Journal articles: 'Output stationary'

1

Valera, Harold Glenn A., Mark J. Holmes, and Gazi M. Hassan. "Does inflation targeting matter for the behavior of inflation and output growth? Some regime-based evidence for Asian economies." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 5 (October 8, 2018): 932–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-01-2017-0023.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider whether or not the introduction of inflation targeting (IT) impacts on the mean-reversion properties of inflation and output growth.Design/methodology/approachFocusing on eight Asian countries of which four are inflation-targeters, the authors employ a two-state Markov-switching model which characterizes the behavior of inflation and output growth as regime-dependent based on periods of stationarity or non-stationarity.FindingsIn contrast to a literature that offers mixed findings, the authors find the presence of stationary inflation and output growth in one regime for all IT countries, except for South Korea which is characterized by stationary output growth in both regimes. In the cases of South Korea and Thailand, IT reduces the probability of inflation remaining in a non-stationary regime. IT increases the probability of South Korea remaining in a regime of low persistence output growth. While IT is important in understanding behavior, so are other considerations such as exchange rate volatility, as well as the Asian and global financial crises.Originality/valueIn contrast to other unit root tests of inflation and output growth, a novelty of the approach is that the authors obtain new insights in terms of two concepts of stationarity that allow for inflation and output growth to switch between stationary and non-stationary regimes (partial stationarity), or between stationary regimes of differing degrees of persistence (varied stationarity).

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Smallwood, David O. "Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Linear Systems Extreme Inputs/Outputs." Shock and Vibration 14, no. 2 (2007): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/701837.

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A linear structure is excited at multiple points with a stationary normal random process. The response of the structure is measured at multiple outputs. If the autospectral densities of the inputs are specified, the phase relationships between the inputs are derived that will minimize or maximize the trace of the autospectral density matrix of the outputs. If the autospectral densities of the outputs are specified, the phase relationships between the outputs that will minimize or maximize the trace of the input autospectral density matrix are derived. It is shown that other phase relationships and ordinary coherence less than one will result in a trace intermediate between these extremes. Least favorable response and some classes of critical response are special cases of the development. It is shown that the derivation for stationary random waveforms can also be applied to nonstationary random, transients, and deterministic waveforms.

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Clemente, Jesus, Antonio Montanes, and Montserrat Ponz. "Are the consumption/output and investment/output ratios stationary? An international analysis." Applied Economics Letters 6, no. 10 (October 1999): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135048599352510.

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Christopoulos, Dimitris K., and Miguel A. León-Ledesma. "Time-series output convergence tests and stationary covariates." Economics Letters 101, no. 3 (December 2008): 297–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2008.09.009.

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Deckers, Thomas, and Christoph Hanck. "MULTIPLE TESTING FOR OUTPUT CONVERGENCE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 18, no. 1 (May 25, 2012): 199–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100512000338.

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This paper tests for output convergence across n = 51 economies, employing the definition of Pesaran [Journal of Econometrics 138, 312–355 (2007)]. The definition requires output gaps to be stationary around a constant mean. But when all n(n − 1)/2 pairs of log per capita output gaps are considered, this results in more than 1,000 unit root tests to be conducted. Hence, because of the ensuing multiplicity of the testing problem, a nontrivial number of output gaps will be falsely declared to be stationary when each of the n(n − 1)/2 hypotheses is tested at some conventional level like 5%. To solve the problem, we employ recent multiple testing techniques that allow us to bound the expected fraction of false rejections at a desired level. Monte Carlo results illustrate the usefulness of the techniques. The empirical results show that the data do not support the notion of output convergence after controlling for multiplicity.

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Sadeh, Ilan. "Universal Data Compression Algorithm Based on Approximate String Matching." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 10, no. 4 (October 1996): 465–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964800004502.

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A practical source coding scheme based on approximate string matching is proposed. It is an approximate fixed-length string matching data compression combined with a block-coder based on the empirical distribution. A lemma on approximate string matching, which is an extension of the Kac Lemma, is proved. It is shown, based on the lemma, that the deterministic algorithm converts the stationary and ergodic source, u, into an output process v, and under the assumption that v is a stationary process, after the scheme has run for an infinite time, the optimal compression ratio R(D) is achieved. This reduces the problem of the universal lossy coder to the proof of stationarity of the output process ν in the proposed algorithm. The main advantages of the proposed method are the asymptotic sequential behavior of the encoder and the simplicity of the decoder.

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Hakmeh, Rashel Abu. "Stationary Factor of Non-Stationary Random Process Based on Differential Transformation." Galoitica: Journal of Mathematical Structures and Applications 8, no. 2 (2023): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/gjmsa.080203.

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This research studies the deviation of the output signal from stationary state by calculating stationary factor in differential filter with constant and non-stochastic coefficients, a stationary process is applied on its input. We show that this deviation is related to the degree of transformation the study range length and the form of a correlation function of the process applied on the input and the special solution of the equation LY=X and its correlation or un-correlation with that process.

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KE, YUNQUAN. "STATIONARY SOLUTIONS ANALYSIS OF CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORKS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 16, no. 01 (January 2006): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127406014678.

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A class of cellular neural networks, containing the input and output terms, is investigated in this paper. The input and output synaptic weights are taken as the parameter in conjunction with the thresholds, and parameter spaces are constructed from them. Based on geometrical method, the parameter spaces are decomposed into many finite regions, and the value assignment range of stationary solutions is given when system parameters are determined on some regions.

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9

Bean, Nigel, David Green, and Peter Taylor. "The output process of an MMPP/M/1 queue." Journal of Applied Probability 35, no. 4 (December 1998): 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1032438394.

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Olivier and Walrand (1994) claimed that the departure process of an MMPP/M/1 queue is not an MAP unless the queue is a stationary M/M/1 queue. They also conjectured that the departure process of an MAP/PH/1 queue is not an MAP unless the queue is a stationary M/M/1 queue. We show that their proof of the first result has an algebraic error, which leaves open the above question of whether the departure process of an MMPP/M/1 can be an MAP.

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Bean, Nigel, David Green, and Peter Taylor. "The output process of an MMPP/M/1 queue." Journal of Applied Probability 35, no. 04 (December 1998): 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200016697.

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Olivier and Walrand (1994) claimed that the departure process of an MMPP/M/1 queue is not an MAP unless the queue is a stationary M/M/1 queue. They also conjectured that the departure process of an MAP/PH/1 queue is not an MAP unless the queue is a stationary M/M/1 queue. We show that their proof of the first result has an algebraic error, which leaves open the above question of whether the departure process of an MMPP/M/1 can be an MAP.

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11

Sawyer, John A. "Forecasting with Input–Output Matrices: Are the Coefficients Stationary?" Economic Systems Research 4, no. 4 (January 1992): 325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09535319200000030.

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Goncharenko, Borys, Larysa Vikhrova, and Mariia Miroshnichenko. "Optimal control of nonlinear stationary systems at infinite control time." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences, no. 4(35) (2021): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2021.4(35).88-93.

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The article presents a solution to the problem of control synthesis for dynamical systems described by linear differential equations that function in accordance with the integral-quadratic quality criterion under uncertainty. External perturbations, errors and initial conditions belong to a certain set of uncertainties. Therefore, the problem of finding the optimal control in the form of feedback on the output of the object is presented in the form of a minimum problem of optimal control under uncertainty. The problem of finding the optimal control and initial state, which maximizes the quality criterion, is considered in the framework of the optimization problem, which is solved by the method of Lagrange multipliers after the introduction of the auxiliary scalar function - Hamiltonian. The case of a stationary system on an infinite period of time is considered. The formulas that can be used for calculations are given for the first and second variations. It is proposed to solve the problem of control search in two stages: search of intermediate solution at fixed values of control and error vectors and subsequent search of final optimal control. The solution of -optimal control for infinite time taking into account the signal from the compensator output is also considered, as well as the solution of the corresponding matrix algebraic equations of Ricatti type.

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13

Plaksiy, Yuriy. "Algorithmical determination of the equilibrium/stead position of a dynamic system by the finite-step method." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Dynamics and Strength of Machines, no. 1 (December 21, 2023): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-9130.2023.1.277161.

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The problem of algorithmic estimation of the equilibrium/stationary state of the dynamic system based on the minimum number of measurements of the output quantity at equidistant time points is considered. For this, a finite-step method was used, which consists in the formation, according to certain rules, of the sums and differences of the values of the output quantity, which are located symmetrically on the time axis relative to a certain moment that can be determined a priori. As a result, overdetermined systems of linear equations are formed with respect to the introduced fictitious unknowns, and based on the necessary condition for the existence of a solution to these systems, formulas are found to determine the equilibrium/stationary position of the dynamic system. Algorithms for determining the equilibrium /stationary state for the following mathematical models of the output value are given: in the form of a constant component and a damped exponent, in the form of a constant component and a damped sinusoid, in the form of a constant component and two undamped sinusoids, in the form of a constant component and a damped sinusoid. It is shown that in the absence of measurement errors of the output value, the error in estimating the equilibrium/stationary state of the transient process depends only on the error in solving the system of linear equations. Ways of using the redundant number of measurements are discussed. Keywords: equilibrium position, stationary state, dynamic system, mathematical model, finite-step method, numerical algorithm.

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14

Chang, Cheng-Shang. "On the input-output map of a G/G/1 queue." Journal of Applied Probability 31, no. 4 (December 1994): 1128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3215337.

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In this note, we consider G/G/1 queues with stationary and ergodic inputs. We show that if the service times are independent and identically distributed with unbounded supports, then for a given mean of interarrival times, the number of sequences (distributions) of interarrival times that induce identical distributions on interdeparture times is at most 1. As a direct consequence, among all the G/M/1 queues with stationary and ergodic inputs, the M/M/1 queue is the only queue whose departure process is identically distributed as the input process.

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Chang, Cheng-Shang. "On the input-output map of a G/G/1 queue." Journal of Applied Probability 31, no. 04 (December 1994): 1128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200099654.

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In this note, we consider G/G/1 queues with stationary and ergodic inputs. We show that if the service times are independent and identically distributed with unbounded supports, then for a given mean of interarrival times, the number of sequences (distributions) of interarrival times that induce identical distributions on interdeparture times is at most 1. As a direct consequence, among all the G/M/1 queues with stationary and ergodic inputs, the M/M/1 queue is the only queue whose departure process is identically distributed as the input process.

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16

Ignatkin, V. U., V. S. Dudnikov, Y. O. Shulzhyk, and O. P. Yushkevich. "ADAPTIVE IDENTIFICATION OF NON-STATIONARY AIRCRAFT, ASSESSMENT OF THEIR STABILITY." System design and analysis of aerospace technique characteristics 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/472406.

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For the most part, various processes are multi-link inertial systems that have a certain non-stationarity to one degree or another. The presence of inertia leads to the fact that it is customary to consider processes as dynamic objects. Such dynamic non-stationary objects can be described by models, both in continuous time (for example, differential equations) and in discrete time (for example, difference equations). Ultimately, the choice of a discrete or continuous form of representation of a non-stationary object is determined by which mathematical apparatus is considered more appropriate by the researcher. In some cases, it is possible to consider the process as a static object, which allows to significantly simplify the analysis of such a non-stationary object. However, replacing a dynamic object with a static model is not always possible and leads to an uncontrolled error at the output. Non-stationarity is an important characteristic of the process as an object of management and is caused primarily by changes in process properties, under the influence of changes in environmental conditions, aging and wear of equipment, etc. Non-stationarity of the process significantly complicates the analysis and synthesis of control systems of this kind of objects, since the theory for control systems stationary in time is not applicable for non- stationary systems. Depending on the set goal and management tasks, process models can have different forms of presentation. The article examines various forms of presentation and research of non-stationary dynamic objects and their parameters from the standpoint of synthesis of the circuit of assessment and management of various processes, in particular the flight of an aircraft. The results of the analysis of the accuracy of identification of non-stationary objects, the adaptation of systems when combining or distributing in time the stages of "learning" and "management" in conditions of stochastic uncertainty are presented. The conditions for obtaining reliable estimates of the current values of object parameters during their measurement, processing and transmission in communication channels in real time are determined.

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Alktranee, Mohammed H. R., Qudama Al-Yasiri, and Mortda M. Sahib. "Power output enhancement of grid-connected PV system using dual-axis tracking." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 5 (2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2020002.

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The current paper proposes an augmentation of power output production of a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system using dual-axis solar tracking (DAST). Solarius PV software was applied to design and predict the energy demand for a single-family house over one year under the climate condition of Basra city, Iraq. The performance of the DAST-PV system was compared to another stationary PV system has the same capacity in terms of power output and the reduction of generated emissions over 20 years lifetime. The results showed that the stationary PV system can overcome up to 84.8% of the total electricity demand of the house while DAST-PV system can overcome up to 100% with surplus energy of 9886.55 kWh. Moreover, the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions avoided by the DAT-PV system were about 34.8% more than the stationary system over the system lifetime.

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Bernal, Dionisio, and Alessandro de Stefano. "Diagnosis of Structural Damage from Non-Stationary Output-Only Measurements." Key Engineering Materials 245-246 (July 2003): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.245-246.331.

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El-Taha, Muhammad, and Shaler Stidham. "Sample-path stability conditions for multiserver input-output processes." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis 7, no. 3 (January 1, 1994): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1048953394000353.

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We extend our studies of sample-path stability to multiserver input-output processes with conditional output rates that may depend on the state of the system and other auxiliary processes. Our results include processes with countable as well as uncountable state spaces. We establish rate stability conditions for busy period durations as well as the input during busy periods. In addition, stability conditions for multiserver queues with possibly heterogeneous servers are given for the workload, attained service, and queue length processes. The stability conditions can be checked from parameters of primary processes, and thus can be verified a priori. Under the rate stability conditions, we provide stable versions of Little's formula for single server as well as multiserver queues. Our approach leads to extensions of previously known results. Since our results are valid pathwise, non-stationary as well as stationary processes are covered.

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Hao, Xiuhong, Hongqian Zhu, Xuemei Guan, and Deng Pan. "Magnetic gear with intersecting axes and straight stationary pole-pieces." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 11 (November 2018): 168781401880886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018808865.

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Based on the magnetic field modulation effect, this article presents a magnetic gear with intersecting axes and straight stationary pole-pieces. Except for a higher utilization of permanent magnets and a greater output torque, the magnetic gear with intersecting axes and straight stationary pole-pieces provides several advantages, such as a smaller volume, higher torque density, and lower processing cost. The magnetic gear with intersecting axes and straight stationary pole-piece topology is herein introduced and the deduced constraints of the structural design are outlined. The transmission mechanism is demonstrated by analyzing the output torque in the middle of the air gaps. The effects of the main design parameters on the maximum static torque are evaluated using the finite element method. Based on the orthogonal experimental design and the response surface method, the optimum design results are provided. Prototype of the magnetic gear with intersecting axes and straight stationary pole-pieces has been realized and the static torque has been verified experimentally.

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Hall, D. W. "Current Regulations Impacting Exhaust Emissions From Stationary Internal Combustion Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240264.

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The San Francisco Bay Area is in a nonattainment area for both ozone and carbon monoxide. A significant amount of air pollution emanates from the combustion of fuels in stationary internal combustion engines. The NOx emissions output from stationary I.C. engines in the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) is around 14.2 Mg/day (15.6 tons / day). The contributions from other pollutant factors are not nearly as large; nonetheless, they are still noteworthy. BAAQMD has imposed New Source Review (NSR) requirements and Best Available Control Technology (BACT) levels for new stationary I.C. engines. The purpose of BACT is to achieve the lowest level of engine exhaust emissions using today’s proven control technology. The BACT level for NOx is presently set at 0.00056 mg/J (1.5 g/bhp-hr) or less for stationary I.C. engines. The BACT level for each of the other exhaust pollutants has not been set since they seldom require a BACT determination. In the event BACT is triggered, a case-by-case BACT evaluation will be performed. The placement of BACT and NSR standards on stationay I.C. engines has aided the BAAQMD in achieving better local air quality. More stringent standards may be imposed as long as the need for better air quality exists.

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Li, Jian, Yong Liu, and Weiping Wang. "Automated Spectral Kernel Learning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (April 3, 2020): 4618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5892.

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The generalization performance of kernel methods is largely determined by the kernel, but spectral representations of stationary kernels are both input-independent and output-independent, which limits their applications on complicated tasks. In this paper, we propose an efficient learning framework that incorporates the process of finding suitable kernels and model training. Using non-stationary spectral kernels and backpropagation w.r.t. the objective, we obtain favorable spectral representations that depends on both inputs and outputs. Further, based on Rademacher complexity, we derive data-dependent generalization error bounds, where we investigate the effect of those factors and introduce regularization terms to improve the performance. Extensive experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and coincide with our theoretical findings.

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Zhu, Qiuming, Wei Huang, Kai Mao, Weizhi Zhong, Boyu Hua, Xiaomin Chen, and Zikun Zhao. "A Flexible FPGA-Based Channel Emulator for Non-Stationary MIMO Fading Channels." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124161.

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In this paper, a discrete non-stationary multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel model suitable for the fixed-point realization on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware platform is proposed. On this basis, we develop a flexible hardware architecture with configurable channel parameters and implement it on a non-stationary MIMO channel emulator in a single FPGA chip. In addition, an improved non-stationary channel emulation method is employed to guarantee accurate channel fading and phase, and the schemes of other key modules are also illustrated and implemented in a single FPGA chip. Hardware tests demonstrate that the output statistical properties of proposed channel emulator, i.e., the probability density function (PDF), cross-correlation function (CCF), Doppler power spectrum density (DPSD), and the power delay profile (PDP) agree well with the corresponding theoretical ones.

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Saletović, Enes, and Tadej Mateljan. "Predictive Control of Linear Stationary Stochastic Systems with Constraints." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 4949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.4949.

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Within the frame of this work, the problem of control of LSS (Linear Stationary Stochastic) SISO (Single Input Single Output) systems with active constraints at input and/or output has been researched. Motivation to solving this problem comes from the fact that there is no universal solution to the problem even LSS SISO systems with constraints are very common in practice. Defined control problem is solved using characteristics of LSS SISO systems and square forms. Considering that such systems are very common in practice, created solution would be widely applicable.

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Buddhadev, Harsh H., Daniel L. Crisafulli, David N. Suprak, and Jun G. San Juan. "Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis Demonstrate Interlimb Asymmetry in Pedaling Power During Stationary Cycling." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 34, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2017-0363.

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Cycling is commonly prescribed for physical rehabilitation of individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Despite the known therapeutic benefits, no research has examined interlimb symmetry of power output during cycling in these individuals. We investigated the effects of external workload and cadence on interlimb symmetry of crank power output in individuals with knee OA versus healthy controls. A total of 12 older participants with knee OA and 12 healthy sex- and age-matched controls were recruited. Participants performed 2-minute bouts of stationary cycling at 4 workload-cadence conditions (75 W at 60 rpm, 75 W at 90 rpm, 100 W at 60 rpm, and 100 W at 90 rpm). Power output contribution of each limb toward total crank power output was computed over 60 crank cycles from the effective component of pedal force, which was perpendicular to the crank arm. Across the workload-cadence conditions, the knee OA group generated significantly higher power output with the severely affected leg compared with the less affected leg (10% difference; P = .02). Healthy controls did not show interlimb asymmetry in power output (0.1% difference; P > .99). For both groups, interlimb asymmetry was unaffected by external workload and cadence. Our results indicate that individuals with knee OA demonstrate interlimb asymmetry in crank power output during stationary cycling.

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Wolters, Jürgen. "Persistence and Seasonality in Output and Employment of the Federal Republic of Germany." Recherches économiques de Louvain 58, no. 3-4 (1992): 420–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800044146.

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SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether shocks to output and employment had permanent or transitory effects during the period from 1961 to 1990 in the Federal Republic of Germany. There are a lot of parametric and non-parametric approaches which can be used for data generating processes which are difference-stationary or trend-stationary. But especially output and employment time series show very strong seasonal movements. Before employing usual persistence measures one has to test for seasonal integration. The application of seasonal adjustment procedures which are typically used in practice lead to different degrees of persistence, so one has to be very careful in interpreting the results.

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Wang, Yang, Ahmet Aksoz, Thomas Geury, Salih Baris Ozturk, Omer Cihan Kivanc, and Omar Hegazy. "A Review of Modular Multilevel Converters for Stationary Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 7719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217719.

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A modular multilevel converter (MMC) is an advanced voltage source converter applicable to a wide range of medium and high-voltage applications. It has competitive advantages such as quality output performance, high modularity, simple scalability, and low voltage and current rating demand for the power switches. Remarkable studies have been carried out regarding its topology, control, and operation. The main purpose of this review is to present the current state of the art of the MMC technology and to offer a better understanding of its operation and control for stationary applications. In this study, the MMC configuration is presented regarding its conventional and advanced submodule (SM) and overall topologies. The mathematical modeling, output voltage, and current control under different grid conditions, submodule balancing control, circulating current control, and modulation methods are discussed to provide the state of the MMC technology. The challenges linked to the MMC are associated with submodule balancing control, circulating current control, control complexity, and transient performance. Advanced nonlinear and predictable control strategies are expected to improve the MMC control and performance in comparison with conventional control methods. Finally, the power losses associated with the advanced wide bandgap (WBG) power devices (such as SiC, GaN) are explored by using different modulation schemes and switching frequencies. The results indicate that although the phase-shifted carrier-based pulse width modulation (PSC-PWM) has higher power losses, it outputs a better quality voltage with lower total harmonic distortion (THD) in comparison with phase-disposition pulse width modulation (PD-PWM) and sampled average modulation pulse width modulation (SAM-PWM). In addition, WBG switches such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) devices have lower power losses and higher efficiency, especially at high switching frequency in the MMC applications.

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Kusuma, Vicky Andria, Aji Akbar Firdaus, Sena Sukmananda Suprapto, Risty Jayanti Yuniar, Hanif Trimulya, and Yun Tonce Kusuma Priyanto. "Comparative analysis of single-axis solar tracker performance with and without reflector under various weather conditions." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v13.i2.pp328-334.

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This research explores a sun tracking system for solar panels that affects the power output of the panels. To address this, a unidirectional sun tracking system is implemented to ensure the solar panels are perpendicular to the sun, thus optimizing solar radiation. Additionally, reflectors are integrated to capture more sunlight. This research aims to design the system of unidirectional sun tracking to enhance the power output generated by solar panels and compare its performance with stationary (static) solar panels. The results demonstrate that the system of sun tracking improves the power output of solar panels. However, when reflectors are used in conjunction with the sun tracking system, no significant increase in power output is observed. Moreover, solar panels equipped with the unidirectional sun tracking system exhibit a power increase of 52.06 Watts compared to stationary solar panels. This research indicates that employing a unidirectional sun tracking system with the addition of reflectors does not enhance power output but instead reduces it due to the increased temperature effect caused by the sunlight reflection from the added reflectors.

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D., Ogwuche David, and Mohammed Musa A. "Effect of Increasing Public Debt on Agricultural Output in Nigeria: (1981-2022)." Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting 24, no. 5 (April 19, 2024): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2024/v24i51336.

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The study was conducted to examine the effect of public debt on agricultural output in Nigeria using time series data from 1981 to 2022. The study adopted the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test, the Bound test for long run equilibrium relationship and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). The unit root test result showed that the dependent variable agricultural output and exchange rate are stationary at first difference while variables such as government agricultural expenditure and debt service ratio were stationary at levels. The bound test showed the presence of long run equilibrium relationship. The ARDL result estimated that public debt has no significant impact on agricultural output in Nigeria. Public debt has a negative relationship with agricultural output in Nigeria for the period under study and there is a one directional causality relationship between public debt and agricultural output in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommended that the country should allocate more funds and improve the institutional quality and policies that will boost the agricultural sector that will be beneficial to the country.

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Szczotka, Władysław. "Asymptotic stationarity of queueing processes." Journal of Applied Probability 34, no. 4 (December 1997): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3215016.

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We show that if an input process ζ to a queue is asymptotic stationary in some sense, satisfies a condition AB and some other natural conditions, then the output processes (w, ζ) and (w, q,ζ) are asymptotic stationary in the same sense. Here, w and q are the waiting time and queue length processes, respectively.

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Szczotka, Władysław. "Asymptotic stationarity of queueing processes." Journal of Applied Probability 34, no. 04 (December 1997): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200101718.

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We show that if an input process ζ to a queue is asymptotic stationary in some sense, satisfies a condition AB and some other natural conditions, then the output processes (w, ζ) and (w, q,ζ) are asymptotic stationary in the same sense. Here, w and q are the waiting time and queue length processes, respectively.

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32

MEHREZ, A., J. BRIMBERG, and P. A. SPEIRS. "A STATIONARY CYCLICAL PRODUCTION SCHEDULING PROBLEM UNDER A NONADDITIVE OUTPUT FUNCTION." Engineering Optimization 22, no. 3 (February 1994): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03052159408941334.

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KANAKOV, OLEG I., VLADIMIR D. SHALFEEV, and GIAN LUIGI FORTI. "STATIONARY PATTERNS IN CNN-LIKE ENSEMBLES WITH MODIFIED CELL OUTPUT FUNCTIONS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 16, no. 08 (August 2006): 2207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812740601601x.

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Stationary pattern formation in ensembles of coupled bistable elements is investigated both analytically and by means of numerical simulation. The models considered are similar to cellular nonlinear networks (CNNs) — a well-known class of collective dynamical systems intended mainly for image processing — but differ from them in the type of nonlinear functions contained in their equations of motion — cell output functions. The main subject of interest is the transformation of initial conditions, treated as a representation of a half-tone image, into a steady-state pattern. In the analytical part the location of attractors and their basins of attraction in the phase space are estimated for two types of CNN-like systems. In the simulation part the equations of two lattice systems — a CNN and a CNN-like system with local negative coupling — are integrated numerically with initial conditions taken in the form of a sample halftone image. The dependence of the patterns established in both systems upon parameters is studied and compared. The present paper proves, that CNN-like systems with modified cell output functions may be studied analytically, and results available for conventional CNNs may be adapted to this wider class of lattice systems. From the application point of view, it is shown, that the modification of cell output functions under certain conditions does not lead to a breakdown of the system functionality. Moreover, an example is presented, where such a modification allows to introduce new functionality into a system (namely, controlling contour lines width in an edge-detecting system).

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Chen, Dong, and Young Hoon Joo. "A Novel Approach to 3D-DOA Estimation of Stationary EM Signals Using Convolutional Neural Networks." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 12, 2020): 2761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102761.

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This paper proposes a novel three-dimensional direction-of-arrival (3D-DOA) estimation method for electromagnetic (EM) signals using convolutional neural networks (CNN) in a Gaussian or non-Gaussian noise environment. First of all, in the presence of Gaussian noise, four output covariance matrices of the uniform triangular array (UTA) are normalized and then fed into four neural networks for 1D-DOA estimation with identical parameters in parallel; then four 1D-DOA estimations of the UTA can be obtained, and finally, the 3D-DOA estimation could be obtained through post-processing. Secondly, in the presence of non-Gaussian noise, the array output covariance matrices are normalized by the infinity-norm and then processed in Gaussian noise environment; the infinity-norm normalization could effectively suppress impulsive outliers and then provide appropriate input features for the neural network. In addition, the outputs of the neural network are controlled by a signal monitoring network to avoid misjudgments. Comprehensive simulations demonstrate that in Gaussian or non-Gaussian noise environment, the proposed method is superior and effective in computation speed and accuracy in 1D-DOA and 3D-DOA estimations, and the signal monitoring network could also effectively control the neural network outputs. Consequently, we can conclude that CNN has better generalization ability in DOA estimation.

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Eliazar, Iddo. "ON THE DISCRETE-TIME G/GI/∞ QUEUE." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 22, no. 4 (September 25, 2008): 557–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964808000338.

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The discrete-time G/GI/∞ queue model is explored. Jobs arrive to an infinite-server queuing system following an arbitrary input process X; job sizes are general independent and identically distributed random variables. The system's output process Y (of job departures) and queue process N (tracking the number of jobs present in the system) are analyzed. Various statistics of the stochastic maps X↦ Y and X↦ N are explicitly obtained, including means, variances, autocovariances, cross-covariances, and multidimensional probability generating functions. In the case of stationary inputs, we further compute the spectral densities of the stochastic maps, characterize the fixed points (in the L2 sense) of the input–output map, precisely determine when the output and queue processes display either short-ranged or long-ranged temporal dependencies, and prove a decomposition result regarding the intrinsic L2 structure of general stationary G/GI/∞ systems.

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Trofimov, Ivan D. "Wagner’s hypothesis in Europe: a causality analysis with disaggregated data." European Journal of Government and Economics 12, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 5–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2023.12.1.9146.

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This paper examines Wagner hypothesis of the growth of public expenditure alongside the growth of economic activity for a panel of 28 European economies during the 1995-2018 period. The hypothesis is verified using Pesaran (2007) panel unit root and Westerlund (2007) cointegration tests that account for cross-sectional dependence in the series, and three panel causality tests (Toda-Yamamoto, Dumitrescu-Hurlin and Juodis-Karavias-Sarafidis) that are suitable for mixed order of series’ integration, heterogeneous balanced panels and cases of limited evidence of cointegration. The empirical results suggested that expenditure and output variables were non-stationary in levels and stationary in the first differences; the cointegration among the variables was present; the causality was principally uni-directional (from output to public expenditure), in line with Wagner’s hypothesis, or bi-directional; the causality from public expenditure to output along Keynesian lines was limited.

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KE, YUN-QUAN, and CHUN-FANG MIAO. "EXISTENCE ANALYSIS OF STATIONARY SOLUTIONS FOR RTD-BASED CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORKS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 07 (July 2010): 2123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410026964.

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In this letter, we investigate the stationary solutions of multiple output levels RTD-based cellular neural networks (CNN) by using Chua's driving-point plot methods. Moreover, we present some sufficient conditions, that are concise and easy to be validated, to determine the existence of the stationary solutions. Finally, we give four illustrative examples to show the effectiveness of our results.

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Bazán, Ciro, Víctor Josué Álvarez-Quiroz, and Yennyfer Morales Olivares. "Wagner’s Law vs. Keynesian Hypothesis: Dynamic Impacts." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 10431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610431.

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This study analyzes the dynamics between public expenditure and economic growth in Peru for 1980Q1–2021Q4. We used quarterly time series of real GDP, public consumption expenditure, public expenditure, and the share of public expenditure to output. The variables were transformed into natural logarithms, wherein only the logarithm of public expenditure to output ratio is stationary and the others are non-stationary I1. The study of stationary time series assesses whether Wagner’s law, the Keynesian hypothesis, the feedback hypothesis, or the neutrality hypothesis is valid for the Peruvian case according to Granger causality. We found cointegration between real GDP and public expenditure, and public consumption expenditure and real GDP. Estimating error correction and autoregressive distributed lag models, we concluded that Wagner’s law and the Keynesian hypothesis are valid in the Peruvian case, expressed as dynamic processes that allow us to obtain short-run and long-run impacts, permitting the mutual sustainability of economic growth and public expenditure.

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MARRERO, GUSTAVO A. "REVISITING THE OPTIMAL STATIONARY PUBLIC INVESTMENT POLICY IN ENDOGENOUS GROWTH ECONOMIES." Macroeconomic Dynamics 12, no. 2 (April 2008): 172–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100507060452.

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One part of the literature on endogenous growth concerns models where public infrastructure affects the private production process. An unsolved puzzle in this literature concerns observed public investment-to-output ratios for developed economies, which tend to fall short of theoretical model-based optimal ratios. We reexamine the optimal choice of public investment in a more general framework. This setting allows for long-lasting capital stocks, a lower depreciation rate for public capital than for private capital, an elasticity of intertemporal substitution that differs from unity, and the need to finance a nontrivial share of public services in output. Given other fundamentals in the economy, we show that the optimal public investment-to-output ratio is smaller for low-growth economies, for economies populated by consumers with low preferences for substituting consumption intertemporally, and when public capital is durable. For a calibrated economy, we show that a combination of these factors solves the public investment puzzle.

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Bell, Gordon, Jack Bennett, William Reynolds, Daniel Syrotuik, and Pierre Gervais. "A Physiological and Kinematic Comparison of two Different Lean Back Positions During Stationary Rowing on a Concept II Machine." Journal of Human Kinetics 37, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0030.

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This study compared two different body positions at the finish of a stroke during stationary rowing exercise on physiological and kinematic measurements. Nine male and five female rowers volunteered for the study: mean age (± SD), body height and body mass were 27 ±9 yrs, 180.5 ±12.3 cm and 81.2 ±14.2 kg. The two body positions at the finish were controlled at an upright posture or a novel greater lean back position. All subjects completed 3 different experimental trials on a Concept IID rowing machine at 3 different exercise intensities and comparisons were made between the lean back position at the same stroke rate and the same power output as the upright trial. Power output, heart rate, oxygen uptake, energy expenditure and % efficiency were higher (p<0.05) with the greater lean back position at the same stroke rate compared to all other conditions. Range of motion at the hip, ankle, and elbow and the handle velocity and distance moved were greater (p<0.05) with the lean back position. In conclusion, a greater lean back posture at the finish during stationary rowing produces a higher power output and improved efficiency at the same stroke rate but at an elevated physiological cost compared to a more upright position. Despite the higher energy expenditure, the relative gain in power output and efficiency with no negative kinematic changes suggests that a greater lean back position at the finish will enhance performance during stationary rowing exercise.

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Chang, R. J., and G. E. Young. "Methods and Gaussian Criterion for Statistical Linearization of Stochastic Parametrically and Externally Excited Nonlinear Systems." Journal of Applied Mechanics 56, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3176042.

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The methods of Gaussian linearization along with a new Gaussian Criterion used in the prediction of the stationary output variances of stable nonlinear oscillators subjected to both stochastic parametric and external excitations are presented. The techniques of Gaussian linearization are first derived and the accuracy in the prediction of the stationary output variances is illustrated. The justification of using Gaussian linearization a priori is further investigated by establishing a Gaussian Criterion. The non-Gaussian effects due to system nonlinearities and/or large noise intensities in a Duffing oscillator are also illustrated. The validity of employing the Gaussian Criterion test for assuring accuracy of Gaussian linearization is supported by performing the Chi-square Gaussian goodness-of-fit test.

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Zheng, Ronghui, Huaihai Chen, Min Qin, Andrea Angeli, and Dirk Vandepitte. "Analysis of low damping ratios in multi-exciter stationary non-Gaussian random vibration control." Journal of Vibration and Control 26, no. 17-18 (January 6, 2020): 1463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319898561.

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This article investigates the influence of low damping ratios on the performance of the multi-exciter stationary non-Gaussian random vibration control system. The basic theory of the multi-exciter stationary non-Gaussian random vibration method is reviewed first, and then the influences of low damping ratios on multi-output spectra and kurtoses are analyzed. The low damping ratios cause an ill-conditioned problem which will make the drive spectral matrix solution inaccurate; thus, some spectral lines located at resonance peaks in the response spectra cannot be modified within the preset tolerances by the control algorithms. The regularization method is used to alleviate the calculation error. The output kurtoses are dependent not only on the characteristics of the system but also on the input signals. It is found that the kurtosis control will be intractable if the damping ratios are very low. A two-input two-output cantilever beam simulation example is described to illustrate the analysis results.

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Yadykin, Igor. "Spectral Decompositions of Gramians of Continuous Stationary Systems Given by Equations of State in Canonical Forms." Mathematics 10, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 2339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10132339.

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The application of transformations of the state equations of continuous linear and bilinear systems to the canonical form of controllability allows one to simplify the computation of Gramians of these systems. In this paper, we develop the method and obtain algorithms for computation of the controllability and observability Gramians of continuous linear and bilinear stationary systems with many inputs and one output, based on the method of spectral expansion of the Gramians and the iterative method for computing the bilinear systems Gramians. An important feature of the concept is the idea of separability of the Gramians expansion: separate computation of the scalar and matrix parts of the spectral Gramian expansion reduces the sub-Gramian matrices computation to calculation of numerical sequences of their elements. For the continuous linear systems with one output the method and the algorithm of the spectral decomposition of the controllability Gramian are developed in the form of Xiao matrices. Analytical expressions for the diagonal elements of the Gramian matrices are obtained, and by making use of which the rest of the elements can be calculated. For continuous linear systems with many outputs the spectral decompositions of the Gramians in the form of generalized Xiao matrices are obtained, which allows us to significantly reduce the number of calculations. The obtained results are generalized for continuous bilinear systems with one output. Iterative spectral algorithms for computation of elements of Gramians of these systems are proposed. Examples are given that illustrate theoretical results.

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Samojlova, Zhanna. "Building a mathematical model of technological processes in the acetic acid synthesis reactor." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 2 (113) (October 31, 2021): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.242816.

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The result of the study reported in this paper is the proposed mathematical model of technological processes occurring in the reactor for acetic acid synthesis. The initial parameters of the reactor considered were the value of the concentration of acetic acid at the reactor outlet, temperature, the level of reaction mass, and pressure in the reactor. The input parameters included the amount of methanol and carbon monoxide supplied. Material and thermal balances of reactor technological processes were used to construct the mathematical model of the reactor. Fisher criterion was applied to test the mathematical model for adequacy. At the specified 5 % level of significance, the value of Fisher criterion for the concentration of acetic acid, temperature, and the level of reaction mass in the reactor does not exceed its critical value for a stationary mode. The reproducibility of the modeling results was tested using the Cochran criterion. The value of the Cochrane criterion, at the predefined 5 % level of significance, for the concentration of acetic acid, temperature, and the level of reaction mass in the reactor does not exceed its critical value for different modes. The relative error for the modeled output parameters was calculated. The relative error of the initial parameters did not exceed the level of 10 %. The model built makes it possible to calculate with satisfactory accuracy the value of the concentration of acetic acid at the reactor output, the temperature and level of the reaction mass in the reactor under a stationary mode. The resulting model could be used to automate the control of technological processes in the acetic acid synthesis reactor under a stationary mode. The study results open additional opportunities to manage the stationary mode of the reactor

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S. Meera, Mrs, Mrs R. Sharmikha Sree, Mrs R. Deepika, and Mrs R. A. Kalpana. "Multitudinous of remedial medical image using stationary wavelet transform." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.3 (June 8, 2018): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.33.14840.

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Image fusion is becoming more popular in various field nowadays. The quality of accuracy and perception has been achieved with this con-cept. The field that is in urgent need of more contrast images and quality output of body organs image reproduction is medicine. This paper proposes the concept of introducing the image fusion in the area of body imaging to get a more accurate and contrast images for the identifi-cation of the tumor or any other mal-functionalities in the human body. The image fusion is enhanced with the choice of more efficient and contrast uplifting technique called stationary wavelet form. This technique accepts the input of two different perceptive images of the finicky region and enhances their details in the resulting image. The advantageous part of the technique outputs the more detailed edge separation feature which further more allows the fast diagnosis of the any defect prevailing currently in the place subjected to the imaging test. This technique also paves the way to get the more reliable and meticulous result in the future when the world starts embracing the advantage of automation in the field of medicine.

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Ihsan, Willy. "The effect of 12 weeks brain jogging based learning models to improve gross motor skill: object control skill in elementary school." Retos 50 (September 13, 2023): 1265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v50.99730.

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The motor skills of children can be used to determine whether or not the child's growth and development is impaired. The aim of the study to know the effect of brain jogging based learning model improving the object control skills of elementary school students. This study was conducted using an experimental method with two groups, namely control and intervention. In comparison to traditional learning models (direct instruction), the brain jogging based learning model. This study's sample consisted of the total number of students in the subject is 60. Classes 4A and 4B have similar characteristics (age, average height/weight, sports learning material, duration, and time of sports learning implementation).Data processing was conducted using SPSS IBM 26. The mean difference in the post-test result between the control and experimental group was based on the significance of the SPSS output(p<0.05). Based on the output in the Independent sample t test it is known that the value of two hand striking a stationary is 0.039 < 0.05; forehand strike of 0.009 < 0.05; one hand stationary dribble of 0.039 < 0.05; d two hand catch of 0.000 < 0.05; kick a stationary ball of 0.004 < 0.05; overhand throw of 0.002 < 0.05; underhand roll of 0.020 < 0.05. There is a significant influence statistical analysis on two hand striking stationary, forehand strike, one hand stationary dribble, two hand catch, kick a stationary ball, overhand throw, and underhand roll ability for elementary school with the Brain jogging based learning model can be one solution to improve the performance of object control skill. Key words: Brain Jogging, Learning Model, Object Control Skill, Gross motor.

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ZHU, PING, and YI JIE ZHU. "STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF INTENSITY FLUCTUATION OF SATURATION LASER MODEL DRIVEN BY CROSS-CORRELATED ADDITIVE AND MULTIPLICATIVE NOISES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 14 (June 10, 2010): 2175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210055755.

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Statistical properties of the intensity fluctuation of a saturation laser model driven by cross-correlation additive and multiplicative noises are investigated. Using the Novikov theorem and the projection operator method, we obtain the analytic expressions of the stationary probability distribution Pst(I), the relaxation time Tc, and the normalized variance λ2(0) of the system. By numerical computation, we discussed the effects of the cross-correlation strength λ, the cross-correlation time τ, the quantum noise intensity D, and the pump noise intensity Q for the fluctuation of the laser intensity. Above the threshold, λ weakens the stationary probability distribution, speeds up the startup velocity of the laser system from start status to steady work, and attenuates the stability of laser intensity output; however, τ strengthens the stationary probability distribution and strengths the stability of laser intensity output; when λ < 0, τ speeds up the startup; on the contrast, when λ > 0, τ slows down the startup. D and Q make the relaxation time exhibit extremum structure, that is, the startup time possesses the least values. At the threshold, τ cannot generate the effects for the saturation laser system, λ expedites the startup velocity and weakens the stability of laser intensity output. Below threshold, the effects of λ and τ not only relate to λ and τ, but also relate to other parameters of the system.

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Dang, K. B., A. A. Pyrkin, A. A. Bobtsov, A. A. Vedyakov, and S. I. Nizovtsev. "Output Adaptive Observers Design for Linear Non-Stationary Systems with Polynomial Parameters." Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 22, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.22.404-410.

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The article deals with the problem of state observer design for a linear time-varying plant. To solve this problem, a number of realistic assumptions are considered, assuming that the model parameters are polynomial functions of time with unknown coefficients. The problem of observer design is solved in the class of identification approaches, which provide transformation of the original mathematical model of the plant to a static linear regression equation, in which, instead of unknown constant parameters, there are state variables of generators that model non-stationary parameters. To recover the unknown functions of the regression model, we use the recently well-established method of dynamic regressor extension and mixing (DREM), which allows to obtain monotone estimates, as well as to accelerate the convergence of estimates to the true values. Despite the fact that the article deals with the problem of state observer design, it is worth noting the possibility of using the proposed approach to solve an independent and actual estimation problem of unknown time-varying parameters.

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Rezaei, Vahid, and Margareta Stefanovic. "Distributed output feedback stationary consensus of multi-vehicle systems in unknown environments." Control Theory and Technology 16, no. 2 (May 2018): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11768-018-8015-3.

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Andritsanos, V. D., M. G. Sideris, and I. N. Tziavos. "Quasi-stationary sea surface topography estimation by the multiple input/output method." Journal of Geodesy 75, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001900100169.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Output stationary'

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