Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Outils de modélisation épidémiologique'
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Hessami, Mohammad Hessam. "Modélisation multi-échelle et hybride des maladies contagieuses : vers le développement de nouveaux outils de simulation pour contrôler les épidémies." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS036/document.
Full textTheoretical studies in epidemiology mainly use differential equations, often under unrealistic assumptions (e.g. spatially homogeneous populations), to study the development and spreading of contagious diseases. Such models are not, however, well adapted understanding epidemiological processes at different scales, nor are they efficient for correctly predicting epidemics. Yet, such models should be closely related to the social and spatial structure of populations. In the present thesis, we propose a series of new models in which different levels of spatiality (e.g. local structure of population, in particular group dynamics, spatial distribution of individuals in the environment, role of resistant people, etc) are taken into account, to explain and predict how communicable diseases develop and spread at different scales, even at the scale of large populations. Furthermore, the manner in which our models are parametrised allow them to be connected together so as to describe the epidemiological process at a large scale (population of a big town, country ...) and with accuracy in limited areas (office buildings, schools) at the same time.We first succeed in including the notion of groups in SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) differential equation systems by a rewriting of the SIR dynamics in the form of an enzymatic reaction in which group-complexes of different composition in S, I and R individuals form and where R people behave as non-competitive inhibitors. Then, global group dynamics simulated by stochastic algorithms in a homogeneous space, as well emerging ones obtained in multi-agent systems, are coupled to such SIR epidemic models. As our group-based models provide fine-grain information (i.e. microscopical resolution of time, space and population) we propose an analysis of criticality of epidemiological processes. We think that diseases in a given social and spatial environment present characteristic signatures and that such measurements could allow the identification of the factors that modify their dynamics.We aim here to extract the essence of real epidemiological systems by using various methods based on different computer-oriented approaches. As our models can take into account individual behaviours and group dynamics, they are able to use big-data information yielded from smart-phone technologies and social networks. As a long term objective derived from the present work, one can expect good predictions in the development of epidemics, but also a tool to reduce epidemics by guiding new environmental architectures and by changing human health-related behaviours
Guifo, Fodjo A. Yvan. "Séparation des préoccupations dans les modèles compartimentaux étendus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS262.
Full textMathematical modeling and computer simulation have very often contributed to improving our understanding, prediction, and decision making in the face of epidemics. However, a problem that is often encountered in the development and implementation of epidemiological models is the mixing of different aspects of the model. Indeed, epidemiological models become more and more complex as new concerns are taken into account (age, gender, spatial heterogeneity, containment or vaccination policies, etc.). These aspects, which are usually intertwined, make models difficult to extend, modify or reuse. In mathematical modeling applied to epidemiology, two main approaches are considered. The first one, the "compartmental models", has proven to be robust and provides fairly good results for many diseases. However, it does not take into account some sources of heterogeneity. The second approach, based on "contact networks", has proven to be intuitive to represent contacts between individuals and brings very good results concerning the prediction of epidemics. However, this approach requires more effort during the implementation. A solution to this problem has been proposed: Kendrick. It is a modeling and simulation tool and approach that has shown promising results in separating epidemiological concerns, by defining them as stochastic automata (continuous time markov chain), which can then be combined using an associative and pseudo commutative tensor sum operator. However, a significant limitation of this approach is its restricted application to compartmental models. Taking into account the particularities and shortcomings of each approach, in this research work, we propose a combined approach between compartmental models and contact network models. The aim is to generalize the Kendrick approach to take into account certain aspects of contact networks in order to improve the predictive quality of models with significant heterogeneity in the structure of the contacts, while maintaining the simplicity of compartmental models. To achieve this, this extension of compartmental models is made possible by applying the infection force formalism of Bansal et al (2007) and the behavioral Template Method Design Pattern. The result is an approach that is easy to define, analyze and simulate. We validated this approach on different techniques to generalize compartmental models. Simulation results showed that our approach succeeds in capturing the aspects of contact network models within the compartmental framework while improving the prediction quality of the Kendrick tool and does not deviate from a typical simulation approach on a contact network model
Ben, Hadj Yahia Mohamed-Béchir. "Données et outils pour l'optimisation de l’impact de la vaccination prophylactique contre les papillomavirus humains en France." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S041/document.
Full textIntroduction: Since 2007, prophylactic vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) has been recommended in addition to cervical screening in French women. However, given the low vaccine coverage in France, the epidemiological impact of the vaccination is debated, as well as the choice of the target population and the means to ensure compliance with the recommendation. This doctoral thesis provides original data and tools for the evaluation and the improvement of the impact of HPV vaccination in France. For quantitative aspects, modelling HPV transmission based on the best data describing sexual partnerships in the general population is essential. The investigation of potential links between participation to cervical screening of deprived women and their choice of vaccinating their daughters, the appraisal of vaccine acceptability through social media and the cost-effectiveness evaluation of the relevance of extending the HPV vaccination program to include males are key elements to improve the focus on targeted populations.Methods: We developed a modelling platform to study the dynamics of HPV transmission, using data from Social Context of Sexuality, the latest national French sexual behavior study. Using finite mixture models, we identified latent classes of sexual activity to define profiles of partner acquisition with age, likely to have different risks of sexually transmitted infections. Then, we asked women attending the Centre for Preventive Medicine and Health Education of Lille, who had at least a daughter eligible for HPV vaccination, about their attitudes towards cervical screening and HPV vaccination. Next, we explored sentiments about HPV vaccine safety, efficacy and perceptions, spontaneously expressed by web users on the online discussion forum of a French-speaking health information website. Finally, we performed a systematic review of the cost-effectiveness studies about extending HPV vaccination to include males.Results: Simulations from the modelling platform reproduced HPV infection prevalence observed in France. Nevertheless, results were sensitive to assumptions about sexual behavior, with discrepancies between men and women. Five latent classes of sexual activity were identified in men and in women. The cluster describing the highest level of sexual behavior represents 3.3% in women and 4.8% in men. Besides, daughters’ vaccination profile did not differ with their mothers’ profile of participation to cervical screening. The main reason for not vaccinating their daughters reported by mothers was lack of information, especially for those non-compliant with cervical screening recommendations. Moreover, negative sentiments, reported by the health website forum, evolved from 28.6% of total opinions in 2006 to 42.2% in 2013. The arguments expressed by “anti-vaccine” postings involved most often vaccine safety and negative vaccine perceptions. Finally, cost-effectiveness analyses show that extending the HPV vaccination program to include males is rarely found to be a cost-effective strategy. Nevertheless, the targeted vaccination of men having sex with men seems to be the best strategy from ethical and cost-effectiveness points of view.Discussion: The modelling platform of sexual contacts represents the basis of the evaluation of HPV vaccination impact. The surveillance of online forums enables the monitoring of vaccine acceptability and hence the targeting of preventive messages. Improving the HPV vaccine coverage requires offering girls and young women an organized vaccination program. In the lack of a school-based vaccination program, Centres for Preventive Medicine and Health Education offer an interesting alternative
Papegay, Yves. "Outils Formels pour la Modélisation en Mécanique." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00784857.
Full textLutherer, Éric. "Méthodes et outils de modélisation pour la productique." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0092.
Full textThe subject of this thesis is the integration of the enterprise through modelling methodologies and computer integration tools. This work has been done in collaboration with Hewlett-Packard France and the Insa of Lyon. To keep their competitiveness, the enterprises must be able to adapt to their environment constantly. In this context, the CIM became the key to enterprise functions optimization and integration. We present a comparison of the different modelling methods, methodologies and architectures used in the manufacturing field. Each considered method is evaluated according to criteria like used formalisms, efficiency, life cycle coverage and application domain. The second part of the work is dedicated to the ESPRIT CIMOSA project, develop by a consortium of European universities and enterprises. Its objective is to provide a reference architecture for CIM, applicable at each step of the development of a manufacturing system. Due to its scope and concept’s richness, CIMOSA is a complex methodology. Our contribution splits in a clarification of its concepts, an industrial case study and a set of improvement and extension proposals. The last part of the study concerns the use of a modelling methodology. Computer tools are required to build and exploit enterprise models. The notions of analysis, validation and execution of models are defined, several technologies applicable to CIM like the Computer Aided Engineering Environment are introduced. The integration of several manufacturing system development activities through the use of a CIM Engineering Workbench is shown. An application to CIMOSA is provided
Bédubourg, Gabriel. "Place des outils d'analyse des séries temporelles dans la surveillance épidémiologique pour la détection des épidémies et leur analyse : élaboration de nouveaux outils de détection et d'analyse étiologique des épidémies appliqués à la surveillance épidémiologique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0739.
Full textPublic health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data for use in public health action to reduce morbidity and mortality of health-related events and to improve health. One of its objectives is the detection of unusualevents, i.e. outbreaks, requiring the rapid implementation of countermeasures.The objectives of this work are: (i) to evaluate the main published statistical methods for outbreak detection commonly implemented in different public health surveillance systems, (ii) to propose a new approach based on the optimal combination of statistical methods foroutbreak detection and benchmark it to other methods; and (iii) develop a new statistical method for the etiological analysis of an outbreak from public health surveillance data routinely collected by the system. To achieve these objectives, as a first step, we evaluate the main statistical methods, from a published set of simulated public health surveillance data. Statistical methods have been evaluated for an operational purpose: for all simulated time series, we used the tuning parameters recommended by their authors for each algorithm when available. We propose sensitivity and specificity metrics suitable for these tools. Then we propose an original approach for outbreak detection based on combination of methods selected in the previous step. The performance of this approach is compared to the previous ones according to the methodology implemented in the first step.Finally, we propose a method for the etiological analysis of an outbreak from surveillance data by using statistical models suitable for time series analysis
Perrin, Jean-Baptiste. "Modélisation de la mortalité bovine dans un objectif de surveillance épidémiologique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830542.
Full textTchoumatchenko, Vassiliy. "Modélisation, architecture et outils de synthèse pour additionneurs rapides." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0173.
Full textGros, Patrick. "Outils géométriques pour la modélisation et la reconnaissance d'objets polyédriques." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005127.
Full textWamkeue, René. "Modélisation et identification statistique des machines synchrones, outils et concepts." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq33035.pdf.
Full textDirix, Michel. "Pour une collaboration efficace dans les outils de modélisation logicielle." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10051/document.
Full textFor twenty years, the softwares have reached a very high stage of complexity. The usefulness of the software modeling became increasingly important as models provide an abstraction of the software, and allows the software designer to describe information about important viewpoints such as the architecture or the user needs. With the globalization, teams are distributed over the world, implying culture, language and timezones differences. The modeling activity is collaborative since it implies many stackholders such as developers, architects or clients. The modeling environments were historically single-user but the trend is to provide collaborative tools to address the aforementioned problems. The topic of my thesis is to provide an efficient collaboration. The first part deals with the definition of a communication system building the basis of all collaborations between the users in modeling tools. Then, I proposed a new and efficient collaboration by placing awareness at the center of modeling tools. This work has been implemented in the GenMyModel tool. GenMyModel is an online modeling tool registering more than 200.000 users which gave a perfect platform for the validation of the various studies and designs proposed in this thesis
Yriarte, Luc. "Modélisation et validation de robots autonomes : une méthodologie, des outils." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20141.
Full textLagadec, Loïc. "Abstraction, modélisation et outils de CAO pour les architectures reconfigurables." Rennes 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN10144.
Full textBen, Ayed Lanouar. "Modélisation numérique de l'emboutissage et optimisation des outils serre-flan." Compiègne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005COMP1600.
Full textThe objective of our research tasks is to control the material flow under the blank holder through the control and the optimization of the blankholder force profiles. According to the defects which must be avoided, an optimization problem was formulated with inequality constraints functions expressing explicitly some selected quality criteria. An optimization procedure, based on the response surface method and an SQP algorithm, is proposed. To find the global optimum with precision and at lower cost an adaptative strategy of the research space is adopted. The rupture, is avoided by using the modified maximum force criterion, witch is coupled with ABAQUS. Three applications were studied. The optimization results highlight the interest in the control of the blankholder forces in relation of time and the need in certain cases to use several blank holder surfaces in order to improve the distribution of the blankholder force in space
Saccareau, Mathilde. "Modélisation épidémiologique et génétique des parasites gastro-intestinaux au sein d’un troupeau d’ovins." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0116/document.
Full textGastro-intestinal parasitism is one of the most pervasive challenge for health and welfare in grazing small ruminants, leading to consequent production loss. Its control through the use of anthelminthic treatments is no longer sustainable due to the development of parasitic resistance to anthelmintics, but also due to environmental and consumer concerns. A substantial research effort proposed different supplementary control strategies to the massive use of anthelmintics: host nutrition, pasture management, breeding for resistance. Modelling approach allows for multiple scenarios to be considered without having to resort to experimentation in order to find the best integrated control strategies of parasitism. The epidemio-genetic model previously developed by the Roslin Institute modelling a growing lamb flock infected by the parasite T. circumcincta help to study the impact of rational use of anthelmintics, host nutrition and resistance on the flock level of infection and production. The researches of the current PhD thesis aimed to modify this model in order to add adult ewes modelling, especially around parturition where the nutritional requirements are very high. This modelling was improved by taking into account flock replacement in order to have a persistent flock with matings, reforms and reproductions. In this way, our model allows to study several control strategies of parasitism on long term perspective. In order to ensure adequacy of the model outputs to data, the infection level was compared to published data of ewes infected around parturition. However, some parameters were idiosyncratic to the modelling and then they were not be directly estimated from experiments. So a sensitivity analysis was also performed to highlight the parameters which mostly contribute to the infection level variations. Among the most prevalent parasites in sheep, T. circumcincta and H. contortus are the two main parasites. H. contortus is the most virulent parasite est le plus virulent parasite in hot and wet climates, so it is helpful to develop a similar model for this parasite. Beforehand, a meta-analysis of the published studies on infections with the H. contortus parasite was performed to estimate the main life history traits of its parasitic phase. Then, these estimations were used to change the epidemio-genetic model with H. contortus infections. However, some parameters remained unknown because they were not directly estimable. So, the three main unknown parameters (previously highlighted by the sensitivity analysis of the model with T. circumcincta infections) were estimated by minimizing the worm burden differences between published data of H. contortus trickle infection ([25]) and the corresponding model outputs. In this PhD thesis, models were developed in order to evaluate, in a long term perspective, several control strategies of two gastro-intestinal nematodes (T. circumcincta et H. contortus) infections in sheep flock. Notably, the model on H. contortus infections could be used to predict the impact of breeding for resistance to parasitism at the flock level (number of necessary treatments, infection level of the sheep)
Labib, Richard. "Processus de diffusion, outils de modélisation, de prévision et de contrôle." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ53536.pdf.
Full textHenry, Delphine. "Outils pour la modélisation de structures et la simulation d'examens échographiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE19008.
Full textNguyen, Thi Lien Huong. "Outils pour la modélisation de la mise en oeuvre des bétons." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004048.
Full textNguyen, Thi Lien Huong. "Outils pour la modélisation de la mise en oeuvre des bétons." Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2007. https://pastel.hal.science/view/index/identifiant/pastel-00004048.
Full textDescatha, Alexis. "Surveillance épidémiologique des troubles musculo-squelettiques (TMS) : Quelles données et quels outils pour des résultats simples utilisables et fiables." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA11T024.
Full textGauvin, Laetitia. "Modélisation de systèmes socio-économiques à l'aide des outils de physique statistique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00556769.
Full textBatrancourt, Bénédicte. "Modélisation et outils logiciels pour une connaissance anatomo-fonctionnelle du Cerveau humain." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10271.
Full textGauvin, Laetitia. "Modélisation de systèmes socio-économiques à l'aide des outils de physique statique." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066425.
Full textJonquet, Antoine. "Contribution à la modélisation de l'articulation du genou : outils géométriques et cinématiques." Reims, 2007. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000724.pdf.
Full textThis thesis takes place in an interdisciplinary project aiming at the development of a system intended to the re-education of the knee join. My work had consisted in providing cinematic curves of the articulation evolution based real geometrical data. Furthermore, this work fits in an overall realistic human simulation project. From this viewpoint, I have modelled a join (the knee) to validate a general methodology that could be extended to the human skeleton. So, I developed tools for join simulation, both geometric and cinematic. The geometric modelling of the bone surfaces is done with smooth surfaces with global parameters: the radial basis surfaces. They are constructed in two stages from geometrical data of scanned triangular meshes: meshes parameterization, then interpolation. To overcome the dimensionality problem, we offered to improve this method with the use of the partition of unity method. By this way, I defined a smooth parametric surface with global parameters on an open or closed mesh without hole. From this mathematical description of the bone surfaces, appropriate to the lagragian simulation, we defined a set of constraints to express the sliding contact between two bone surfaces. For these constraints we need to introduce new unknowns in the equations of motion. Finally, we returned to the simultaneous constraints handling problem to improve a classical method for activating and deactivating constraints
Wasniewski, Marine. "Apport des outils de détection de l’immunité adaptés au contexte épidémiologique pour le contrôle et la surveillance de la rage animale." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1093.
Full textRabies is a deadly zoonosis that can affect wild and domestic mammals as much as humans. About 70,000 human deaths are reported each year, mostly in children from developing countries. Dogs, which are the major reservoir and source of the RABV species, account for 98-99% of these deaths. Currently, fourteen species of Lyssavirus, mainly circulating in chiroptera, are officially recognized. Vaccination, combined with sanitary measures, remains the best tool for preventing and controlling the disease. To date, only serology has allowed to control the effectiveness of rabies vaccination, as the production of neutralizing antibodies is the first evidence of protective immunity. Studies based on viral seroneutralisation, including my own studies, have highlighted the influence of various factors. Some of them have led to recommend modifications of vaccine protocols. They also contributed to monitor the effectiveness of individual or group vaccination field programmes and to improve these programmes. Seroneutralisation tests are also used in the context of the epidemiological surveillance of unvaccinated animal populations. I first successfully adapted these tests to lyssaviruses of interest in France. In a second step, their implementation in chiropters in France provided information on the circulation of EBLV-1 and EBLV-2 species, (only on a serological basis for the latter). This survey also allowed to highlight, within a specific colony, a phenomenon of serological transition over time, which should deserve to be studied further. However, seroneutralisation tests are difficult to be implemented in countries where rabies is very prevalent, mainly because of limited resources. My work, which recommends the use of an ELISA test as an alternative method, contributed to questioning the dogma of the necessary use of seroneutralisation tests. This test, coupled with a blood sampling system adapted to the field, should improve the monitoring of the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns for both wildlife and domestic animals, including in enzootic countries, where the quality of the blood samples cannot be guaranteed. Humoral immune response assessment tools are very valuable tools for the control and surveillance of animal rabies all around the world. My work, complementary to those carried out by other teams, has helped to make the priority objective of international organizations possible, i.e. the eradication of canine rabies in the world by 2030. However, further works are needed to improve the available tools and to propose more adapted ones, in order to achieve all the goals of eradication, for both canine and sylvatic rabies
Collard, Éric. "Réalisation d'un tour de haute précision : modélisation et conception modulaire de guidages sur roulements." Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMPD831.
Full textAllorent, Delphine. "Analyse et modélisation épidémiologique de la tache angulaire du haricot ("Phaseolus vulgaris") due à "Phaeoisariopsis griseola"." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20041.
Full textHamlili, Ali. "Contribution à la modélisation dynamique des systèmes articulés : Bases mathématiques et outils informatiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523121.
Full textHamon, Jérémy. "Outils et concepts de biologie systémique pour la modélisation prédictive de la toxicité." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00975742.
Full textBesri, Abdelhadi. "Modélisation analytique et outils pour l'optimisation des transformateurs de puissance haute fréquence planars." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00612344.
Full textThiébaut, Mélanie. "Morphométrie et modélisation des formes : outils révélateurs de la biodiversité des macroflores tertiaires." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10102.
Full textOudjene, Mourad. "Modélisation et optimisation du comportement mécanique des outils d'emboutissage stratifiés précontraints par vissage." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_OUDJENE_M.pdf.
Full textIn sheet metal stamping, the forming tools play a crucial role and the global cost of stamped parts is highly influenced by the cost of the tools, depending on the production volume. For low volume or for rapid prototyping, stamping tools can be made by an assemblage of steel sheets or layers, assembled by different techniques (glue, screws, bolts. . . ). Each layer is obtained by laser cutting and micro-milling (as in the Stratoconception® approach). The present work deals with the design of stamping tools obtained by the assemblage of plates in layers and fixed by screws. We propose and validate a numerical approach for the 3D stress analysis of the multilayered tools. The final original objective is to optimize the layered stamping tools assembled by screws. In order to avoid the great difficulties involved for the numerical simulation of the stamping process taking into account deformable and layered tools assembled by screws, we develop a simplified approach based on two steps, based on the decoupling of the non-linearities of the stamping process and the linear elastic analysis of the deformable tools. Several examples are considered with multilayered steel tools assembled by screws and produced by the Stratoconception® approach. We finally proposed an optimization procedure of the screw positions as an attempt to improve the design and the strength of the layered tools by increasing the life duration of the screws
Cuny, Jérôme. "RMN du solide et modélisation : outils convergents pour le développement de nouveaux matériaux." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S067.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the study of molybdenum (Mo) cluster compounds using an approach that combines solid-state ⁹⁵MoNMR and quantum calculations. The solid-state NMR spectroscopy and the measurement tools that were used are presented in the first part. The theoretical aspects related to the quantum calculation of NMR parameters in periodic systems are described. The validation of the computational methods used in the case of model Mo compounds: ternary molybdates and the Mo hexacarbonyl. The study of Mo cluster compounds is then presented. We present the validation of the computational methods and the experimental approaches used in the case of the ⁹⁵Mo nucleus for six model compounds. The study of compounds that present structural indetermination is then presented. The last part is devoted to the study of oxide compounds : a family of compounds that contain the cluster Mo₃O₁₃, NaMo₄O₆ and the compounds AR₉Mo₁₆ O₃₅ (A = Li, Mg, Zn and R = rare-earth) that present the cluster Mo16
Spagnuolo, Michela. "Outils d'abstraction des formes géométriques pour la modélisation et l'analyse des surfaces naturelles." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0125.
Full textThis dissertation focuses on the rote of modelling within spatial data handling and describes a methodological approach to surface modelling which supports a conceptual level of communication between users and computer systems. The research goal was the development of an integrated approach to natural surface modelling for the definition of highly descriptive representations (shape-based modelling). Shape-based modelling consists in performing, whenever possible, the surface reconstruction in parallel or a posteriori with respect to the recognition of structural shapes in the raw data, assuming that data are generally gathered from the real world following some privileged directions. Using a shape-based approach, natural surface modelling would be considered as a combined refinement/abstraction process, which requires different levels of interrelated models (conceptual levels) each deriving from an analysis process. In this context, shape-abstraction tools has been recognised as a necessary step and a new method for characterising the shape of a surface represented by a piece-wise linear mode! has been developed Combining classical topological techniques and differential geometry provides simple methods for evaluating several shape descriptors. Based on this idea a qualitative analysis is defined to estimate the curvature "along" edges and "around" triangles in order to identify regions whose shape is classified as concave, convex, planar or saddle. The proposed curvature regions are defined as connected components of the graph surface model and give rise to a unique surface decomposition which is suitable for parallel implementation and has a linear computational complexity
Michel, Fabien. "Formalisme, outils et éléments méthodologiques pour la modélisation et la simulation multi-agents." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20210.
Full textHalila, Faycel. "Modélisation analytique et caractérisation expérimentale de l'usure par abrasion des outils de coupe." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0147/document.
Full textTool wear and tool failure are critical problems in the industrial manufacturing field since they affect the quality of the machined workpiece (unexpected surface finish or dimensional tolerance) and raise the production cost. Improving our knowledge of wear mechanisms and capabilities of wear prediction are therefore of great importance in machining. The three main wear modes usually identified at the tool/chip and the tool/workpiece interfaces are abrasion, adhesion and diffusion. Besides the fact that understanding mechanisms that govern these wear mechanisms are still incomplete, the experimental analysis is very difficult because friction interface features (such as temperature, pressure, particles embedded in the contact …) are not easily measurable. The objective of this research work is to understand the physical mechanisms governing the tool wear by taking into account the sensibilities to scale going from the microscopic scale (microstructure scale) to the macroscopic scale (scale of the manufacturing operation) passing by the mesoscopic scale (tool tip scale). For this purpose, an analytic wear model was developed to describe the abrasive wear and to predict the cutting tool life. The proposed model is based on a tribological approach including a statistical description of the distribution of particles seen as non-metallic inclusions. The latter are assumed embedded at the interface of contact and having a conical shape characterized by two main parameters in the present approach: the corresponding size and apex angle. The volume of the removed material per unit time is chosen in this study as the main parameter to describe the abrasive wear mode. Coupled with literature results, the developed model is able to take into account the nature of the sticking-sliding contact and the effect of the friction coefficient on the rake face of the cutting tool. In order to identify all the material's parameters of the predictive model, a study of non-metallic inclusion considered responsible of the abrasive wear was performed on the 42CD4 steel. The determination of inclusion type and inclusion morphology was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively through microscopic and MEB observations as well as image processing. Finally, the volume removed by abrasion given by the model was compared to the experimental results previously achieved under orthogonal cutting
Bouzid, Karim. "Développement des outils et méthodes de conception d'empilements OLED, vers une modélisation prédictive." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT114/document.
Full textThe work presented here revolves around electrical and optical optimization of OLEDs (Organic Light Emitting Device) through the development of simulation methods and tools. The electrical modeling of OLED is a complex field, belonging to R&D. At the beginning of this work, no state of the art OLED electrical simulation has been presented yet. The development of simulation, based on experimental data, would contribute to the establishment of predictive simulation, allowing a better understanding and faster R&D cycles. Firstly, an extraction method for organic semiconductors' transport parameters has been developed by fit procedure (reconstitution of experimental results with simulation). The extracted values, compared between the two mobility models, were used to compile a database. These sets allowed the realization of the simulation at various temperatures of the electrical behavior of a complete OLED stack. The careful analysis of the simulated intrinsic profiles gave an insight on charge accumulation at the recombination interface, harmful for the lifetime performance of the device. Secondly, we proposed to solve the problem with a bipolar blend to enlarge the recombination profile. After optimization of the blend inside the OLED, an increase of the lifetime of ca. +30% has been highlighted, as well as the stabilization of the color point dependency to voltage. To further understand the mechanisms related to the insertion of this layer, TOF-SIMS characterization of organic layers was studied. Very promising early results allowed the profiling of a full OLED stack, and determination of each layer. A second wave of results, bound to Ar beam analysis, demonstrated the possibility to detect undamaged molecule signatures, giving access to far more degradation related information than before. Finally, an alternative cathode made of WO3/Ag/WO3 (WAW) has been optimized for white OLED microdisplays to enhance the light outcoupling coefficient. The fabrication of the devices demonstrated a +40% increase in luminance and current efficiency, in perfect agreement with simulation. The transfer of the process onto an industrial class deposition cluster tool resulted in the fabrication of OLEDs with WAW cathodes demonstrating a +75% increase of the lifetime at half luminance
Piolle, Guillaume. "Agents utilisateurs pour la protection des données personnelles : modélisation logique et outils informatiques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00401295.
Full textles divers moyens informatiques destinés à la protection des données personnelles. Il en ressort un besoin de solutions fondées sur les méthodes d'IA, autorisant à la fois un raisonnement sur les réglementations et l'adaptation du comportement d'un agent à ces réglementations. Dans cette perspective, nous proposons le modèle d'agent PAw (Privacy-Aware) et la logique DLP (Deontic Logic for Privacy), conçue pour traiter des réglementations provenant d'autorités multiples. Le composant de raisonnement normatif de l'agent analyse son contexte hétérogène et fournit une politique cohérente pour le traitement des données personnelles. L'agent PAw contrôle alors automatiquement sa propre utilisation des données en regard de cette politique. Afin d'appliquer cette politique de manière distante, nous étudions les différentes architectures d'applications distribuées orientées vers la protection de la vie privée, notamment celles fondées sur les principes du Trusted Computing. Nous en proposons une complémentaire, illustrant la possibilité d'utiliser différemment cette technologie. L'implémentation de l'agent PAw permet la démonstration de ses principes sur trois scénarios, montrant ainsi l'adaptabilité de l'agent à son contexte normatif et l'influence des réglementations sur le comportement de l'application.
Piolle, Guillaume. "Agents utilisateurs pour la protection des données personnelles : modélisation logique et outils informatiques." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00401295.
Full textUsage in the domain of multi-agent systems has evolved so as to integrate human users more closely in the applications. Manipulation of private information by autonomous agents has then called for an adapted protection of personal data. This work first examines the legal context of privacy protection and the various computing methods aiming at personal data protection. Surveys show a significant need for AI-based solutions, allowing both reasoning on the regulations themselves and automatically adapting an agent's behaviour to these regulations. The Privacy-Aware (PAw) agent model and the Deontic Logic for Privacy, designed to deal with regulations coming from multiple authorities, are proposed here in this perspective. The agent's normative reasoning component analyses its heterogeneous context and provides a consistent policy for dealing with personal information. PAw agent then automatically controls its own usage of the data with regard to the resulting policy. In order to enforce policies in a remote manner, we study the different distributed application architectures oriented towards privacy protection, several of them based on the principles of Trusted Computing. We propose a complementary one, illustrating a different possible usage of this technology. Implementation of the PAw agent allows demonstration of its principles over three scenarios, thus showing the adaptability of the agent to its normative context and the influence of the regulations over the behaviour of the application
Bahi, Slim. "Modélisation hybride du frottement local à l'interface outil-copeau en usinage des alliages métalliques." Paris, ENSAM, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENAM0041.
Full textIn this research work, a hybrid (analytical-numerical) approach has been performed in machining of metallic alloys. The thermomechanical model of material flow in the primary shear zone, the tool-chip contact length and the sticking and sliding contact parts have been obtained by an analytical approach. The numerical analysis has been introduced in order to solve the non linear thermal problem on the chip using Finite Element Method. The sticking and sliding zones have been taking into account considering a velocity field in accordance with experimental observations. It has been shown that the coexistence of a sticking and sliding contacts strongly influence the state of stresses and temperature distribution at the tool-chip interface. The proposed approach allows analyzing with a small computation time, the effect of machining parameters (cutting conditions, tool geometry, etc. ) on the tribological behaviour of the contact. A relationship between the apparent friction coefficient (obtained by experimental data), the local friction coefficient and the thermomechanical behaviour has been established through a new physical friction law
Tailland, Johan. "Instruments intelligents : modèle et outils de conception." Chambéry, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CHAMS014.
Full textDiop, Papa Abdoulaye. "Risques émergents et résilience des écosystèmes soumis à des pressions anthropiques : modélisation intégrée économique et éco-épidémiologique." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUED005.
Full textNumerous classic risks are apparently meant to take new forms whereas novel ones are appearing. In fact new threats that are directly related to the current scientific, technologic, economic and social evolutions have added to the classic ones. These “emergent” additional hazards could present a certain number of potential negative effects on ecosystems and to the resources living in such affected areas. It could notably be about a case of excess death rate of resources following either the outbreak of infectious diseases, or even resources’ sensitivity to these infections. Conversely it could be about the accumulation of pollution in the tissue of organisms which are likely to trigger sanitary and environmental threats and which diverge from those that have been considered so far. Because of ecosystems’ vulnerability towards these new environmental risks and thanks to their socioeconomic involvement, people have developed a growing awareness as for as these threats’ potentially catastrophic nature is concerned. While using economic analysis’ literature as well as biomathematics’ tools within the framework of this dissertation, the latter confronts the modeled theory and the empirical contextualization deriving from emerging risks. Our study focuses on the topic of the conservation of renewable resources which are exploited in the face of emerging dangers’ acuteness and whose unfamiliar effects have been forgotten by classic bio-economic modelling. It aims at partaking in the prevention of new environmental risks for biodiversity, thanks to the development of applied and theoretical tools deriving from economic and eco-epidemiologic integrated modelling. Subsequently by learning from biomechanics’ standard framework and with the support of compartmental modelling, this thesis shows the capacities of harvesting to improve the ecosystems’ resilience abilities, as well as the harvesting level at the steady state when an infectious disease affects an ecosystem. It thence leads to results which go against the conservative classic measures that have been recommended to ameliorate the ecosystems’ resilience and stability. Through tackling pivotal issues such as the pollutants’ bioaccumulation and its consequences, it also foregrounds some modifications in the dynamics of the standard models of pollution/resource when the pollutants’ bioaccumulation propriety is taken into account. So to deal with the phenomenon of emerging threats’ acuteness to biodiversity, this dissertation breaks new ground in the sustainable management’s mechanisms of the resources living in exploited ecosystems, while offering new approaches to the understanding of the dynamics that can intervene in ecosystems whose populations rely on the influence of emerging or re-emerging risks
Velay, Vincent. "Modélisation du comportement cyclique et de la durée de vie d'aciers à outils martensitiques." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001209.
Full textMoretti, Basiliu. "Modélisation du comportement des feux de forêt pour des outils d’aide à la décision." Thesis, Corte, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CORT0007/document.
Full textModeling the spread of forest fires is a complex affair which can be examined in different ways (physical, semi-physical, empirical). Numerous simulators exist, each one bearing its own particularities, benefits and weak points. The work which has led to the writing of this thesis aims at improving the simplified physical model of fire propagation (Balbi et al, 2007), as well as at laying down the first foundation stones of what will favor an evolution towards a fire behavioral pattern. This study is based upon three main themes :• Modeling the spread of a surface fire with the main engine the radiative heat transfer. This modeling leads to achieve improvements in the formulation of its speed on flat ground, without wind. It finally led to the characterization of two criteria of extinction with characterization of critical values of two parameters (leaf area index and the water content of the fuel).• Quantification of the energy radiating from the flame front. This quantification was performed assuming the solid flame model. This approach has led to obtaining an analytical relationship for the evaluation of Admissible Safety Distance (ASD) in a very short time. • Sensitivity analysis of the different results attained in order to confirm them as a whole and identify the relative influence of various parameters
Assayad, Ismaël. "Méthodologie et outils pour la modélisation et l'analyse de performance des systèmes embarqués multiprocesseurs." Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0165.
Full textWe present a framework and tools for modelling and performance analysis of multiprocessor embedded systems. Our framework consists of component-based models for modelling parallel software and multiprocessor hardware, and tools for code generation and performance analysis. The framework allows jointly analyzing software and hardware performance rather than evaluating each one in isolation. This joint evaluation enables predicting the impact of hardware on software performance and the ability of hardware performance to accommodate future services at design time. We apply the framework for analyzing the performance of several implementations of a MPEG-4 video encoding on custom multimedia hardware, Philips Wasabi/Cake NoC, and IPv4 packet forwarding over the Intel dual IXP2800 NP. The experiments carried out on these real-life industrial-size applications show that our framework is scalable and delivers precise performance results with fast simulation speed
Nolin, Loïc. "Outils d'aide à l'étude des protéines: modélisation surfacique et visualisation sémantique des feuillets béta." Reims, 2010. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/sciences/2010REIMS008.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work consists in the representation of common structural motifs of proteins: the β sheets. The classical visualization modes are not satisfying, considering that they don't represent the whole β sheets. We propose innovative models materializing those structures using surfaces. We use the open source software "BALLView" to create our own β sheet models. The first one uses the β sheets description stored in files from the Protein Data Bank, the worldwide data bank of proteic structures, to compute a bidimensionnal interpolated surface based on Catmull-Rom splines. The second one uses Bezier patches defined from β sheets produced by a secondary structure prediction algorithm. Those models are the first ones to fully represent β sheets. Previous methods only represent β strands. In order to visualize their orientation, we map these important data to our surfaces by using textures. It leads us to consider our surfaces as a new medium on which we can depict additional information using coloring methods (Hydrophobic Cluster Analysis, Molecular Hydrophobicity Potential. . . ). Our models are available for any PDB formatted file, in both static and dynamic ways, using molecular dynamics simulations. We can observe the evolution of β sheets, deformations, holes appearances, invaginations or splits. Those observations lead us to call our models SheHeRASADe for "Sheets Helper for RepresentAtion of SurfAce Descriptors". We apply those models to the different proteic folds of β sheets listed in the CATH classification, and on amyloid fibrils involved in many diseases
Durcos, Sylviane. "Outils informatiques supports aux méthodes de modélisation et de conception de systèmes de production." Bordeaux 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR10676.
Full textNouari, Mohammed. "Modélisation de l'usure par diffusion des outils de coupe en usinage à grande vitesse." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Nouari.Mohammed.SMZ0039.pdf.
Full textSegreti, Michel. "Vibrations en coupe orthogonale : Modélisation, étude de stabilité et validation expérimentale." Metz, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2002/Segreti.Michel.SMZ0201.pdf.
Full textIarussi, Emmanuel. "Outils de dessin informatique pour les débutants, les passionnés et les professionnels." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4064/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to facilitate and accelerate drawing for amateurs as well as for expert designers and illustrators, employing computer graphics, image processing and interaction techniques. As this is a broad spectrum to tackle, we identify three specific problems related to drawing and propose computer tools to help users overcome the main challenges on each domain. In Chapter 2 we present an interactive drawing tool to help beginners practice drawing-by-observation techniques. We build on a number of traditional techniques to help people gain consciousness of the shapes in a scene. We automatically extract visual guides from a model photograph and offer corrective feedback to guide their reproduction in the drawing. In Chapter 3 we propose a tool that helps users create wire wrapped jewelry. This technique of handmade jewelry can be seen as a form of line drawing with metal wires. The presented method assist the user in the main challenges of creating 2D wire-wrapped jewelry from a drawing: decomposing the input into a set of wires, and bending the wires to give them shape. In Chapter 4 we propose a method to help designers enrich their drawings with color and shading. Professionals frequently draw curvature lines to convey bending of smooth surfaces in concept sketches. We exploit this information and extrapolate curvature lines in a rough concept sketch. This extrapolation allows us to recover the intended 3D curvature and surface normal at each pixel, which we use to compute shading and texturing over the sketch