth.), silver cassia (Senna artemisioides subsp. petiolaris Randell) and sandhill wattle (Acacia ligulata A.Cunn. ex Benth.) was significantly greater in the two browsing regimes inside the Reserve than in the two pastoral regimes. The number of recruits of these three species declined at ‘pastoral-destocked’ and ‘pastoral-stocked’ sites but increased at ‘reserve-reintroductions’ and ‘reserve-no browsers’ sites from 2001 to 2006. Narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscose (L.) Jacq.) showed a trend towards increased recruitment at sites in both browsing regimes inside the Reserve, but decreased recruitment at sites in both pastoral regimes. Native plum (Santalum lanceolatum R.Br.), native apricot (Pittosporum phylliraeoides orth. var. DC.) and bullock bush (Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S.T.Reynolds) exhibited no significant difference in recruitment between the four browsing regimes within the study timeframe. These results suggest that excluding rabbits and stock may benefit the germination and survival of mulga, silver cassia and sandhill wattle. To date, re-introduced native herbivores at low numbers have not been found to negatively affect the recruitment or growth rate of the seven perennial plant species studied.
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Jane, GT. "The Impact of Browsing Animals on the Stand Dynamics of Monotypic Mountain Beech (Nothofagus solandri) Forests in Canterbury, New Zealand." Australian Journal of Botany 42, no. 2 (1994): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9940113.
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Mountain beech is frequently the sole canopy species in the montane forests of Canterbury, New Zealand and often the only significant tree or shrub present over large areas and this allows examination of a very simple ecosystem. Data from remeasurement of over 400 permanent quadrats in six areas are examined to elucidate the impact of browsing animals on natural processes. The changes in basic parameters such as stand density and basal area over a decade form consistent patterns in both visual and statistical techniques and this allows identification of important quadrats for detailed study. The basic relationship between density and basal area follows well an established semi-logarithmic relationship, even in decade by decade changes on individual quadrats. Deviations in this pattern can be related to natural disturbance events. The impact of browsing animals, mainly red deer (Cervus elaphus) varied between the different areas. Although numbers peaked in the 1930s and 1940s and declined through commercial hunting in the 1960s-1980s, the impact on the vegetation remains and will persist for many decades.
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Begley-Miller, Danielle, and Alan Cady. "White-Tailed Deer Browsing of Soybeans Significantly Changes Plant Morphology and Reduces Yield, Contributing to Large Financial Losses." Ohio Journal of Science 115, no. 2 (October 6, 2015): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v115i2.4750.
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White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) densities in North America have increased significantly in the last 100 years, contributing to extensive agricultural losses. Smaller farming operations are more likely to be impacted by these losses since they generally are not as financially buffered against poor harvests. This study explores changes in plant growth patterns, percent damage, harvest biomass, and yield of a soybean crop from deer browsing at three exposure levels on a small research farm in southwestern Ohio. Experimental soybean plots protected from deer browsing were placed in 0.5 hectare fields during the entire 2010 growing season. Similar, but unprotected, control plots were adjacent to these exclosed areas. The exclosure/control areas were assigned a browse exposure level (high, medium, low) based on their proximity to a wooded area. Individually identified plants were sampled by exposure level and treatment (protected vs. unprotected) in July and August measuring height, width, and percent damage. Yield and above-ground biomass were assessed upon harvest in October. Soybean plants protected from deer browsing were 25 percent taller, 87 percent less damaged, yielded 74 percent more seed, and had 47 percent more above-ground biomass than unprotected plants. Browsing exposure level was not significantly different between enclosed and open plots for any plant parameter. Given per-plant yield results and an average planting density, this farm experienced a loss of $68 (±$32) per hectare to deer. Overall, that represents a $405 (± $214), or 43 percent, financial loss over one growing season.
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Zhu, Xinbiao, Charles P. A. Bourque, Scott Taylor, Roger Cox, and Carson Wentzell. "Predicting the effects of woodcutting and moose browsing on forest development in Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland, Canada." Forestry Chronicle 86, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86178-2.
Full textAbstract:
Long-term scenario analysis was used to predict the effects of domestic harvesting and moose (Alces alces) browsing on forest growing stock, species composition, and age-class distribution for two groups of managed forest blocks dominated by balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) in Gros Morne National Park (GMNP), western Newfoundland. Four scenarios were examined. The first scenario assumed no timber harvesting and light moose browsing. Transition rules applied to this scenario came from neighbouring industrial forests, where moose populations are regulated by hunting. The other test scenarios use GMNP-specific transition rules to address increased moose browsing in the park, where hunting has been prohibitedsince the park’s inception in 1973. One of the three tested scenarios was also given a “no timber harvest treatment” so that the effects of moose browsing on park forests may be quantified by comparison with the first scenario. The two remaining test scenarios were designed to address compound effects of timber harvesting and moose browsing within the park, each representingan alternative management sce- nario currently being implemented in GMNP. For both harvest scenarios, the overall achievable wood volume was found to be at least five orders of magnitude lower than growing stock, thus providing sufficient volume for the ongoing domestic wood- cutting program (1973-2060) in the park. The proposed levels of woodcutting were predicted to have little impact on forest growing stock and old-growth forest after 160 years of management, but not on maintaining white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), which is already in low numbers. In contrast, moose browsing, although it was predicted to have little effect on age-class distribution, was estimated to cause a 12% to 32% reduction in growing stock over a 160-year planning horizon, depending on the scenario. This was characterized by a 47% to 50% reduction in growing stock of balsam fir and a 50% to 87% reduction in white birch, and a commensurate expansion in low-density black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) and grassland cover. Key words: balsam fir, black spruce, domestic harvest, grassland, scenario analysis, white birch
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Sedmáková, Denisa, Mariana Kýpeťová, Milan Saniga, Ján Pittner, Jaroslav Vencurik, Stanislav Kucbel, and Peter Jaloviar. "Deer game, a key factor affecting population of European yew in beech forests of the Veľká Fatra Mts, Slovakia." Folia Oecologica 45, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2018-0001.
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Abstract Browsing and bark peeling by ungulates is known to affect biodiversity and may constitute the main driving factor of single tree population dynamics. In Slovakia, European yew (Taxus baccata L.) is a threatened species protected by law and present in many protected areas. In the study, we emphasize that protecting land and individual plants may not be sufficient for maintaining of yew populations, unless controlling over damage by deer game is also undertaken. Our results show that in beech forests of the Veľká Fatra Mts, browsing and bark peeling constitute the main negative factor affecting yew seedling-sapling ingrowth transition, and the mortality and vitality loss of adult yew trees. We argue that ungulates may have a larger effect on biodiversity conservation than currently realized.
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Laine, Markku, Yu Zhang, Simo Santala, Jussi P. P. Jokinen, and Antti Oulasvirta. "Responsive and Personalized Web Layouts with Integer Programming." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, EICS (May 27, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3461735.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past decade, responsive web design (RWD) has become the de facto standard for adapting web pages to a wide range of devices used for browsing. While RWD has improved the usability of web pages, it is not without drawbacks and limitations: designers and developers must manually design the web layouts for multiple screen sizes and implement associated adaptation rules, and its "one responsive design fits all" approach lacks support for personalization. This paper presents a novel approach for automated generation of responsive and personalized web layouts. Given an existing web page design and preferences related to design objectives, our integer programming -based optimizer generates a consistent set of web designs. Where relevant data is available, these can be further automatically personalized for the user and browsing device. The paper includes presentation of techniques for runtime adaptation of the designs generated into a fully responsive grid layout for web browsing. Results from our ratings-based online studies with end users (N = 86) and designers (N = 64) show that the proposed approach can automatically create high-quality responsive web layouts for a variety of real-world websites.
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Ben-Shahar, Raphael. "Do elephants over-utilize mopane woodlands in northern Botswana?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, no. 4 (July 1996): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009731.
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ABSTRACTEvidence from southern African semi-arid savannas suggests that high elephant densities in nature reserves cause the over-utilization of woodlands. Northern Botswana, with its prolific elephant population, is expected to follow such a pattern unless the densities of elephants which could be sustained by indigenous woodlands are determined and maintained at carrying capacity. Above ground biomass production was estimated for mopane (Colophospermum mopane) woodlands, a principal food source for elephants, which grows over much of northern Botswana. Densities of trees and shrubs, dimensions of plants and elephant densities were recorded within stratified plots situated according to a regional rainfall gradient. Mean estimates of above ground biomass (foliage and twigs) were 9.41 and 7.83 t ha−1 for shrubs and trees respectively. A logistic model described the maximum levels of biomass removal from plants before over-utilization of mopane occurred. Variables incorporated in the model included above ground biomass of mopane shrubs and trees, growth rates of plants and expected off-take by elephants. The model predicted a complete biomass regain within 10 y if no elephant browsing occurs. Intensive elephant browsing in woodlands containing 15 elephants km−2, however, can suppress biomass production if growth rates of plants fall below 70% of the maximum annual rate. Nonetheless, there was no substantial evidence to suggest that elephants will reduce the biomass of mopane woodlands in northern Botswana below a sustainable level if their numbers are allowed to increase considerably beyond the current estimate.
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Nagel, Thomas A., Jurij Diaci, Klemen Jerina, Milan Kobal, and Dusan Rozenbergar. "Simultaneous influence of canopy decline and deer herbivory on regeneration in a conifer–broadleaf forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 3 (March 2015): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0249.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding how forests respond to multiple disturbances is becoming increasingly important under global change. We examined the simultaneous influence of canopy decline and deer browsing on regeneration in an old-growth reserve and surrounding managed forest dominated by Fagus sylvatica L. and Abies alba Mill. in Slovenia. We quantified both disturbance processes by measuring characteristics of canopy gaps and reconstructing historical deer densities. Forest response was assessed with repeated measurements of tree regeneration and regeneration patterns within deer exclosures. Most gaps were formed by mortality of A. alba (71%), and gapmaker characteristics suggest that gaps formed slowly and often expanded, resulting in a mosaic of openings covering 17% of the old-growth reserve. Fagus sylvatica dominated the regeneration layer throughout the reserve and recruited to taller height classes over the past 26 years. The recruitment failure of preferred browse species (A. alba and Acer pseudoplatanus L.) in the reserve and the successful recruitment of these species within exclosures indicate that selective browsing by deer has altered the successional response to A. alba decline, facilitating the dominance of F. sylvatica. Given that global change may increase forest decline worldwide and the ubiquitous nature of deer browsing in many temperate forests, understanding their combined effects on forests will become increasingly important.
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Wang, Jianyi. "The Performance and Future of QUIC Protocol in the Modern Internet." Network and Communication Technologies 6, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/nct.v6n1p28.
Full textAbstract:
Quick UDP Internet Connections (QUIC) protocol is a potential replacement for the TCP protocol to transport HTTP encrypted traffic. It is based on UDP and offers flexibility, speed, and low latency. The performance of QUIC is related to the everyday web browsing experience. QUIC is famous for its Forward Error Correction (Luyi, Jinyi, & Xiaohua, 2012) and congestion control (Hari, Hariharan, & Srinivasan, 1999) algorithm that improves user browsing delay by reducing the time spent on loss recovery (Jörg, Ernst, & Don, 1998). This paper will compare QUIC with other protocols such as HTTP/2 over TCP, WebSocket, and TCP fast open in terms of latency reduction and loss recovery to determine the role of each protocol in the modern internet. Furthermore, this paper will propose potential further improvements to the QUIC protocol by studying other protocols.
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Konôpka, Bohdan, Vladimír Šebeň, Jozef Pajtík, and Lisa A. Shipley. "Excluding Large Wild Herbivores Reduced Norway Spruce Dominance and Supported Tree Species Richness in a Young, Naturally Regenerated Stand." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060737.
Full textAbstract:
Large wild herbivores are important and natural components of forest ecosystems, but through their browsing activities have the potential to influence the structure and composition of forest communities, thus timber production and ecosystem dynamics. To examine the effects of browsing by wild herbivores on a young post-disturbance forest in the Kysuce region of northwestern Slovakia, we established two sets of 2 m radius plots, 15 within a fenced area (5.12 ha) that excluded large wild herbivores, and 15 within an adjacent unfenced area. In each plot, we recorded the species, tree height, stem base diameter, and mutual geographic positions of trees. When we compared tree community characteristics between the unfenced and fenced plots, we found fewer and smaller broadleaved tree species, except silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) in the unfenced plots. Although common rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) was the dominant species within fenced plots, where some individuals were over 6.0 m tall, this species was rare outside the fenced area and usually did not exceed 1.5 m. In contrast, Norway spruce (Picea abies Karts L.) was more abundant and taller within the unfenced area, likely released from competition by suppression of broadleaved trees by herbivores. In addition, fenced plots also showed twice the tree species richness (Shannon index) of unfenced ones. Despite changes in tree communities, total aboveground biomass stock was only slightly but significantly lower in the unfenced than the fenced plots (29.6 kg per 10 m2 vs. 33.5 kg per 10 m2). Our study suggested that browsing pressure by large wild herbivores that focused on most broadleaved trees weakened interspecies competition and allowed the expansion of Norway spruce. As a consequence, converting spruce monocultures to mixed species stands is likely unrealistic when faced with heavy browsing pressure by wild large herbivores.
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D’Aprile, Davide, Giorgio Vacchiano, Fabio Meloni, Matteo Garbarino, Renzo Motta, Vittorio Ducoli, and Piergiovanni Partel. "Effects of Twenty Years of Ungulate Browsing on Forest Regeneration at Paneveggio Reserve, Italy." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060612.
Full textAbstract:
Forest ecosystems are threatened by different natural disturbances. Among them, the irruption of large herbivores represents one of the most alarming issues. Several local-scale studies have been carried out to clarify the mechanisms governing ungulate–forest interactions, to understand the effect of wild ungulates overabundance, and to apply conservation plans. However, information at large scales, over long periods of observation and from unmanipulated conditions is still scarce. This study aims to improve our knowledge in this field by using repeated inventories to investigate: the types of damage produced by ungulate populations on young trees, the drivers that stimulate browsing activity and its consequences on the specific composition of seedlings and saplings. To reach these goals, we used data collected during a twenty-year monitoring program (1994–2014) in the forests of Paneveggio-Pale di San Martino Nature Park (Italy). We applied descriptive statistics to summarize the data, GLMs to identify the drivers of browsing activity and Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (nMDS) ordinations to investigate the changes in specific composition of young trees across 20 years. We detected increasing browsing activity from 1994 to 2008 and a decline in 2014. Ungulates browsed preferentially in mature stands, and fed mostly on seedlings and saplings under 150 cm of height. The analysis of the environmental drivers of browsing pressure on the smallest size classes of plants suggests that foraging behavior is influenced by snowpack conditions, ungulate density and seasonality. Moreover, results underline the fact that ungulates feed mostly on palatable species, especially European rowan, but can also use unpalatable plants as emergency food under high competition levels. nMDS results suggest that rowan seed dispersion might be promoted by deer movements, however, saplings of this species were not able to exceed 30 cm of height because of heavy browsing. This bottleneck effect led to the dominance of unpalatable species, mostly Norway spruce, reducing diversity during forest regeneration. If prolonged, this effect could lead to a reduction of tree species richness, with cascading effects on many parts of the ecosystem, and threatening the resilience of the forest to future disturbances.
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Butnaru, Andrei, Alexios Mylonas, and Nikolaos Pitropakis. "Towards Lightweight URL-Based Phishing Detection." Future Internet 13, no. 6 (June 13, 2021): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13060154.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, the majority of everyday computing devices, irrespective of their size and operating system, allow access to information and online services through web browsers. However, the pervasiveness of web browsing in our daily life does not come without security risks. This widespread practice of web browsing in combination with web users’ low situational awareness against cyber attacks, exposes them to a variety of threats, such as phishing, malware and profiling. Phishing attacks can compromise a target, individual or enterprise, through social interaction alone. Moreover, in the current threat landscape phishing attacks typically serve as an attack vector or initial step in a more complex campaign. To make matters worse, past work has demonstrated the inability of denylists, which are the default phishing countermeasure, to protect users from the dynamic nature of phishing URLs. In this context, our work uses supervised machine learning to block phishing attacks, based on a novel combination of features that are extracted solely from the URL. We evaluate our performance over time with a dataset which consists of active phishing attacks and compare it with Google Safe Browsing (GSB), i.e., the default security control in most popular web browsers. We find that our work outperforms GSB in all of our experiments, as well as performs well even against phishing URLs which are active one year after our model’s training.
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Melicher, William, Mahmood Sharif, Joshua Tan, Lujo Bauer, Mihai Christodorescu, and Pedro Giovanni Leon. "(Do Not) Track Me Sometimes: Users’ Contextual Preferences for Web Tracking." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2016, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/popets-2016-0009.
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Abstract Online trackers compile profiles on users for targeting ads, customizing websites, and selling users’ information. In this paper, we report on the first detailed study of the perceived benefits and risks of tracking-and the reasons behind them-conducted in the context of users’ own browsing histories. Prior work has studied this in the abstract; in contrast, we collected browsing histories from and interviewed 35 people about the perceived benefits and risks of online tracking in the context of their own browsing behavior. We find that many users want more control over tracking and think that controlled tracking has benefits, but are unwilling to put in the effort to control tracking or distrust current tools. We confirm previous findings that users’ general attitudes about tracking are often at odds with their comfort in specific situations. We also identify specific situational factors that contribute to users’ preferences about online tracking and explore how and why. Finally, we examine a sample of popular tools for controlling tracking and show that they only partially address the situational factors driving users’ preferences.We suggest opportunities to improve such tools, and explore the use of a classifier to automatically determine whether a user would be comfortable with tracking on a particular page visit; our results suggest this is a promising direction for future work.
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Tzanetakis, George, and Perry Cook. "MARSYAS: a framework for audio analysis." Organised Sound 4, no. 3 (November 16, 2000): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771800003071.
Full textAbstract:
Existing audio tools handle the increasing amount of computer audio data inadequately. The typical tape-recorder paradigm for audio interfaces is inflexible and time consuming, especially for large data sets. On the other hand, completely automatic audio analysis and annotation is impossible using current techniques. Alternative solutions are semi-automatic user interfaces that let users interact with sound in flexible ways based on content. This approach offers significant advantages over manual browsing, annotation and retrieval. Furthermore, it can be implemented using existing techniques for audio content analysis in restricted domains. This paper describes MARSYAS, a framework for experimenting, evaluating and integrating such techniques. As a test for the architecture, some recently proposed techniques have been implemented and tested. In addition, a new method for temporal segmentation based on audio texture is described. This method is combined with audio analysis techniques and used for hierarchical browsing, classification and annotation of audio files.
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Vickers, Lance A., William H. McWilliams, Benjamin O. Knapp, Anthony W. D’Amato, Daniel C. Dey, Yvette L. Dickinson, John M. Kabrick, et al. "Are Current Seedling Demographics Poised to Regenerate Northern US Forests?" Journal of Forestry 117, no. 6 (August 28, 2019): 592–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvz046.
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Abstract Securing desirable regeneration is essential to sustainable forest management, yet failures are common. Detailed seedling measurements from a forest inventory across 24 northern US states were examined for plausible regeneration outcomes following overstory removal. The examination included two fundamental regeneration objectives: 1) stand replacement- securing future forest and 2) species maintenance- securing upper canopy species. Almost half the plots lacked adequate seedlings to regenerate a stand after canopy removal and over half risked compositional shifts. Based on those advance reproduction demographics, regeneration difficulties could occur on two-thirds of the plots examined. The remaining one-third were regeneration-ready. However, compared to historical norms, increased small-tree mortality rates reduces that proportion. Not all forest types rely on advance reproduction and results varied among the forest types examined. Some variability was associated with browsing intensity, as areas of high deer browsing had a lower proportion of regeneration-ready plots.
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Ashton, DH, and JA Chappill. "Secondary Succession in Post-Fire Scrub Dominated by Acacia verticillata (L'hérit) Willd at Wilsons Promontory, Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 37, no. 1 (1989): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9890001.
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Senescence and death of 30-year-old post-fire Acacia verticillata scrub in areas originally supporting sclerophyll eucalypt forest were studied over a 6-year period at Wilsons Promontory, Victoria. The potential for eucalypt regeneration was also examined. On drier sites, A. verticillata has been replaced by drought-resistant Kunzea ambigua while on wet sites it has been replaced by waterlogging-tolerant Melaleuca ericifolia. In mid slopes A. verticillata is regenerating from soil seed in gaps in the field layer of Pteridium esculentum and Goodenia ovata and forming a patchy, uneven-aged stand. The composition of the mid-slope community is determined by the relative resistance of species to browsing and grazing. The failure of eucalypts to reclaim the scrub areas at this critical time has been due to poor seed crops, seed harvesting by ants and intense selective browsing. Exclosure plots have demonstrated the importance of herbivory in modifying this vegetation and indicate potential means of reafforestation without the intervention of fire.
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Duncan, Alan J., Susan E. Hartley, and Glenn R. Iason. "The effect of monoterpene concentrations in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) on the browsing behaviour of red deer (Cervus elaphus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 1715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-231.
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The effect of monoterpene concentrations in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) foliage on the browsing behaviour and preferences of red deer (Cervus elaphus) was studied in a series of 18 choice trials. During each trial, individual hinds were given access to 16 saplings arranged in a symmetrical array and aspects of their feeding behaviour were recorded over 15 min. The principal measures of preference were the number of bites and the biomass removed from each tree. Prior to each trial each tree was subjected to a series of detailed morphological measurements and a subset of trees was sampled for subsequent monoterpene analysis. Multiple regression analysis showed total terpene concentration of needles to have a significant negative influence on both the number of bites and the total biomass removed from each tree. Differences in susceptibility of Sitka spruce trees to browsing are discussed in relation to the observed high intertree variation in terpene concentrations.