Journal articles: 'Outplanting'

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Walbert, K., T. D. Ramsfield, M. A. Dick, E. E. Jones, and H. J. Ridgway. "The fate of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Pinus radiata seedlings in the nursery." New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (August 1, 2008): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6865.

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Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi dramatically enhance the growth of the plantation species Pinus radiata and facilitate the establishment of nursery seedlings following outplanting This study investigated ECM species colonising P radiata seedlings in the nursery and their fate in the first year of outplanting Naturally occurring ECM communities of P radiata seedlings in the Te Ngae Nursery Rotorua were investigated and these seedlings were assessed following outplanting in Kaingaroa Forest Observations of the ECM communities were made eight times during the first year of the seedlings being in the plantation forest In addition the ECM communities of 1 2 and 8 year old P radiata plantation stands were also analysed It was found that nursery ECM survived the first year of outplanting The first nonnursery ECM Pezizales sp occurred 6 months after outplanting at Kaingaroa but these were in minor abundance Rhizopogon rubescens was the most persistent and dominant nursery ECM species Overall nursery ECM survived for 2 years following outplanting but were completely replaced by 7 years

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Matsson, Sanna, Anna Metaxas, Silje Forbord, Svein Kristiansen, Aleksander Handå, and Bodil A. Bluhm. "Effects of outplanting time on growth, shedding and quality of Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyceae) in its northern distribution range." Journal of Applied Phycology 33, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 2415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02441-z.

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AbstractTo reach the goal of large-scale seaweed cultivation in Norway and the rest of Europe, new knowledge about the commercially important kelp species Saccharina latissima is needed. Efforts to maximise biomass by outplanting the seaweed in different seasons can affect seaweed quality. Here, we investigate the effects of outplanting time (February, April, and May) when cultivating S. latissima in the northern range of the species’ distribution. We studied the quantity and quality of the seaweed biomass produced in the autumn following outplanting. Effects on quantity were evaluated as seaweed frond area, relative daily growth rate (DGR) and relative daily shedding rate (DSR). Quality was evaluated by tissue content of carbon and nitrogen compounds and number of fouling epizoans. Cultivation was successful when seedlings were outplanted in both February and April, but not in May. An earlier outplanting, in February, gave a prolonged time for grow-out at sea prior to the main recruitment event of epizoans that occurred in September, thereby earlier outplanting resulted in larger frond areas. The frond area reached in September was doubled when seedlings were outplanted in February compared to April, whereas a later outplanting in April gave a higher DGR and DSR, higher carbon content, and lower amount of fouling epizoans. The outplanting season did not affect tissue nitrate concentration or internally stored nitrate. These results show that outplanting time is an important factor to consider especially for biomass yield, but also for seaweed quality, including epibiosis of the seaweed biomass.

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Vaario, Lu-Min, Arja Tervonen, Kati Haukioja, Markku Haukioja, Taina Pennanen, and Sari Timonen. "The effect of nursery substrate and fertilization on the growth and ectomycorrhizal status of containerized and outplanted seedlings of Picea abies." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 1 (January 2009): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-156.

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Over a 5 year period, we examined the influence of substrate and fertilization on nursery growth and outplanting performance of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). We focused on the relative growth and development of roots and shoots and the colonization intensity and diversity of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. In the nursery, a conventional substrate (low-humified Sphagnum peat) supplemented with woody material (wood fibre and pine bark) and either mineral or organic fertilizers yielded shorter seedlings than those grown on the unmodified substrate. However, after outplanting, the growth rate of seedlings cultivated on modified substrates was higher than that of seedlings grown on the unmodified substrate. Seedlings cultivated in modified substrates had significantly higher root/shoot ratios and ECM diversity; the latter remained significant after ≥3 years of outplanting. Seedlings grown on a substrate containing 50% woody material and supplemented with organic fertilizer had the highest growth rate among all seedlings during the 3 year period of outplanting. Colonization intensity of ECM fungi was high in all seedlings except for those grown in heavily fertilized substrate. This study suggests that nursery techniques that produce seedlings with higher root/shoot ratios and ECM diversities could improve plantation success and growth rate for at least the first 3 years of outplanting.

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Racey, G. D., and R. E. Hutchison. "Tamarack and European Larch can be Overwinter-Stored." Forestry Chronicle 63, no. 3 (June 1, 1987): 179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc63179-3.

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Three fall-lifting and overwinter storage trials of tamarack (Larix laricina [Du Roi] K. Koch) and European larch (L. decidua Mill.) were conducted in southern Ontario to determine whether these species were suitable for overwinter storage. Fifth-year outplanting results demonstrate stored stock performed as well after outplanting as fresh spring-lifted stock.

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Dumroese, R. Kasten, Robert L. James, and David L. Wenny. "An Assessment of Cylindrocarpon on Container Western White Pine Seedlings After Outplanting." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/15.1.5.

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Abstract Cylindrocarpon root disease can destroy root systems of container seedlings. Foresters were concerned that infected nursery stock would perform poorly after outplanting. Root growth potential tests were a poor predictor of disease levels on seedlings that otherwise met standard morphological criteria (height, stem diameter, and firm root plugs) for outplanting. Cylindrocarpon on western white pine persists longer on outplanted stock than Fusarium oxysporum or F. proliferatum on Douglas-fir seedlings on a similar site. Mortality caused by herbivores was as serious a threat to plantation establishment as was mortality caused by all other factors. Our results suggest that western white pine seedlings infected with Cylindrocarpon, but meeting morphological criteria for outplanting, will perform satisfactorily in the field. West. J. Appl. For. 15(1):5-7.

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Perumal, Mugunthan, Mohd Effendi Wasli, and Soo Ying Ho. "Outplanting Performance of the Bornean Tropical Indigenous Species Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) P. S. Ashton in relation to Seedling Age." International Journal of Forestry Research 2021 (May 20, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8859205.

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Planting high-quality seedlings with desirable growth attributes are associated with successful survival and growth performance following outplanting. Considering that most tree species from the Dipterocarpaceae family are on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, proper conservation of such species is necessary. Very little is known with no clear consensus regarding whether increasing the seedling production period enhances outplanting survival and growth potential of tropical dipterocarp species planted under enrichment planting in Malaysia. In this study, one potential Bornean tropical indigenous species, Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) P.S. Ashton, was produced in the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak nursery and outplanted at Sampadi Forest Reserve, Sarawak. Different nursery production periods (3, 6, 9, and 24 months) were tested for the species at the time of planting as well as for the subsequent growth performance after 12, 24, and 42 months of outplanting. The findings revealed that older (9- and 24-month-old) S. macrophylla seedlings were morphologically larger from younger (3- and 6-month-old) seedlings. Nonetheless, the overall pooled mean survival rates declined from 61.7 to 44.6% after 12, 24, and 42 months of outplanting. For the 42-month period, the survival rate for the 9-month-old seedlings was significantly higher than that for the 3-, 6-, and 24-month-old seedlings. Notwithstanding, the relative growth rate of the stem diameter was higher for the 3- and 9-month-old seedlings than for the 6- and 24-month-old seedlings after 42 months of outplanting. Thus, maintaining plant material from the seedlings produced at 3, 6, and 9 months of age would be beneficial for the initiation of transplantation in restoration programmes in Sarawak. The 24-month-old seedlings will also be useful, especially during irregular flowering and unpredictable fruiting intervals. A further experimental study on other environmental factors that could influence the outplanting performance of the seedlings in the tropical forest restoration area of Sarawak, Malaysia, is necessary.

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Stenström, Elna, and Mats Ek. "Field growth of Pinussylvestris following nursery inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 914–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-123.

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Growth of Pinussylvestris L. seedlings inoculated with a number of forest mycorrhizal fungi (Amanitamuscaria (L. ex Fr.) Hooker, Lactariusrufus (Scop.) Fr., Suillusvariegatus (Swartz ex Fr.) O. Kuntze, Tricholomaalbobrunneum (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer, and an unknown mycorrhizal fungus) in the nursery was studied for 3 years after field planting. At outplanting, 10–40% of the root tips were mycorrhizal, consisting of both the inoculated fungi and an indigenous nursery mycorrhiza, Thelephoraterrestris (Ehrh.) Fr. In the field the target fungi were replaced by several indigenous forest mycorrhizal fungi, which also rapidly colonized the remaining uncolonized root system. At outplanting, some of the inoculated seedlings were substantially smaller than the uninoculated seedlings. However, after 2.5 years seedlings in some of the treatments were up to 50% larger in volume than control seedlings. Even at low initial mycorrhizal colonization rates some mycorrhizal species stimulated seedling growth. The most noticeable response occurred in seedlings inoculated with A. muscaria; although they were about 50% smaller than the control seedlings at outplanting, they grew so rapidly that 18 months later they were about 20% larger than the controls. This observation contradicts previous reports on the importance of seedling size at outplanting. Possible explanations for the observed effects are discussed.

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Calle-Triviño, Johanna, Camilo Cortés-Useche, Rita Sellares, and Jesús Ernesto Arias González. "First record of the fireworm Hermodice carunculata preying on colonies of the threatened staghorn coral Acropora Cervicornis in the southeastern outplanting sites of the Dominican Republic." Novitates Caribaea, no. 11 (October 1, 2017): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33800/nc.v0i11.17.

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Several fireworms Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766) were observed feeding on coral colonies or transplanted fragments of the threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis (Lamarck, 1816), in outplanting sites at Bayahibe, Dominican Republic. The fireworm H. carunculata has a highly negative impact on A. cervicornis populations, causing several lesions on the living tissue of branches and partial or complete mortality at the outplanting sites. This is the first report of predation on transplanted colonies in a coral restoration program in the Dominican Republic.

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Skrziszowski, M., and I. Kupka. "Fine root growth of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings during the first outplanting years in Western Bohemia (Czech Republic)." Journal of Forest Science 54, No. 5 (May 22, 2008): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2901-jfs.

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The study analyses the growth of beech seedling fine roots and their development in the first five years. The research plots were established in 1997–2003 in community forests of Starý Plzenec (Western Bohemia, Czech Republic). The data are based on annual reviews of beech samplings extracted from surveyed plots. The whole root volume as well as the fine root volume is significantly (on a 95% significance level) growing during the first years after outplanting and there is not any disruption of growth immediately after outplanting.

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Freitas, Teresa Aparecida Soares de, Deborah Guerra Barroso, José Geraldo de Araújo Carneiro, Ricardo Miguel Penchel, and Marcos Pellegrini Coutinho. "Outplanting performace of eucalyptus clonal cuttings produced in different containers and substrates." Revista Árvore 32, no. 6 (December 2008): 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622008000600007.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the outplanting growth of Eucalyptus grandis e E. saligna clones, produced by cuttings in tubes (50cm³) and in pressed blocks (40x60x07cm) - 175 cm³/ seedlings, with different substrates (BT - sugarcane bagasse+sugarcane filter cake; AR - carbonized rice hull + eucalyptus bark; TF - peat). The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, in a 2x7 factorial (2 clones and 7 treatments), with four replicates with 25 plants. Survival was evaluated two months later. Plant growth was monitored through height and ground level diameter at 20, 40, 60, 120 and 180 days after outplanting. To evaluate the effect of the containers on stem and root biomass in both clones, 180 days after outplanting, the cuttings grown in BT substrate with fertilizer were selected. One plant per plot of each clone, grown in tubes and in pressed blocks was selected. The E. grandis and E. saligna cuttings grown in pressed blocks with sugarcane bagasse+sugarcane filter cake presented greater height and diameter after out planting. Both clones presented larger root, bark, log and branch biomass production in plants produced in the block system. Cuttings of E. saligna grown in pressed blocks showed 80% most wood biomass 180 days after outplanting, compared to that grown in tubes. In E. grandis, the differences in diameter and height, in function of the cutting production system, decreased along time, while in E. saligna these differences increased along the evaluation period.

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Carey, W. A., and W. D. Kelley. "Eight-Year Field Performance of Pine Seedlings after Mycorrhizae Were Triadimefon-Inhibited in the Nursery." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 20, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/20.1.42.

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Abstract Loblolly pine seedlings were not sprayed with a fungicide or were sprayed with triadimefon (Bayleton®) at 6 oz ai/ac or with twice or four times that rate to differentially suppress mycorrhizal development. Seedlings were planted at three sites and evaluated in the eighth year after outplanting. Fusiform rust incidence and tree heights and diameters differed significantly between nursery sources and among outplanting sites, but not between triadimefon treatments. Survival did not differ between sites, nursery sources or triadimefon treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):42-44.

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Bohne, H., L. Salomon, and D. Gerhard. "Influence of Provenance and Fertilization in the Tree Nursery on Outplanting Performance and N-, P-, and K-Content of Viburnum opulus L. in Shoots and Roots." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-29.3.137.

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Abstract Two-year-old seedlings of two German provenances [Norddeutsches Tiefland (NT), Westdeutsches Bergland (WB)] of Viburnum opulus L. were cultivated in containers with ‘low’ and ‘high’ fertilization for one vegetation period and then transplanted into the field. At the end of cultivation dry weight (dwt) of plants from NT was higher compared to WB. After outplanting NT maintained its higher dry weight of shoots. In the nursery only the dry weight of new shoots of NT increased due to the higher fertilization. Two years after outplanting the effect of high fertilization was still to be seen in higher dry weight of roots and old shoots for both provenances. At the end of cultivation high fertilization increased N-, P-, and K-concentration for WB in all plant compartments, but in NT only in roots. After outplanting % N decreased in all plant parts; % P and % K increased in new shoots and decreased in old shoots and roots. Retranslocation of N from the roots was higher for the previously high fertilized plants. For both fertilization levels retranslocation was slightly higher for the plants from WB.

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Oliet, Juan A., Jaime Puértolas, Patricio Valenzuela, and Alberto Vázquez de Castro. "Light Transmissivity of Tree Shelters Interacts with Site Environment and Species Ecophysiology to Determine Outplanting Performance in Mediterranean Climates." Land 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070753.

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Plastic tree shelters are commonly used in plantations under Mediterranean climates to protect against herbivory and enhance outplanting performance. However, effects on outplanting performance cannot be generalized due to the complexity of plant responses to microenvironmental conditions within the tube wall. The interactions between the light transmissivity of the tubes and species-specific responses to light and site environment on two-year outplanting performance were studied in two species with contrasting shade tolerance planted inside tree shelters with four different light transmissivities and a non-tree shelter control at two Mediterranean sites with contrasting rainfall and temperature. In general, increasing light transmissivity enhanced biomass accumulation, suggesting that the use of clear tubes might be advisable. However, the shade-tolerant Q. ilex did not benefit from the greater light transmissivity in the most arid site, indicating that the positive effect of clear tubes depends on water stress experienced by seedlings, which ultimately is determined by drought resistance strategies and site conditions. The growth of both species and survival of P. halepensis were higher within clear tubes in the continental site than in unsheltered plants, which suggests that factors other than light, such as warmer daytime temperatures or the prevention of dust deposition, can explain this beneficial site-dependent effect of tree shelters. In conclusion, our results confirm the hypothesis that the effect of tree shelter and its light transmission on outplanting performance is site and species-specific, but further research is needed to identify the effect of other effects not related to light transmission.

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Abella, S. R., D. J. Craig, and A. A. Suazo. "Outplanting but not seeding establishes native desert perennials." Native Plants Journal 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/npj.13.2.81.

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Takács, Tünde, László Radimszky, and Tamás Németh. "The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Status of Poplar Clones Selected for Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2005): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-3-420.

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Abstract The aim of this work was to study the colonization of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species in fine-roots of poplar clones. Roots of 7 poplar clones were sampled from a 1-year-old trial established at an industrial site strongly polluted with heavy metals at Balatonfűzfő , Hungary. The poplar clones have shown variable degrees of colonization by AMF, suggesting differential host susceptibility or mycorrhizal dependency. After outplanting the percentage of poplar survival was strongly correlated with the frequency of AMF infection. Two clones that survived at the lowest ratio after outplanting had not been colonized by AMF in contrast to those which survived to a much higher extent.

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Koval, Gammon, Nicolas Rivas, Martine D’Alessandro, Dalton Hesley, Rolando Santos, and Diego Lirman. "Fish predation hinders the success of coral restoration efforts using fragmented massive corals." PeerJ 8 (October 2, 2020): e9978. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9978.

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As coral reefs continue to decline globally, coral restoration practitioners have explored various approaches to return coral cover and diversity to decimated reefs. While branching coral species have long been the focus of restoration efforts, the recent development of the microfragmentation coral propagation technique has made it possible to incorporate massive coral species into restoration efforts. Microfragmentation (i.e., the process of cutting large donor colonies into small fragments that grow fast) has yielded promising early results. Still, best practices for outplanting fragmented corals of massive morphologies are continuing to be developed and modified to maximize survivorship. Here, we compared outplant success among four species of massive corals (Orbicella faveolata, Montastraea cavernosa, Pseudodiploria clivosa, and P. strigosa) in Southeast Florida, US. Within the first week following coral deployment, predation impacts by fish on the small (<5 cm2) outplanted colonies resulted in both the complete removal of colonies and significant tissue damage, as evidenced by bite marks. In our study, 8–27% of fragments from four species were removed by fish within one week, with removal rates slowing down over time. Of the corals that remained after one week, over 9% showed signs of fish predation. Our findings showed that predation by corallivorous fish taxa like butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae), parrotfishes (Scaridae), and damselfishes (Pomacentridae) is a major threat to coral outplants, and that susceptibility varied significantly among coral species and outplanting method. Moreover, we identify factors that reduce predation impacts such as: (1) using cement instead of glue to attach corals, (2) elevating fragments off the substrate, and (3) limiting the amount of skeleton exposed at the time of outplanting. These strategies are essential to maximizing the efficiency of outplanting techniques and enhancing the impact of reef restoration.

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Griffiths, Erin, and Jason C. Stevens. "Managing nutrient regimes improves seedling root-growth potential of framework banksia-woodland species." Australian Journal of Botany 61, no. 8 (2013): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13181.

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Limited success of restoring framework banksia-woodland species has been attributed to the failure of seedlings to establish deep root systems before the onset of the summer drought. The present glasshouse study investigated how optimising nutrient application during nursery production may increase new-root production after outplanting. Two experimental streams were established to (1) optimise nutrient application rates during nursery production and (2) utilise nutrient-loading techniques to improve root production of Banksia menziesii R.Br., Banksia attenuata R.Br. and Eucalyptus todtiana F.Muell after outplanting. Optimal nutrient-application rates were determined by measuring plant growth and internal nutrient responses to eight application levels of slow-release fertiliser (0–18 kg m–3, nitrogen (N) : phosphorus (P) : potassium (K) = 17 : 1.6 : 8.7). Nutrient-loading treatments utilised seedlings that had been grown under common industry fertiliser conditions (3 kg m–3 native Osmocote, N : P : K = 17 : 1.6 : 8.7) supplied with ‘low’ or ‘high’ loading doses of liquid Thrive continuously over 6 weeks, immediately before outplanting. Seedlings from both experiments were then outplanted to 1-m-deep poly-pipe tubes containing habitat soil. After 12 weeks, plants were harvested and new-root production and shoot growth were measured. Optimal concentrations of slow-release fertiliser for maximum outplanting success as indicated by increased root investment (root : shoot ratio and new-root production) were 8–12 kg m–3 for all species. Nutrient loading increased N and P concentrations of plants by up to 80% and 127%, respectively, by luxury nutrient consumption, and after planting, nutrient-loaded seedlings produced 1.5-fold the biomass of conventionally fertilised seedlings, this being the result of greater root productivity. In conclusion, optimising nursery nutrient regimes for framework species may increase root-growth potential, assisting in improving plant establishment in restoration programs.

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Cordell, Susan, Moana McClellan, Yvonne Yarber Carter, and Lisa J. Hadway. "Towards restoration of Hawaiian tropical dry forests: the Kaupulehu outplanting programme." Pacific Conservation Biology 14, no. 4 (2008): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc080279.

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Hawaiian tropical dry forests contain diverse assemblages of woody canopy species, including many endemic and endangered species that warrant conservation attention before completely disappearing. Today, tropical dry forests in Hawaii are not viable ecosystems. Poor land use practices, fragmentation, non-native plant invasions, and inadequate native vegetation regeneration are all factors that have contributed to their endangerment. Only an ambitious restoration programme that includes non-native ungulate exclusion, weed control, fire management, and the outplanting of seeds and seedlings will be sufficient to enhance Hawaiian tropical dry forests. We selected a 25 ha preserve within the Kaupulehu Dry Forest Preserve, located in North Kona on the Island of Hawaii, to test dry forest restoration strategies. In 1997, the preserve was fenced and all non-native ungulates were removed. Altogether, 4892 outplants were planted from 1999?2006. In 2007, we surveyed all of the outplants. The survey found 1487 live plants, 3357 dead, and 48 plants missing. This equates to an overall survival rate of 30%. Survival by vegetation type indicated that vines had the highest rate of survival (63%) followed by trees (34%). Herbs had the lowest rate of survival (12%). Twelve of a total of 35 species that were outplanted in the Kaupulehu Dry Forest Preserve accounted for more than 90% of the total surviving plants species, while five federally listed species represent almost 60% of the total. The outplanting of dry forest species into the Kaupulehu Dry Forest Preserve considerably increased the population of many federally listed endangered species. However, the high mortality of many common and important plant species of tropical dry systems highlights the importance of an outplanting programme that emphasizes ecosystem sustainability rather that species success. In equal measure, the successes and failures of the Kaupulehu outplanting project have enhanced our ability to begin to restore this unique and endangered ecosystem.

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Stenström, Elna, Mats Ek, and Torgny Unestam. "Variation in field response of Pinussylvestris to nursery inoculation with four different ectomycorrhizal fungi." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 1796–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-240.

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Pinussylvestris L. seedlings were inoculated in nursery containers with the assertive mycorrhizal formers Laccarialaccata (Scop, ex Fr.) Bk. & Br., Hebelomacrustuliniforme (Bull, ex Fr.) Quélet, and Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. After outplanting, seedling size and the frequency of mycorrhizal root tips were monitored over 6 years. Between 25 and 90% of the root tips of inoculated seedlings were mycorrhizal with the target fungi at outplanting, whereas the noninoculated control seedlings were spontaneously colonized by other fungi at rates between 25 and 50%. After 1.5 years the inoculated fungi were still present on the roots; however, they were slowly being replaced by indigenous forest species. In the nursery, most of the inoculations resulted in reduced seedling growth. This inhibition of growth rate was pronounced up to 1.5 years in the field, except for seedlings inoculated with C. geophilum. By this time, L. laccata and H. crustuliniforme inoculated seedlings were about 40 to 50% smaller in volume than the control seedlings, and the relative difference in size was maintained or slightly decreased during the following 4 years. The noninoculated nursery production seedlings were about 50% larger in volume than the corresponding control seedlings at outplanting. In the field, however, they grew relatively slower and consequently, were soon similar in volume to the control seedlings.

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Miller, Margaret W., Katryna Kerr, and Dana E. Williams. "Reef-scale trends in FloridaAcroporaspp. abundance and the effects of population enhancement." PeerJ 4 (September 29, 2016): e2523. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2523.

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Since the listing ofAcropora palmataandA. cervicornisunder the US Endangered Species Act in 2006, increasing investments have been made in propagation of listed corals (primarilyA. cervicornis,A. palmatato a much lesser extent) in offshore coral nurseries and outplanting cultured fragments to reef habitats. This investment is superimposed over a spatiotemporal patchwork of ongoing disturbances (especially storms, thermal bleaching, and disease) as well as the potential for natural population recovery. In 2014 and 2015, we repeated broad scale (>50 ha), low precisionAcroporaspp. censuses (i.e., direct observation by snorkelers documented via handheld GPS) originally conducted in appropriate reef habitats during 2005–2007 to evaluate the trajectory of local populations and the effect of population enhancement. Over the decade-long study,A. palmatashowed a cumulative proportional decline of 0.4 – 0.7x in colony density across all sites, despite very low levels of outplanting at some sites.A. cervicornisshowed similar proportional declines at sites without outplanting. In contrast, sites that receivedA. cervicornisoutplants showed a dramatic increase in density (over 13x). Indeed, change inA. cervicorniscolony density was significantly positively correlated with cumulative numbers of outplants across sites. This study documents a substantive reef-scale benefit ofAcroporaspp. population enhancement in the Florida Keys, when performed at adequate levels, against a backdrop of ongoing population decline.

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Delisle, Claude. "Treeshelters: A judicious choice for improving red ash growth." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75845-5.

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During two consecutive years, 2 + 0 bareroot red ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) seedlings were planted in the spring in clearcuts and in old fields. In the fall of the same years, treeshelters 120 cm in height were installed to protect plants from browsing. Tree growth and survival were assessed over a four-year period following outplanting. Sheltered trees were then significantly higher than the controls, and their root collar diameters were larger, on average. Trees planted on clearcuts were taller than those on old fields. Four years after outplanting, sheltered trees had a slightly better survival rate than the controls with overall survival rate exceeding 97% for both planting years. Key words: treeshelter, tree protector, Delta system, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, reforestation, survival, height growth, diameter growth

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Teste, François P., Margaret G. Schmidt, Shannon M. Berch, Chuck Bulmer, and Keith N. Egger. "Effects of ectomycorrhizal inoculants on survival and growth of interior Douglas-fir seedlings on reforestation sites and partially rehabilitated landings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 2074–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-083.

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We studied the effects of commercially available (Laccaria laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Berk. & Br. and Rhizopogon parksii Smith (Oregon source)) and native (R. parksii (British Columbia source)) ectomycorrhizal (EM) inoculants on the survival and growth of commercially grown interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) seedlings outplanted on reforestation sites (burned piles and clearcuts) and partially rehabilitated (shallow- and deep-tilled to a depth of 15 and 50 cm, respectively) landings. We also examined the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the EM status and foliar element levels of noninoculated Douglas-fir seedlings to provide information on the growing conditions found on these types of sites. Inoculation treatments did not significantly increase survival and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings 2 years after outplanting. However, because the average percent EM colonization of inoculated seedlings at time of outplanting was low (36%), the beneficial effects of these inoculants may not have been attained. It is possible that nursery conditions partially account for the low EM colonization of inoculated seedlings. We therefore suggest that nurseries try to modify growing conditions to favor good EM formation before outplanting interior Douglas-fir. Benefits of inoculations on landings may have been restricted by the poor soil conditions, potentially toxic levels of Fe and Al, and competition from well-adapted native EM fungi.

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23

Helenurm, Kaius. "Outplanting and Differential Source Population Success in Lupinus guadalupensis." Conservation Biology 12, no. 1 (July 18, 2008): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96316.x.

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Helenurm, Kaius. "Outplanting and Differential Source Population Success in Lupinus guadalupensis." Conservation Biology 12, no. 1 (February 11, 1998): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96316.x.

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25

Timmer, V. R., and A. D. Munson. "Site-specific growth and nutrition of planted Piceamariana in the Ontario Clay Belt. IV. Nitrogen loading response." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1058–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-145.

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Black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) containerized seedlings were raised at high fertilizer regimes, i.e., "nutrient loaded," during greenhouse culture to assess whether increased preplant nutrient reserves improved site-specific outplanting performance. Growing media electrical conductivity levels during the greenhouse phase ranged between 0.9–1.2 and 0.3–0.6 dS/m for loaded and nonloaded seedlings, respectively. Although similar in total biomass and P and K content at rotation end, the loaded seedlings contained 78% more N than the nonloaded seedlings, demonstrating induced luxury consumption of N from loading. After overwintering, the seedlings were planted on intact potted surface soils from three ecological site types (upland Feathermoss, lowland Alnus, and lowland Ledum) of contrasting fertility. In the first growing season, N loading significantly increased height growth and dry matter production on all substrates; relative response was higher on the more N-deficient lowland sites. Plant nutrients were markedly diluted after establishment, except for N of nonloaded seedlings. The loading response was closely associated with the buildup of preplant N, which served as a critical nutrient source for internal retranslocation to new growth. Loading stimulated not only N uptake after outplanting, but also uptake of other nutrients presumably because of the expanded root system with this treatment. Balanced nutrient loading offers a cost-efficient alternative to field fertilization by promoting outplanting performance of container stock, and by avoiding competition response and operational constraints often associated with on-site fertilization.

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26

Shishido, Masahiro, and Christopher P. Chanway. "Colonization and growth promotion of outplanted spruce seedlings pre-inoculated with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in the greenhouse." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-010.

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Seeds of two hybrid spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) ecotypes were inoculated with one of six plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains previously shown to be able to stimulate spruce growth in controlled environments. The resulting seedlings were grown in the greenhouse for 17 weeks before outplanting at four reforestation sites. Inoculation with five of the six strains caused significant seedling growth promotion in the greenhouse, which necessitated analysis of relative growth rates (RGR) to evaluate seedling performance in the field. Four months after outplanting, most strains enhanced spruce shoot or root RGRs in the field, but seedling growth responses were strain specific. For example, Pseudomonas strain Ss2-RN significantly increased both shoot and root RGRs by 10-234% at all sites, but increases of 28-70% were most common. In contrast, Bacillus strain S20-R was ineffective at all outplanting sites. In addition, seedlings inoculated with four of the six strains had significantly less shoot injury than control seedlings at all sites. Evaluation of root colonization by PGPR indicated that bacterial population declines were not related to spruce growth response variability in the field. Our results indicate that once plant growth promotion is induced in the greenhouse, seedling RGR can increase by more than 100% during the first growing season in the field. However RGR increases of 21-47% were more common and may be more representative of the magnitude of biomass increases that can result from PGPR inoculation.

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27

Smith, Kylie M., Devon M. Pharo, Colin P. Shea, Brian A. Reckenbeil, Kerry E. Maxwell, and C. Sharp. "Recovery from finfish predation on newly outplanted boulder coral colonies on three reefs in the Florida Keys." Bulletin of Marine Science 97, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2020.0056.

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Corals throughout the Caribbean have experienced major declines since the 1970s. In response, many agencies have focused their conservation and restoration efforts on outplanting nursery-grown coral fragments onto degraded reefs. Predation on newly outplanted corals can be an important but often unmonitored factor contributing to the declining health and survival of these fragments. In this study, we outplanted 360 boulder coral fragments (Montastraea cavernosa, Orbicella faveolata, Pseudodiploria clivosa), sourced from both ex situ and in situ nurseries, at three locations in the Florida Keys. Each location included one inshore and one offshore site. Ten fragments of each species and source were outplanted at each site (60 corals per site). Transplants were monitored for finfish predation, live tissue area, and survival at 1, 2, 6, and 12 wks post-outplanting. We found the highest finfish predation for all species during the 1 wk monitoring period. Predation during this first week varied by location and reef type, with two locations showing higher predation on offshore sites and one location experiencing increased predation on the inshore site. We also found that coral fragments produced in the ex situ nursery experienced higher initial predation compared to fragments produced in the in situ nursery. However, overall coral survival at 12 wks post-outplanting was 96%, suggesting there was no effect of initial predation on survival. Our results indicate that coral restoration efforts may be affected by intense, initial predation on newly-outplanted boulder coral colonies, but this initial predation may not lead to an increase in mortality.

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Dettweiler-Robinson, Eva, Jonathan D. Bakker, James R. Evans, Heidi Newsome, G. Matt Davies, Troy A. Wirth, David A. Pyke, Richard T. Easterly, Debra Salstrom, and Peter W. Dunwiddie. "Outplanting Wyoming Big Sagebrush Following Wildfire: Stock Performance and Economics." Rangeland Ecology & Management 66, no. 6 (November 2013): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-12-00114.1.

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Pence, Valerie C., Bernadette L. Plair, Susan M. Charls, John R. Clark, and David D. Taylor. "Micropropagation, Cryopreservation, and Outplanting of the Cumberland Sandwort Minuartia cumberlandensis." Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 72, no. 2 (September 2011): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3101/1098-7096-72.2.91.

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30

Kent, Donald M., Alexandra H. McKently, John B. Adams, and Michael A. Langston. "Tissue Culture and Outplanting of Rare Florida Scrub Plant Species." Ecological Restoration 18, no. 4 (2000): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.18.4.249.

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31

Helm, Curtis W., and John E. Kuser. "Container Growing Pitch Pine: Germination, Soil pH, and Outplanting Size." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 8, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/8.2.63.

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Abstract Pitch pine cones may be picked when green, 2 weeks to 1 month before apparent ripeness, in order to avoid rodent predation. The resulting seedlings grow as well as those from cones picked later. The mean number of germinants per cone for 46 test families from Cape Cod, Fire Island, and New Jersey was 45.5 when seeds were planted in Leach tubes and started in a greenhouse. Seedlings growing in peat/vermiculite/sand (1:1:1) and amendments at pH 4.8 were significantly larger in volume than seedlings growing at higher or lower pH, and they suffered less damping off than those at higher pH. Seedlings should be grown to minimum stem diameter of 3.0 mm before outplanting. There is evidence of ecotypic differentiation between populations on dissimilar sites at Cape Cod. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):63-68.

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South, David B., and G. Sam Foster. "An Experimental Design for Outplanting Nursery Trials on Heterogeneous Sites." South African Forestry Journal 165, no. 1 (June 1993): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1993.9629388.

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33

Gleason, J. F., M. Duryea, R. Rose, and M. Atkinson. "Nursery and field fertilization of 2 + 0 ponderosa pine seedlings: the effect on morphology, physiology, and field performance." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 1766–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-235.

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Ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.) from two seed zones in central Oregon were grown at two nurseries where they were subjected to fall applications of N, N + K, or no fertilizer. For one seed zone, foliar N concentration increased from 1.47 to 1.53% for the N application and to 1.57% for N + K application. For the other seed zone, seedlings did not show any differences in foliar N after nursery fertilization. Seedlings that received the N application appeared to be less susceptible to frost damage, but nursery fertilization had little or no effect on seedling morphology or bud break. One month after outplanting 2 + 0 seedlings back to their respective seed-zone sites, slow-release fertilizer pellets were placed 10–13 cm from half the trees. Soils at the outplanting sites differed in mineral content, percent organic matter, and pH. The nursery-fertilized seedlings with increased N concentration grew more than control seedlings during the first season. Field-fertilized seedlings at the less fertile field site grew more in the second and third growing seasons, indicating that field fertilization after outplanting is more effective on nutrient-poor sites. Soil fertility had a greater impact on seedling performance than did nursery- and field-fertilizer treatments. At the less fertile site, N concentration decreased by 14% during the first growing season and increased by 22% during the second season, whereas at the more fertile site it increased during both the first season (12%) and the second season (6%). Seedlings at the more fertile site almost doubled in height in the 3rd year and were more than 20 cm taller than those at the other site.

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34

Goergen, Elizabeth A., and David S. Gilliam. "Outplanting technique, host genotype, and site affect the initial success of outplanted Acropora cervicornis." PeerJ 6 (February 28, 2018): e4433. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4433.

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Acropora cervicornis is the most widely used coral species for reef restoration in the greater Caribbean. However, outplanting methodologies (e.g., colony density, size, host genotype, and attachment technique) vary greatly, and to date have not been evaluated for optimality across multiple sites. Two experiments were completed during this study, the first evaluated the effects of attachment technique, colony size, and genotype by outplanting 405 A. cervicornis colonies, from ten genotypes, four size classes, and three attachment techniques (epoxy, nail and cable tie, or puck) across three sites. Colony survival, health condition, tissue productivity, and growth were assessed across one year for this experiment. The second experiment assessed the effect of colony density by outplanting colonies in plots of one, four, or 25 corals per 4 m2 across four separate sites. Plot survival and condition were evaluated across two years for this experiment in order to better capture the effect of increasing cover. Colonies attached with a nail and cable tie resulted in the highest survival regardless of colony size. Small corals had the lowest survival, but the greatest productivity. The majority of colony loss was attributed to missing colonies and was highest for pucks and small epoxied colonies. Disease and predation were observed at all sites, but did not affect all genotypes, however due to the overall low prevalence of either condition there were no significant differences found in any comparison. Low density plots had significantly higher survival and significantly lower prevalence of disease, predation, and missing colonies than high density plots. These results indicate that to increase initial outplant success, colonies of many genotypes should be outplanted to multiple sites using a nail and cable tie, in low densities, and with colonies over 15 cm total linear extension.

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35

Blackwell, B., M. C. Feller, and R. Trowbridge. "Conversion of dense lodgepole pine stands in west-central British Columbia into young lodgepole pine plantations using prescribed fire. 2. Effects of burning treatments on tree seedling establishment." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-021.

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The ecological effects of different treatments used to convert dense logdepole pine (Pinusconforta Dougl.) stands into young lodgepole pine plantations are being determined. The treatments used were bulldozing the trees and either broadcast burning the slash or bulldozing the slash into windrows, which were then burned. Burns were conducted under different fuel moisture conditions and state of fuel curing to achieve four classes of fire severity. Lodgepole pine seedling survival was affected by both site preparation and fire severity. Five years after outplanting, survival was significantly (p < 0.05) greater for areas between windrows (81%) than for areas beneath windrows (65%) or for broadcast-burned areas (67%). Survival was greatest after 5 years for low-severity burns in fresh slash (80%) compared with low-severity burns in cured slash and higher severity burns (67–69%). Seedling total height and height increment 5 years after outplanting were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in areas beneath windrows than in areas between windrows or in broadcast-burned areas. However, stem diameter was similar among all site preparation treatments. Fire severity had no effect on lodgepole pine total height, height increment, and basal diameter growth in any year after outplanting. Lodgepole pine seedling foliar nutrient levels were generally consistent with trends in seedling growth in that foliar concentrations generally tended to be higher when growth was higher (in the case of site preparation); however, no significant differences in growth were found (in the case of fire severity). This suggested that foliar nutrient levels could at least partly explain seedling growth results. Surface mineral soil (0–15 cm) chemistry exhibited similar trends to seedling foliar chemistry when site preparation treatments were compared, but not when fire severity classes were compared. This was attributed to foliar chemistry being controlled by factors other than soil chemistry alone.

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Selosse, M. A., D. Bouchard, F. Martin, and F. Le Tacon. "Effect of Laccaria bicolor strains inoculated on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) several years after nursery inoculation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 360–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-221.

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In the Saint-Brisson experiment conducted in central France, the American strain of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor (Maire) P.D. Orton S238N and the French strain L. bicolor 81306 inoculated on containerized Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings increased by 60% the total volume of wood produced 8 years after outplanting as compared with uninoculated but naturally mycorrhizal trees. The two strains introduced 10 years before in the inoculated plots are still present and dominant; they did not prevent the colonization of Douglas-fir roots by naturally occurring ectomycorrhizal fungi but allowed for the establishment of a very diversified symbiotic microflora. Eight to 12 years after outplanting, all the Douglas-fir plots were colonized by Laccaria laccata (Scop.:Fr.) Cooke or L. bicolor strains, as well as some other species, independently of the nursery treatments. With one exception in one plot, the presence of indigenous genets in the control treatments may have prevented the vegetative colonization of the inside of the noninoculated plots by the two introduced strains.

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37

Youngblood, Andrew P., and John C. Zasada. "White spruce artificial regeneration options on river floodplains in interior Alaska." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-057.

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Reforestation options for artificial regeneration of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) were tested on three floodplain sites near Fairbanks, Alaska. Survival of containerized seedlings after outplanting was above 96%, regardless of harvest cutting method or mechanical site preparation, and declined little between the third and fifth growing seasons. Establishment and survival after direct seeding on seed spots was more variable and differed by harvest cutting method, by type of site preparation, and by the use of plastic seed shelters for seedling protection. Maximum terminal leader growth, seedling total height, and basal diameter were found on planted seedlings in clear-cut units on the better site. In clear-cut units prepared by blading on one site, basal diameter of seedlings five seasons after outplanting was almost 50% more than on similar surfaces in shelterwood units. Planted seedlings on unscarified surfaces and in small scalped patches generally had similar basal diameters. Results suggested that similar interior Alaska floodplain forests of white spruce can be successfully regenerated by using the clear-cutting harvest method and planting nursery-reared seedlings without mechanical site preparation.

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Rose, Robin, John Gleason, Mary Atkinson, and Tom Sabin. "Grading Ponderosa Pine Seedlings for Outplanting According to their Root Volume1." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/6.1.11.

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Abstract In probably one of the first studies of its kind, three different seed sources of 2 + 0 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings were graded on the basis of three root-volume categories (< 4.5, 4.5-7, and > 7 cm³) and out-planted to determine differences in survival and growth over 1 and 2 growing seasons, examine the relationship of seedling field height to nursery root volume, total fresh weight, diameter, and height over the same period, and observe differences in nutrient uptake by seedlings among the three categories over 174 days in the field. Seedling survival was good over the two growing seasons. Seedlings graded to the largest root-volume category were significantly taller and grew significantly more than those in the two smaller categories over the 2 years. Nitrogen and potassium contents decreased over the growing season, those seedlings with larger root volumes showing the greatest decrease. The results suggest that root volume has potential as a useful criterion for grading seedlings. West. J. Appl. For. 6(1):11-15.

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Sinclair, Michael N., Amanda West, and Eric S. Menges. "Outplanting of a Rare Wetland Grass, Coleataenia abscissa, in Florida Ecosystems." Ecological Restoration 38, no. 4 (December 2020): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.38.4.214.

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40

Barnes, Andrew D., and David B. South. "Effect of the Growth Regulator Uniconazole on Biomass Allocation of Bareroot Loblolly Pine Seedlings." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/28.1.41.

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Abstract Improving seedling performance by reducing seedling height can be an important aspect of nursery management. The plant growth regulator uniconazole was applied to regulate height growth of nursery-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings. Tests involving a foliar spray (0,0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 kg ai/ha) or a wick application (0, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm) were conducted in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. The wick applicator consisted of a perforated plastic pipe covered with a sponge cylinder supplied by a reservoir. With both application methods, as the rate of uniconazole increased, seedling height, root-collar diameter, and biomass decreased. Compared to the controls, uniconazole decreased the percentage of seedlings with root-collar diameters greater than 4.7 mm. At lifting there was no difference among rates for root/shoot ratio, but root/shoot ratios of uniconazole treated seedlings increased significantly after outplanting. Eighteen months after outplanting, there were no treatment effects on seedling height or survival. Wick applications of uniconazole merit further research because of soil persistence and costs associated with spray applications. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):41–47.

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41

Jiang, Yong, Janusz J. Zwiazek, and S. Ellen Macdonald. "Effects of prolonged cold storage on carbohydrate and protein content and field performance of white spruce bareroot seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-177.

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Three-year-old bareroot white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings from three seedlots were either lifted in the fall of 1990 and stored over winter at −2 °C, or lifted in the spring of 1991. The soluble sugar, starch, and protein contents of needles, stems, and roots were measured in fall-lifted seedlings before, during, and at the end of cold storage and compared with those in spring-lifted seedlings 10 days before outplanting. The soluble sugar content of the seedlings decreased significantly in all tissues during cold storage. At the time of spring planting, sugar and protein levels were similar in fall- and spring-lifted seedlings, but starch content was about two times higher in spring-lifted seedlings. After outplanting, spring-lifted seedlings flushed and resumed root growth sooner than the fall-lifted, cold-stored seedlings. Spring-lifted seedlings also had initially higher photosynthetic rates and water potentials compared with the fall-lifted seedlings. However, both types of seedlings had similar survival rates and 1st year shoot growth in the field. The responses of seedlings to cold storage were similar among seed lots.

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42

Marro, Nicolás, Florencia Soteras, Noelia Cofré, Ignacio Ibarra, Romina Torres, Alejandra Gabriela Becerra, and Daniel Renison. "NEOTROPICAL TREE PRODUCTION: INSIGHTS INTO GERMINATION, GROWTH AND OUTPLANTING FOR Maytenus boaria." CERNE 23, no. 3 (September 2017): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201723032344.

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ABSTRACT Knowledge about tree production practices is essential to support forest restoration projects, but is still lacking for many tree species. Maytenus boaria is a neotropical tree distributed across the temperate and subtropical South American mountains. In central Argentina, it is mainly restricted to the most preserved forest remnants. Attempts to plant this species have had little success due to difficulties in seedling production and low seedling survival. We set up four trials aiming to identify the constraints of seedling production and outplanting. Under greenhouse conditions, we evaluated (i) pre-germination treatments and (ii) seedling response to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In the field, we planted M. boaria saplings as well as saplings of the most abundant tree in our study site and recorded (iii) survival and height for 10 years. Finally, (iv) we quantified natural recruitment in an attempt to determine M. boaria regeneration niche. Germination varied from 13.1 to 29.2% among treatments. Depulped seeds stratified at 5 ºC showed the highest germination (29.2%). Shoot phosphorus concentration in AMF-treated seedlings was significantly higher (45%) than in non-inoculated seedlings. Survival of M. boaria saplings was similar to that of the most abundant tree in our study site, but their lower height suggested limited growth. We recorded low abundance of M. boaria seedlings in the field; therefore, we were unable to identify the characteristics of its regeneration niche. Reforestation activities should include seed depulping and stratification at 5 ºC to improve germination. The capacity of AMF to enhance nutrition should be evaluated under field conditions.

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Davis, Anthony S., and Douglass F. Jacobs. "Quantifying root system quality of nursery seedlings and relationship to outplanting performance." New Forests 30, no. 2-3 (September 2005): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-7480-y.

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44

Hines, Franklin D., and James N. Long. "First- and second-year survival of containerized Engelmann spruce in relation to initialseedling size." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1986): 668–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-117.

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Drought during the first growing season following outplanting and damage by rodents and snow during the 2nd year were the principle causes of mortality in a test of containerized Engelmann spruce (Piceaengelmannii Parry) planting stock. Stem caliper at planting is an important indicator of 1st- and 2nd-year survival. The increased survival of seedlings with large initial caliper reflect improved root regeneration and decreased susceptibility to bending and breaking by snow.

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Jackson, D. Paul, Scott A. Enebak, and David B. South. "Effects of Pythium Species and Time in Cold Storage on the Survival of Bareroot and Container-Grown Southern Pine Seedlings." ISRN Ecology 2012 (April 17, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/874970.

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Cold storing bareroot southern pine (Pinus spp.) seedlings for greater than one week after lifting in the fall can lead to poor outplanting survival when compared to seedlings that are lifted and stored in winter. In contrast, container-grown seedlings typically do not experience adverse effects from storing for periods greater than one week. The practice of lifting bareroot seedlings can cause wounds to root systems, which could allow soil-borne pathogens such as Pythium species to be used as infection sites. Once seedlings are placed in storage, the cool, moist environment may be conducive for zoospore activity, leading to root disease and outplanting failure. Bareroot and container-grown longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and container-grown shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) were inoculated with either Pythium dimorphum or Pythium irregulare, cold-stored for 3, 4, 6, or 12 weeks, and outplanted. Both Pythium species reduced survival of bareroot longleaf pine but not bareroot slash pine. Length of storage decreased survival for both seedling stock types. Pythium species did not affect the survival of container-grown seedlings. These results suggest that P. dimorphum and P. irregulare are more virulent to bareroot longleaf pine than the other pine species tested.

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46

Carneiro, José Geraldo de Araújo, Deborah Guerra Barroso, and Luis Maurício da Silva Soares. "Growth of bare root Pinus taeda, L. seedlings cultivated under five densities in nursery." Scientia Agricola 64, no. 1 (February 2007): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162007000100004.

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Seedlings compete for nutrients, water and light. The available area for each seedling affects their behavior related to requirements for these resources. This experiment evaluated the influence of five plant densities on the growth of bare root Pinus taeda, L. seedlings in a nursery after outplanting. The analyzed characteristics were: height (H), root collar diameter (D), H/D ratio, and dry matter weight. Higher densities stimulated H growth and the lowest densities increased D average and dry matter weight and lowered the H/D ratio. Seedlings were distributed by H, D and H/D classes. Higher densities had a larger number of seedlings in larger H classes. Larger numbers of seedlings with larger D and lower H/D ratios were found in lower densities. Ten months after outplanting the seedlings grown in lower densities had higher survival percentages and growth. Some saplings of standardized heights were uprooted with the objective of studying their root systems. The lowest densities stimulated higher numbers of first and second order roots as well as fresh and dry matter weights of thin roots with mycorrhizae presence. In both parts of the experiment, the density of 278 seedlings m-2 yielded equivalent averages as compared to the lowest densities.

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47

Munson, A. D., and V. R. Timmer. "Site-specific growth and nutrition of planted Piceamariana in the Ontario Clay Belt.: II. Effects of nitrogen fertilization." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-024.

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Bioassay and field outplanting experiments in three black spruce dominated ecosystems examined 1st- and 2nd-year responses of Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P. seedlings to nitrogen fertilization in the same season as outplanting. The two experiments also tested a previous diagnosis of relative N deficiency on lowland Alnus–Herb poor and Ledum sites compared with an upland Feathermoss site, and allowed comparison of responses to N addition under operational and more controlled conditions. In the bioassay, fertilizer growth response was greatest and comparable on the two lowland sites, confirming the N deficiency. In the field experiment, results from these two sites demonstrated significant seedling response to N only on the Ledum site, while competing vegetation appeared to limit growth increase on the Alnus site. A comparison of bioassay and field results demonstrated a lag in shoot fertilizer response in the field, and a lesser response on the Alnus site indicated the necessity of testing cultural manipulations under operational conditions. However, the pot trial was useful in that it confirmed the initial diagnosis made by site comparison. Interaction of site factors with the N treatment emphasized the importance of calibrating fertilizer response within a framework such as the Clay Belt Forest Ecosystem Classification system.

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48

Xie, Chang Yi, and Cheng C. Ying. "Geographic variation of grand fir (Abiesgrandis) in the Pacific coast region: 10-year results from a provenance trial." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 1065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-136.

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The performance of 23 grand fir (Abiesgrandis (Dougl.) Lindl.) seed sources representing the coastal range of the species was examined with respect to height, mortality, frost damage, stem defects, needle disease susceptibility, and lammas growth at four sites in the Vancouver forest region of British Columbia. Variation in height was highly significant among provenances and showed discernible patterns at all ages surveyed (1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 years from outplanting). Provenances from northern, coastal, and low-elevation regions grew tallest. The remaining characters were only investigated 10 years after outplanting. Among-provenance variation in mortality, frost damage, and stem defects was nonsignificant when two provenances from the southern end of the natural range were removed from the analysis. Resistance to needle disease (Uredinopsislongimucronata Faull) was significantly different among provenances and decreased with elevation. Geographic variation in the proportion of trees with lammas growth was also significant but did not display any apparent pattern. Variation patterns were similar at the four testing sites but among-site differences in the average performance were highly significant for all the traits investigated. Eastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and northeastern Olympia Peninsula, Washington, are recommended as primary areas of seed source for reforestation in the Vancouver forest region.

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Walker, R. F. "Fertilization and Liming Effects on the Growth and Nutrition of Bareroot Jeffrey Pine Outplanted on an Eastern Sierra Nevada Surface Mine." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/17.1.23.

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Abstract Two controlled-release fertilizer formulations, High N 22-4-6 + Minors and Forestry Dry Site 21-6-2 + Minors, and dolomitic lime were evaluated for their capacity to enhance establishment and nutrition of bareroot Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) on an eastern Sierra Nevada surface mine. All amendments were applied at outplanting to the backfill of augered planting holes using a low rate of 8 g and a high rate of 16 g for the two fertilizers and a single 26 g rate for lime. Seedlings without fertilizer or lime served as the control treatment. Survival was unaffected by fertilization regardless of formulation and rate, while height, diameter, and volume growth were increased significantly after three growing seasons. The response to High N exceeded that to Dry Site, and the 16 g application was more stimulatory than 8 g. Liming decreased seedling survival and growth throughout the study. Fertilization increased N, P, and K foliar concentrations while depressing the concentrations of several micronutrients and Al. The influence of the lime amendment on seedling nutrition was sporadic and marginal. These results indicate that controlled-release fertilization at outplanting is a viable means of elevating seedling performance on eastern Sierra Nevada surface mines and similar harsh sites, while the liming approach used here was counterproductive to achieving reforestation objectives. West. J. Appl. For. 17(1):23–30.

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Herriman, K. R., and A. S. Davis. "Cold Hardiness in Wyoming Big Sagebrush Seedlings: Implications for Nursery Production and Outplanting." Ecological Restoration 30, no. 2 (April 18, 2012): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.30.2.101.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Outplanting'

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