Journal articles: 'Outward orientation'

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Angelopulo, George. "Active Outward Orientation of the Organisation." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 9, no. 1 (November 10, 2022): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v9i1.2041.

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A central problem of organisations is the uncertainty of their environmental transactions in the attainment of desired responses. The degree to which the uncertainty is reduced, is often associated with the organisation's offectiveness. This study examines and Identifies an appropriate theoretical framework within which to proceed with an Investigation into organisational effectiveness. The systems approach, although of limited ontological value, of. fers a valuable cluster of strategies for Inquiry, within which Heldema's partial. dy systems-derived view is discussed. According to this view, perceptions of real systems can be described along spatial and temporal dimensions: as ahistorical, Inward-looking and struc tural; or as historical, outward-looking and changing. From this, the active out. ward orlented perceptual paradigm is developed, and It Is suggested that the existence of the active outward oriented basic assumption is a necessary condition of the organisation's potential effectiveness, and that the process by which it is instituted and maintained is communication.

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Athukorala, Prema‐chandra, and Jayant Menon. "Outward Orientation and Economic Development in Malaysia." World Economy 22, no. 8 (November 1999): 1119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00250.

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Harding, Noel, and Ken T. Trotman. "The Effect of Partner Communications of Fraud Likelihood and Skeptical Orientation on Auditors' Professional Skepticism." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 36, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51576.

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SUMMARY We investigate the effect of partner communication on the level of professional skepticism in auditor judgments and actions within the context of the fraud brainstorming discussion meeting where the partner is of the view that there is a low likelihood of fraud. Across two studies, we examine the effect on professional skepticism of the partner's communication on the likelihood of fraud (making their own view known, making management's view known, or not making any view known) and the skeptical orientation being encouraged (outward orientation toward the veracity of management representations and/or inward toward the fallibility of the auditor's judgment processes). We find that auditors exhibit higher levels of professional skepticism when the partner expresses management's view, rather than their own view or no view, that there is a low likelihood of fraud. We also consider what causes these differences. Emphasizing an inward skeptical orientation was not found to be more effective in encouraging professional skepticism in audit judgments than emphasizing an outward skeptical orientation. Importantly, emphasizing both an inward and outward skeptical orientation was more effective in encouraging professional skepticism in audit actions than emphasizing only an outward orientation.

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Nubler-Jung, K., and B. Mardini. "Insect epidermis: polarity patterns after grafting result from divergent cell adhesions between host and graft tissue." Development 110, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 1071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.110.4.1071.

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Insect epidermal cells display planar polarity (i.e. polarity in the plane of the cell sheet) by secreting oriented cuticular denticles and bristles before each moult. We investigate how cell polarities in an abdominal segment are uniformly oriented towards the posterior of the animal. Recently we have shown for the cotton bug Dysdercus that, in 180 degrees-rotated grafts pretreated with colchicine, graft cells tend to adopt the orientation prevailing in surrounding host cells via an intermediate stage with outward oriented denticles (Nubler-Jung and Grau, 1987). Here we show that, in untreated grafts that were transposed along the anteroposterior segment axis, the denticles also always tend to point outwards. This independence of the polarity pattern from the direction of transposition is compatible neither with a gradient model for polarity control, nor with the assumption that epidermal cells orient according to the local sequence of distinctly differentiated cells. Instead we found that outward orientation of graft denticles correlates with an elongation of epidermal cells along a host-graft border with divergent cell adhesiveness. We therefore propose that outward orientation in a graft results from a combination of two factors: epidermal cells stretch along an interface with divergent cell adhesiveness, and they form a denticle perpendicular to their long axis. By analogy, the normal anteroposterior orientation of denticles in a segment may result because epidermal cells tend to elongate parallel to the segment boundary and to form denticles perpendicular to this mediolateral cell elongation, i.e. along the anteroposterior segment axis.

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Subasat, Turan. "Does the Dollar Index Really Measure Outward Orientation?" International Review of Applied Economics 17, no. 3 (July 2003): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0269217032000090504.

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Alom, Md Morshed. "Proactive transparency and outward accountability of frontline public bureaucracies." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 67, no. 4 (April 9, 2018): 611–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-08-2016-0169.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a model that demonstrates how some organizational factors are linked to the proactive transparency behavior and outward accountability orientation of frontline public bureaucracies. Design/methodology/approach The model is developed on the basis of literature review. Findings It is shown in the model that some dimensions of organizational culture are linked to the “value for proactive transparency,” which, in turn, is linked to the “proactive transparency behavior” of frontline public bureaucracies. The proactive transparency behavior is also influenced by organizational structure and organizational endowment. Finally, the proactive transparency behavior determines “outward accountability” orientation. Originality/value This paper contributes to the understanding of the frontline public bureaucracy’s transparency behavior and outward accountability orientation from the perspective of organizational factors such as culture, structure, and endowment.

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Pritchett, Lant. "Measuring outward orientation in LDCs: Can it be done?" Journal of Development Economics 49, no. 2 (May 1996): 307–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(95)00064-x.

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Tschacher, Wolfgang, and Nina Jacobshagen. "Analysis of Crisis Intervention Processes." Crisis 23, no. 2 (March 2002): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0227-5910.23.2.59.

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Summary: The remediation processes in psychosocial crisis intervention were modeled focusing on cognitive orientation. Frequent observations and subsequent process modeling constitute a novel approach to process research and reveal process-outcome associations. A sample of 40 inpatients who were assigned to treatment in a crisis intervention unit was monitored in order to study the process of crisis intervention. The process data consisted of patients' self-ratings of the variables mood, tension, and cognitive orientation, which were assessed three times a day throughout hospitalization (M = 22.6 days). Linear time series models (vector autoregression) of the process data were computed to describe the prototypical dynamic patterns of the sample. Additionally, the outcome of crisis intervention was evaluated by pre-post questionnaires. Linear trends were found pointing to an improvement of mood, a reduction of tension, and an increase of outward cognitive orientation. Time series modeling showed that, on average, outward cognitive orientation preceded improved mood. The time series models partially predicted the treatment effect, notably the outcome domain “reduction of social anxiety,” yet did not predict the domain of symptom reduction. In conclusion, crisis intervention should focus on having patients increasingly engage in outward cognitive orientation in order to stabilize mood, reduce anxiety, and activate their resources.

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Bekker, Marrie H. J., Marcel A. Croon, and Sheila Vermaas. "Inner body and outward appearance—the relationship between orientation toward outward appearance, body awareness and symptom perception." Personality and Individual Differences 33, no. 2 (July 2002): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00146-5.

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Avery, Roger, Annabel Basker, and Claudia Corti. ""Scan" behaviour in Podarcis muralis: the use of vantage points by an actively foraging lizard." Amphibia-Reptilia 14, no. 3 (1993): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853893x00444.

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AbstractTwo adult Podarcis muralis whose normal movements incorporated the flat top of a wall, frequently paused so that they were looking outwards from an edge ("scan" posture), especially during longer (≥9 s) periods immobile. Investigations of the posture on raised wooden platforms in outdoor enclosures, using two juvenile lizards, showed that (1) lizards spent significantly more time on platforms than would be expected from random movement, and this was not because wood is a favoured substrate for basking; (2) lizards which were immobile on platforms spent significantly more time at edges than would be expected by chance; (3) body orientations at 67.5-112.5° to the edge were the most frequent and these were maintained for significantly longer periods than the remaining orientations; exceptions were from 0800-0900 h when orientation was often parallel to the edge facing the sun and from 1200-1300 h with only a thin strip of shade at 45°, into which the lizards fitted themselves. Lizards basking in the laboratory beneath a tungsten bulb at the edge of a raised platform adopted outward-facing orientations when the platform height was ≥6 mm. When presented with a choice between basking more effectively (i.e. rapid heating rate) or adopting the "scan" posture at an edge with a lower heating rate or with no heating, they opted for the former. Podarcis sicula, P. filfolensis, Lacerta viridis and L. vivipara all showed an excess of outward-facing orientations when the basking bulbs were place near edges of platforms, but Psammodromus hispanicus did not. Only the two Podarcis species, however, spent more time on raised platforms than would be expected by chance when basking was possible at many sites in an arena.

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11

Aizenman, Joshua. "Inward versus Outward Growth Orientation in the Presence of Country Risk." Economica 58, no. 229 (February 1991): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554975.

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Smith, Andrew, and John Ebejer. "Outward versus inward orientation of island capitals: the case of Valletta." Current Issues in Tourism 15, no. 1-2 (March 2012): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.634900.

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Ganesh-Kumar, A., K. Sen, and R. Vaidya. "Outward Orientation, Investment and Finance Constraints: A Study of Indian Firms." Journal of Development Studies 37, no. 4 (April 2001): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331322071.

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Véganzonès-Varoudakis, M. A., and H. T. M. Nguyen. "Investment climate, outward orientation and manufacturing firm productivity: new empirical evidence." Applied Economics 50, no. 53 (July 19, 2018): 5766–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1488065.

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kahnamouei, Sanaz barzegar, Mahsa Jabari Bazmi, and Khalil Allahvirdiyani. "Relationship of Religious Orientation (Inward-Outward) with Depression, Anxiety and Stress." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011): 2047–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.396.

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16

Behyan, Mina, Osman Mohamad, and Azizah Omar. "Influence of internationalization orientation on export performance: in the perspective of Malaysian manufacturing firms." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 30, no. 1 (February 3, 2015): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-05-2012-0091.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate several concepts of inward and outward internationalization and their impact on export performance in the context of Malaysian manufacturing exporting firms. Design/methodology/approach – Mail survey was administered to gather data from the Malaysian manufacturing firms that have been identified to have business export trading to the major oil and gas producer countries in the Middle East. A total of 120 respondents were received and further analysis was tabulated. Findings – Findings revealed that the outward internationalization is positively related to economic and non-economic measures of export performance. It indicates that an outward internationalization related to organizational capability has a major contribution to the export performance of Malaysian manufacturing and exporting firms. On the other hand, top management international orientation as an inward internationalization is negatively and significantly associated with economic measures, but not in the non-economic measures of the export performance. Research limitations/implications – The cross-sectional nature of this study may have limitations with respect to examining the direction and causality of some of the variables. The findings are limited to Malaysian manufacturing firms exporting to targeted markets. The significant of this study emanates from its expected theoretical implications to knowledge and practical implications to business and public organization. It lends support to the internationalization theory and contributes to a firm’s performance and enhances their export marketing knowledge with useful implications for international and relationship marketing. Originality/value – The results support the proposition that internationalization of firms from emerging nations are dependent on learning, acquiring and applying the knowledge from other firms particularly from firms originating from advanced developed nations.

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Juárez, Carlos E. "Trade and development policies in Colombia: Export promotion and outward orientation, 1967–1992." Studies In Comparative International Development 28, no. 3 (September 1993): 67–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02687122.

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Post, M. A., and D. C. Dawson. "Basolateral Na(+)-H+ antiporter. Mechanisms of electroneutral and conductive ion transport." Journal of General Physiology 103, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 895–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.103.5.895.

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The basolateral Na-H antiporter of the turtle colon exhibits both conductive and electroneutral Na+ transport (Post and Dawson. 1992. American Journal of Physiology. 262:C1089-C1094). To explore the mechanism of antiporter-mediated current flow, we compared the conditions necessary to evoke conduction and exchange, and determined the kinetics of activation for both processes. Outward (cell to extracellular fluid) but not inward (extracellular fluid to cell) Na+ or Li+ gradients promoted antiporter-mediated Na+ or Li+ currents, whereas an outwardly directed proton gradient drove inward Na+ or Li+ currents. Proton gradient-driven, "counterflow" current is strong evidence for an exchange stoichiometry of > 1 Na+ or Li+ per proton. Consistent with this notion, outward Na+ and Li+ currents generated by outward Na+ or Li+ gradients displayed sigmoidal activation kinetics. Antiporter-mediated proton currents were never observed, suggesting that only a single proton was transported per turnover of the antiporter. In contrast to Na+ conduction, Na+ exchange was driven by either outwardly or inwardly directed Na+, Li+, or H+ gradients, and the activation of Na+/Na+ exchange was consistent with Michaelis-Menten kinetics (K1/2 = 5 mM). Raising the extracellular fluid Na+ or Li+ concentration, but not extracellular fluid proton concentration, inhibited antiporter-mediated conduction and activated Na+ exchange. These results are consistent with a model for the Na-H antiporter in which the binding of Na+ or Li+ to a high-affinity site gives rise to one-for-one cation exchange, but the binding of Na+ or Li+ ions to other, lower-affinity sites can give rise to a nonunity, cation exchange stoichiometry and, hence, the net translocation of charge. The relative proportion of conductive and nonconductive events is determined by the magnitude and orientation of the substrate gradient and by the serosal concentration of Na+ or Li+.

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Wolcott, Daniel M., Madison R. Ackerman, and Michael L. Kennedy. "Assessing capture success of small mammals due to trap orientation in field–forest edge habitat." Canadian Field-Naturalist 128, no. 2 (July 6, 2014): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v128i2.1585.

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The prediction that trap orientation would not affect the likelihood of capturing small, non-volant mammals in field–forest edge habitat was tested during late May and early June 2010 at 3 locations in western Tennessee. Traps were placed in pairs along transects in edge habitats with the orientation of one trap facing outward, toward the field, and the other oriented inward, toward the forest. Results reflected no differential capture success due to trap orientation among ages, sexes, species, or locations. This finding should facilitate the inventorying and monitoring of small mammals in an abundant and potentially species-rich habitat type found in many terrestrial regions.

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Johnson, B. V., J. H. Wagner, G. D. Steuber, and F. C. Yeh. "Heat Transfer in Rotating Serpentine Passages With Selected Model Orientations for Smooth or Skewed Trip Walls." Journal of Turbomachinery 116, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929467.

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Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of model orientation as well as buoyancy and Coriolis forces on heat transfer in turbine blade internal coolant passages. Turbine blades have internal coolant passage surfaces at the leading and trailing edges of the airfoil with surfaces at angles that are as large as ±50 to 60 deg to the axis of rotation. Most of the previously presented, multiple-passage, rotating heat transfer experiments have focused on radial passages aligned with the axis of rotation. The present work compares results from serpentine passages with orientations 0 and 45 deg to the axis of rotation, which simulate the coolant passages for the midchord and trailing edge regions of the rotating airfoil. The experiments were conducted with rotation in both directions to simulate serpentine coolant passages with the rearward flow of coolant or with the forward flow of coolant. The experiments were conducted for passages with smooth surfaces and with 45 deg trips adjacent to airfoil surfaces for the radial portion of the serpentine passages. At a typical flow condition, the heat transfer on the leading surfaces for flow outward in the first passage with smooth walls was twice as much for the model at 45 deg compared to the model at 0 deg. However, the differences for the other passages and with trips were less. In addition, the effects of buoyancy and Coriolis forces on heat transfer in the rotating passage were decreased with the model at 45 deg, compared to the results at 0 deg. The heat transfer in the turn regions and immediately downstream of the turns in the second passage with flow inward and in the third passage with flow outward was also a function of model orientation with differences as large as 40 to 50 percent occurring between the model orientations with forward flow and rearward flow of coolant.

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Singer, H. W. "The world development report 1987 on the blessings of ‘outward orientation’: A necessary correction." Journal of Development Studies 24, no. 2 (January 1988): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388808422065.

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Dutta, S., J. C. Han, Y. Zhang, and C. P. Lee. "Local Heat Transfer in a Rotating Two-Pass Triangular Duct With Smooth Walls." Journal of Turbomachinery 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2836685.

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Earlier heat transfer studies with orthogonal rotation were conducted mostly on ducts of square cross section. This paper reports a different cross section, a triangular duct. Unlike a square cross section, the triangular shape provides more restriction to the formation of the secondary flows. Moreover, the studied orientation of the right triangular duct avoids formation of symmetric vortex structures in the crossflow plane. This paper presents turbulent heat transfer characteristics of a two-pass smooth-walled triangular duct. One pass is for radial outward flow and the other for radial inward flow. With rotation the radial outward and inward flow directions show different surface heat transfer characteristics. Like a square duct, differences between the trailing and the leading Nusselt number ratios for the triangular duct increase with rotation number. However, the rate of change of Nusselt number rations with rotation number varies for the two duct geometries. Standard k–ε model predictions for a radial outward flow situation show that the Nusselt number ratio variations with Reynolds number are not drastic for the same rotation number.

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Santos, Raquel Rocha, Simone Baratto Leonardi, Valentina Zaffaroni Caorsi, and Taran Grant. "Directional orientation of migration in an aseasonal explosive-breeding toad from Brazil." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 4 (May 28, 2010): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000180.

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Abstract:The directional orientation of pre- and post-reproductive migration was studied in the Brazilian red-bellied toad Melanophryniscus cambaraensis, a species that forms explosive-breeding aggregations at irregular intervals throughout the entire year. Migrating toads were captured by enclosing the breeding site in dual drift fences with inward- and outward-facing funnel traps. Data were collected over 5 mo and totalled 333 captures. The observed directional orientation was significantly different from expected under a uniform distribution for both pre- and post-reproductive migration, regardless of gender. Males and females did not differ significantly from each other in the orientation of entry or exit, and the directional orientation of pre-reproductive migration was not significantly different from post-reproductive migration. It is suggested that the observed directional bias may be due to a dirt road next to the breeding site that could restrict juvenile dispersal to the adjacent forest.

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You, Yucong. "New orientation of study on economic psychology and behaviour." Translational Neuroscience 10, no. 1 (May 21, 2019): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2019-0015.

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Abstract Economic psychology refers to the impact of psychological factors on economic changes, and its outward manifestation is economic behaviour. Psychology, as a science studying human psychology and behaviour, has no reason to ignore the study of economic activities. This study summarizes the latest research results and conclusions of economic psychology from three aspects of behaviour level, body signal and other people’s movement or displacement. In addition, it expounds the reflection of economic psychology, the reflection of rational human hypothesis of traditional economics and the prospect of future research. From the perspective of economic psychology, it is of great significance to analyse the psychological motivation behind the conflicts and interests in the study of economic psychology and behaviour so as to construct the harmonious behaviour relationship of “psychological contract” on the basis of the rational mechanism of interest distribution.

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Baskaran, Shathees, Nalini Nedunselian, Chun Howe Ng, Nomahaza Mahadi, and Siti Zaleha Abdul Rasid. "Earnings management: a strategic adaptation or deliberate manipulation?" Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 2 (January 11, 2020): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-07-2019-0098.

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Purpose This study aims to clarify the relationship between ethical orientation and earnings management perception phenomenon in the organization. It discusses to what extent earnings management is considered as a strategic adaptation or deliberate manipulation in an organization. The study also aims to expand the domain of ethical perspective of earnings management by considering mediating and moderating role of investor sentiment and corporate social responsibility (CSR) as inward pressure and outward commitment surrounding the organization, adopting a combined perspective of strategic management and also accounting discipline than is normally found in the ethics and earnings management literature. Design/methodology/approach The study opted for literature synthesis to define key concepts surrounding ethics and earnings management perception in the organization. Besides, it attempted to identify influential mediators and moderators in explaining the earnings management phenomenon in the organization. Consequently, the study identified the gaps in current research to draw upon a more holistic conceptual framework. The rationale for the research was justified within the body of research. Findings The study suggested research propositions based on the literature synthesis in view of ethics and earnings management perception in the organization. More specifically, it has proposed a conceptual framework, explaining the relationship between ethical orientation and a multi-dimensional view of earnings management perception. It is envisaged that the mediating and moderating role of investor sentiment and CSR incorporated in this conceptual study will improve the predictive value of the proposed framework and offer additional insights about factors that inhibit or advance ethical orientation and earnings management practices in the organization. Research limitations/implications This paper suffers from the obvious limitation of lacking empirical investigation. However, it does provide a theoretical rationale for the argument that alteration of earnings can be controlled if ethical orientation is emphasized in the organization apart from insulating internal and external pressures to manage such phenomenon from happening in the organization. Perhaps, the most important direction for future research is further extension and validation of this framework by performing an empirical investigation to produce newer insights into this phenomenon. Originality/value This conceptual study is different from previous studies on the grounds it has considered unexplored issues linking inward pressures and outward commitments in explaining this phenomenon further. To bridge the critical knowledge gap of earnings management phenomenon, a mediating effect of investor sentiment as an inward pressure and a moderating role of CSR as an outward commitment are also integrated within the model. The proposed model neither formulated nor tested empirically in previous studies locally or, perhaps, globally, therefore, stands out as an original contribution in the study of ethical orientation and earnings management perception.

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Gwynne, Robert N. "Outward Orientation and Marginal Environments: The Question of Sustainable Development in the Norte Chico, Chile." Mountain Research and Development 13, no. 3 (August 1993): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673657.

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Nabi, Ijaz. "Outward orientation of the economy: A review of Pakistan's evolving trade and exchange rate policy." Journal of Asian Economics 8, no. 1 (March 1997): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1049-0078(97)90011-7.

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Tihova, M., B. Tattrie, and P. Nicholls. "Electron microscopy of cytochrome c oxidase-containing proteoliposomes: imaging analysis of protein orientation and monomer-dimer behaviour." Biochemical Journal 292, no. 3 (June 15, 1993): 933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2920933.

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1. Cytochrome c oxidase-containing vesicles were prepared by cholate dialysis using bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase with egg and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine/dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamines (1:1, w/w) at two ratios of phospholipid to protein (25 mg/mg and 10 mg/mg). With each mixture, one or two (FII, FIII) fractions with mostly outward-facing cytochrome aa3 were separated from a fraction (FI) containing mostly inward-facing enzyme and protein-free liposomes by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. 2. FII and FIII fractions from egg phospholipid mixtures had 60-80% outward-facing enzyme; FII and FIII fractions from dioleoyl phospholipids showed 50-70% outward-facing enzyme. Egg and dioleoyl phospholipid mixtures maintained good respiratory control ratios (8-13) only at the higher lipid/protein ratios. 3. Platinum/carbon replicas of freeze-fractured vesicle surfaces were subjected to image analysis. The results showed two types of membrane projection with average heights of 7.5 nm and 3.5 nm from the fracture plane. The former were more numerous on the convex faces. Calculated areas of the projections indicated the probable presence of both enzyme dimers and higher aggregates. Oxidase dimers may have membrane areas of 70-80 nm2 at the high (7.5 nm) side and 40-50 nm2 on the low (3.5 nm) side. 4. Proteoliposomes prepared with enzyme depleted of subunit III contained predominantly much smaller projecting areas. These probably represent monomers with high side areas of 35-40 nm2 and low side areas of 20-25 nm2. Electron microscopy thus directly confirms the predicted change of aggregation state resulting from subunit depletion. 5. The results are compared with those from two-dimensional crystals. Assuming that the high and low projections are two sides of one family of transmembrane molecules, a total length of 11 nm matches 11-12 nm lengths obtained by crystallography. Our membrane areas match the areas obtained in earlier ‘crystal’ studies better than the small areas obtained recently by electron cryomicroscopy.

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Teodorescu, C. M., J. Chrost, H. Ascolani, J. Avila, F. Soria, and M. C. Asensio. "Growth of Epitaxial Co Layers on Sb-Passivated GaAs(110) Substrates." Surface Review and Letters 05, no. 01 (February 1998): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x98000517.

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The role of Sb in the formation of the Co/GaAs(110) interfaces has been investigated by angular photoelectron diffraction (PD), synchrotron-radiation (SR) core-level photoemission and low-energy electron diffraction. We find that Co forms a metastable bcc phase on GaAs(110), with its principal crystallographic axes parallel to the substrate. From polar-angle-scanned PD, we determine an outward expansion of up to 14% of the lattice constant perpendicular to the surface, for epitaxial Co films grown on nontreated substrates. By Sb passivation of the GaAs(110) surface prior to the Co deposition, the epitaxial quality of the metallic overlayer is improved. The resulting Co phase is found to grow in a perfect bcc (110) orientation with a minor disruption of the substrate underneath and a reduced intralayer spacing outward expansion of less than 1%.

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Gryn, V. P. "Historical aspects of the origin of strategic management accounting." Problems of Theory and Methodology of Accounting, Control and Analysis, no. 1(48) (April 29, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26642/pbo-2021-48-13-19.

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The necessity of the analysis of historical features of formation of the strategic management accounting has been grounded. The peculiarities of the crisis in management accounting in the 1980s have been determined. The requirements to the management accounting system in terms of strategic cost management have been identified. A significant increase in attention to the problems of development of strategic management accounting (demarcation with classical management accounting, separation of methods, empirical research of accounting practice) since the 2000s has been established. The lack of a unified interpretation of the concept of «strategic management accounting» among Ukrainian and foreign scientists has been identified. Characteristic features of strategic management accounting have been determined (development of management accounting with strategic orientation; external orientation (outward-oriented); future orientation (perspective orientation); application of both financial and non-financial typologies of measurement in focus on internal resources and organizational capabilities). The main purpose of strategic management accounting as the creation of information support to achieve competitive advantages and improve the performance of the enterprise has been grounded.

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Wilson-Kubalek, Elizabeth M., Iain M. Cheeseman, Craig Yoshioka, Arshad Desai, and Ronald A. Milligan. "Orientation and structure of the Ndc80 complex on the microtubule lattice." Journal of Cell Biology 182, no. 6 (September 15, 2008): 1055–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200804170.

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The four-subunit Ndc80 complex, comprised of Ndc80/Nuf2 and Spc24/Spc25 dimers, directly connects kinetochores to spindle microtubules. The complex is anchored to the kinetochore at the Spc24/25 end, and the Ndc80/Nuf2 dimer projects outward to bind to microtubules. Here, we use cryoelectron microscopy and helical image analysis to visualize the interaction of the Ndc80/Nuf2 dimer with microtubules. Our results, when combined with crystallography data, suggest that the globular domain of the Ndc80 subunit binds strongly at the interface between tubulin dimers and weakly at the adjacent intradimer interface along the protofilament axis. Such a binding mode, in which the Ndc80 complex interacts with sequential α/β-tubulin heterodimers, may be important for stabilizing kinetochore-bound microtubules. Additionally, we define the binding of the Ndc80 complex relative to microtubule polarity, which reveals that the microtubule interaction surface is at a considerable distance from the opposite kinetochore-anchored end; this binding geometry may facilitate polymerization and depolymerization at kinetochore-attached microtubule ends.

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Spoor, Sonja T. P., Marrie H. J. Bekker, Guus L. Van Heck, Marcel A. Croon, and Tatjana Van Strien. "Inner Body and Outward Appearance: The Relationships Between Appearance Orientation, Eating Disorder Symptoms, and Internal Body Awareness." Eating Disorders 13, no. 5 (October 2005): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10640260500297267.

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Park, Byung Il, and Shufeng Simon Xiao. "What drives outward FDI from emerging economies? The interplay between exploration orientation and home-country institutional changes." Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration 34, no. 4 (June 20, 2017): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1447.

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Han, Xiaoou (Jane), and Eric Hansen. "Marketing sophistication in private sawmilling companies in the United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 2 (February 2016): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0242.

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Recent research in the field of marketing documents a shift from a production–sales orientation to a customer–market–stakeholder orientation. However, there is no systematic investigation of marketing sophistication in firms. This study examines marketing sophistication in the context of private sawmilling companies in the United States using a case study approach. Specifically, marketing culture and marketing strategies in the companies are the focus of the study. Data were collected from 20 firms via personal interviews, website information, and field notes. Findings show that the studied companies do not have a holistic understanding of marketing and a production-oriented mentality still largely presents. An enhanced understanding of marketing would benefit the firms. However, it is also quite clear that many of the studied companies are starting to pursue an outward-looking, market-oriented approach to marketing.

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Wu, C. C., M. Dryer, and S. T. Wu. "Three-dimensional MHD simulation of interplanetary magnetic field changes at 1 AU as a consequence of simulated solar flares." Annales Geophysicae 14, no. 4 (April 30, 1996): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0383-1.

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Abstract. A fully three-dimensional (3D), time-dependent, MHD interplanetary global model (3D IGM) has been used, for the first time, to study the relationship between different forms of solar activity and transient variations of the north-south component, Bz, of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) at 1 AU. One form of solar activity, the flare, is simulated by using a pressure pulse at different locations near the solar surface and observing the simulated IMF evolution of Bθ (=–Bz) at 1 AU. Results show that, for a given pressure pulse, the orientation of the corresponding transient variation of Bz has a strong relationship to the location of the pressure pulse and the initial conditions of the IMF. Two initial IMF conditions are considered: a unipolar Archimedean spiral with outward polarity and a flat heliospheric current sheet (HCS) with outward polarity in the northern hemisphere and which gradually reverses polarity in the solar equatorial plane to inward polarity in the southern heliospheric hemisphere. The wave guide effect of the HCS is also demonstrated.

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Frangos, Zachary J., Katie A. Wilson, Heather M. Aitken, Ryan Cantwell Chater, Robert J. Vandenberg, and Megan L. O’Mara. "Membrane cholesterol regulates inhibition and substrate transport by the glycine transporter, GlyT2." Life Science Alliance 6, no. 4 (January 23, 2023): e202201708. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202201708.

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Membrane cholesterol binds to and modulates the function of various SLC6 neurotransmitter transporters, including stabilizing the outward-facing conformation of the dopamine and serotonin transporters. Here, we investigate how cholesterol binds to GlyT2 (SLC6A5), modulates glycine transport rate, and influences bioactive lipid inhibition of GlyT2. Bioactive lipid inhibitors are analgesics that bind to an allosteric site accessible from the extracellular solution when GlyT2 adopts an outward-facing conformation. Using molecular dynamics simulations, mutagenesis, and cholesterol depletion experiments, we show that bioactive lipid inhibition of glycine transport is modulated by the recruitment of membrane cholesterol to a binding site formed by transmembrane helices 1, 5, and 7. Recruitment involves cholesterol flipping from its membrane orientation, and insertion of the 3′ hydroxyl group into the cholesterol binding cavity, close to the allosteric site. The synergy between cholesterol and allosteric inhibitors provides a novel mechanism of inhibition and a potential avenue for the development of potent GlyT2 inhibitors as alternative therapeutics for the treatment of neuropathic pain and therapeutics that target other SLC6 transporters.

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Freewan, Ahmed A. Y. "Energy-Efficient Solutions Depending on Building Forms Design with Tilted South and North Facades." Buildings 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060753.

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Interactions between buildings and outdoor environment variables, such as the sun, wind and precipitation, depend on building parameters such as orientation, colours, materials and forms. Building forms are one of the most important parameters that directly impact the cooling and heating load energy consumption, daylight environment and urban sustainability. The current study focused on how building forms affect the energy performance of buildings. Inclined forms that were shaped based on the inclination of south and north facades were studied. Many methods were used to explore the impacts of several variables, including exposure to direct sunrays and heating and cooling load. Thermal performance and energy consumption were investigated for many inward- and outward-tilted angles forms for both the south and north directions and compared to vertical facades. In addition, the study developed new building forms based on a combination of south and north tilted forms, which have low energy consumption. The configurations achieved an acceptable balance between cooling and heating energy consumption. A series of computer simulations were developed using energy plus a calculation engine within DesignBuilder, SunCast, Radiance and IES VE. The results showed that outward-tilted facades for the south orientation perform well, as they reduced the cooling load due to self-shading. Building forms that balanced south and north tilted facades saved the most energy. South-tilted facades forming only 30° angles performed the best, with average energy savings of 20%. Meanwhile, forms with 30° south-tilted facade and 10° tilted north facades, such as forms 3–6, reduced energy consumption by more than 23% compared to the base case.

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Shield, Aaron, Megan Igel, Kristina Randall, and Richard P. Meier. "The Source of Palm Orientation Errors in the Signing of Children with ASD: Imitative, Motoric, or Both?" Brain Sciences 10, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050268.

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Palm orientation reversal errors (e.g., producing the ‘bye-bye’ gesture with palm facing inward rather than outward as is customary in American culture) have been documented in the signing of deaf and hearing children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in the imitation of gestures by signing and non-signing children with ASD. However the source of these unusual errors remains opaque. Given that children with ASD have documented difficulties with both imitation and motor skills, it is important to clarify the nature of these errors. Here we present a longitudinal case study of a single child with ASD, a hearing, signing child of Deaf parents. Samples of the child’s signing were analyzed at ages 4;11, 6;2, 10;2, and 14;11. Lexical signs and fingerspelled letters were coded for the four parameters of sign articulation (handshape, location, movement, and palm orientation). Errors decreased for handshape, location, and movement after age 4;11, but increased on palm orientation from 4;11 and remained high, exceeding 55% of signs by 14;11. Fingerspelled letters contained a large proportion of 180-degree reversals, which suggest an origin in imitation differences, as well as midline-facing errors, suggestive of a motor origin. These longitudinal data suggest that palm orientation errors could be rooted in both imitation differences and motoric difficulties.

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Sfakianakis, George, Anastasios I. Magoutas, and Demosthenes Georgopoulos. "An Empirical Analysis of Differences in GDP per Capita and the Role of Human Capital." Industry and Higher Education 24, no. 2 (April 2010): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000010791191047.

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Using a generalized production function approach and insights from empirical research on the determinants of growth, this paper assesses the relative importance of specific factors in explaining differences in the levels of per capita GDP. Emphasis is placed on education, physical capital accumulation, the share of the public sector in economic activity and the outward orientation of economies. Education, among other things, is connected with the ability of countries to take advantage of technology transfer channels. Panel data estimation techniques are used to obtain empirical results for the EU-15 countries, and economic policy recommendations are evaluated accordingly.

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Tervo-Niemelä, Kati. "Death Attitudes in Clergy Work: Death Attitudes and Their Linkage to Work Orientation and Wellbeing among the Finnish Clergy." Journal of Empirical Theology 33, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15709256-12341399.

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Abstract In this study, the focus is on death attitudes among the clergy in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and their role in clergy work. The aim is to find out whether these attitudes have any practical relevance in clergy work and to see if the death attitudes are linked to the work orientation and wellbeing among the clergy. The death attitudes are measured by the Death Attitude Profile-Revised DAP-R (N=650). The results show that death attitudes have a multifaceted role in clergy work. Negative death attitudes were linked to an outward motivational orientation in work and lower levels of work wellbeing, and positive, on the other hand, to lower levels of burnout and higher levels of work engagement. These results show the importance of the competence related to death in clergy work and these notions should be acknowledged in the education and further education of the clergy.

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Hasibuan, Sayuti. "MEWUJUDKAN MASYARAKAT MORAL BERDAYA SAING TINGGI." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 6, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v6i1.4010.

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The development experience since Indonesian independence generally shows that welfare is still out of reach. It shows that there is a need to replace the basic ideology of development operational from material to human beings. The operational vision need to be changed from creating a welfare nation to creating a morally nation that has high competency since the latter measurement comprise more, materially or non-materially.In this writing, writer stated that the absolute requirement for the development success of developing countries, including Indonesia, is strategy orientation changes from outward looking to inward looking; from basic operational ideology of material to human and humanity ideology.

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Sarmad, Khwaja, and Riaz Mahmood. "Disaggregated Import Demand Functions for Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i1pp.71-80.

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This paper estimates demand elasticities of relative prices and, those with respect to the activity variable for selected imports of Pakistan at different levels of aggregation for the 1969-70 - 1983-84 period. The relative price elasticities, adjusted for tariffs, are found to be quite small and distinctly different from those estimated for developed countries. Elasticities with respect to the activity variable are on the higher side which may reflect the increased outward orientation of the economy during this period. We have also found evidence which supports the argument that import substitution of consumer and capital goods has led to increased import dependence on inputs.

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YANG, ZHENYU, and YA-PU ZHAO. "SIZE-DEPENDENT ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF Ni NANOFILMS BY MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION." Surface Review and Letters 14, no. 04 (August 2007): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x07010032.

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Size-dependent elastic properties of Ni nanofilms are investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with embedded atom method (EAM). The surface effects are considered by calculating the surface relaxation, surface energy, and surface stress. The Young's modulus and yield stress are obtained as functions of thickness and crystallographic orientation. It is shown that the surface relaxation has important effects on the the elastic properties at nanoscale. When the surface relaxation is outward, the Young's modulus decreases with the film thickness decreasing, and vice versa. The results also show that the yield stresses of the films increase with the films becoming thinner. With the thickness of the nanofilms decreasing, the surface effects on the elastic properties become dominant.

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Ford, Michael R., and Douglas M. Ihrke. "Bridging the Charter School Accountability Divide: Defining a Role for Nonprofit Charter School Boards." Education and Urban Society 51, no. 5 (December 18, 2017): 640–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124517747365.

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In this article, we use originally collected survey data to determine how nonprofit charter school board members in the states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota define accountability. We find that charter board members generally define accountability downward toward student achievement and staff performance, inward toward board performance, or upward toward authorizer compliance. We use the results of the survey to make a series of public policy recommendations to help charter school boards look outward in their accountability orientation as a means of addressing the calls for increased public accountability for the charter school sector. The results add practical value to policy discussions regarding charter school accountability and theoretical value to scholars studying public and nonprofit governance reforms.

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Mihci, Hakan, and Devrim Karaman. "An Assessment of Output Performance in Northern Cyprus." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10033-009-0002-7.

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An Assessment of Output Performance in Northern CyprusThis paper mainly attempts to investigate empirically the Northern Cyprus output performance by using a panel data method for the period 1977-2005. A supplementary aim is to assess the impact of export orientation on the Northern Cyprus output level. Empirical results suggest that investment, employment and export variables significantly and positively affect the sectoral production increases in Northern Cyprus. Among other variables, exports of goods and services exert considerable affects on the sectoral production in the case of Northern Cyprus economy. Therefore, it can be suggested that a production structure mostly dependent on foreign demand makes it easier to overcome the restrictions originating from the insufficiency of the domestic market through creating new employment opportunities for highly qualified labor force and additional production capacity with productive investments. Moreover, exports have the potential to rise total factor productivities, and hence, to improve output expansion of the country further. In short, one may propose that outward orientation seems to be relevant in achieving higher levels of output in the case of the Northern Cyprus economy.

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Maiato, Helder, Conly L. Rieder, and Alexey Khodjakov. "Kinetochore-driven formation of kinetochore fibers contributes to spindle assembly during animal mitosis." Journal of Cell Biology 167, no. 5 (November 29, 2004): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200407090.

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It is now clear that a centrosome-independent pathway for mitotic spindle assembly exists even in cells that normally possess centrosomes. The question remains, however, whether this pathway only activates when centrosome activity is compromised, or whether it contributes to spindle morphogenesis during a normal mitosis. Here, we show that many of the kinetochore fibers (K-fibers) in centrosomal Drosophila S2 cells are formed by the kinetochores. Initially, kinetochore-formed K-fibers are not oriented toward a spindle pole but, as they grow, their minus ends are captured by astral microtubules (MTs) and transported poleward through a dynein-dependent mechanism. This poleward transport results in chromosome bi-orientation and congression. Furthermore, when individual K-fibers are severed by laser microsurgery, they regrow from the kinetochore outward via MT plus-end polymerization at the kinetochore. Thus, even in the presence of centrosomes, the formation of some K-fibers is initiated by the kinetochores. However, centrosomes facilitate the proper orientation of K-fibers toward spindle poles by integrating them into a common spindle.

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Ebert, Matthias, Michael H. Poelchau, Thomas Kenkmann, and Bennet Schuster. "Tracing shock-wave propagation in the Chicxulub crater: Implications for the formation of peak rings." Geology 48, no. 8 (May 18, 2020): 814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47129.1.

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Abstract The Chicxulub crater (Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico) is considered exceptional in many scientific aspects; morphologically it is the only known impact structure on Earth with a well-preserved peak ring. Recent drilling (International Ocean Discovery Program–International Continental Scientific Drilling Program Expedition 364) into this topographic feature provides insights into the structural properties and complex formation of a peak ring. By means of U-stage microscopy on shocked quartz grains from the granitic section of the recovered drill core, orientations of feather features (FFs) were determined and local principal axis of stress (σ1) orientations of the shock wave were derived. The FF orientations are strongly confined to a radially outward trend (WNW) relative to the crater center, which emphasizes a link between FF formation and the direction of shock-wave propagation. Thus, FFs represent an excellent tool as a stress-orientation indicator for the shock wave. Our microstructural data set shows that the granitic basement of the peak ring between ∼750 and ∼1200 m below seafloor behaved as a semi-coherent block above an imbricate thrust zone, and underwent both rotation and local folding during cratering. This validates the block sizes of acoustic fluidization employed in most Chicxulub-scale impact simulations. The folding of the upper part of the granitic basement may have developed by either (1) compression of the crater wall at the transient cavity and/or (2) dragging by the centripetal flow of the overlying crater material.

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Knauf, Philip A., Nancy Mendoza Raha, and Laurie J. Spinelli. "The Noncompetitive Inhibitor Ww781 Senses Changes in Erythrocyte Anion Exchanger (Ae1) Transport Site Conformation and Substrate Binding." Journal of General Physiology 115, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.115.2.159.

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WW781 binds reversibly to red blood cell AE1 and inhibits anion exchange by a two-step mechanism, in which an initial complex (complex 1) is rapidly formed, and then there is a slower equilibration to form a second complex (complex 2) with a lower free energy. According to the ping-pong kinetic model, AE1 can exist in forms with the anion transport site facing either inward or outward, and the transition between these forms is greatly facilitated by binding of a transportable substrate such as Cl−. Both the rapid initial binding of WW781 and the formation of complex 2 are strongly affected by the conformation of AE1, such that the forms with the transport site facing outward have higher affinity than those with the transport site facing inward. In addition, binding of Cl− seems to raise the free energy of complex 2 relative to complex 1, thereby reducing the equilibrium binding affinity, but Cl− does not compete directly with WW781. The WW781 binding site, therefore, reveals a part of the AE1 structure that is sensitive to Cl− binding and to transport site orientation, in addition to the disulfonic stilbene binding site. The relationship of the inhibitory potency of WW781 under different conditions to the affinities for the different forms of AE1 provides information on the possible asymmetric distributions of unloaded and Cl−-loaded transport sites that are consistent with the ping-pong model, and supports the conclusion from flux and nuclear magnetic resonance data that both the unloaded and Cl−-loaded sites are very asymmetrically distributed, with far more sites facing the cytoplasm than the outside medium. This asymmetry, together with the ability of WW781 to recruit toward the forms with outward-facing sites, implies that WW781 may be useful for changing the conformation of AE1 in studies of structure–function relationships.

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Suokhrie, Kelhouvinuo. "Clans and clanlectal contact." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 188–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.2.2.04suo.

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Abstract This is the first variationist study of clan intermarriage and intergenerational change in Nagaland (India). The study investigates clan as a sociolinguistic variable by drawing data from the Angami (belonging to the Kuki-Chin-Naga sub-group of Tibeto-Burman languages) community of Kohima village in Nagaland. The linguistic variables examined include two alveolar fricatives and three affricates showing variable palatalization. Like many other clan-based communities (cf. Stanford, 2007, 2008, 2009), Angamis practice exogamy. Women settle down in their husband’s clans in the same village after marriage, but continue to maintain their original clanlects despite being in contact with their husband’s clanlects for many years. Exogamy practices are however weakening in Kohima, resulting in intra-clan marriages. The study examines the linguistic implications of the inter-clan and intra-clan marriages, illustrating the patterns that young learners acquire under such circumstances and the way they respond to the new changes. Labov finds evidence for an “outward orientation of the language learning faculty” (2012, 2014). The Nagaland results build on this notion but provide a new perspective: In Nagaland, children’s language learning is inwardly oriented with respect to stable variation and outwardly oriented in the case of change in progress.

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Laforet, Sylvie. "Effects of organisational culture on organisational innovation performance in family firms." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 23, no. 2 (May 16, 2016): 379–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-02-2015-0020.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of organisational culture (OC) on organisational innovation performance (OIP) in family small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It seeks to establish the type of culture that lead to high innovation performance in family firms. Design/methodology/approach – A postal survey of family SMEs across sectors in the UK is conducted. The study employs multiple regression analyses to test which family business culture has an effect on OIP. Among the family business cultures tested are: an external cultural orientation, a flexible and open OC as well as an organisational climate based on open communication and trust, the founder culture, and a long-term cultural orientation. Findings – The findings show that a paternalistic and founder culture type do not have a positive effect on family firm innovation performance, but an entrepreneurial-like culture does, i.e. one that is externally oriented, flexible, proactive (refer to an open culture) and long-term oriented. Similarly, an inward focus culture such as, the founder culture impedes innovation; while an outward focus culture such as, an external orientation culture has a positive effect on family firm innovation performance. Originality/value – This study makes valuable contributions to the understanding of theory and practices of innovation in family businesses. It provides future research directions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Outward orientation'

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