Journal articles on the topic 'Output and Data Devices'
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1
Fuentes, Daniel, Luís Correia, Nuno Costa, Arsénio Reis, João Barroso, and António Pereira. "SAR.IoT: Secured Augmented Reality for IoT Devices Management." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 6001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186001.
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Currently, solutions based on the Internet of Things (IoT) concept are increasingly being adopted in several fields, namely, industry, agriculture, and home automation. The costs associated with this type of equipment is reasonably small, as IoT devices usually do not have output peripherals to display information about their status (e.g., a screen or a printer), although they may have informative LEDs, which is sometimes insufficient. For most IoT devices, the price of a minimalist display, to output and display the device’s running status (i.e., what the device is doing), might cost much more than the actual IoT device. Occasionally, it might become necessary to visualize the IoT device output, making it necessary to find solutions to show the hardware output information in real time, without requiring extra equipment, only what the administrator usually has with them. In order to solve the above, a technological solution that allows for the visualization of IoT device information in actual time, using augmented reality and a simple smartphone, was developed and analyzed. In addition, the system created integrates a security layer, at the level of AR, to secure the shown data from unwanted eyes. The results of the tests carried out allowed us to validate the operation of the solution when accessing the information of the IoT devices, verify the operation of the security layer in AR, analyze the interaction between smartphones, the platform, and the devices, and check which AR markers are most optimized for this use case. This work results in a secure augmented reality solution, which can be used with a simple smartphone, to monitor/manage IoT devices in industrial, laboratory or research environments.
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Snik, Ad, John Noten, and Cor Cremers. "Gain and Maximum Output of Two Electromagnetic Middle Ear Implants: Are Real Ear Measurements Helpful?" Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 15, no. 03 (March 2004): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.15.3.7.
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We compared the output of two electronic middle ear implants: the Otologics MET™ device and the Vibrant Soundbridge™ device. Both devices were programmed in the linear amplification mode. Aided minus unaided sound pressure levels recorded in the ear canal (objective gain) were compared to unaided minus aided soundfield thresholds (functional gain) in 13 patients with severe sensorineural hearing loss. In addition, input/output characteristics were studied with the help of ear canal measurements. Objective gain was consistently lower than functional gain, with wide variation between patients and frequencies. Using input/output data measured in the ear canal in combination with functional gain data, the mean maximum output of the two devices was estimated, expressed in dB SPL. In comparison to NAL-R target values, (functional) gain was adequate; however, the maximum output was low, especially for the Vibrant Soundbridge device.
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Gilaev, G. G., M. Ya Khabibullin, D. G. Antoniadi, and T. V. Khismetov. "Development of devices for implementation pulse nonstationary waterflooding." SOCAR Proceedings, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20200400467.
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To further improve the efficiency of the non-stationary flooding (acceleration of capillary impregnation oil closed pores) at the bottom of injection wells installed devices, creating pulses in the pumped liquid, with a packer. The article deals with a device designed for this purpose. A mathematical model of the device and output expressions to define the basic operating parameters of output. For comparison of theoretical calculations show the results of bench testing device. In view of previous research, the authors of substantiated the effectiveness of such devices for the nonstationary flooding in the system to maintain reservoir pressure. The preliminary positive data on fishing the use of these devices in the fields of NC «Rosneft» in 2015-2016.
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Lewis, James R., Patrick M. Commarford, Peter J. Kennedy, and Wallace J. Sadowski. "Handheld Electronic Devices." Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics 4, no. 1 (October 2008): 105–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/155723408x342880.
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From PDAs to cell phones to MP3 players, handheld electronic devices are ubiquitous. Human factors engineers and designers have a need to remain informed about advances in research on user interface design for this class of devices. This review provides human factors research summaries and research-based guidelines for the design of handheld devices. The major topics include anthropometry (fitting the device to the hand), input (types of device control and methods for data entry), output (display design), interaction design (one-handed use, scrolling, menu design, image manipulation, and using the mobile Web), and data sharing (among users, devices, and networks). Thus, this review covers the key aspects of the design of handheld devices, from the design of the physical form of the device through its hardware and software, including its behavior in networks.
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Sakagami, K. "Development of an FM data receiver for various message output devices." JSAE Review 18, no. 2 (April 1997): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0389-4304(96)00074-4.
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Tayyaba, Shahzadi, Muhammad Waseem Ashraf, Thamer Alquthami, Zubair Ahmad, and Saher Manzoor. "Fuzzy-Based Approach Using IoT Devices for Smart Home to Assist Blind People for Navigation." Sensors 20, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 3674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133674.
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The demand of devices for safe mobility of blind people is increasing with advancement in wireless communication. Artificial intelligent devices with multiple input and output methods are used for reliable data estimation based on maximum probability. A model of a smart home for safe and robust mobility of blind people has been proposed. Fuzzy logic has been used for simulation. Outputs from the internet of things (IoT) devices comprising sensors and bluetooth are taken as input of the fuzzy controller. Rules have been developed based on the conditions and requirements of the blind person to generate decisions as output. These outputs are communicated through IoT devices to assist the blind person or user for safe movement. The proposed system provides the user with easy navigation and obstacle avoidance.
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Van Assche, Frederic, Sander Vanheule, Luc Van Hoorebeke, and Matthieu N. Boone. "The Spectral X-ray Imaging Data Acquisition (SpeXIDAQ) Framework." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020563.
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Photon counting X-ray imagers have found their way into the mainstream scientific community in recent years, and have become important components in many scientific setups. These camera systems are in active development, with output data rates increasing significantly with every new generation of devices. A different class of PCD (Photon Counting Detector) devices has become generally available, where camera data output is no longer a matrix of photon counts but instead direct measurements of the deposited charge per pixel in every frame, which requires significant off-camera processing. This type of PCD, called a hyperspectral X-ray camera due to its fully spectroscopic output, yet again increases the demands put on the acquisition and processing backend. Not only are bandwidth requirements increased, but the need to do extensive data processing is also introduced with these hyperspectral PCD devices. To cope with these new developments the Spectral X-ray Imaging Data Acquisition framework (SpeXIDAQ) has been developed. All aspects of the imaging pipeline are handled by the SpeXIDAQ framework: from detector control and frame grabbing, to processing, storage and live visualisation during experiments.
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Kaintura, Arun, Kyle Foss, Odysseas Zografos, Ivo Couckuyt, Adrien Vaysset, Tom Dhaene, and Bart Sorée. "Fast Characterization of Input-Output Behavior of Non-Charge-Based Logic Devices by Machine Learning." Electronics 9, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091381.
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Non-charge-based logic devices are promising candidates for the replacement of conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS) devices. These devices utilize magnetic properties to store or process information making them power efficient. Traditionally, to fully characterize the input-output behavior of these devices a large number of micromagnetic simulations are required, which makes the process computationally expensive. Machine learning techniques have been shown to dramatically decrease the computational requirements of many complex problems. We use state-of-the-art data-efficient machine learning techniques to expedite the characterization of their behavior. Several intelligent sampling strategies are combined with machine learning (binary and multi-class) classification models. These techniques are applied to a magnetic logic device that utilizes direct exchange interaction between two distinct regions containing a bistable canted magnetization configuration. Three classifiers were developed with various adaptive sampling techniques in order to capture the input-output behavior of this device. By adopting an adaptive sampling strategy, it is shown that prediction accuracy can approach that of full grid sampling while using only a small training set of micromagnetic simulations. Comparing model predictions to a grid-based approach on two separate cases, the best performing machine learning model accurately predicts 99.92% of the dense test grid while utilizing only 2.36% of the training data respectively.
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Putra, Wahyu Sukestyastama. "Implementasi Algoritma 2 Step Kalman Filter Untuk Mengurangi Noise Pada Estimasi Data Accelerometer." J-SAKTI (Jurnal Sains Komputer dan Informatika) 3, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.30645/j-sakti.v3i1.108.
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An accelerometer is a useful sensor in technological development. Currently, the accelerometer is found on smartphone devices, navigation devices, and wearable devices. However, processing the sensor output signal into data that can be interpreted is not easy. This is because the output of an accelerometer sensor has significant noise. In this study, the authors are interested in developing an estimation method using a Kalman Filter. Kalman filter is an estimator so it is expected that the sensor data are more resistant to noise interference. In this study, the author innovated the 2 step Kalman filter. The study was conducted because the use of 1 step still has noise on the estimation results. Based on the analysis of the algorithm simulation results, it can be concluded that the Kalman filter 2-step algorithm has good performance in estimating the accelerometer sensor output. When compared with the Kalman filter 1 step algorithm, the Kalman filter 2 step algorithm has a smaller average error estimation and is able to achieve a constant/stable condition faster than the Kalman filter 1 step method
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Jackson, Riley, Jonathan Gresl, and Ramon Lawrence. "Efficient External Sorting for Memory-Constrained Embedded Devices with Flash Memory." ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 20, no. 4 (June 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3446976.
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Embedded devices are ubiquitous in areas of industrial and environmental monitoring, health and safety, and consumer appliances. A common use case is data collection, processing, and performing actions based on data analysis. Although many Internet of Things (IoT) applications use the embedded device simply for data collection, there are benefits to having more data processing done closer to data collection to reduce network transmissions and power usage and provide faster response. This work implements and evaluates algorithms for sorting data on embedded devices with specific focus on the smallest memory devices. In devices with less than 4 KB of available RAM, the standard external merge sort algorithm has limited application as it requires a minimum of three memory buffers and is not flash-aware. The contribution is a memory-optimized external sorting algorithm called no output buffer sort (NOBsort) that reduces the minimum memory required for sorting, has excellent performance for sorted or near-sorted data, and sorts on external memory such as SD cards or raw flash chips. When sorting large datasets, no output buffer sort reduces I/O and execution time by between 20% to 35% compared to standard external merge sort.
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Ambrosio, Roberto, Hector Gonzalez, Mario Moreno, Alfonso Torres, Rafael Martinez, Efren Robles, Angel Sauceda, Abel Hurtado, and Aurelio Heredia. "Study of Cantilever Structures Based on Piezoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting at Low Frequency of Vibration." Advanced Materials Research 976 (June 2014): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.976.159.
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In this work is presented a study of a piezoelectric energy harvesting device used for low power consumption applications operating at relative low frequency. The structure consists of a cantilever beam made by Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) layer with two gold electrodes for electrical contacts. The piezoelectric material was selected taking into account its high coupling coefficients. Different structures were analyzed with variations in its dimensions and shape of the cantilever. The devices were designed to operate at the resonance frequency to get maximum electrical power output. The structures were simulated using finite element (FE) software. The analysis of the harvesting devices was performed in order to investigate the influence of the geometric parameters on the output power and the natural frequency. To validate the simulation results, an experiment with a PZT cantilever with brass substrate was carried out. The experimental data was found to be very close to simulation data. The results indicate that large structures, in the order of millimeters, are the ideal for piezoelectric energy harvesting devices providing a maximum output power in the range of mW
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Klyuchko, O. M., and P. V. Beloshitsky. "Biosensor concept and data input to biomedical infornation systems." Medical Informatics and Engineering, no. 3 (June 10, 2021): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/mie.1996-1960.2020.3.11698.
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Background. In present publication we generalized and analyzed deeply the experience of some biosensors studying in biophysical experiments with aim to incorporate them further to electronic information systems. Output biosensor electrical signals were input ones to electronic information system making their connection into joined bioinformation system. Materials and methods. Methods of comparative analysis of the characteristics of input and output electrical information signals of biosensor were applied; its physical and mathematical models were developed. For biosensor properties studies the methods of transmembrane electric currents recording in voltage-clamp mode as well as patch-clamp on hippocampal neuronal membranes were used. Results. Biosensor concept and their general characteristic were given, corresponding prototypes were observed. The physical model of biosensor was developed and some test results of this device were suggested. The biosensor was examined as abstraction in consistent unity of its functions: signal receiver — filter — analyzer — encoder/decoder. A brief mathematical description of biosensor functioning was given as well as corresponding algorithm. As a result of performed works the possibilities of this biosensor incorporation to bioinformation electronic systems were substantiated and the example of such system «EcoIS» was observed. Conclusion. In conclusion following results of the works were summarized. The detailed description of technical devices — biosensors as elements of biomedical information systems were done as well as analysis of electrical information signals at output of biosensor, its ability to encode information and detailed analysis of the possibility to incorporate this biotechnical device into electronic information systems due to biosensor output electricals signals.
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Longley, Matthew, Ethan L. Willis, Cindy X. Tay, and Hao Chen. "An open source device for operant licking in rats." PeerJ 5 (February 14, 2017): e2981. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2981.
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We created an easy-to-use device for operant licking experiments and another device that records environmental variables. Both devices use the Raspberry Pi computer to obtain data from multiple input devices (e.g., radio frequency identification tag readers, touch and motion sensors, environmental sensors) and activate output devices (e.g., LED lights, syringe pumps) as needed. Data gathered from these devices are stored locally on the computer but can be automatically transferred to a remote server via a wireless network. We tested the operant device by training rats to obtain either sucrose or water under the control of a fixed ratio, a variable ratio, or a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule. The lick data demonstrated that the device has sufficient precision and time resolution to record the fast licking behavior of rats. Data from the environment monitoring device also showed reliable measurements. By providing the source code and 3D design under an open source license, we believe these examples will stimulate innovation in behavioral studies. The source code can be found at http://github.com/chen42/openbehavior.
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Knisely, Benjamin M., Camille Levine, Kush C. Kharod, and Monifa Vaughn-Cooke. "An Analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reporting Data for Trends in Medical Device Use Error." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 9, no. 1 (September 2020): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857920091024.
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Humans can contribute to error at all stages of the medical device product life-cycle. Use error associated with medical devices can result in catastrophic consequences for end users and inefficient use of healthcare system resources. Industry-wide statistics about medical device use error has the potential to aid in identifying opportunities for human factors intervention, however publicly available statistics are sparse. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires medical device manufactures, importers, and device user facilities to track and report adverse events for post-market surveillance through medical device reports (MDRs). This data is available in an online database: Manufacturer and User Facility Experience (MAUDE). This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of use error adverse events in MAUDE (2010-2018) based on device class, device operator, and event outcome, to address the lack of industry-wide statistics on medical device use error. Results indicate that use error is significantly represented in adverse event reporting, constituting 28.1% of reports labeled with device problem codes. Events associated with patient device operators were predominately associated with diabetes-related medical devices, while provider operators were associated with a wider array of devices. Additionally, it was found that most use error reports were attributed to issues with device output; using the device in accordance with manufacturer expectations; and physically activating, positioning, or separating device components. This work demonstrates the viability of using MAUDE to attain industry wide statistics on medical device use error for later integration in industry-wide or device-specific risk mitigation strategies.
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Sun, Yi Gang, and Li Sun. "The Design of Avionics System Interfaces Emulation and Verification Platform Based on QAR Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.879.
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In order to avoid the complex mathematical modeling and ensure the reliability of avionics system verification, this paper has designed an interfaces emulation and verification platform of avionics system based on QAR data. Platform includes 2 parts: Emulator and Simulator. Simulator generates the flight environmental data which is come from QAR and transforms the data into excitation signal of devices. Emulator emulates the interface features of avionic devices according to the ICD and can be replaced with real devices. By comparing the actual input-output data of devices with QAR theoretical data, this platform can evaluate the running performance of avionic systems or devices and the rationality of the ICD.
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John, Dinesh, Qu Tang, Fahd Albinali, and Stephen Intille. "An Open-Source Monitor-Independent Movement Summary for Accelerometer Data Processing." Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmpb.2018-0068.
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Background: Physical behavior researchers using motion sensors often use acceleration summaries to visualize, clean, and interpret data. Such output is dependent on device specifications (e.g., dynamic range, sampling rate) and/or are proprietary, which invalidate cross-study comparison of findings when using different devices. This limits flexibility in selecting devices to measure physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. Purpose: Develop an open-source, universal acceleration summary metric that accounts for discrepancies in raw data among research and consumer devices. Methods: We used signal processing techniques to generate a Monitor-Independent Movement Summary unit (MIMS-unit) optimized to capture normal human motion. Methodological steps included raw signal harmonization to eliminate inter-device variability (e.g., dynamic g-range, sampling rate), bandpass filtering (0.2–5.0 Hz) to eliminate non-human movement, and signal aggregation to reduce data to simplify visualization and summarization. We examined the consistency of MIMS-units using orbital shaker testing on eight accelerometers with varying dynamic range (±2 to ±8 g) and sampling rates (20–100 Hz), and human data (N = 60) from an ActiGraph GT9X. Results: During shaker testing, MIMS-units yielded lower between-device coefficient of variations than proprietary ActiGraph and ENMO acceleration summaries. Unlike the widely used ActiGraph activity counts, MIMS-units were sensitive in detecting subtle wrist movements during sedentary behaviors. Conclusions: Open-source MIMS-units may provide a means to summarize high-resolution raw data in a device-independent manner, thereby increasing standardization of data cleaning and analytical procedures to estimate selected attributes of physical behavior across studies.
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Zhang, Wanglinhan, and Xinyu Xue. "A Self-Powered Wearable Ultraviolet Radiation Detector Integrated with Wireless Devices Based on T-ZnO/PVDF Composite Fabric." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.2931.
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Research on wearable devices has promoted the development of real-time ultraviolet intensity monitoring technology. This paper proposes a self-powered wearable ultraviolet radiation detector based on T-ZnO nanowires/PVDF composite fabric. The soft fabric base allows the device to attach to various muscles of the human body. Due to the piezoelectric and photoelectric properties, the devices can transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. The output closely relates to the ultraviolet intensity. Therefore, this kind of stable, flexible, and micro device can output piezoelectric voltage as both an energy source and a sensing signal on human bodies. Experiments have proved that the wearable ultraviolet detector has high sensing stability and can work on the skin. The self-powered feature allows it to integrate with wireless transmission equipment, which can upload the ultraviolet intensity data collected by the self-powered wearable ultraviolet radiation detector to the Big Data Cloud. This system will contribute to the formation of the Internet of Things.
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Zheng, Peiliang, Yan Deng, Shuxiang Wang, and Dechang Wu. "Investigation on capacitive force measuring device with linear output." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2378, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2378/1/012004.
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Abstract Capacitive force measuring device is the most precise of all electrical force force measuring devices with its extremely high sensitivity and resolution. The shape of the capacitive electrode had an important influence on the output of the capacitive force measuring device, and a capacitive force measuring device with linear output could be obtained by regulating the shape of the electrode. The functional conditions that the shape of the capacitor electrode needed to meet when the force measuring device had been linearly output are obtained through theoretical analysis. The output characteristics of two electrode shapes satisfying linear output had been studied through the method of combining theoretical analysis and experiment. Results shown that when the electrode shape satisfied the function condition, the experimental data output of the force measuring device had a good linear relationship, and the linearity could reach more than 0.99. The value of the constant term in the electrode shape function had almost no influence on the output linearity of the force measuring device, but had a direct influence on the slope and intercept of the linear output. For the electrodes with a certain shape, the applied voltage only affected the output range of the force measuring device and did not affect its output linearity. The wide range and high-accuracy measurement of the force measuring device could be realized by using the capacitive force measuring device with linear output with setting different fixed-value loading voltages.
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Li, Shuo, Nan Pan, Sen Gao, and Lei Li. "Three State Output Module and Digital Switch Circuit Based on Threshold Memristor." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2395, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2395/1/012021.
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Abstract A memristor is a new electronic device with small volumes and small fluctuations. As a two-terminal device, it is mainly characterized by non-volatility and nanoscale characteristic size. Memristors can also calculate and store at the same time, which has a broad application prospect in logic circuits. Traditional integrated circuit technology has been very mature. And CMOS technology has almost reached the limit of physical size. Compared with traditional circuit components, memristor devices are compatible with CMOS circuits with their fast computing speed, low power consumption, and small layout area. A three-state output module based on a threshold memristor is proposed. The structure includes an inverter, a PMOS tube, two NMOS tubes, and two threshold memristors. Compared with the traditional three-state gate which only uses CMOS technology, the circuit area required by the module is smaller and the overall power consumption is lower, which caters to the development trend of portable and low-power electronic devices. Then the digital switch circuit using this module is introduced, which provides a new idea for the data transmission circuit. The circuit and module are simulated and verified by LTspice software.
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Shimokura, Ryota, Tadashi Nishimura, and Hiroshi Hosoi. "Manipulating the Hardness of HATS-Mounted Ear Pinna Simulators to Reproduce Cartilage Sound Conduction." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 12532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412532.
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Although hearing devices based on cartilage conduction have become more widely used in Japan, methods for evaluating the output volume of such devices have not yet been established. Although the output of air-conduction-based sound-generating devices (e.g., earphones and hearing aids) can be standardized via the head and torso simulator (HATS), this is not applicable to cartilage conduction devices because the simulated pinna is too soft (hardness: A5) compared with human aural cartilage. In this study, we developed polyurethane pinna that had the same shape but different degrees of hardness (A40, A20, and A10). We then compared the HATS results for the new pinna simulators with data from human ears. We found that the spectral shapes of the outputs increasingly approximated those of human ears as the simulated pinna hardness decreased. When a durometer was pressed against the ear tragus of a human ear, the hardness value ranged from A10 to A20. Accordingly, cartilage-conduction-based sound information could be obtained using a HATS that had a simulated pinna with a similar hardness value.
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Demir, Beşir, Ahmet Tumay, Mehmet Efe Ozbek, and Enver Cavus. "Design of a system solution that modernizes legacy supervisory control and data acquisition systems as an early detection system." Measurement and Control 51, no. 7-8 (June 19, 2018): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294018782087.
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Background In industrial disasters, early detection of problems and crisis management are critical for saving the lives of people and reducing the impact of disasters. Purpose In this study, we design a special gateway system that bridges the gap between different communication protocols and enables legacy supervisory control and data acquisition systems to function early detection systems for potential industrial disasters. Methods The system uses a new queue mechanism to substantially improve the problem of data loss found in conventional supervisory control and data acquisition systems and utilizes identification (ID) prioritization to enable early detection of problems. The proposed system is implemented and tested on a Linux-based, 3G-capable Modbus gateway system. Modbus is used as the communication protocol and 3G technology is utilized to provide high-speed wireless data transfer components. The Modbus gateway device uses an ARM-based EP9302 processor and has digital input/output, relay outputs, and RS485 outputs. Conclusion This study is significant as it is the first work to show the application of the priority query execution method for Modbus gateway devices.
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GIBB, SHAWN R., JAMES R. GRANDUSKY, MARK MENDRICK, and LEO J. SCHOWALTER. "PERFORMANCE OF PSEUDOMORPHIC ULTRAVIOLET LEDs GROWN ON BULK ALUMINUM NITRIDE SUBSTRATES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 20, no. 03 (September 2011): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156411006787.
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Low dislocation density pseudomorphic epitaxial layers of Al x Ga 1- x N have been grown on c -face AlN substrates prepared from high quality bulk crystals. As reported previously, pseudomorphic growth yields very low dislocation density layers with atomically smooth surfaces throughout the active region of a full LED device structure. An advantage of the low dislocation density is the ability to n -type dope the high aluminum content Al x Ga 1- x N (x ~ 70%) epitaxial layers required for UVLED devices to obtain sheet resistances less than 350 Ohm/square for 0.5 μm thick layers. Here, we report on the characterization of our pseudomorphic epitaxial AlGaN layers via cathodoluminescence (CL) and on-wafer and initial packaged level characterization of fully fabricated pseudomorphic ultraviolet LEDs (PUVLEDs) with an emission wavelength between 250 - 265 nm. An additional benefit of PUVLED devices is the ability to run these devices at high input powers and current densities. Further, the aforementioned low dislocation density of the epitaxial structure results in improved device performance over previously published data. Mean output powers of greater than 4 mW were obtained on-wafer prior to thinning and roughening while output powers as high as 45 mW were achieved for packaged devices.
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Russell, RI, and PJ Helms. "Evaluation of three different techniques used to measure chest wall movements in children." European Respiratory Journal 7, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 2073–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.94.07112073.
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Several techniques exist for assessing chest wall movements in children, that incorporate different measurement principles. Although the output from such devices appears very similar, the comparability of data from different devices needs to be evaluated. We have investigated the simultaneous measurement of chest wall movement using three different devices in 12 children recovering from intensive care. The devices used were inductance plethysmography (assessing thoracic cross-sectional area), magnetometers (assessing thoracic diameter), and a Hall device strain guage (assessing thoracic circumference). Measurements of respiratory timing and of phase angle between rib cage and abdomen in these patients showed a close agreement between devices in ventilated patients. However, occasional inconsistencies occurred in patients who were breathing spontaneously. We suggest that it may not always be appropriate to directly compare data on chest wall movements in children recorded using different measurement techniques. The best method of measurement varies with the clinical picture.
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Za'bah, Nor Farahidah, Ahmad Amierul Ashraf Muhammad Nazmi, and Amelia Wong Azman. "WORD SEGMENTATION OF OUTPUT RESPONSE FOR SIGN LANGUAGE DEVICES." IIUM Engineering Journal 21, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v21i2.1408.
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Segmentation is an important aspect of translating finger spelling of sign language into Latin alphabets. Although the sign language devices that are currently available can translate the finger spelling into alphabets, there is a limitation where the output is stored in a long continuous string without spaces between words. The system proposed in this work is meant to be used together with a text-generating glove device. The system used text input string and the string is then fed into the system, one character at a time, and then it is segmented into words that is semantically correct. The proposed text segmentation method in this work is by using the dynamic programming and back-off algorithm, together with the probability score using word matching with an English language text corpus. Based on the results, the system is able to properly segment words with acceptable accuracy. ABSTRAK: Segmentasi adalah aspek penting dalam menterjemahkan ejaan bahasa isyarat ke dalam huruf Latin. Walaupun terdapat peranti bahasa isyarat yang menterjemahkan ejaan jari menjadi huruf, namun begitu, huruf-huruf yang dihasilkan disimpan dalam rentetan berterusan yang panjang tanpa jarak antara setiap perkataan. Sistem yang dicadangkan di dalam jurnal ini akan diselaraskan bersama dengan sarung tangan bahasa isyarat yang boleh menghasilkan teks. Sistem ini akan mengambil rentetan input teks di mana huruf akan dimasukkan satu persatu dan huruf-huruf itu akan disegmentasikan menjadi perkataan yang betul secara semantik. Kaedah pembahagian yang dicadangkan ialah segmentasi yang menggunakan pengaturcaraan dinamik dan kaedah kebarangkalian untuk mengsegmentasikan huruf-huruf tersebut berdasarkan padanan perkataan dengan pengkalan data di dalam Bahasa Inggeris. Berdasarkan hasil yang telah diperolehi, sistem ini berjaya mengsegmentasikan huruf-huruf tersebut dengan berkesan dan tepat.
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Nihad, Marwah, Alaa Hassan, and Nadia Ibrahim. "A Survey on Intermediate Data Management for Big Data and Internet of Things." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.37 (December 13, 2018): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.23622.
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The field internet of things and Big Data has become a necessity in our everyday lives due to the broadening of its technology and the exponential increase in devices, services, and applications that drive different types of data. This survey shows the study of Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, data management, and intermediate data. The survey discusses intermediate data on Big Data and Internet of Things (IoT) and how it is managed. Internet of Things (IoT) is an essential concept of a new technology generation. It is a vision that allows the embedded devices or sensors to be interconnected over the Internet. The future Internet of Things (IoT) will be greatly presented by the massive quantity of heterogeneous networked embedded devices that generate intensively "Big data". Referring to the term intermediate data as the information that is provoked as output data along the process. However, this data is temporary and is erased as soon as you run a model or a sample tool. Also, the existence of intermediate data in both of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data are explained. Here, various aspects of the internet of things, Big Data, intermediate data and data management will be reviewed. Moreover, the schemes for managing this data and its framework are discussed.
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Irmansyah, Muhammad. "MULTIPLEKSER BERBASIS PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICE (PLD)." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 1, no. 2 (December 18, 2009): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.1.2.16.
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In middle 1990, electronics industry had the evolution of personal Computer, telephone cellular and high speed data communication equipment. To follow this development, electronics companies have designed and produce new product. One of these innovations is Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) technology. It is a technology to change function of IC digital logic using programming. Many of Programmable Logic Device (PLD) can be used to programming logic using single chip of integrated circuit (IC). Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) technology is applied using IC PAL 22V10 to design multiplexer 4 input 1 output and 2 selector.
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Yang, Hui. "Study of On-Line Monitoring Device for SF6 Humidity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (October 2014): 1228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.1228.
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On-line monitoring device for SF6 humidity based on ZigBee was composed of processors, signal conditioning units (SCU), data-collection devices, ZigBee wireless network communication technology, control equipment of ventilation and alarm and powering circuits. Data information of humidity, temperature and pressure of SF6 gas can be monitored by the device. The application of information blending technique decreased the error of measuring, and achieved auto-calibration of measurement systems, compensation of measured data and signal output control, and improved precision of the reliability of measurement, and extended the service life.
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Hao, Aiyu, and Ling Wang. "Medical Device Integration Model Based on the Internet of Things." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (September 17, 2015): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701509010256.
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At present, hospitals in our country have basically established the HIS system, which manages registration, treatment, and charge, among many others, of patients. During treatment, patients need to use medical devices repeatedly to acquire all sorts of inspection data. Currently, the output data of the medical devices are often manually input into information system, which is easy to get wrong or easy to cause mismatches between inspection reports and patients. For some small hospitals of which information construction is still relatively weak, the information generated by the devices is still presented in the form of paper reports. When doctors or patients want to have access to the data at a given time again, they can only look at the paper files. Data integration between medical devices has long been a difficult problem for the medical information system, because the data from medical devices lack mandatory unified global standards and have outstanding heterogeneity of devices. In order to protect their own interests, manufacturers use special protocols, etc., thus causing medical devices to still be the "lonely island" of hospital information system. Besides, unfocused application of the data will lead to failure to achieve a reasonable distribution of medical resources. With the deepening of IT construction in hospitals, medical information systems will be bound to develop toward mobile applications, intelligent analysis, and interconnection and interworking, on the premise that there is an effective medical device integration (MDI) technology. To this end, this paper presents a MDI model based on the Internet of Things (IoT). Through abstract classification, this model is able to extract the common characteristics of the devices, resolve the heterogeneous differences between them, and employ a unified protocol to integrate data between devices. And by the IoT technology, it realizes interconnection network of devices and conducts associate matching between the data and the inspection with the terminal device in a timely manner.
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Markovics, Zigurds, Juris Lauznis, Matiss Erins, Olesja Minejeva, and Raivis Kivlenieks. "Testing and Analysis of the HRV Signals from Wearable Smart HRV Sensors." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.28191.
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The objective of the test procedure is to obtain bio signals from Photoplethysmograph and Electrocardiograph sensors on selected consumer devices and to statistically validate the data for use with a drowsiness estimation method.The method selected for validation uses LF/HF ratio calculated by a set of R-R interval data to estimate drowsiness state of a human. The value LF to HF ratio calculates balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity that can be measured from HRV (Heart rate variability) signals. The statistical data collected are processed by using Fast Fourier Transform and HRV frequency domain analysis on a set of test participants.There is a correlation between medical ECG equipment control output and Matlab tool’s HRVAS (Burg) output of data processed from ECG based wearable smart sensor when the LF/HF ratio is calculated in all observed volunteer data. The results for Photoplethysmograph sensors of this test correlate with other tested tools but level of the values is lower, and data from optical biosensor devices which are designed to measure HRV time-domain properties as pulse did not confirm with ECG equipment results for frequency-domain analysis required for use with selected drowsiness estimation method. The result affecting factors are sensor placement, motion artefacts and discrete vendor-specific signal pre-processing of wearable device output data.The following results confirm the use of consumer grade biosensor that produces discretely pre-processed R-R interval data for the frequency based HRV method and application validation against directly processed ECG data from certified medical equipment.
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Markovics, Zigurds, Juris Lauznis, Matiss Erins, Olesja Minejeva, and Raivis Kivlenieks. "Testing and Analysis of the HRV Signals from Wearable Smart HRV Sensors." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.28214.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the test procedure is to obtain bio signals from Photoplethysmograph and Electrocardiograph sensors on selected consumer devices and to statistically validate the data for use with a drowsiness estimation method.The method selected for validation uses LF/HF ratio calculated by a set of R-R interval data to estimate drowsiness state of a human. The value LF to HF ratio calculates balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity that can be measured from HRV (Heart rate variability) signals. The statistical data collected are processed by using Fast Fourier Transform and HRV frequency domain analysis on a set of test participants.There is a correlation between medical ECG equipment control output and Matlab tool’s HRVAS (Burg) output of data processed from ECG based wearable smart sensor when the LF/HF ratio is calculated in all observed volunteer data. The results for Photoplethysmograph sensors of this test correlate with other tested tools but level of the values is lower, and data from optical biosensor devices which are designed to measure HRV time-domain properties as pulse did not confirm with ECG equipment results for frequency-domain analysis required for use with selected drowsiness estimation method. The result affecting factors are sensor placement, motion artefacts and discrete vendor-specific signal pre-processing of wearable device output data.The following results confirm the use of consumer grade biosensor that produces discretely pre-processed R-R interval data for the frequency based HRV method and application validation against directly processed ECG data from certified medical equipment.
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Djuni, Diafari, and I. G. A. P. Raka Agung. "Design and Implementation of Arduino-Based Weather Monitoring System in Rural." Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Informatics 3, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jeei.2019.v03.i02.p06.
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The Weather Monitoring System is an instrument that measures and records meteorological parameters using sensors. This sensor serves as a measuring instrument to measure every change in weather. Output data from sensors will be sent to the web server so that it can be accessed by users or people who need weather data. Weather data obtained from temperature sensors, air humidity, wind direction and speed, and air pressure are processed by the microcontroller and sent to the web server via cellular networks. The data displayed on the web server is a graph according to the value sent by the sensor. This study began a literature study on Arduino Uno, Ethernet shield, BMP180 sensor sensor, DHT11 sensor, wind direction and speed kit, Wifi Router, 3G network modem, equipment that will be realized starting with designing and making hardware and software. Tests carried out in the telecommunications system laboratory include testing air pressure with the BMP180 Sensor, testing temperature and humidity with the DHT11 Sensor, testing kits for wind speed and direction, testing data delivery with the Wifi Router and 3G network modem, and testing all devices. From the system design and testing concluded that the Arduino-based Automatic Weather Monitoring Device on 3G Cellular Networks has good flexibility and precision because the devices can be placed in various places, especially in rural areas. Data Output from sensors can be monitored through the Thingspeak.com website, so users do not need to directly monitor where the device is placed.
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Ahmed, Mohammed Altaf, and Jaber Aloufi. "A Smart Memory Controller for System on Chip-Based Devices." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (May 5, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4944335.
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This research paper deals with a system-on-chip (SoC) architecture design where multiple processors are inbuilt with other blocks of memory and control logic developed by nanomaterials. The multiprocessing-based SoC architecture is commonly used in the latest electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, and smart wristwatches with large memory sizes. The data handing in these highly memory-dense devices is a critical task, and it needs special attention for the smooth operation of the device. This research proposed a smart controller to exchange data between various processors and input-output devices to tackle this challenge. A proposed controller block controls the data flow between memory and different SoC components and processors. A memory access controller (MAC) is presented in this research study to manage and accelerate data transmission speed and reduce the processors’ activity for SoC-based devices. The proposed MAC will integrate into the SoC with multiprocessing units, including gaming processors, at minimum hardware overhead and low power consumption. It improves the memory accessing efficiency and reduces the processors’ activity of a system. As a result, the system’s performance and power consumption improve at an acceptable level compared with the other conventional methods. This research is aimed at enhancing the performance of any SoC-based device where multiprocessing engines are inbuilt and flexible enough to serve various SoCs.
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Mladenov, G., V. Spivak, E. Koleva, A. Bogdan, and S. Zelensky. "Micro-and nanostructures in modern memory devices." Electronics and Communications 16, no. 2 (March 28, 2011): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2312-1807.2011.16.2.267720.
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Electronic storage devices are an important part of modern information and communication systems, defining the parameters and possibilities of the whole system. In this paper it is shown the operating principle and parameters of dynamic random-access storage media, working as operative memory in computer systems as well as the flash-memories, wide and successive used as input and output of data and to keep it out of information systems.
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Camara, Carmen, Honorio Martín, Pedro Peris-Lopez, and Muawya Aldalaien. "Design and Analysis of a True Random Number Generator Based on GSR Signals for Body Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092033.
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Today, medical equipment or general-purpose devices such as smart-watches or smart-textiles can acquire a person’s vital signs. Regardless of the type of device and its purpose, they are all equipped with one or more sensors and often have wireless connectivity. Due to the transmission of sensitive data through the insecure radio channel and the need to ensure exclusive access to authorised entities, security mechanisms and cryptographic primitives must be incorporated onboard these devices. Random number generators are one such necessary cryptographic primitive. Motivated by this, we propose a True Random Number Generator (TRNG) that makes use of the GSR signal measured by a sensor on the body. After an exhaustive analysis of both the entropy source and the randomness of the output, we can conclude that the output generated by the proposed TRNG behaves as that produced by a random variable. Besides, and in comparison with the previous proposals, the performance offered is much higher than that of the earlier works.
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Yao, Li Feng, and Jian Fei Ouyang. "Catching Data from Displayers by Machine Vision." Advanced Materials Research 566 (September 2012): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.566.124.
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With the emergence of eHealth, the importance of keeping digital personal health statistics is quickly rising in demand. Many current health assessment devices output values to the user without a method of digitally saving the data. This paper presents a method to directly translate the numeric displays of the devices into digital records using machine vision. A wireless-based machine vision system is designed to image the display and a tracking algorithm based on SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) is developed to recognize the numerals from the captured images. First, a local camera captures an image of the display and transfers it wirelessly to a remote computer, which generates the gray-scale and binary figures of the images for further processing. Next, the computer applies the watershed segmentation algorithm to divide the image into regions of individual values. Finally, the SIFT features of the segmented images are picked up in sequence and matched with the SIFT features of the ten standard digits from 0 to 9 one by one to recognize the digital numbers of the device’s display. The proposed approach can obtain the data directly from the display quickly and accurately with high environmental tolerance. The numeric recognition converts with over 99.2% accuracy, and processes an image in less than one second. The proposed method has been applied in the E-health Station, a physiological parameters measuring system that integrates a variety of commercial instruments, such as OMRON digital thermometer, oximeter, sphygmomanometer, glucometer, and fat monitor, to give a more complete physiological health measurement.
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Žaimis, Uldis, Dzintars Tomsons, and Valdis Priedols. "SIMPLE DATA APPROXIMATION FOR COMPUTER AND CONTROLLER-AIDED DEVICES." SOCIETY. TECHNOLOGY. SOLUTIONS. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (April 17, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35363/via.sts.2019.10.
Full textAbstract:
INTRODUCTION
Development of mechatronic systems involves finding an optimal balance between the basic mechanical structure, sensor and actuator implementation, automatic information processing and overall control. Mechatronic systems are characterized by a combination of basic mechanical devices with a processing unit monitoring and controlling it via number of actuators and sensors. Therefore sensors are significant in the process of providing usable output to microcontrollers. Wide range of sensors are available for constructing mechatronic systems. Sensors can be divided into two big groups: Active and Passive. Other type of classification is by the means of detection used in the sensor. Some of the means are electric, chemical, radioactive etc. Various types of sensors are classified by their measuring objectives for example light sensors, temperature sensors, flow sensors etc.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the process of constructing a mechatronic system a proper setup and signal processing must be provided. There exist certain problems with several sensors, therefore sometimes additional circuits for signal conditioning are made to linearize the output with hardware, but some researchers and developers try to linearize the signal using software.
In modern manufacturing equipment very complex systems of devices and sensors are made therefore, they must function correctly because they are the main control parameters. It is particularly important that such control parameters that bring about a correct actual behavior in relation to the reference behavior of such a system are available as a function of time. This means that the parameters must be such that the actual behavior of the system corresponds as closely as possible to the reference behavior. Some examples of such systems are:
Robot arms, which move a tool, such as a laser or burr removing tool, for example, which is to be guided along a particulary contour line of a workpiece.
Heating systems which are intended to impart a particulary temperature profile to a workpiece.
The input data of sensors is crucial for mechatronic systems.
A large part of the system is equipped with sensors that read the most important parameters – location coordinates, altitude, compass readings, distance to the barrier (for robots and unmanned aerial vehicles), temperature (heaters and coolers), lighting, etc.
Often, some types of sensors give floating data, processing which, a computer or controller acting under an algorithm develops non-physical, inexecutable commands for the final control elements. This results in an increasing load of engines, heating elements, and other actuators, as well as inappropriately increasing energy consumption.
The well-known PID algorithm and numerical approximation with built-in MatLab or MATCAD functions does not provide a solution for autonomous systems with controllers that have limited memory and speed of operation.
RESULTS
New methods that approximate sensor data and are applicable to both analogue and PWM (Pulse-Width-Modulation)-controlled devices have been developed in the paper.
The first proposed – derivative - method relates to the restriction of the function direction coefficient module. The second method – the growth bisection method enables smooth sensor data to be obtained.
The derivation method is based on limitation of the maximum function increment to a specified level. The growth bisection (proportional) method is based on comparison of the increment module with the increment in the previous step and its proportional decrease by multiplying by a predefined constant. Both methods take up some lines in the control program code, and most mechatronic equipment is capable of real-time operation.
CONCLUSIO
Dynamic data background connection allows to obtain a self-learning system adapting to the nature of incoming data – a higher number of data will be used in case of minor changes; in contrast, only the last data saved will be used for a rapid change. A system response delay is negligible.
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Wang, Xiyao, Lonni Besançon, Mehdi Ammi, and Tobias Isenberg. "Understanding differences between combinations of 2D and 3D input and output devices for 3D data visualization." International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 163 (July 2022): 102820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102820.
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Mittelmeier, Niko, Tomas Blodau, and Martin Kühn. "Monitoring offshore wind farm power performance with SCADA data and an advanced wake model." Wind Energy Science 2, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-2-175-2017.
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Abstract. Wind farm underperformance can lead to significant losses in revenues. The efficient detection of wind turbines operating below their expected power output and immediate corrections help maximize asset value. The method, presented in this paper, estimates the environmental conditions from turbine states and uses pre-calculated lookup tables from a numeric wake model to predict the expected power output. Deviations between the expected and the measured power output ratio between two turbines are an indication of underperformance. The confidence of detected underperformance is estimated by a detailed analysis of the uncertainties of the method. Power normalization with reference turbines and averaging several measures performed by devices of the same type can reduce uncertainties for estimating the expected power. A demonstration of the method's ability to detect underperformance in the form of degradation and curtailment is given. An underperformance of 8 % could be detected in a triple-wake condition.
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Gocheva-Ilieva, Snezhana Georgieva, Desislava Stoyanova Voynikova, and Iliycho Petkov Iliev. "Modeling of Output Characteristics of a UV Cu+ Ne-CuBr Laser." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/420782.
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This paper examines experiment data for a Ne-CuBr UV copper ion laser excited by longitudinal pulsed discharge emitting in multiline regime. The flexible multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARSs) method has been used to develop nonparametric regression models describing the laser output power and service life of the devices. The models have been constructed as explicit functions of 9 basic input laser characteristics. The obtained models account for local nonlinearities of the relationships within the various multivariate subregions. The built best MARS models account for over 98% of data. The models are used to estimate the investigated output laser characteristics of existing UV lasers. The capabilities for using the models in predicting existing and future experiments have been demonstrated. Specific analyses have been presented comparing the models with actual experiments. The obtained results are applicable for guiding and planning the engineering experiment. The modeling methodology can be applied for a wide range of similar lasers and laser devices.
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Jurgelionis, A., P. Fechteler, P. Eisert, F. Bellotti, H. David, J. P. Laulajainen, R. Carmichael, et al. "Platform for Distributed 3D Gaming." International Journal of Computer Games Technology 2009 (2009): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/231863.
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Video games are typically executed on Windows platforms with DirectX API and require high performance CPUs and graphics hardware. For pervasive gaming in various environments like at home, hotels, or internet cafes, it is beneficial to run games also on mobile devices and modest performance CE devices avoiding the necessity of placing a noisy workstation in the living room or costly computers/consoles in each room of a hotel. This paper presents a new cross-platform approach for distributed 3D gaming in wired/wireless local networks. We introduce the novel system architecture and protocols used to transfer the game graphics data across the network to end devices. Simultaneous execution of video games on a central server and a novel streaming approach of the 3D graphics output to multiple end devices enable the access of games on low cost set top boxes and handheld devices that natively lack the power of executing a game with high-quality graphical output.
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Saraniti, M., G. Zandler, G. Formicone, and S. Goodnick. "Cellular Automata Studies of Vertical Silicon Devices." VLSI Design 8, no. 1-4 (January 1, 1998): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/89897.
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We present systematic theoretical Cellular Automata (CA) studies of a novel nanometer scale Si device, namely vertically grown Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET) with channel lengths between 65 and 120 nm. The CA simulations predict drain characteristics and output conductance as a function of gate length. The excellent agreement with available experimental data indicates a high quality oxide/semiconductor interface. Impact ionization is shown to be of minor importance. For inhomogeneous p-doping profiles along the channel, significantly improved drain current saturation is predicted.
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Portnuff, Cory D. F., Brian J. Fligor, and Kathryn H. Arehart. "Teenage Use of Portable Listening Devices: A Hazard to Hearing?" Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 22, no. 10 (November 2011): 663–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.22.10.5.
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Background: Recently, a number of popular media articles have raised some concern that portable listening devices (PLDs) may be increasing the risk for music-induced hearing loss (MIHL). However, literature regarding adolescents’ listening behavior and how their attitudes and beliefs relate to behavior is currently limited. Purpose: The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the relationship between volume control settings and output levels of PLDs, (2) to examine how adolescents’ listening behavior changes as a function of background noise and noise isolation, (3) to investigate the relationship between self-reported listening levels and laboratory-measured listening levels, and (4) to evaluate the validity of the Listening Habits Questionnaire as a research tool for evaluating how attitudes and beliefs relate to PLD use behavior. Research Design: A descriptive study. Experiment 1 evaluated the output levels of a set of PLDs, and Experiment 2 characterized the listening behavior and attitudes toward PLD use of a group of adolescents. Study Sample: Twenty-nine adolescents aged 13–17 yr, with normal hearing, participated in Experiment 2. Data Collection and Analysis: Experiment 1 evaluated the output levels of a set of PLDs with stock and accessory earphones using an acoustic manikin. Experiment 2 included survey measures of listening behavior and attitudes as well as output levels measured using a probe microphone. Conclusions: The output levels of PLDs are capable of reaching levels that could increase the risk for MIHL, and 14% of teenagers in this study reported behavior that puts them at increased risk for hearing loss. However, measured listening levels in the laboratory settings did not correlate well with self-reported typical listening levels. Further, the Listening Habits Questionnaire described in this study may provide a useful research tool for examining the relationship between attitudes and beliefs and listening behavior.
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Mandal, Dhoumendra, Sumana Mandal, Mrinal Kanti Mandal, and Sisir Kumar Garai. "Alternative Approach of Developing Optical Binary Adder Using Reversible Peres Gates." International Journal of Optics 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8541371.
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All-optical devices will play a very significant and crucial role in the modern all-optical network by eliminating the bottleneck of opto-electro-opto- (O-E-O-) conversion. Unfortunately, the conventional logic gates lose information at the output, and the states of the outputs cannot give any credible impressions of the states of the inputs. In this article, at first, the authors have proposed a method of designing an optical three-input-three-output reversible Peres gate. Authors have deployed polarization switching characteristic of Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) for designing this circuit. The authors have also proposed a method of designing an optical reversible full adder, using two such Peres gates and subsequently a data recovery circuit which can recover the input data of the adder. The authors have chosen frequency encoded data for processing the operation. The proposed scheme has been verified by simulation results.
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Xiaodong, Bao, Wang Yongzhi, and Jin Liang. "Design of Three-Section Current Protection Experimental Device for Single." MATEC Web of Conferences 173 (2018): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817301020.
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Based on the design idea of microcomputer protection, a set of three-section current protection, experimental device was designed by using MCU. Using MCU as the core control of experimental device, the circuits were designed, including the passive filter, current acquisition and signal output; real-ti me, current data were collected. When the current exceeded the setting value, the three-section protection had the single hop or linkage, thereby sending out a tripping signalto the simulated circuit breaker. By testing, the device could store data such as real-time acquisition of the current, alarm, tripping and closing in local database and cloud database, and realize remote monitoring and analysis of devices through cloud service., The device basically reached the goal of laboratory experiment teaching.
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Shen, Jian, Byeong-Gill Han, Ji-Myung Kim, Sung-Moon Choi, Kyung-Hwa Kim, Hu-Dong Lee, Dong-Hyun Tae, and Dae-Seok Rho. "Degradation Evaluation Method with a Test Device for Aging Diagnosis in PV Modules." Energies 15, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 3851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15113851.
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Generally, PV (photovoltaic) modules are known as devices which are used semi-permanently for more than 20 years, but the electrical performance and lifespan of PV modules can be significantly degraded due to various environmental factors. Thus, a proper evaluation method for aging phenomenon of PV modules is required. Although there already are methods which compare adjusted PV output power based on STC (standard test condition) with initial PV module specification, or perform direct comparison by conducting the test under STC, there are issues with objectivity or efficiency in the existing evaluation method of aging phenomenon due to the data distortion while adjusting measured data or difficulties in implementation. Therefore, in order to overcome the above-mentioned disadvantage of the existing evaluation method for deterioration in PV modules and evaluate the aging characteristics of PV modules based on on-site measurement data in an accurate and efficient manner, this paper implements a test device for aging diagnosis to measure and collect actual data from a PV module section, and presents a modeling of data analysis for aging phenomenon with MATLAB S/W in order to minimize the variability of PV output, communication error, delay, etc. Furthermore, this paper confirms the usefulness of the presented test device for aging diagnosis of the PV modules which is accurately evaluated by considering on-site measurement of PV output power by season.
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Cervantes-Lozano, Pedro, Luis F. González-Pérez, and Andrés D. García-García. "A VLSI Architecture for the V-BLAST Algorithm in Spatial-Multiplexing MIMO Systems." Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/534735.
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This paper presents a VLSI architecture for the suboptimal hard-output Vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) algorithm in the context of Spatial Multiplexing Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (SM-MIMO) systems immersed in Rayleigh fading channels. The design and implementation of its corresponding data-path and control-path components over FPGA devices are considered. Results on synthesis, bit error rate performance, and data throughput are reported.
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Chen, Haijun, Ning Wang, and Hongcai He. "Equivalent Circuit Analysis of Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Hybrid Device with Different TE Module Structure." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/824038.
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Combining two different types of solar cells with different absorption bands into a hybrid cell is a very useful method to improve the utilization efficiency of solar energy. The experimental data of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and thermoelectric generators (TEG) was simulated by equivalent circuit method, and some parameters of DSSCs were obtained. Then, the equivalent circuit model with the obtained parameters was used to optimize the structure design of photovoltaic- (PV-) thermoelectric (TE) hybrid devices. The output power(Pout)first increases to a maximum and then decreases by increasing the TE prism size, and a smaller spacing between p-type prism and n-type prism of a TE p-n junction causes a higher output power of TEG and hybrid device. When the spacing between TE prisms is 15 μm and the optimal base side length of TE prism is 40 μm, the maximum theoretical efficiency reaches 24.6% according to the equivalent circuit analysis. This work would give some enlightenment for the development of high-performance PV-TE hybrid devices.
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Chi, Haozhen, Hairong Su, Wenyu Liang, and Qinyuan Ren. "Control of a Rehabilitation Robotic Device Driven by Antagonistic Soft Actuators." Actuators 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10060123.
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Stroke is becoming a widely concerned social problem, and robot-assisted devices have made considerable contributions in the training and treatment of rehabilitation. Due to the compliance and continuous deformation capacity, rehabilitation devices driven by soft actuators are attached to widespread attention. Considering the large output force of pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) and the biological musculoskeletal structure, an antagonistic PAM-driven rehabilitation robotic device is developed. To fulfill the need for control of the proposed device, a knowledge-guided data-driven modeling approach is used and an adaptive feedforward–feedback control approach is presented to ensure the motion accuracy under large deformation motion with high frequency. Finally, several simulations and experiments are carried out to evaluate the performance of the developed system, and the results show that the developed system with the proposed controller can achieve expected control performance under various operations.
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Wang, Zhaocheng, and Jiaxuan Chen. "Networked multiple-input-multiple-output for optical wireless communication systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2169 (March 2, 2020): 20190189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0189.
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With the escalation of heterogeneous data traffic, the research on optical wireless communication (OWC) has attracted much attention, owing to its advantages such as wide spectrum, low power consumption and high security. Ubiquitous optical devices, e.g. light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and cameras, are employed to support optical wireless links. Since the distribution of these optical devices is usually dense, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) can be naturally adopted to attain spatial diversity gain or spatial multiplexing gain. As the scale of OWC networks enlarges, optical MIMO can also collaborate with network-level operations, like user/AP grouping, to enhance the network throughput. Since OWC is preferred for short-range communications and is sensitive to the directions/rotations of transceivers, optical MIMO links vary frequently and sharply in outdoor scenarios when considering the mobility of optical devices, raising new challenges to network design. In this work, we present an overview of optical MIMO techniques, as well as the cooperation of MIMO and user/AP grouping in OWC networks. In consideration of the challenges for outdoor OWC, key technologies are then proposed to facilitate the adoption of optical MIMO in outdoor scenarios, especially in vehicular ad hoc networks. Lastly, future applications of MIMO in OWC networks are discussed. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.
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Nawaz Jadoon, Rab, Mohsin Fayyaz, WuYang Zhou, Muhammad Amir Khan, and Ghulam Mujtaba. "PCOI: Packet Classification‐Based Optical Interconnect for Data Centre Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (July 17, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2903157.
Full textAbstract:
To support cloud services, Data Centre Networks (DCNs) are constructed to have many servers and network devices, thus increasing the routing complexity and energy consumption of the DCN. The introduction of optical technology in DCNs gives several benefits related to routing control and energy efficiency. This paper presents a novel Packet Classification based Optical interconnect (PCOI) architecture for DCN which simplifies the routing process by classifying the packet at the sender rack and reduces energy consumption by utilizing the passive optical components. This architecture brings some key benefits to optical interconnects in DCNs which include (i) routing simplicity, (ii) reduced energy consumption, (iii) scalability to large port count, (iv) packet loss avoidance, and (v) all-to-one communication support. The packets are classified based on destination rack and are arranged in the input queues. This paper presents the input and output queuing analysis of the PCOI architecture in terms of mathematical analysis, the TCP simulation in NS2, and the physical layer analysis by conducting simulation in OptiSystem. The packet loss in the PCOI has been avoided by adopting the input and output queuing model. The output queue of PCOI architecture represents an M/D/32 queue. The simulation results show that PCOI achieved a significant improvement in terms of throughput and low end-to-end delay. The eye-diagram results show that a good quality optical signal is received at the output, showing a very low Bit Error Rate (BER).