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1
Berger, Bruno, Silvana B. Poiani, Thaisa C. Roat, and Carminda da Cruz-Landim. "Ovary Development in Honeybee (Apis Mellifera L.) Workers Under Co2 Narcosis, Caged Outside of the Colony." Journal of Apicultural Science 59, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jas-2015-0004.
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Abstract Exposure of A. mellifera workers to CO2 has been reported to decrease life span, induce behavioral changes, and inhibit the development of some glands and the ovaries. However, the use of CO2 is currently practiced among beekeepers and how the development of workers’ ovaries are affected is unknown. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of CO2 on the ovaries of A. mellifera workers, using a morphological approach. Newly emerged, and 3, 5, and 10-day-old workers were exposed to saturated CO2 for 30 seconds, more than once. The ovaries were examined under light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ovaries of narcotized, 5-day-old workers exhibited long ovarioles with well-developed germarium, although oogenesis showed little development. While in the control group, the ovaries already exhibited cysts with cystocytes forming rosettes. At 10-days-old, the ovaries feature was variable; some of the ovaries showed ovarioles with many rosette cysts while others showed a high intensity of disorganization due to the beginning of cell death. The ovarioles of the ovaries of 15-day-old treated workers were morphologically varied as oogenesis showed little or no advance. In others cases, a complete disorganization with swollen cells and cell death features were observed. Germ cells of the ovaries of CO2-treated workers exhibited well-structured organelles, such as the Golgi complex, and larger amounts of mitochondria in the cytoplasm than the control group, but there was disorganization of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Our findings revealed that the exposure of workers to CO2 promotes impairment of oogenesis and ovarian degradation.
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Borges, Á. M., C. H. Santana, and R. L. Santos. "Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii do not suppress ovarian cyclicity and pregnancy in cattle: case report." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 73, no. 3 (May 2021): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12221.
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ABSTRACT Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii is an ovarian pathologic change characterized by replacement of the normal single layered cuboidal epithelium of the rete ovarii by a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Uterus and ovaries from a local slaughterhouse pregnant crossbreed cow were evaluated through ultrasound, macroscopically and histologically. Grossly, there were multiple cysts in both ovaries, which were histologically characterized as rete ovarii cysts with squamous metaplasia and intraluminal accumulation of keratinized material. Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii has been previously reported in cows, however this is the first report of this condition in a pregnant animal, demonstrating that this ovarian change is compatible with pregnancy.
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Suzuki, O., M. Koura, Y. Noguchi, K. Uchio-Yamada, and J. Matsuda. "77 SUCCESSFUL CRYOPRESERVATION OF SYRIAN HAMSTER OVARIES BY VITRIFICATION." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab77.
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In place of gametes, ovaries can be used as an alternative resource for cryopreservation. At the previous IETS meeting, we showed that in the Syrian hamster, pups could be successfully produced through the transplantation of fresh ovaries. In addition, the immunotolerance of interstrain ovarian transplantation was described. In this study, we attempted to produce pups via transplantation of cryopreserved ovaries to foster mothers. Our goal was to establish a preservation method for hamster strains based on ovarian cryopreservation in combination with ovarian transfer. Ovaries were cryopreserved by vitrification according to methods described for mouse ovaries (Migishima F et al. 2003 Biol. Reprod. 68, 881–887). In brief, ovaries were collected from 2- to 3-week-old HAW strain (white coat) females. Each ovary was cut into 4 sections, placed into 1 tube, and cryopreserved by vitrification using DAP213 solution (2 m dimethyl sulfoxide, 1 m acetamide, and 3 m propylene glycol; Nakagata N 1989 J. Reprod. Fertil. 87, 479–483). Thawed ovaries were transferred into the ovarian bursae (2 ovarian sections per ovarian bursa) of 3-week-old recipient females with agouti coat (Slc:Syrian) under anesthesia with isoflurane. Half of the recipients’ ovaries were removed immediately before transfer; i.e. both donor and recipient ovaries were present in each ovarian bursa. Successful ovarian transplantation was verified by examining the coat color (non-agouti color) of offspring produced in test matings between mature recipients and Slc:Syrian males. Out of 6 recipients tested, 2 became pregnant and delivered pups. According to the coat color of the pups, 1 of the 2 recipients delivered a pup produced from transplanted ovaries (1 out of 4 pups). Regardless of this low success rate, our results indicate that pups can be produced from cryopreserved ovaries via interstrain transplantation of ovaries to foster mothers in the Syrian hamster. Thus, ovarian cryopreservation by vitrification is a promising strategy for strain preservation of the Syrian hamster. This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan.
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Suzuki, O., M. Koura, Y. Noguchi, K. Uchio-Yamada, and J. Matsuda. "94 EFFECT OF OVARIAN SIZE ON THE VIABILITY OF CRYOPRESERVED SYRIAN HAMSTER OVARIES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab94.
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Ovaries can be used in place of gametes as a resource for cryopreservation. Thus far, we have shown that in the Syrian hamster, pups can be successfully produced through the transplantation of fresh and cryopreserved ovaries. In this study, we attempted to simplify the ovarian cryopreservation procedures to facilitate the easy application of these techniques. In particular, the procedure would be easier and quicker if the ovaries did not have to be cut into small pieces before ovarian cryopreservation. Therefore, we examined the effects of ovarian fragment size on subsequent offspring production. Ovaries were cryopreserved by vitrification according to methods described for mouse ovaries (Migishima et al. 2003 Biol. Reprod. 68, 881–887). In brief, ovaries were collected from 3-week-old J2N-n strain (white coat) females. Because we had previously confirmed that quarter-sized ovaries could be used for cryopreservation, intact (∼3.5 × 2 mm) and half-sliced ovaries (∼2 × 1.5 mm) were cryopreserved by vitrification using DAP213 solution (2 M dimethyl sulfoxide, 1 M acetamide, and 3 M propylene glycol; Nakagata 1989 J. Reprod. Fertil. 87, 479–483). Thawed ovaries were transferred into the ovarian bursae (single intact ovary or two half-sliced ovarian pieces per ovarian bursa) of 3-week-old recipient females with agouti-coat (Slc:Syrian) under isoflurane anaesthesia. Not all of the recipients’ ovaries were removed immediately before transfer; both the donor’s and a small portion of the recipient’s ovaries were present in each ovarian bursa. Successful ovarian transplantation was verified by examining the coat colour (non-agouti colour) of offspring produced in test matings between mature recipients and J2N-n males. Of the 3 and 6 recipients that received intact and sliced ovaries, respectively, 2 and 5 recipients delivered pups. Based on the coat colour of the pups, 1 of the 5 recipients delivered a pup produced from transplanted half-sliced ovaries. Our results indicate that half-sliced-size ovaries (smaller than a 2-mm cube) can be successfully used for cryopreservation in the Syrian hamster. Specifically, it is not required to slice the ovary into smaller pieces. This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan and Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C).
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Keller, L. S. F., J. W. Griffith, and C. M. Lang. "Reproductive Failure Associated with Cystic Rete Ovarii in Guinea Pigs." Veterinary Pathology 24, no. 4 (July 1987): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400408.
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Cystic ovaries were found at necropsy in 54 of 71 (76%) female guinea pigs between 18 and 60 months of age. Histologic appearance and location of the cysts within the ovary were consistent with cystic rete ovarii. Microscopic appearance of the large ovarian cysts suggested reproductive performance in these guinea pigs should be compromised. Breeding records indicated that fertility was markedly reduced in affected females over fifteen months of age. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mucometra, endometritis in appropriate placental tissue, or fibroleiomyomas were seen in 21 of 54 (39%) guinea pigs with cystic ovaries, but in only one of 17 (6%) guinea pigs without cystic ovaries.
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Chakravarthi, V. Praveen, Iman Dilower, Subhra Ghosh, Shaon Borosha, Ryan Mohamadi, Vinesh Dahiya, Kevin Vo, et al. "ERβ Regulation of Indian Hedgehog Expression in the First Wave of Ovarian Follicles." Cells 13, no. 7 (April 6, 2024): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13070644.
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Increased activation of ovarian primordial follicles in Erβ knockout (ErβKO) rats becomes evident as early as postnatal day 8.5. To identify the ERβ-regulated genes that may control ovarian primordial follicle activation, we analyzed the transcriptome profiles of ErβKO rat ovaries collected on postnatal days 4.5, 6.5, and 8.5. Compared to wildtype ovaries, ErβKO ovaries displayed dramatic downregulation of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) expression. IHH-regulated genes, including Hhip, Gli1, and Ptch1, were also downregulated in ErβKO ovaries. This was associated with a downregulation of steroidogenic enzymes Cyp11a1, Cyp19a1, and Hsd17b1. The expression of Ihh remained very low in ErβKO ovaries despite the high levels of Gdf9 and Bmp15, which are known upregulators of Ihh expression in the granulosa cells of activated ovarian follicles. Strikingly, the downregulation of the Ihh gene in ErβKO ovaries began to disappear on postnatal day 16.5 and recovered on postnatal day 21.5. In rat ovaries, the first wave of primordial follicles is rapidly activated after their formation, whereas the second wave of primordial follicles remains dormant in the ovarian cortex and slowly starts activating after postnatal day 12.5. We localized the expression of Ihh mRNA in postnatal day 8.5 wildtype rat ovaries but not in the age-matched ErβKO ovaries. In postnatal day 21.5 ErβKO rat ovaries, we detected Ihh mRNA mainly in the activated follicles in the ovaries’ peripheral regions. Our findings indicate that the expression of Ihh in the granulosa cells of the activated first wave of ovarian follicles depends on ERβ.
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Boqun, Xu, Dai Xiaonan, Cui YuGui, Gao Lingling, Dai Xue, Chao Gao, Diao Feiyang, et al. "Expression of SET Protein in the Ovaries of Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome." International Journal of Endocrinology 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/367956.
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Background. We previously found that expression of SET gene was up-regulated in polycystic ovaries by using microarray. It suggested that SET may be an attractive candidate regulator involved in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this study, expression and cellular localization of SET protein were investigated in human polycystic and normal ovaries.Method. Ovarian tissues, six normal ovaries and six polycystic ovaries, were collected during transsexual operation and surgical treatment with the signed consent form. The cellular localization of SET protein was observed by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of SET protein were analyzed by Western Blot.Result. SET protein was expressed predominantly in the theca cells and oocytes of human ovarian follicles in both PCOS ovarian tissues and normal ovarian tissues. The level of SET protein expression in polycystic ovaries was triple higher than that in normal ovaries(P<0.05).Conclusion. SET was overexpressed in polycystic ovaries more than that in normal ovaries. Combined with its localization in theca cells, SET may participate in regulating ovarian androgen biosynthesis and the pathophysiology of hyperandrogenism in PCOS.
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Suzuki, O., M. Koura, K. Takano, Y. Noguchi, K. Uchio-Yamada, and J. Matsuda. "148 PRODUCTION OF PUPS BY OVARIAN TRANSFER IN THE SYRIAN HAMSTER." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab148.
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Instead of gametes, ovaries could be used as alternative resources for cryopreservation. In this study, we attempted to produce pups by transplantation of fresh ovaries to foster mothers as a first step to establish a preservation method of hamster strains on the basis of the cryopreservation of ovaries in combination with ovarian transfers. We also checked the possibility of inter-strain transfers of ovaries, since immunological tolerance among hamster strains is suggested by the fact that most Syrian hamsters were derived from only a small number of animals. Fresh ovaries collected from 3-weekold females of HAW (white coat) and APA (albino) strains were transferred into ovarian bursae of 3-week-old recipient females with agouti-coat (Slc:Syrian) under anesthesia with xylazine and ketamine. Halves of ovaries of recipients were removed immediately before the transfers, i.e., both donor and recipient ovaries were present in each ovarian bursa. Successful transplantation of ovaries was checked by the coat color (non-agouti color) of offspring produced by test matings of recipients with Slc:Syrian males after the recipients became mature. Five and six recipients received HAW and APA ovaries, respectively. All 11 recipients tested became pregnant and delivered pups. According to the coat color of the pups, three of five recipients which received HAW ovaries and one of six recipients which received APA ovaries delivered pups derived from transplanted ovaries (two out of eight pups, one out of seven pups, and three out of 11 pups for HAW; one out of five pups for APA). Our results indicate that transplantation of fresh ovaries to foster mothers could be used for production of pups from grafted ovaries in the Syrian hamster. In particular, immunological tolerance for ovarian transfers among at least three strains suggests that recipient strains might not need to be the same as donor strains for practical ovarian transfers in the Syrian hamster. Our results would facilitate the development of a strain preservation system for the Syrian hamster based on ovarian cryopreservation. This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan.
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Kim, Yu Jin, Yong Il Cho, Ju Yi Jang, Yun Dong Koo, Sung Woon Park, and Jae Ho Lee. "Lovastatin, an Up-Regulator of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor, Enhances Follicular Development in Mouse Ovaries." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8 (April 14, 2023): 7263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087263.
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Ovarian aging hampers in vitro fertilization in assisted reproductive medicine and has no cure. Lipoprotein metabolism is associated with ovarian aging. It remains unclear how to overcome poor follicular development with aging. Upregulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) enhances oogenesis and follicular development in mouse ovaries. This study investigated whether upregulation of LDLR expression using lovastatin enhances ovarian activity in mice. We performed superovulation using a hormone and used lovastatin to upregulate LDLR. We histologically analyzed the functional activity of lovastatin-treated ovaries and investigated gene and protein expression of follicular development markers, using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Histological analysis showed that lovastatin significantly increased the numbers of antral follicles and ovulated oocytes per ovary. The in vitro maturation rate was 10% higher for lovastatin-treated ovaries than for control ovaries. Relative LDLR expression was 40% higher in lovastatin-treated ovaries than in control ovaries. Lovastatin significantly increased steroidogenesis in ovaries and promoted the expression of follicular development marker genes such as anti-Mullerian hormone, Oct3/4, Nanog, and Sox2. In conclusion, lovastatin enhanced ovarian activity throughout follicular development. Therefore, we suggest that upregulation of LDLR may help to improve follicular development in clinical settings. Modulation of lipoprotein metabolism can be used with assisted reproductive technologies to overcome ovarian aging.
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Modina, Silvia C., Irene Tessaro, Valentina Lodde, Federica Franciosi, Davide Corbani, and Alberto M. Luciano. "Reductions in the number of mid-sized antral follicles are associated with markers of premature ovarian senescence in dairy cows." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 2 (2014): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd12295.
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High-producing dairy cows are subfertile; however, the mechanisms responsible for the decreased fertility are unknown. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that culled dairy cows (4–8 years old) characterised by ‘Lo’ ovaries (i.e. those with <10 mid-antral follicles) are affected by premature ovarian senescence. Cows in which both ovaries were ‘Lo’ ovaries represented 5% of the total population analysed, and exhibited reduced ovarian size (P < 0.001) and increased perifollicular stroma (P < 0.05) compared with age-matched controls (i.e. cows in which both ovaries had >10 mid-antral follicles; ‘Hi’ ovaries). The total number of follicles, including healthy and atretic primordial, primary, secondary and small antral follicles, was lower in Lo ovaries (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the primordial follicle population in Lo ovaries was lower (P < 0.05) than in the control. Finally, the follicular fluid of mid-antral follicles from Lo ovaries had reduced oestradiol and anti-Müllerian hormone levels (P < 0.05), but increased progesterone concentrations (P < 0.05). Together, these data account for the reduced fertility of cows with Lo ovaries and are in agreement with previous observations that oocytes isolated from Lo ovaries have reduced embryonic developmental competence. Cows with a specific Lo ovary condition may represent a suitable model to address the causes of low fertility in high-yielding dairy cows, as well as the condition of premature ovarian aging in single-ovulating species.
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Pavlik, Edward J., Emily Brekke, Justin Gorski, Lauren Baldwin-Branch, Rachel Miller, Christopher P. DeSimone, Charles S. Dietrich, Holly S. Gallion, Frederick Rand Ueland, and John R. van Nagell. "Ultrasonographic Visualization of the Ovaries to Detect Ovarian Cancer According to Age, Menopausal Status and Body Type." Diagnostics 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12010128.
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Because the effects of age, menopausal status, weight and body mass index (BMI) on ovarian detectability by transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) have not been established, we determined their contributions to TVS visualization of the ovaries. A total of 29,877 women that had both ovaries visualized on their first exam were followed over 202,639 prospective TVS exams. All images were reviewed by a physician. While visualization of both ovaries decreased with age, one or both ovaries could be visualized in two of every three women over 80 years of age. Around 93% of pre-menopausal women and ~69% of post-menopausal women had both ovaries visualized. Both ovaries were visualized in ~72% of women weighing over 300 lbs. and in ~70% of women with a BMI over 40. Conclusions: Age had the greatest influence on the visualization of the ovaries. The ovaries can be visualized well past the menopause. Body habitus was not limiting to TVS ovarian imaging, and TVS should be considered capable of imaging one or both ovaries in two of every three women over 80 years of age. Thus, older and obese patients remain good candidates for TVS exams.
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Pannu, Harpreet K., Weining Ma, Emily Craig Zabor, Chaya S. Moskowitz, Richard R. Barakat, and Hedvig Hricak. "Enhancement of Ovarian Malignancy on Clinical Contrast Enhanced MRI Studies." ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013 (February 13, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/979345.
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Purpose. To assess if there is a significant difference in enhancement of high grade serous carcinoma of the ovary compared with other ovarian malignancies on clinically performed contrast enhanced MRI studies. Methods. In this institutional-review–board-approved study, two radiologists reviewed contrast enhanced MRI scans in 37 patients with ovarian cancer. Readers measured the signal intensity (SI) of ovarian mass and gluteal fat pre- and postcontrast administration. Percentage enhancement (PE) was calculated as [(post-pre)/precontrast SI] × 100. Results. Pathology revealed 19 patients with unilateral and 18 patients with bilateral malignancies for a total of 55 malignant ovaries-high grade serous carcinoma in 25/55 ovaries (45%), other epithelial carcinomas in 12 ovaries (22%), nonepithelial cancers in 8 ovaries (14%), and borderline tumors in 10 ovaries (18%). Enhancement of high grade serous carcinoma was not significantly different from other invasive ovarian malignancies (Reader 1 ; Reader 2 ). Enhancement of invasive ovarian malignancies was more than borderline tumors but did not reach statistical significance (Reader 1; Reader 2 ). Conclusion. On clinically performed contrast enhanced MRI studies, enhancement of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma is not significantly different from other ovarian malignancies.
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N. L. G., SUMARDANI, I. W. SUBERATA, N. M. ARTININGSIH, and K. BUDAARSA. "KAJIAN AKTIVITAS OVARIUM BABI LANDRACE DAN BABI BALI HASIL PEMOTONGAN DI RUMAH POTONG HEWAN TRADISIONAL." Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan 21, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mip.2018.v21.i02.p08.
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The reproductive status of sows can be analyzed based on its level of ovarian activities characterized by thepresence of a number of follicles and corpus luteum in the ovary. The study of level of ovarium activity of sowsobserved the level of other reproductive performance. In this study, 100 ovaries in each 50 Landrace and bali sowswere divided into three groups of sows weighs slaughtering as of 60-70 kg (A); 71-80 kg (B); and 80-90 kg (C). Thevariables observed were dimensions of ovary, the number of follicles and corpus luteum in the right and left ovaries.Quantitative data with quantitative t-test determines the comparison on right and left ovary activities. It showedthat the average weight of right and left ovaries in landrace sows were 5.70 ± 1.22 g; 6.77 ± 0.96 g, and 4.89 ± 1.47g; 6.13 ± 1.46 g in bali sows. The average number of dominant follicles on the right and left ovaries of landrace sowswere 6.54 ± 1.81 f follicles; 9.78 ± 1.58 follicles, and on bali sows is 5.82 ± 1.90 follicles; 8.91 ± 1.50 follicles. Thenumber of corpus luteum on the right and left ovaries of the Landrace were 5.49 ± 2.22 CL; 8.16 ± 1.86 CL, and onbali sows is 5.27 ± 2.23 CL; 7.69 ± 2.22 CL. The t-test results showed that average number of dominant follicles andcorpus luteum in left ovary were significantly greater (P <0.05) compared to the right ovary. The highest percentageof dominant follicles and corpus found in sows of slaughter grouping 80-90 kg (C). It can be concluded that leftovary activity was more active than right ovary, and ovarian activity positively correlated with ovarian weight whichindicating ovarian activity in egg cell production and reproductive hormone.
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Agca, Cansu, Mathew C. Lucy, and Yuksel Agca. "Gene expression profile of rat ovarian tissue following xenotransplantation into immune-deficient mice." REPRODUCTION 137, no. 6 (June 2009): 957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-09-0048.
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Immune-compromised mice have been used as gonadal tissue recipients to develop gametes of various mammalian species. The aim of this research was to determine gene expression differences between fresh and frozen–thawed rat xenotransplanted (XT) ovaries as well the gene expression differences between XT and sexually mature rat ovaries that were non-transplanted (NT). Ovaries from sexually immature female rats were transplanted under the kidney capsule of ovariectomized athymic nude mice either fresh or after freezing. The XT ovaries were collected ∼10–12 weeks after xenografting for microarray analysis. The NT ovaries were collected from sexually mature rats. Gene expression was very similar between fresh and cryopreserved XT ovaries: 125 genes were twofold up- or downregulated, but level of regulation was not statistically significant. Overall patterns of gene expression between XT and NT ovaries were very different indicated by the absence of diagonal relationship between XT and NT ovary gene expression. More than 3000 genes were significantly (P<0.01) up- or downregulated between XT and NT ovaries. Genes involved in metabolic processes, lipid metabolism, and growth were downregulated in XT ovaries, whereas genes involved in immune and inflammatory response were upregulated in XT ovaries. The results showed that ovarian tissue xenografting significantly alters genes responsible for ovarian metabolism and function and leads to an upregulation of genes responsible for graft rejection.
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Parkes, Wendena S., Farners Amargant, Luhan T. Zhou, Cecilia E. Villanueva, Francesca E. Duncan, and Michele T. Pritchard. "Hyaluronan and Collagen Are Prominent Extracellular Matrix Components in Bovine and Porcine Ovaries." Genes 12, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081186.
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The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a major component of the ovarian stroma. Collagen and hyaluronan (HA) are critical ovarian stromal ECM molecules that undergo age-dependent changes in the mouse and human. How these matrix components are regulated and organized in other mammalian species with reproductive characteristics similar to women such as cows and pigs, has not been systematically investigated. Therefore, we performed histological, molecular, and biochemical analyses to characterize collagen and HA in these animals. Bovine ovaries had more collagen than porcine ovaries when assessed biochemically, and this was associated with species-specific differences in collagen gene transcripts: Col3a1 was predominant in cow ovaries while Col1a1 was predominant in pig ovaries. We also observed more HA in the porcine vs. bovine ovary. HA was distributed across three molecular weight ranges (<100 kDa, 100–300 kDa, and >300 kDa) in ovarian tissue and follicular fluid, with tissue having more >300 kDa HA than the other two ranges. Transcripts for HA synthesis and degradation enzymes, Has3 and Hyal2, respectively, were predominant in cow ovaries, whereas Has2, Kiaa1199, and Tmem2 tended to be predominant in pig ovaries. Together, our findings have implications for the composition, organization, and regulation of the ovarian ECM in large mammalian species, including humans.
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Durkina, Valentina B., John W. Chapman, and Natalia L. Demchenko. "First observations of ovary regeneration in an amphipod, Ampelisca eschrichtii Krøyer, 1842." PeerJ 10 (March 10, 2022): e12950. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12950.
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Background Females of the gammaridean amphipod Ampelisca eschrichtii with signs of regenerating, previously atrophied ovaries were recovered from the northeastern shelf of Sakhalin Island (Okhotsk Sea, Russia). Ovarian regeneration was previously unknown for any amphipod species. A. eschrichtii have a predominantly 2-year life cycle (from embryo to adult death) and reproduce once between late winter or early spring at the age of 2 years. Occasionally, females survive to a third year. An adaptive value of extended survival among these females is likely to require that they are also reproductive. Methods Histological sections from a second-year female with ovarian atrophy, a female with normal ovaries, a third-year female with ovarian regeneration, as well as testes of an immature and a sexually mature male were compared to determine the sources of cells of the germinal and somatic lines necessary for ovarian regeneration. Results Ovarian regeneration in the third-year female began with the formation of a new germinal zone from germ cells preserved in the atrophied ovaries and eosinophilic cells of the previously starving second-year female. Eosinophilic cells form the mesodermal component of the germinal zone. A mass of these cells appeared in the second-year female that had atrophied ovaries and in large numbers on the intestine wall of the third-year female with regenerating ovaries. These eosinophilic cells appear to migrate into the regenerating ovaries. Conclusions All germ cells of the second-year female are not lost during ovarian atrophy and can be involved in subsequent ovarian regeneration. Eosinophilic cells involved in ovarian regeneration are of mesodermal origin. The eosinophilic cell morphologies are similar to those of quiescence cells (cells in a reversible state that do not divide but retain the ability to re-enter cell division and participate in regeneration). These histological data thus indicate that eosinophilic and germ cells of third-year females can participate in the regeneration of the ovaries to reproduce a second brood. The precursors of these third-year females (a small number the second-year females with an asynchronous [summer] breeding period and ovaries that have atrophied due to seasonal starvation) appear to possess sources of somatic and germ cells that are sufficient for ovarian regeneration and that may be adaptations to starvation stress.
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Cooke, Gerard M., James R. Brawer, and Riaz Farookhi. "Steroidogenic enzyme activities in rat polycystic ovaries." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1993): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-039.
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Ovaries containing multiple follicular cysts occur in a variety of anovulatory conditions. A macrocystic condition occurs spontaneously in rats following a single injection of estradiol valerate. The ovaries are small, and exhibit scant stromal tissue, few healthy follicles, and numerous large cystic and precystic follicles. We have also generated a microcystic condition by means of subcutaneous estradiol-containing silastic implants. These ovaries are large, and exhibit a stroma of hypertrophied lipid-filled cells, and numerous small cysts encircled by hypertrophied thecal cells. The macrocystic condition is associated with a uniformly attenuated plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) pattern, whereas large LH episodes characterize the microcystic condition. The marked dissimilarities between these two methods suggest that there may be corresponding differences in ovarian steroidogenic activity. We have measured the activity of enzymes involved in progestin and androgen biosynthesis in the two types of multicystic ovaries before and after LH – human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation. Control ovaries were obtained at late proestrus from age-matched cycling animals. Radiometric enzyme assays for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD), C17,20-lyase (lyase), and aromatase were conducted on the microsomal fraction of ovarian homogenates. 3β-HSD activity was reduced by > 50% in both types of cystic ovaries compared with controls. There was a slight elevation in the 3β-HSD activity of macrocystic ovaries in response to hCG. 20α-HSD activity was similar in controls and macrocystic ovaries but significantly lower (< 20% of control) in the microcystic ovaries. Lyase and aromatase activities were undetectable in cystic ovaries. Although these results are consistent with the morphology and plasma LH patterns characterizing the macrocystic condition, the microcystic ovary presents an unexpected paradox. These results underscore the complexity and multidimensional nature of cystic ovarian disease.Key words: steroidogenic activity, ovary, polycystic.
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Nagori, CB. "Baseline Scan and Ultrasound Diagnosis of PCOS." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 3 (2012): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1252.
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ABSTRACT Success of any assisted reproductive technology is dependent on selection of correct stimulation protocol. This is based on prestimulation assessment of female to assess ovarian response and reserve. But, this assessment can also be done by ultrasound scan on 2nd to 3rd day of menstrual cycle, named as ‘baseline scan’. This scan is done to categorize ovary into one of the four types: Normal ovaries, low reserve ovaries, poorly responding ovaries and polycystic ovaries. Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome have variable pictures of ovaries on ultrasound. Understanding the evolution of polycystic ovarian syndrome can explain these variations. Moreover, ultrasound findings can also be correlated with the biochemical and hormonal derangements. This scan also predicts the ovarian reserve and response that can guide to decide the stimulation protocols for ART. This scan includes the use of b mode, Doppler and 3D ultrasound with 3D power Doppler. It consists of assessing ovarian size, antral follicle count (AFC), stromal echogenecity and stromal flow chiefly. Dose calculation is chiefly done based on ovarian volume, AFC and stromal flow. How to cite this article Panchal S, Nagori CB. Baseline Scan and Ultrasound Diagnosis of PCOS. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(3):290-299.
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Fleming, Jean S., H. James McQuillan, Melanie J. Millier, and Grant C. Sellar. "Expression of ovarian tumour suppressor OPCML in the female CD-1 mouse reproductive tract." REPRODUCTION 137, no. 4 (April 2009): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0511.
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Opioid binding protein/cell adhesion molecule-like gene (OPCML) is frequently inactivated in epithelial ovarian cancer, but the role of this membrane protein in normal reproductive function is unclear. The ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) is thought to be the cell of origin of most epithelial ovarian cancers, some of which arise after transformation of OSE cells lining ovarian inclusion cysts, formed during ovulation. We used immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) to investigate OPCML expression in the uteri and ovaries of cycling 3-month CD-1 mice, as well as in ovaries from older mice containing inclusion cysts derived from rete ovarii tubules. Immunoblotting showed OPCML bands in uterine, but not whole ovarian or muscle extracts. Strong OPCML immunoreactivity was observed in oviduct, rete ovarii and uterus, whereas in ovary more immunoreactivity was seen in granulosa cells than OSE. No staining was observed in OSE around ovulation sites, where OSE cells divide to cover the site. OPCML immunoreactivity was also weaker in more dysplastic cells lining large ovarian inclusion cysts, compared with normal rete ovarii. No significant changes inOpcmlmRNA expression were observed in whole ovarian and uterine extracts at different stages of the cycle. We conclude that murine OPCML is more consistently expressed in cells lining the uterus, oviduct and rete ovarii than in ovary and is not expressed in OSE associated with ovulation sites. This observation supports the hypothesis that a proportion of epithelial ovarian cancers arise from ductal cells and other epithelia of the secondary Mullerian system, rather than the OSE.
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Xider, Karim Mohammed, and Havall M. Amin. "Ovarian Development of House Fly (Musca domestica L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 1 (May 23, 2018): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2018.1.9.
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The ovarian development of Musca domestica, was examined under light microscope. There are two ovaries in the adult female of fly. Each ovary was formed of about 60-70 polytrophic ovarioles. The ovariole in cross sections organized in several circles. From cytological observations, ovary development and oogenesis could be divided in to 6 stages; ovaries with no noticeable follicle cells existing were characterized as (stage1), the follicle-growing stages considered as (stage2, 3), the vitellogenen in stages (stages4, 5(and mature egg stage (stage6). The oocyte initiated development at first stages of oogenesis; the nurse cells and follicle epithelial cells were considered to fulfill important functions with regard to the growth of the oocyte.
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Wang, Jingyu, Yangyang Pan, Rui Zhang, Gengquan Xu, Rentaodi Wu, Wenlan Zhang, Xiaoshan Wang, Xue Su, Qintuya Si, and Sijiu Yu. "Expression and Localization of Fas-Associated Factor 1 in Testicular Tissues of Different Ages and Ovaries at Different Reproductive Cycle Phases of Bos grunniens." Animals 13, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13030340.
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Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1), a member of the Fas family, is involved in biological processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, cell proliferation and proteostasis. This study aimed to explore the biological role of FAF1 in testicular tissue at different ages (juveniles (1 and 2 years old), adults (3, 4, 6, and 7 years old) and old-aged animals (11 years old)) and ovaries during different reproductive cycle phases (follicular, luteal, and pregnancy phases). FAF1 mRNA, relative protein expression and protein expression localization were determined in testes and ovaries using real-time quantification, WB and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Real-time quantification of testis tissues showed that the relative expression of FAF1 mRNA in testis tissues at 3, 4 and 7 years of age was significantly higher than of those in other ages, and in ovarian tissues was significantly higher in luteal phase ovaries than those in follicular and pregnancy phase ovaries; follicular phase ovaries were the lowest. WB of testis tissues showed that the relative protein expression of FAF1 protein was significantly higher at 11 and 7 years of age; in ovarian tissue, the relative protein expression of FAF1 protein was significantly higher in follicular phase ovaries than in luteal and pregnancy phase ovaries, and lowest in luteal phase ovaries. The relative protein expression of FAF1 at 3, 4 and 7 years of age was the lowest. IHC showed that FAF1 was mainly expressed in spermatozoa, spermatocytes, spermatogonia and supporting cells; in ovarian tissue, FAF1 was expressed in ovarian germ epithelial cells, granulosa cells, cumulus cells and luteal cells. The IHC results showed that FAF1 mRNA and protein were significantly differentially expressed in testes of different ages and ovarian tissues of different reproductive cycle phases, revealing the significance of FAF1 in the regulation of male and female B. grunniens reproductive physiology. Furthermore, our results provide a basis for the further exploration of FAF1 in the reproductive physiology of B. grunniens.
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Kang, Min-Hee, Yu Jin Kim, Min Jeong Cho, JuYi Jang, Yun Dong Koo, Soon Ha Kim, and Jae Ho Lee. "Mitigating Age-Related Ovarian Dysfunction with the Anti-Inflammatory Agent MIT-001." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 20 (October 13, 2023): 15158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015158.
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Ovarian aging is a major obstacle in assisted reproductive medicine because it leads to ovarian dysfunction in women of advanced age. Currently, there are no effective treatments to cure age-related ovarian dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the effect of MIT-001 on the function of aged ovaries. Young and old mice were utilized in this study. MIT-001 was intraperitoneally administered, and the number of follicles and oocytes was analyzed. Each group was then retrieved for RNA and protein isolation. Total RNA was subjected to mRNA next-generation sequencing. Protein extracts from ovarian lysates were used to evaluate various cytokine levels in the ovaries. MIT-001 enhanced follicles and the number of oocytes were compared with non-treated old mice. MIT-001 downregulated immune response-related transcripts and cytokines in the ovaries of old mice. MIT-001 modulates the immune complex responsible for generating inflammatory signals and has the potential to restore the function of old ovaries and improve female fertility.
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Takeuchi, Arisa, Kaori Koga, Erina Satake, Tomoko Makabe, Ayumi Taguchi, Mariko Miyashita, Masashi Takamura, et al. "Endometriosis Triggers Excessive Activation of Primordial Follicles via PI3K-PTEN-Akt-Foxo3 Pathway." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104, no. 11 (June 20, 2019): 5547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-00281.
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Abstract Context The ovarian reserve is reduced in patients with endometriosis. We hypothesize that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) Akt-Forkhead box O (Foxo3) pathway is involved in reducing the ovarian reserve. Objective To elucidate the signaling mechanism by which endometriosis decreases ovarian reserve. Design Studies were conducted by using a mouse model for endometriosis and human ovaries. The endometriosis mouse model was established and ammonium trichloro (dioxoethylene-o,o′) tellurate (AS101), an inhibitor of PI3K-PTEN-Akt pathway, was administered to experimental mice. Human ovaries were collected during surgery from patients with endometrioma or from patients with no ovarian pathology (control ovaries). The number of follicles and expression of Foxo3, PTEN, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin and phosphorylated Akt by oocytes in primordial follicles in mouse and human ovaries were detected by immunohistochemical staining and evaluated. Results In the endometriosis mouse model, the proportion of primordial follicles was diminished, and the proportion of primary, secondary, antral, and growing follicles was increased in comparison with controls. In both mouse and human ovaries, the PI3K-PTEN-Akt-Foxo3 pathway was activated in samples from endometriosis. Administration of AS101 restored the proportion of primordial follicles in endometriotic mice ovaries to control levels. Conclusions The current study describes the excessive activation of primordial follicles and the role of the PI3K-PTEN-Akt-Foxo3 pathway in the reduction of ovarian reserve associated with endometriosis. Our results suggest that a PI3K-PTEN-Akt inhibitor should be considered for further investigation as promising medicines for the prevention of the ovarian reserve reduction in patients with endometriosis.
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Husseinzadeh, N., M. L. Van Aken, and B. Aron. "Ovarian transposition in young patients with invasive cervical cancer receiving radiation therapy." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1438.1994.04010061.x.
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Twenty-two patients with invasive cervical cancer had ovarian transposition. Fifteen patients received whole pelvic external radiation therapy via a teletherapy unit, and nine patients also received one or two intracavitary insertions. Ovarian function was measured by serum gonadotropins, FSH, and LH. We were unable to measure gonadotropin levels in four patients because they were lost to follow-up after completion of radiation therapy. Five patients developed postmenopausal symptoms; in two the ovaries were not shielded and they received radiation by lateral ports with an average dose above 2500 cGY. Therefore, ovarian function was preserved in seven of 11 patients (64%), all of whom received ≤ 500 cGY with an average dose of 250 cGY to the ovaries via external radiation and intracavitary insertion(s). FSH values ranged from 3.3 to 38.8 mlU ml−1 (mean = 17.7 mlU ml−1). Two patients developed symptomatic ovarian cysts. Ovarian function can be preserved by transposing the ovaries at the time of surgery prior to radiation with adequate treatment planning which limits the radiation dose to the ovaries to ≤300 cGY.
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Leon, Kathleen, Jon D. Hennebold, Suzanne S. Fei, and Kelly A. Young. "Transcriptome analysis during photostimulated recrudescence reveals distinct patterns of gene regulation in Siberian hamster ovaries†." Biology of Reproduction 102, no. 3 (November 13, 2019): 539–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioz210.
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Abstract In Siberian hamsters, exposure to short days (SDs, 8 h light:16 h dark) reduces reproductive function centrally by decreasing gonadotropin secretion, whereas subsequent transfer of photoinhibited hamsters to stimulatory long days (LDs, 16 L:8 D) promotes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release inducing ovarian recrudescence. Although differences between SD and LD ovaries have been investigated, a systematic investigation of the ovarian transcriptome across photoperiod groups to identify potentially novel factors that contribute to photostimulated restoration of ovarian function had not been conducted. Hamsters were assigned to one of four photoperiod groups: LD to maintain ovarian cyclicity, SD to induce ovarian regression, or post transfer (PT), where females housed in SD for 14-weeks were transferred to LD for 2-days or 1-week to reflect photostimulated ovaries prior to (PTd2) and following (PTw1) the return of systemic FSH. Ovarian RNA was extracted to create RNA-sequencing libraries and short-read sequencing Illumina assays that mapped and quantified the ovarian transcriptomes (n = 4/group). Ovarian and uterine masses, plasma FSH, and numbers of antral follicles and corpora lutea decreased in SD as compared to LD ovaries (P < 0.05). When reads were aligned to the mouse genome, 18 548 genes were sufficiently quantified. Most of the differentially expressed genes noted between functional LD ovaries and regressed SD ovaries; however, five main expression patterns were identified across photoperiod groups. These results, generally corroborated by select protein immunostaining, provide a map of photoregulated ovary function and identify novel genes that may contribute to the photostimulated resumption of ovarian activity.
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Tourneur, Jean-Claude. "OOGENESIS IN THE ADULT OF THE EUROPEAN EARWIG FORFICULA AURICULARIA (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 131, no. 3 (June 1999): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent131323-3.
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AbstractOogenesis and associated ovarian development were studied from the onset of adult eclosion to oviposition in the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L., by examining histological sections of ovarioles and whole mounts of ovaries. Each pair of ovaries contains a mean of 85.4 ovarioles. Chronologically, oogenesis has been divided into four phases, adult emergence, previtellogenesis, vitellogenesis, and choriogenesis, each described here in detail. The mean size of the basal follicle increases from 15 μm at time of adult emergence to 0.9 mm at time of choriogenesis, and the oocyte to trophocyte ratio increases from 1.0 to 4, with a minimum of 0.5 at the onset of previtellogenesis. The oocyte to trophocyte ratio of 0.7 marks the onset of vitellogenesis, which lasts about three times (60 days) as long as previtellogenesis. The extended vitellogenesis is still under way when females bury themselves in the ground, in October, in the Montréal area.
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Kravtsova, Oksana E., Galina Andreevna Nerodo, Vera P. Nikitina, Ekaterina V. Verenikina, Ivan Nikitin, and Alla V. Pustovalova. "Lipid peroxidation in tissues of ovarian tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e17036-e17036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e17036.
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e17036 Background: The purpose of the study was to analyze neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) effect on parameters of monoaminergic, free radical and hydrolytic systems in tissues of malignant ovarian tumors. Methods: Activity of parameters of monoaminergic, free radical and hydrolytic systems was determined in ovarian tissue of 92 patients with ovarian cancer. Tissues of tumorous and contralateral (non-tumorous) ovaries were studied, and results were compared to the data in 30 patients with uterine fibroids and other benign tumors. Results: Tumorous ovaries showed the decrease in vitamins E and A by 2.6 and 4.1 times, respectively, compared to the norm. The levels in contralateral ovaries were 5 and 2.8 times lower than the norm, respectively. SOD in tumor tissue exceeded the norm by 46%. Content of copper-zinc-SOD amounted to 15.7% of the total activity in healthy ovaries, while in tumorous ones – 8.2%. Diene conjugates in tumors were increased by 42% compared to the healthy ovaries. Contralateral ovaries showed 2.1 times increase in SOD activity compared to the norm; catalase activity was decreased by 35% which was similar to the value in tumor tissue. Diene conjugates in contralateral ovaries were increased by 38% compared to the healthy ovaries and did not differ from the value in tumor. MDA level was decreased by 4.1 times and did not differ from the value in tumor. Tumorous ovaries after NACT showed an increase in vitamins A and E by 1.8 and 3.2 times, respectively, compared to the levels before treatment; copper-zinc-SOD activity increased by 40.3%. Lipid peroxidation changed as well: diene conjugates level increased by 24.7% and MDA decreased by 47.7% compared to the values before treatment. Levels of the main antioxidant enzymes – SOD and catalase – in contralateral ovaries after NACT were similar to the normal ones; diene conjugates were close to the norm, vitamin E decreased by 40%, vitamin A – by 30%, MDA content did not change. Conclusions: Morphologically healthy tissue of the contralateral ovary in the organism affected by malignant tumor demonstrates signs of imbalance in antioxidant factors similar to those in the tumorous ovary. NACT results in normalization of metabolism indices in both tumorous and contralateral ovaries.
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Donovan, Elysia K., Allan L. Covens, Rachel S. Kupets, and Eric W. Leung. "The role of oophoropexy in patients with gynecological cancer who need radiation therapy." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 32, no. 3 (March 2022): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2021-002471.
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Pelvic radiotherapy is an essential component of cancer therapy for patients with cervical and other gynecological malignancies. The ovaries are particularly radiosensitive, and even low radiotherapy doses may result in impaired or complete loss of ovarian function, causing hormonal disturbances and infertility. Recent advances in both surgery and radiotherapy have facilitated the ability of some patients to maintain ovarian function through ovarian transposition and careful radiotherapy planning. Multidisciplinary discussions should be undertaken to consider which candidates are appropriate for transposition. Generally, patients under age 35 should be considered due to ovarian reserve, likelihood of oophoropexy success, and radioresistance of ovaries. Those patients with small squamous cell tumors, minimal extra-uterine extension, and no lymphovascular invasion or lymph node involvement are ideal candidates to minimize risk of ovarian metastasis. Patients should be assessed and counseled about the risks of ovarian metastasis and the likelihood of successful ovarian preservation before undergoing oophoropexy and starting treatment. Oophoropexy should be bilateral if possible, and ovaries should be placed superior and lateral to the radiotherapy field. Studies limiting the mean ovarian dose to less than 2–3 Gray have demonstrated excellent preservation of ovarian function. Intensity modulated radiotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy techniques have the potential to further minimize the dose to the ovary with excellent outcomes. The addition of brachytherapy to the treatment regimen will probably cause minimal risk to transposed ovaries. Oophoropexy before radiotherapy may preserve the hormonal function of ovaries for a duration, and fertility might be possible through surrogate pregnancy. Successful ovarian transposition has the potential to improve the overall health and wellbeing, reproductive options, and potentially quality of life in patients with cervical and other gynecological cancers.
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Gard, J. A., J. Roberts, T. Braden, M. Mansour, J. Yelich, K. Irsik, O. Rae, and J. G. Wenzel. "119 ASSESSMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICULAR DYSPLASIA UTILIZING ULTRASOUND AND HISTOLOGIC EXAMINATION." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 1 (2017): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv29n1ab119.
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A slaughterhouse study commissioned by Florida Cattleman’s Association in 2007 identified ovarian follicular dysplasia (OFD) as a primary cause of infertility in Florida beef cows. Ovaries with OFD have progressive bilateral development of solid clustered follicles containing multiple Call-Exner bodies that originate in the rete ovarii and the hilar region, and progress into the cortex to eventually form bilateral Sertoli-type granulosa theca cell tumours (GTCT). The objectives of this study were to assess the distribution of OFD in cull animals and to evaluate utilisation of ultrasound for diagnosis of OFD in cattle. Ultrasound images of the right and left ovaries from 390 cull cows and heifers representing 4 Florida ranches were made with 5-MHz linear probes (Aloka, Ibex). Then, 10 to 12 females per ranch were followed to slaughter the proceeding day for collection of reproductive tracts. The fixed ovaries were measured, sectioned para-sagittally through the hilus, photographed, and arranged in histology cassettes for complete examination of the cut surface. Large ovarian structures including corpus luteum, Graafian follicles, atretic follicles, dysplastic follicles, rete ovarii, dysplastic follicles, and tumours were counted and measured for each ovary. Ovaries with OFD were graded I to IV. Grade I OFD contained small individual dysplastic follicles with diameter less than 200 µm mostly limited to the rete ovarii and medulla. Grade II OFD possessed dysplastic follicles greater than 200 µm diameter that were present in the medulla and cortex. Grade III OFD had extensive multi-sized dysplastic follicles scattered throughout the entire cortex of the ovary and Grade IV OFD had Sertoli-type GTCT. Grade II–IV often had dystrophic mineralization of dysplastic follicles. Gross morphology of fixed sagittal sections and ultrasound images were blindly compared against OFD grade in 40 individual ovaries. The OFD was identified at slaughter in 29/41 cows and in 1/5 of heifers. The distribution of OFD for 30 affected females was Gr I 16/30, Gr II 9/30, Gr III 4/30, and Gr IV 1/30. Characteristics that could be detected by routine ultrasound included increased size and length, increased hyperechogenicity and decreased number of fluid-filled follicles. Hyperechogenic shadows were evident in higher grade OFD. The study demonstrated that Grade III and IV OFD can be observed by routine ultrasound but Grade I and II may require higher resolution ultrasound probes, imaging analysis software, or Doppler ultrasound.
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Robker, R. L., W. V. Ingman, and S. A. Robertson. "220.TGFβ1 deficient mice exhibit impaired follicle growth and luteal maintenance." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 9 (2004): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb04abs220.
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Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGFβ1) is essential for normal female reproduction. Mice with a targeted deletion in the TGFβ1 gene (TGFβ1–/–) have severely impaired fertility with pregnancy occurring in <25% of mated females. TGFβ1 is implicated in several aspects of ovarian function, including potentiation of granulosa cell proliferation and suppression of luteal cell apoptosis. Our initial observations indicate that estrous cycling is disrupted in TGFβ1–/– mice and that ovulation rate is reduced. To further investigate how impaired ovarian function contributes to the infertility of TGFβ1–/– mice, ovaries were isolated from TGFβ1+/+ and TGFβ1–/– littermates at proestrus and fixed and sectioned for examination of follicle morphology and growth. BrdU labelling was performed to detect granulosa cell proliferation and blood samples were obtained for analysis of gonadotrophins and ovarian steroid hormones. Histological examination showed that ovaries from TGFβ1–/– mice were smaller than those of TGF–1+/+ mice, however large antral follicles were observed, indicating that TGFβ1 is not essential for granulosa cell proliferation. Compared to TGFβ1+/+ ovaries however, there were fewer antral follicles and only rare corpora lutea. Interestingly, in some cases there were large numbers of macrophages surrounding small follicles suggesting increased follicular atresia and/or altered macrophage activity in the TGFβ1–/– ovaries. Ovaries and serum were also isolated from females at d4 post-coital for assessment of corpora lutea morphology. TGFβ1–/– ovaries weighed less and had fewer corpora lutea than TGFβ1+/+ ovaries. TGFβ1–/– corpora lutea also contained increased numbers of apoptotic cells and infiltrating macrophages indicative of premature luteal regression. Circulating progesterone levels were reduced in TGFβ1–/– females, as was progesterone production per corpus luteum further indicating a functional defect in luteal maintenance. Cumulatively these observations show that TGFβ1 has essential roles in regulation of ovarian macrophage populations, in normal follicular development and in the generation, maintenance and steroidogenic function of corpora lutea.
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Strelko, G. V. "Anatomo-functional state of organs of small tangs in poor responders." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 6(132) (July 30, 2018): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2018.132.50.
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The objective: study of the anatomical and functional status of the uterus and ovaries in poor responders in ART programs. Materials and methods. Determination of the anatomical features and functional status of the uterus and ovaries in «poor responders» to exclude a clinically significant pathology that would affect the success of the ART program was performed by ultrasound scanning with the study of topografts, sizes, contours, echostructure of the uterus and ovary and determination of the volume of the ovaries and the number of antral follicles. Blood flow in the vessels of the stroma of the ovaries, as one of the important criteria for assessing the possible ovarian response, was assessed using color Doppler mapping. Results. «Poor responders» patients have a smaller sise of ovaries and a reduced number of antral folicles, which can be explained by the surgical interventions carried out according to the type of ovarian resection and the cysts removal. In addition, during the transition from the follicular to luteal phase, there is no decrease in the vascular resistance of the dominant follicle, which slows the process of ovulation and reduces the likelihood of fertilization in conditions of increased vascular resistance. Conclusion. Ultrasound examination of the uterus and ovaries and doplerometric investigation of peryfollicular blood flow allows us to thoroughly approach both the evaluation of the ovarian response and the endometric readiness for implantation, which dictates the need for an individual selection of preconceptional preparation and treatment programs for ART. Key words: anatomical and functional state, pelvic organs, ovarian reserve, peryfollicular blood flow, poor responders.
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Chellappa, S., M. R. Câmara, and J. R. Verani. "Ovarian development in the Amazonian red discus, Symphysodon discus Heckel (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 65, no. 4 (November 2005): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842005000400007.
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The Neotropical red discus fish, Symphysodon discus, originates from the Amazonian basin and has a discoid body. Although this species is popularly used in aquaria and is exported as an ornamental fish, it has not been intensively studied. The purpose of this work was to study the morphological and histological aspects of the ovarian development in the red discus. Forty females of S. discus of varying body sizes and different stages of gonadal development were used in this study. The ovaries were weighed and examined macroscopically in order to observe the maturation stages. Histological staining of hematoxilin-eosin was used for microscopic observations of the ovaries. Macroscopic observations showed immature, maturing, mature and partially spent stages of ovarian development. Microscopic examination of the ovaries revealed five stages and five phases of ovarian development. The ovaries of the mature females showed all the different phases of oocyte development, indicating the multiple spawning habit of this species.
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Prophretou-Athanasiadou, D. Α., and M. E. Tzanakakis. "The Reproductive System and Ovarian Development of the Adult Olive Psylla Euphyllurα phillyreαe Foerster (Homoptera: Aphalaridae)." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 12 (June 7, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.14018.
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The gross morphology of the reproductive system of adult females and males of the olive psylla Euphyllurα phillyreαe Foerster (Homoptera: Aphalaridae) is given. Five stages of ovarian development are distinguished and described, based on the size and shape of the ovaries and ovarioles, on the separation of the vitellarium from the germarium, and on the appearance and shape of oocytes.
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Han, Yingying, Shuhao Zhang, Haotong Zhuang, Sijie Fan, Jiayi Yang, Liwei Zhao, Weidong Bao, et al. "The role of the adiponectin system in acute fasting-impaired mouse ovaries." Reproduction 158, no. 5 (November 2019): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-19-0086.
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Adiponectin (ADIPOQ, encoded by Adipoq) is an important white adipose-derived adipokine linked to energy homeostasis and reproductive function. This study aims to reveal the expression and role of the adiponectin system in the ovaries under acute malnutrition. In this study, 48-h food deprivation significantly inhibited ovarian growth by suppressing cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis in the ovaries of gonadotrophin-primed immature mice. It was also accompanied by significantly decelerated basic metabolism (glucose, triacylglycerol and cholesterol), varied steroid hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol) and vanishment of the peri-ovarian fat. It is noteworthy that after acute fasting, the adiponectin levels in ovaries rather than in blood were significantly elevated. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that adiponectin and its receptors (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) primarily appeared in ovarian somatic and/or germ cells, and their protein expressions were upregulated in the ovaries from fasted mice. Further in vitro study verified that ADIPOR1/2 agonist obviously inhibited follicle-stimulating hormone-induced oocyte meiotic resumption, while the antagonist significantly enhanced the percentage of oocyte maturation in the absence of follicle-stimulating hormone. Furthermore, the build up of peri-ovarian fat under physiological status in mice showed a positive correlation with both the hypertrophy of adipocytes and growth of ovaries. Taken together, these findings indicate that the upregulation of the adiponectin system disturbs the normal female reproductive function under the malnutrition status, and it may be associated with the loss of peri-ovarian fat depots.
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Gorgees, N., and V. Khalid. "Histomorphology of the ovaries of the earthworm, Dendrobaena atheca Cernosvitov (Annelida, Clitellata: Oligochaeta)." Journal of Morphological Sciences 34, no. 03 (July 2017): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.117817.
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AbstractThis comprehensive study was undertaken to reveal the ovarian histomorphology in the oligochaetous clitellte, Dendrobaena atheca Cernosvitov. Efforts were, in fact, made to obtain proper histological preparations. So, various types of thin serial sections of ovaries were carefully obtained, stained and examined. Two small ovaries, at the beginning of breeding seasons, were seen in segment thirteen. Subsequently, they extremely increased in size and became fully formed. They demonstrated six principal cell types: peritoneal cell, follicular cell, stromal cell, oogonium, oocyte and trophocyte (nurse cell). The first three cell types were somatic, whereas the other three were germ and germ-line. All cell types were, as much as possible, properly described. Dividing oogonia were seen to produce oocytes and trophocytes simultaneously. The produced cells were seen to be interconnected. The stromal cell, a newly described cell type, exhibited several specific cell characteristics. Ovaries showed no internal lumens. The small ovaries showed only two distinct histological zones, whereas the large ones showed three such zones. Germ and germ-line cells showed an obvious arrangement in ovarian zones. Accordingly, the chief conclusions are: (1) ovaries are nutrimental due to presence of trophocytes (2) ovaries are solid and not sac-like organs due the lack of internal cavity (3) stromal cell can be considered a new cell type as it demonstrates several specific cell features (4) Ovarian zonation is caused by production and arrangement of germ and germ-line cells (5) intercellular connections are due to incomplete cell divisions.
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Yoon, Aera, Yoo-Young Lee, Won Park, Seung Jae Huh, Chel Hun Choi, Tae-Joong Kim, Jeong-Won Lee, Byoung-Gie Kim, and Duk-Soo Bae. "Correlation Between Location of Transposed Ovary and Function in Cervical Cancer Patients Who Underwent Radical Hysterectomy." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 25, no. 4 (May 2015): 688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0000000000000404.
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ObjectiveThe study investigated the association between the location of transposed ovaries and posttreatment ovarian function in patients with early cervical cancer (IB1-IIA) who underwent radical hysterectomy and ovarian transposition with or without adjuvant therapies.MethodsRetrospective medical records were reviewed to enroll the patients with early cervical cancer who underwent ovarian transposition during radical hysterectomy at Samsung Medical Center between July 1995 and July 2012. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level was used as a surrogate marker for ovarian function.ResultsTwenty-one patients were enrolled. The median age and body mass index (BMI) were 31 years (range, 24–39 years) and 21.3 kg/m2 (range, 17.7–31.2 kg/m2), respectively. The median serum FSH level after treatment was 7.9 mIU/mL (range, 2.4–143.4 mIU/mL). The median distance from the iliac crest to transposed ovaries on erect plain abdominal x-ray was 0.5 cm (range, −2.7 to 5.2 cm). In multivariate analysis, posttreatment serum FSH levels were significantly associated with the location of transposed ovaries (β = −8.1, P = 0.032), concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) as an adjuvant therapy (β = 71.08, P = 0.006), and BMI before treatment (underweight: β = −59.93, P = 0.05; overweight: β = −40.62, P = 0.041).ConclusionsLocation of transposed ovaries, adjuvant CCRT, and BMI before treatment may be associated with ovarian function after treatment. We suggest that ovaries should be transposed as highly as possible during radical hysterectomy to preserve ovarian function in young patients with early cervical cancer who might be a candidate for adjuvant CCRT and who have low BMI before treatment.
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Manikkam, Banumathy. "Rare ovarian tumor in post hysterectomized status: case report." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2023): 4954–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20233806.
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Ovarian tumors are known for their silent nature, non-availability of definitive screening methods and varied clinico pathological variations. Conservation of normal looking ovaries macroscopically during hysterectomy is recommended to benefit the future health of the woman. Still the development of new issues related to ovaries need to be counseled to the patient and stringent vigilance by the clinician is mandatory. Steroid cell tumor is rare ovarian tumor and histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosis. Any patient with high testosterone levels should be investigated meticulously to define the origin adrenal/ovarian with an awareness about this rare entity with malignant potential. Lifetime follow up of the ovaries in women are crucial at all ages. Here we report a case of rare ovarian tumor in post hysterectomized patient.
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Usuki, S., and M. Shioda. "Increase in DNA polymerase α activity associated with DNA synthesis due to FSH or oestrogen in ovaries of immature rats." Journal of Endocrinology 110, no. 2 (August 1986): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1100353.
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ABSTRACT DNA polymerase activities and DNA content of ovaries from immature intact rats (4–29 days after birth), hypophysectomized rats and hormone-treated hypophysectomized rats were measured. During normal ovarian growth DNA polymerase α activity and DNA content of ovaries increased. The polymerase activity decreased gradually after hypophysectomy without any alteration in the DNA content. Administration of ovine FSH (2 μg/day) or oestradiol-17β (1 mg/day) to hypophysectomized rats enhanced ovarian DNA content and DNA polymerase α activity, whereas DNA polymerase β activity did not change significantly. These results suggest that DNA polymerase α participates in DNA synthesis in these ovaries. The specific activity of DNA polymerase α (the activity per μg DNA) in the ovaries increased between 4 and 14 days after birth, and then remained almost constant; the specific activity declined gradually after hypophysectomy. Administration of FSH or oestradiol-17β but not of ovine LH, progesterone or testosterone to hypophysectomized rats restored the specific activity. Mixing experiments with different kinds of ovarian extracts suggested that no activators of DNA polymerase α were present in the extracts. These results suggest that FSH or oestrogen causes the induction of DNA polymerase α accompanied by DNA synthesis during cell proliferation in ovaries of immature rats. J. Endocr. (1986) 110, 353–360
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Larroque, Marion, Sandra Mounicou, Olivia Sgarbura, Carine Arnaudguilhem, Lucie Rebel, Cristina Leaha, Pierre-Arnaud Faye, et al. "Study of oxaliplatin penetration into ovaries of patients treated with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for peritoneal metastases of colorectal and appendiceal origin using mass spectrometry imaging." Pleura and Peritoneum 6, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pp-2020-0149.
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Abstract Objectives Platinum salts are commonly used in hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for digestive tract cancer treatment. During HIPEC with oxaliplatin for peritoneal metastases (PMs) treatment, the ovaries are directly exposed to the drug, questioning about ovarian resection and the potential impact of the drug on ovarian functionality, especially in young women of childbearing age. The goal of this work is to understand unwanted damages to the ovaries during HIPEC therapy by the determination of the concentration and distribution of platinum in ovaries in order to address its potential toxicity. Methods Mass spectrometry imaging techniques, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP MS), were used to study the penetration of oxaliplatin in ovaries after HIPEC treatment. Results MALDI-MS allowed the localization of an oxaliplatin-derivative (m/z 456.2) at the periphery of the ovaries. The quantitative LA-ICP MS maps confirmed the localization of elemental platinum as well as in the central part of ovaries from patients who received a previous platinum salt-based chemotherapy. Conclusions LA-ICP MS images showed that platinum diffusion was extended in cases of previous systemic treatment, questioning about platinum derivatives gonado-toxicity when combining the two treatments.
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Tobias, J. H., T. J. Chambers, and A. Gallagher. "The effects of ovarian transplantation on bone loss in ovariectomized rats." Journal of Endocrinology 142, no. 1 (July 1994): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1420187.
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Abstract Although hormone replacement therapy can prevent postmenopausal bone loss, it does not restore bone mass to normal in patients with established osteoporosis. This might reflect a failure to reproduce certain aspects of gonadal function. One method of investigating this possibility would be to examine the effect of ovarian transplantation on the skeleton of osteopaenic ovariectomized rats. However, ovarian transplantation may not fully restore ovarian function to normal, and it is not known whether transplanted ovaries reproduce the action of native ovaries on the skeleton. Therefore, we investigated whether renal capsular or subcutaneous ovarian transplants prevent the effects of ovariectomy on histomorphometric indices of rat tibiae over 44 days. Daily vaginal smears showed that oestrous cycles returned in all but two of 25 animals receiving ovarian transplants. We found that ovarian transplantation prevented the reduction in cancellous bone volume following ovariectomy. While trabecular number was reduced in ovariectomized animals receiving renal capsular ovarian transplants compared to intact animals, trabecular thickness was increased in both transplant groups. Ovarian transplantation also prevented the increase in cancellous and cortical bone formation, cancellous bone resorption and longitudinal growth rate caused by ovariectomy. We conclude that restoration of ovarian function by ovarian transplantation largely prevents the effects of ovariectomy on histomorphometric indices of rat tibiae, suggesting that transplanted ovaries can substitute for the action of native ovaries on the skeleton. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 142, 187–192
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Wronski, J. G., K. Y. R. Nakagaki, E. A. Viscone, M. M. Nunes, and G. D. Cassali. "Multicentric peripheral T-cell lymphoma, bilateral granulosa cell tumor, and papillary ovarian adenocarcinoma in a female dog - case report." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 76, no. 2 (2024): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-13130.
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ABSTRACT The frequency of ovarian neoplasms in dogs is low, and these tumors are often underdiagnosed mainly due to nonspecific clinical signs. Multiple ovarian tumors are rarely described in dogs and can be of primary or secondary origin. Lymphomas, in turn, are among the most common malignant neoplasms in dogs, with a variable clinical course. This report describes a case of multiple concomitant ovarian tumors and a multicentric lymphoma in a dog, diagnosed histologically and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The right and left ovaries and mesenteric lymph node of a 14-year-old mixed breed female dog were received for histopathological evaluation. Histologically, a multicentric small to intermediate cell lymphoma was diagnosed in the lymph node and both ovaries, in addition to a bilateral granulosa cell tumor and papillary adenocarcinoma in one of the ovaries. Immunohistochemistry determined the diagnosis of multicentric peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Coexisting ovarian tumors are rarely described in the literature but can occur. This is the first report of these three neoplasms occurring concomitantly in the same organ. Therefore, clinicians and pathologists should be aware of this possibility when evaluating ovaries.
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Brandenberger, Alfred W., Meng Kian Tee, and Roberts B. Jaffe. "Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER-α) and Beta (ER-β) mRNAs in Normal Ovary, Ovarian Serous Cystadenocarcinoma and Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines: Down-Regulation of ER-β in Neoplastic Tissues." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 83, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.3.4788.
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The prognosis in ovarian carcinoma, the most lethal of the gynecologic neoplasms, is poor and has changed little in the last three decades. Only a small number respond to antiestrogen therapy, although the classic estrogen receptor, ER-α, has been identified in ovarian surface epithelium, from which approximately 90% of ovarian cancers originate. We have previously shown that ER-β mRNA is most abundant in human fetal ovaries, suggesting that it might play an important role in ovarian development. Therefore, we investigated the mRNA levels of both ERs in normal ovaries, ovarian serous cystadenocarcinomas, granulosa cells from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), the ovarian surface epithelium cell line IOSE-Van, and the ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3, HEY and OCC1. Northern blots of normal and neoplastic ovaries were hybridized with an ER-β riboprobe that spans the A/B domain. We detected two major hybridizing bands at approximately 8 and 10 kb. An RNase protection assay using the same probe revealed a single band of the expected size. Hybridizing the same blot with an ER-α riboprobe showed a strong hybridizing band at approximately 6.5 kb. In ovarian cancer samples, ER-β mRNA level was decreased when compared to normal ovaries. Using 25 cycles of RT-PCR followed by Southern blotting, we found equal amounts of ER-α and -β mRNAs in normal ovaries in all age groups from 33 to 75 years; however, in ovarian cancer tissue, the level of ER-α mRNA was similar or slightly higher, comparable to 103 to 104 copies of plasmid DNA, but ER-β mRNA levels were markedly decreased. Granulosa cells from IVF patients expressed high levels of ER-β mRNA. The OSE cell line expressed low level of ER-α, detectable after 40 cycles of RT-PCR and no ER-β mRNA. SKOV3, showed low level of ER-α and β mRNAs, whereas OCC1 showed low level of ER-β and relatively high level of ER-α. HEY did not contain detectable amounts of either ER after 40 cycles of RT-PCR. We found no evidence of differential splicing or major deletions in almost the entire coding region of ER-β in either normal ovaries or tumor samples.
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Olaofe, Olaejirinde O., Chigozie C. Okongwu, Ese E. Ewoye, James O. Oladele, Ademola I. Soremekun, and Oluwatosin Z. Omoyiola. "Gross architecture of ovarian specimens from a southwest Nigerian tertiary healthcare facility." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 13, no. 2 (January 29, 2024): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20240118.
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Background: The aim of our study is to describe the gross morphology of ovarian specimens and to see if some entities can be distinguished based on their gross morphology. Methods: We did a cross-sectional study of all ovarian specimen received by the department of morbid anatomy and forensic medicine of Obafemi Awolowo university teaching hospitals complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022 (Five-year period). OAUTHC is situated in the southwestern part of Nigeria. Results: We examined 225 right ovarian specimens. Non- neoplastic lesions were the most common lesions of the right ovary accounting for 52 cases followed by malignant tumour accounting for 25 cases. We examined 233 specimens of the left ovary of which 133 were normal. Eighteen (72%) of malignant tumors of the left ovary had cystic cut surfaces. The spectrum of lesions of both ovaries has different average widest diameters with significant overlap in their distribution. Metastatic carcinoma is seen to involve both ovaries and found to mainly have a solid cut surface. We found that the average widest diameter of a normal left ovary is 3.6 cm while that of a normal right ovary is 4.9 cm. Conclusions: The ovarian lesions have different widest diameters and are usually larger than that of a normal ovary. Benign ovarian tumours are generally larger than their malignant counterparts but cannot be distinguished based on size alone. Metastatic carcinoma involved both ovaries and had a predominantly solid-cut surface. The normal left ovaries were smaller than the normal right ovaries.
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Oberlender, Guilherme, Luis D. S. Murgas, Márcio G. Zangeronimo, Thais P. Pontelo, Tila A. Menezes, and Adriana C. Silva. "Porcine follicular fluid concentration of free insulin-like growth factor-I collected from different diameter ovarian follicles." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 10 (October 2013): 1269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013001000013.
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The study aimed to quantify the concentrations of free IGF-I in serum and fluid of ovarian follicles in pre-pubertal gilts and describe the ovarian morphology by measuring the size of the ovaries and counting the number of surface follicles. Ovaries (n=1,000) from pre-pubertal gilts were obtained immediately after slaughter. A total of 10 samplings were performed, with ovaries obtained from 50 females for each collection. The follicles situated on the surface of each ovary were classified as small (SFs, 2 to 5mm in diameter) or large (LFs 6 to 10mm in diameter) and the follicular fluid was obtained by follicle aspiration. The collection of serum samples was performed after the gilts exsanguination using sterile tubes. From the pool of serum and follicular fluid obtained from 50 females, the concentration of free IGF-I was determined in each sample using an enzyme immunoassay kit (ELISA). The description of ovarian morphometry was performed in 100 ovaries from randomly selected gilts. The larger and smaller lengths of ovaries were measured, and the total number of SFs and LFs present on the surface of each ovary were also counted. The IGF-I concentration was greater (P<0.05) in LFs (170.92±88.29 ng/mL) compared with SFs (67.39±49.90ng/mL) and serum (73.48±34.63ng/mL). The largest and smallest length of the ovaries was 26.0±3.0 and 19.0mm ±2.0mm, respectively. The number of SFs (70.86±25.76) was greater (P<0.01) than LFs (6.54±5.26). The study concluded that LFs present greater levels of IGF-I when compared with SFs and blood, which is related to increased activity of the LFs and its differentiation to ovulation. In addition, ovaries of pre-pubertal gilts have a higher number of SFs compared to LFs. Therefore, our study demonstrated unique data regarding the physiological concentration of free IGF-I in ovarian follicles, that can be used in future research to evaluate the addition of this hormone in the in vitro production media of porcine embryos with the goal to improve the technique efficiency.
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Cha, KY, BR Do, HJ Chi, TK Yoon, DH Choi, JJ Koo, and JJ Ko. "Viability of Human Follicular Oocytes Collected from Unstimulated Ovaries and Matured and Fertilized in vitro." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 4, no. 6 (1992): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9920695.
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Immature human follicular oocytes were collected from unstimulated ovaries, matured and fertilized in vitro and then transferred to patients with no ovarian dysfunction such as premature ovarian failure. From 11 1 consenting donors, 422 immature oocytes were collected from 97 ovaries between January 1990 and October 1991. The number of oocytes collected from ovaries and their development were recorded so that comparisons could be made among donors of different ages and ovarian condition, such as menstrual cycle, cyclic and non-cyclic ovaries. The rate of fertilization in vitro showed a peak in the 31-40-year age group; however, there was no statistical difference in the rate of oocyte maturation and cleavage among the donors in the different age groups. Immature oocytes of the luted phase had a significantly higher maturation rate than those of the follicular phase. There was no significant difference in the number of recovered oocytes, or in the development of immature follicular oocytes, between cyclic and non-cyclic ovaries. Mature follicular fluid and peritoneal fluid had a significant effect on the development of immature follicular oocytes. Also, it was found that fertilized eggs cleaved more frequently in the medium containing hypoxanthine compared with the medium without hypoxanthine. Finally, from 21 transfer cycles, viable embryos were derived from immature follicular oocytes, resulting in two pregnancies, both leading to the birth of normal babies. These findings suggest that culture in vitro of immature follicular oocytes, from unstimulated ovaries, to a suitable condition, could be used optimally for clinical applications such as human ovum donation programmes.
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Vaskivuo, Tommi E., Mikko Anttonen, Riitta Herva, Håkan Billig, Marinus Dorland, Egbert R. te Velde, Frej Stenbäck, Markku Heikinheimo, and Juha S. Tapanainen. "Survival of Human Ovarian Follicles from Fetal to Adult Life: Apoptosis, Apoptosis-Related Proteins, and Transcription Factor GATA-41." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 3421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.7.7679.
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The majority of oocytes present in fetal ovaries are depleted before birth, and only about 400 will ovulate during the normal fertile life span. Studies on animals have shown that apoptosis is the mechanism behind oocyte depletion and follicular atresia. In the present study, we investigated the extent and localization of apoptosis in human fetal (aged 13–40 weeks) and adult ovaries. Furthermore, the expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins, bcl-2 and bax, and the relationship of transcription factor GATA-4 were studied. Apoptosis was found in ovarian follicles throughout fetal and adult life. During fetal development, apoptosis was localized mainly to primary oocytes and was highest between weeks 14–28, decreasing thereafter toward term. Expression of bcl-2 was observed only in the youngest fetal ovaries (weeks 13–14), and bax was present in the ovaries throughout the entire fetal period. In adult ovaries, apoptosis was detected in granulosa cells of secondary and antral follicles, and Bcl-2 and bax were expressed from primary follicles onwards. During fetal ovarian development, GATA-4 messenger RNA and protein were localized to the granulosa cells, with expression being highest in the youngest ovaries and decreasing somewhat toward term. The expression pattern of GATA-4 suggests that it may be involved in the mechanisms protecting granulosa cells from apoptosis from fetal to adult life. The results indicate that depletion of ovarian follicles in the human fetus occurs through intrinsic mechanisms of apoptosis in oocytes, and later in adult life the survival of growing follicles may be primarily determined by granulosa cell apoptosis.
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De Roover, R., and C. Hanzen. "203 ASSESSMENT OF OVARIAN RESERVE. IS THERE A ROLE FOR OVARIAN BIOPSY?" Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab203.
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The pool of primordial follicles in the ovary or ovarian reserve is a major factor in human fertility potential. In bovine medicine as well, this ovarian reserve has been linked to the results of superovulation procedures (Cushman et al. 1999 Biol. Reprod. 60, 349–354). These authors suggested a biopsy to assess the level of this reserve. Whether the biopsy(ies) is(are) a true reflection of the follicular distribution in the ovarian cortex, is (to the best of our knowledge) a factor never investigated until now in bovine medicine. In human medicine, this procedure has been critically examined for that particular use and found not to be suited (Lass et al. 2004 Hum. Reprod. 19, 467–469). Indeed, randomized or “blind” sampling of one biopsy is adequate only if follicles are evenly spread in the ovarian cortex; in any case they are not deeper than a few mm from the surface. Moreover, the quantitative counting of follicles does not provide any information about the quality of the oocytes embedded in them. Taking a biopsy of a bovine ovary in a minimally invasive way is technically feasible (Aerts 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 229–230). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the natural distribution of primordial follicles in the ovarian cortex of bovine ovaries. Slaugtherhouse ovaries were collected at random. The volume (mL) was measured and the macroscopically visible follicles were counted. Then the ovaries were cut in slices of 5Âμm, and every 8th (8 × 5 = 40 μm interval) slice was subjected to fixation in formalin and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Before counting of the primordial follicles, the ovarian cortex was subdivided into 8 equal parts. These “parts” were supposed to mimick a (single) ovarian biopsy. The 8 parts of a slice represent here multiple biopsies. For each of these parts, the number of primordial follicles was counted; only follicles with a visible oocyte were included. The results of the parts containing the ligament of the ovary were excluded. Results are shown in Table 1. The results show that the distribution of primordial follicles between small parts of the bovine ovarian tissue was extremely uneven. A large variation was observed between samples obtained from the same ovary. Moreover, an extrapolation of follicle numbers found in biopsies to entire ovaries were hampered by the uneven size and morphology of these ovaries. Therefore, we conclude that the use of single biopsies of ovarian cortex for a quantitative evaluation of the ovarian reserve has limited value; an empty cortex or a cortex with very few follicles might be just incidental and meaningless. Even the use of multiple biopsies, although less variable, does not solve the problem of extrapolation of these data to entire ovaries. Table 1. Macroscopically visible follicles on 4 ovaries and primordial (“microscopical”) follicles on 4 slices of each of these ovaries
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Borwick, S. C., S. M. Rhind, S. R. McMillen, and P. A. Racey. "Effect of undernutrition of ewes from the time of mating on fetal ovarian development in mid gestation." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, no. 7 (1997): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r97011.
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Ewes were fed either 150% (High, H) or 50% (Low, L) of their energy requirements for maintenance of liveweight during early gestation. Effects of maternal nutrition on fetal ovarian size, histological structure and steroidogenic capacity were studied at Day 47 and on ovarian size and structure at Day 62 of gestation. At Day 47 of gestation, there were significantly higher concentrations of oogonia in the ovaries of L fetuses than H fetuses (105·9 v. 76·9 germ cells mm-2; s.e. 4·94; P < 0·001). The capacity of the ovaries to secrete oestradiol (pg/ovary/24 h) at Day 47 was not affected by treatment when they were incubated either with (H, 773; L, 740; s.e. 179; not signicant, n.s.) or without (H, 260; L, 290; s.e. 92·7; n.s.) ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH). At Day 62 of gestation, the process of germ cell degeneration was less advanced in L than H fetal ovaries, as indicated by higher oocyte concentrations in the former (68·4 v. 48·6 germ cells mm-2; s.e. 3·85; P < 0·01). There was a greater percentage of meiotic cells in L ovaries (76·5 v. 18·6; s.e. 5·82; P < 0·001). It is concluded that undernutrition of the ewe from the time of mating signicantly retards ovarian development in fetal ovaries
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Misao, Ryou, Yoshihito Nakanishi, Jiro Fujimoto, Masashi Hori, Satoshi Ichigo, and Teruhiko Tamaya. "Expression of sex hormone-binding globulin mRNA in human ovarian cancers." European Journal of Endocrinology 133, no. 3 (September 1995): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1330327.
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Misao R, Nakanishi Y, Fujimoto J. Hori M, Ichigo S, Tamaya T. Expression of sex hormone-binding globulin mRNA in human ovarian cancers. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:327–34. ISSN 0804–4643 To know the role of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in the intracellular steroidal actions in human ovarian cancers, the expression of SHBG mRNA as a substitute for intracellular SHBG expression was investigated in normal ovarian tissues and ovarian tumors. In the present study, we used competitive reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction–Southern blot analysis to evaluate SHBG mRNA levels. The expression of SHBG mRNA was detected in all normal ovaries and benign and malignant ovarian tumors analyzed. There were no significant differences in the mean SHBG mRNA levels among the three types of tissue. The expression in normal ovaries was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in premenopause, suggesting the predominance of a sex steroid hormone effect on ovarian SHBG synthesis. Relative overexpression of SHBG mRNA was observed in six out of 22 cases (27%) of ovarian cancer (three cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma, two cases of serous cystadenocarcinoma and one case of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma) in comparison with normal ovaries and benign ovarian tumors. There was no difference in expression among the clinical stages of ovarian cancers. These data suggest that normal human ovaries and ovarian tumors might synthesize SHBG intracellularly, ovarian cancers might conserve an estrogen-associated property via SHBG and the regulation of intracellular SHBG expression might be changed in some cancers. Ryou Misao, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasamachi, Gifu 500, Japan
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Kim, Yu Jin, YoungJoon Park, Yeo Reum Park, Young Sang Kim, Hye Ran Lee, Sang Jin Lee, Myung Joo Kim, KyuBum Kwack, Jung Jae Ko, and Jae Ho Lee. "Role of RGMc as a Neogenin Ligand in Follicular Development in the Ovary." Biomedicines 9, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9030280.
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There is currently no cure for infertility in women with a poor ovarian response (POR). Neogenin is reported to be abundantly expressed in the ovary; however, its role in mammalian follicular development is unclear and its ligand and signaling pathway remain uncertain. We systematically investigated the role of neogenin and the ligand repulsive guidance molecule c (RGMc) during follicular development. We treated hyperstimulated mouse ovaries with RGMc and analyzed follicular development. Furthermore, we investigated clusters of up/downregulated genes in RGMc-treated ovaries using whole-transcriptome next-generation sequencing (NGS). In addition, we investigated whether expression of up/downregulated factors identified by NGS was also altered in cumulus cells (CCs) of patients with a POR. The number of oocytes was 40% higher in RGMc-treated ovaries than in control ovaries. NGS data indicated that prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) was involved in the RGMc signaling pathway during follicular development. RGMc treatment significantly elevated the PGD2 level in culture medium of CCs obtained from patients with a POR. Our results demonstrate that RGMc as neogenin ligand promotes follicular development in ovaries via the PGD2 signaling pathway. Therefore, it may be possible to use RGMc for ovarian stimulation in patients with a POR.