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Akinrolie, Olayinka, Sandra C. Webber, Nancy M. Salbach, and Ruth Barclay. "Validation of an Adapted Questionnaire for Outdoor Walking Among Older Adults: The CHAMPS-OUTDOORS." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 29, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2020-0350.
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The aim of this study was to examine the construct and known-groups validity of the total score of five items adapted from the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) questionnaire to measure outdoor walking (CHAMPS-OUTDOORS) in older adults. Data from the baseline assessment of the Getting Older Adult OUTdoors (GO-OUT) trial were used. Construct validity of the CHAMPS-OUTDOORS used objective measures of outdoor walking (accelerometry–GPS), Ambulatory Self-Confidence Questionnaire, RAND-36, 6-min walk test, 10-m walk test, and Mini-Balance Evaluation System Test. For known-groups validity, we compared the CHAMPS-OUTDOORS of those who walked < or ≥1.2 m/s. Sixty-five participants had an average age of 76.5 ± 7.8 years. The CHAMPS-OUTDOORS was moderately correlated with total outdoor walking time (r = .33) and outdoor steps (r = .33) per week measured by accelerometry-GPS, and weakly correlated with Mini-Balance Evaluation System Test score (r = .27). The CHAMPS-OUTDOORS did not distinguish known groups based on crosswalk speed (p = .33). The CHAMPS-OUTDOORS may be used to assess outdoor walking in the absence of accelerometry GPS. Further research examining reliability is needed.
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James, Aisha K., Pam Hess, Meghan E. Perkins, Elsie M. Taveras, and Christina S. Scirica. "Prescribing Outdoor Play: Outdoors Rx." Clinical Pediatrics 56, no. 6 (November 12, 2016): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922816677805.
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Piirsalu, Peep, Tanel Kaart, Irje Nutt, Giovanni Marcone, and David Arney. "The Effect of Climate Parameters on Sheep Preferences for Outdoors or Indoors at Low Ambient Temperatures." Animals 10, no. 6 (June 13, 2020): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10061029.
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Threshold temperatures for cold stress in sheep are not well understood, the available literature is somewhat dated and reports relate to winter temperatures that are relatively benign. Sheep’s preferences for outdoor versus indoor environments, when given free access to both, were investigated in the winter period at temperatures as low as −23 °C. Two sheep farms, one with access to a permanent uninsulated barn and one with a polytunnel shelter, both with free access to an outdoor area, were used. Observations were made with a camera positioned to register numbers of sheep outdoors and indoors, with one image taken hourly over twenty-four hours. The sheep clearly preferred to be outdoors; on all occasions the majority of the sheep were outdoors. There was, however, a significant decrease, albeit small, in the numbers of sheep choosing to be outdoors at lower temperatures (p < 0.001), higher relative humidity (p < 0.001) and greater wind chill (p < 0.001). Therefore, even at cooler temperatures than reported previously, sheep are motivated to be outdoors rather than indoors. It is not implicitly good for their welfare, and may not be true for lambs and shorn sheep, but accessing an outdoor area appears to be what they choose to do when given the choice.
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Tandon, Pooja, Brian Saelens, Chuan Zhou, and Dimitri Christakis. "A Comparison of Preschoolers’ Physical Activity Indoors versus Outdoors at Child Care." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112463.
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The aims of this study were to quantify and examine differences in preschoolers’ indoor and outdoor sedentary time and physical activity intensity at child care using GPS devices and accelerometers. We conducted an observational study of 46 children (mean age 4.5 years, 30 boys, 16 girls) from five child care centers who wore accelerometers and GPS devices around their waists for five days during regular child care hours. GPS signal-to-noise ratios were used to determine indoor vs. outdoor location. Accelerometer data were categorized by activity intensity. Children spent, on average, 24% of child care time outdoors (range 12–37% by site), averaging 74 min daily outdoors (range 30–119 min), with 54% of children spending ≥60 min/day outdoors. Mean accelerometer activity counts were more than twice as high outdoors compared to indoors (345 (95) vs. 159 (38), (p < 0.001)), for girls and boys. Children were significantly less sedentary (51% of time vs. 75%) and engaging in more light (18% vs. 13%) and moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) (31% vs. 12%) activity when outdoors compared to indoors (p < 0.001). To achieve a minute of MVPA, a preschooler needed to spend 9.1 min indoors vs. 3.8 min outdoors. Every additional 10 min outdoors each day was associated with a 2.9 min increase in MVPA (2.7 min for girls, 3.0 min for boys). Preschool-age children are twice as active and less sedentary when outdoors compared to indoors in child care settings. To help preschoolers achieve MVPA recommendations and likely attain other benefits, one strategy is to increase the amount of time they spend outdoors and further study how best to structure it.
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Atan, Tülin, Şaban Ünver, İzzet İslamoğlu, and Gül Çavuşoğlu. "Analysis of outdoor and indoor performance and recovery values after anaerobic performance." Journal of Human Sciences 17, no. 3 (August 14, 2020): 840–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v17i3.6015.
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Research Problem/Aim: The objective of this study is to examine the anaerobic performance and recovery values after anaerobic performance in terms of outdoor or indoor performance.
Method: For this purpose, 30 male students studying at Faculty of Sports Sciences with an average age of 21.13±1.82 participated in the study voluntarily. Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) was applied to the subjects twice with three days in-between as anaerobic exercise. Randomly chosen 15 subjects ran outdoors and the remaining 15 subjects ran indoors and their performance and recoveries were examined. Three days later, the subjects who ran outdoors three days ago ran indoors and those who ran indoors ran outdoors.
Findings: Anaerobic exercise performance was compared between indoor and outdoor area. Minimum power and average power values were found to be greater indoors than outdoors (p<0.05 ve p<0.01), Peak power, fatigue index (W/sec) and fatigue index (%) values were not found to differ between indoor and outdoor areas (p>0.05). Before the anaerobic run, the athletes’ resting lactic acid (LA) and heart rate (HR) values were taken, and then RAST test was applied. The subjects’ recoveries were monitored for 10 minutes after the test. HR measurements were recorded at every minute of the recovery. On the 1st, 5th and 10th minutes of recovery, the subjects’ blood LA levels were measured. No statistically significant difference was found between outdoor and indoor resting, 1st minute, 5th minute and 10th minute LA levels according to the results of statistical analyses (p>0.05). Resting and recovery HR values were also found not to differ between outdoor and indoor performance (p>0.05).
Conclusions: It was concluded that outdoor and indoor performance did not influence recovery up to 10 minutes after anaerobic exercise. As a conclusion, some anaerobic exercise performance was better indoors than outdoors. Recovery after an anaerobic exercise was not found to differ between indoors and outdoors.
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Helen Meisfjord Jørgensen, Grete, and Knut Egil Bøe. "Outdoor yards for sheep during winter – Effects of feed location, roof and weather factors on resting and activity." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 91, no. 2 (June 2011): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas10062.
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Jørgensen, G. H. M. and Bøe, K. E. 2011. Outdoor yards for sheep during winter – Effects of feed location, roof and weather factors on resting and activity. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 213–220. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of roof cover and location of feed on sheep's use of an outdoor yard under different weather conditions. A 2×2 factorial experiment was conducted with roof covering of outdoor yard (yes or no) and location of feed (indoors or outdoors) in four different pens, each with one of four possible combinations of these factors. Twenty adult ewes of the Norwegian White breed were randomly allotted to four groups with five animals. Weather parameters were automatically recorded. The following behavioural parameters were scored using instantaneous sampling every 15 min throughout 24-h video recordings: location (indoors or outdoors), general behaviour (stand/walk, resting, feeding). Weather factors did not seem to have any large influence on sheep behaviour. A roof covering the outdoor yard increased time spent in the yard, had no effect on feeding time, a limited effect on resting time, but increased the time spent resting outdoors. Locating the feed outdoors increased time spent in the yard, but also increased the time spent resting indoors, indicating that if a dry and comfortable resting area is offered indoors, the feed should be located in the outdoor yard.
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Raustorp, Anders, Peter Pagels, Cecilia Boldemann, Nilda Cosco, Margareta Söderström, and Fredrika Mårtensson. "Accelerometer Measured Level of Physical Activity Indoors and Outdoors During Preschool Time in Sweden and the United States." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 9, no. 6 (August 2012): 801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.6.801.
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Background:It is important to understand the correlates of physical activity (PA) to influence policy and create environments that promote PA among preschool children. We compared preschoolers’ PA in Swedish and in US settings and objectively examined differences boys’ and girls’ indoor and outdoor PA regarding different intensity levels and sedentary behavior.Methods:Accelerometer determined PA in 50 children with mean age 52 months, (range 40–67) was recorded during preschool time for 5 consecutive weekdays at 4 sites. The children wore an Actigraph GTIM Monitor.Results:Raleigh preschool children, opposite to Malmö preschoolers spent significantly more time indoors than outdoors (P < .001). Significantly more moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) was observed outdoors (P < .001) in both settings. Malmö children accumulated significantly more counts/min indoors (P < .001). The percent of MVPA during outdoor time did not differ between children at Raleigh and Malmö.Conclusion:Physical activity counts/minutes was significantly higher outdoors vs. indoors in both Malmö and Raleigh. Malmö preschoolers spent 47% of attendance time outdoors compared with 18% for Raleigh preschoolers which could have influenced the difference in preschool activity between the 2 countries. Time spent in MVPA at preschool was very limited and predominantly adopted outdoors.
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Vanderloo, Leigh M., Patricia Tucker, Andrew M. Johnson, and Jeffrey D. Holmes. "Physical activity among preschoolers during indoor and outdoor childcare play periods." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 38, no. 11 (November 2013): 1173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0137.
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Preschoolers’ (n = 31) physical activity (PA) levels during indoor and outdoor childcare hours were explored using accelerometers. Participants engaged in 0.54 min/h (SD = 0.59) of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and 14.42 min/h (SD = 6.78) of total PA (TPA) indoors compared with 5.03 min/h (SD = 4.92) of MVPA and 31.68 min/h (SD = 0.83) of TPA outdoors. Boys and girls engaged in significantly more TPA outdoors; however, only boys demonstrated a significant increase in MVPA outdoors.
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Harvey, Mark L., and Victoria MacPhee. "A Pilot Test of the Association between Weather Comfort and Thermocomfort and Time Spent Outdoors." Weather, Climate, and Society 13, no. 2 (April 2021): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0112.1.
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AbstractEmerging scientific consensus reveals that spending time outdoors promotes wellness. However, several forces impede time spent outdoors, such as opportunity, safety, and adverse weather. While uncomfortable weather intuitively decreases time outdoors, acclimatization research suggests a counterintuitive process: outdoor exposure enhances physiological adaption to adverse weather, thereby increasing perceived comfort in subsequent outings and even during a single outing in some situations, which, in turn, increases time outdoors. Therefore, this study preliminarily investigated whether time spent outdoors is associated with perceptions of weather and ambient temperature, apart from actual weather. This study attempted to isolate the role of self-reported weather comfort and thermocomfort in predicting time spent outdoors by controlling for motivational and social factors. Residing in the same locale, participants were exposed to identical weather conditions. To enhance recall accuracy, participants daily reported time spent outdoors and weather comfort and thermocomfort across a 7-day period, producing 175 time-comfort entries. Cox regression analyses show that greater perceived comfort with weather and greater perceived comfort with the temperature are associated with significantly more time spent outdoors, adjusting for motivational and social factors. Results also show that participants who wanted to go outdoors, as compared with those who had to go outdoors, reported significantly greater weather comfort. Physiological and other relevant research findings on the human relationship with weather contextualize the study’s rationale and results.
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Olberg, Madeline W., and Roberto G. Lopez. "High Tunnel and Outdoor Production of Containerized Annual Bedding Plants in the Midwestern United States." HortTechnology 26, no. 5 (October 2016): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03454-16.
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Due to the high cost associated with constructing and operating a greenhouse, many growers have begun using alternative, low-input methods for bedding plant production, such as unheated high tunnel and outdoor production. Previous research indicates that bedding plant production in unheated high tunnels may be suitable for cold-tolerant species, but flowering is delayed compared with greenhouse production. To our knowledge, there has been no published research on the effects of outdoor production on bedding plant species. The objectives of this study were therefore to 1) compare the growth and development of 10 cold-tolerant and intermediate annual bedding plant species grown in an unheated high tunnel or in an unprotected outdoor growing area, 2) evaluate the effect of a 1-week acclimation period in the high tunnel before outdoor production, and 3) quantify the effectiveness of these production methods for producing high-quality bedding crops. Seedlings of ‘Antigua Orange’ african marigold (Tagetes erecta), ‘Hot Cakes White’ stock (Matthiola incana), and ‘Lilac Flame’ primula (Primula acaulis), and rooted cuttings of ‘Aloha Kona Hot Pink’ calibrachoa (Calibrachoa ×hybrida), ‘Royal Lavender’ regal geranium (Pelargonium ×domesticum), ‘Bella Oceano’ lobelia (Lobelia erinus), ‘Potunia Plus Red’ petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), ‘Phloxy Lady Purple’ phlox (Phlox maculata), ‘Summertime Pink Charme’ osteospermum (Osteospermum ecklonis), and ‘Empress Purple’ verbena (Verbena ×hybrida) were transplanted on 13 Apr. 2015 (week 16) into an unheated high tunnel or an outdoor growing area, or into an unheated high tunnel for a 1-week acclimation period before being moved outdoors. Average mean daily air temperature was 2.3 °C lower outdoors compared with inside the high tunnel, whereas average daily light integral (DLI) increased by 11.7 mol·m−2·d−1. All plants were delayed when grown outdoors compared with in the high tunnel, and all marigolds grown outdoors died in April when outdoor air temperatures dropped below −4 °C. When plants were acclimated for a 1-week period before outdoor production, all species, with the exception of regal geranium, were delayed by less than 1 week compared with those grown in the high tunnel. Stem length of all species grown outdoors was reduced or similar to those in the high tunnel, whereas biomass accumulation and branch number was unaffected or increased for most species. Overall, high-quality bedding plants could be grown outdoors, although development may be delayed compared with high tunnel production. Growers must be aware of the risk of crop loss due to extreme temperatures and plan for delays when growing annual bedding plant crops outdoors.
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Flack, Amy. "The great outdoors." Early Years Educator 23, no. 8 (March 2, 2022): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2022.23.8.29.
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There is nothing like exploring and experiencing the myriad of learning and play opportunities afforded by an outdoor environment. While people often express a love for ‘the great outdoors’ or see it as some form of challenge or escape, we as educators need to reclaim this space for our children.
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Loebach, Janet, Marcos Sanches, Julia Jaffe, and Tara Elton-Marshall. "Paving the Way for Outdoor Play: Examining Socio-Environmental Barriers to Community-Based Outdoor Play." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 3617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073617.
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Outdoor play and independent, neighborhood activity, both linked with healthy childhood development, have declined dramatically among Western children in recent decades. This study examines how social, cultural and environmental factors may be hindering children’s outdoor and community-based play. A comprehensive survey was completed by 826 children (aged 10–13 years) and their parents from 12 schools (four each urban, suburban and rural) from a large county in Ontario, Canada. Five multilevel regression models, controlling for any school clustering effect, examined associations between outdoor play time per week and variable sets representing five prevalent factors cited in the literature as influencing children’s outdoor play (OP). Models predicted that younger children and boys were more likely to spend time playing outdoors; involvement in organized physical activities, other children nearby to play with, higher perception of benefits of outdoor play, and higher parental perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion also predicted more time in outdoor play. Time outdoors was less likely among children not allowed to play beyond home without supervision, felt they were ‘too busy’ with screen-based activities, and who reported higher fears related to playing outdoors. Study findings have important implications for targeting environmental, cultural and policy changes to foster child-friendly communities which effectively support healthy outdoor play.
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Jeffries, Owen, Mark Waldron, Stephen D. Patterson, and Brook Galna. "An Analysis of Variability in Power Output During Indoor and Outdoor Cycling Time Trials." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 9 (October 1, 2019): 1273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0539.
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Purpose: Regulation of power output during cycling encompasses the integration of internal and external demands to maximize performance. However, relatively little is known about variation in power output in response to the external demands of outdoor cycling. The authors compared the mean power output and the magnitude of power-output variability and structure during a 20-min time trial performed indoors and outdoors. Methods: Twenty male competitive cyclists ( 60.4 [7.1] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed 2 randomized maximal 20-min time-trial tests: outdoors at a cycle-specific racing circuit and indoors on a laboratory-based electromagnetically braked training ergometer, 7 d apart. Power output was sampled at 1 Hz and collected on the same bike equipped with a portable power meter in both tests. Results: Twenty-minute time-trial performance indoor (280 [44] W) was not different from outdoor (284 [41] W) (P = .256), showing a strong correlation (r = .94; P < .001). Within-persons SD was greater outdoors (69 [21] W) than indoors (33 [10] W) (P < .001). Increased variability was observed across all frequencies in data from outdoor cycling compared with indoors (P < .001) except for the very slowest frequency bin (<0.0033 Hz, P = .930). Conclusions: The findings indicate a greater magnitude of variability in power output during cycling outdoors. This suggests that constraints imposed by the external environment lead to moderate- and high-frequency fluctuations in power output. Therefore, indoor testing protocols should be designed to reflect the external demands of cycling outdoors.
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Stangierska, Dagmara, Beata Fornal-Pieniak, Paweł Szumigała, Katarzyna Widera, Barbara Żarska, and Karolina Szumigała. "Green Physical Activity Indicator: Health, Physical Activity and Spending Time Outdoors Related to Residents Preference for Greenery." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021242.
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Spending time in the natural outdoor environment is a part of a healthy lifestyle. This study focused on identifying elements of green infrastructure that have a positive impact on both increasing physical activity, spending time outdoors and improving overall health. The aim of the research was to identify which elements of the settlement units’ green and blue infrastructure, related to residents’ preferences for greenery, influence more physical activity and spending time in green spaces and improve the healthy feeling of users as perceived by respondents. A total of 721 respondents from Poland took part in the survey. Using multiple regression models, the factors that influence an increase in outdoor physical activity Green Physical Activity Index (GPAI) were: using green spaces for exercise, spending time outdoors, exposure to nature and sufficiently large amounts of green space in the neighborhood and proximity to places to walk the dog. In contrast, physical activity has been shown to improve feeling healthy (health declaration). The main findings show that the increase in physical activity outdoors (GPAI) is positively influenced by factors related to respondents’ reasons for being outdoors, rather than the attractiveness and availability of green infrastructure. The research confirmed the necessity of arranging green areas with rich offerings in terms of a variety of activities for leisure visitors, to give them more opportunities for being outdoors.
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Thomas, Valorie. "Outdoors." Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 14, no. 2 (1994): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3346632.
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Beames, Simon, Matthew Atencio, and Hamish Ross. "Taking Excellence Outdoors." Scottish Educational Review 41, no. 2 (March 13, 2009): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27730840-04102004.
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Scotland’s new Curriculum for Excellence (CfE) appears to support learning outside the classroom but there remains no statutory requirement for Scottish pupils to learn outdoors during their school careers. Commentators have asserted the apparently strong resonance between CfE and outdoor learning but there has been little explanatory argument to support this. This paper argues that the variable provision of school-organised outdoor learning in Scotland is the result of, among other things, the perceived high cost and perceived lack of curricular relevance of such learning. We go on to show how the combination of CfE and a particular kind of outdoor learning pedagogy might tackle these problems. The pedagogy is cross-curricular and place-based; we illustrate it with a case study of a low cost programme that involves pupils planning and undertaking journeys from their school grounds as a means of learning about socio-cultural and geophysical elements of their local landscape. In considering curricular relevance, we show that a historical emphasis on disciplinary subject content is one significant barrier to such outdoor learning. Curriculum for Excellence challenges this emphasis and could legitimise the kinds of outdoor learning we describe.
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Cammalleri, Vittoria, Daniela Marotta, Carmela Protano, Matteo Vitali, Paolo Villari, and Maria Cattaruzza. "How Do Combustion and Non-Combustion Products Used Outdoors Affect Outdoor and Indoor Particulate Matter Levels? A Field Evaluation Near the Entrance of an Italian University Library." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 18, 2020): 5200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145200.
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Particulate Matter (PM) is a well-known health risk factor and pollutes both outdoor and indoor air. Using PM as an air pollution indicator, the aims were to assess outdoor and indoor air pollution due to combustion and/or non-combustion products used outdoors and to compare the PM levels emitted by different products. PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10, 4, 2.5 and 1 µm (PM10, PM4, PM2.5, PM1) was simultaneously measured in two areas, respectively, indoors (with smoking ban) and outdoors (where people commonly smoke) of a university library during the morning and the afternoon of two weekdays. Both combustion and non-combustion products determined a relevant worsening of outdoor air quality, with the highest PM1 levels achieved when a single traditional cigarette (9920 µg m−3), a single e-cigarette (9810 µg m−3) and three simultaneous traditional cigarettes (8700 µg m−3) were smoked. An increase of indoor PM1 levels was found during outdoor smoking/vaping sessions, persisting also after the end of sessions. The results highlighted the need for a revision of smoke-free laws, especially for outdoor areas, to include non-combustion products. In addition, it is essential to make society aware of the dangers of smoking outdoors by implementing health promotion interventions.
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Høøk Presto, M., H. K. Andersson, S. Folestam, and J. E. Lindberg. "Activity behaviour and social interactions of pigs raised outdoors and indoors." Archives Animal Breeding 51, no. 4 (October 10, 2008): 338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-51-338-2008.
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Abstract. Activity behaviour and social interactions of pigs in indoor and outdoor systems fed different levels of amino acids were studied on 96 crossbred pigs (Hampshire × Swedish Landrace × Swedish Yorkshire). The pigs were born outdoors and raised indoors in conventional pens or outdoors on pastures and given recommended (R), 7 % lower (R-7) or 14 % lower (R-14) levels of amino acids, in a phase feeding system with a low-energy diet provided ad libitum. Pigs in the outdoor system walked significantly more (p=0.012) and tended to be rooting more (p=0.098) than indoor pigs. Amino acid level did not affect the activity behaviour and social interactions of the pigs. Indoor pigs given diets R-7 and R-14 were drinking significantly more often than indoor pigs receiving the R diet, but had less contact with other pigs (p=0.020 and p=0.002, respectively). For outdoor pigs no such effect of amino acid level was found. Queuing for feed decreased with increasing age of the pigs, both indoors and outdoors (p=0.009). Rooting decreased and sleeping increased with the age of indoor pigs (p=0.014 and p=0.001, respectively), whereas no consistent trend for outdoor pigs was found. Sniffing, nibbling, pushing (p=0.001 for all) and tail manipulation (p=0.002) occurred more often indoors than outdoors. The results show that pigs in an outdoor system are more active and perform more natural behaviours, such as foraging and rooting, than pigs in an indoor system. Furthermore, roughages, such as pasture, and large areas may play an important role in occupying pigs and therefore contribute to less aggressive behaviours.
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Wilhelmsson, Birgitta, Gun Lidestav, and Christina Ottander. "Teachers’ intentions with outdoor teaching in school forests: Skills and knowledge teachers want students to develop." Nordic Studies in Science Education 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2012): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/nordina.357.
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There is an interest among Swedish teachers to locate teaching outdoors. This study focuses on four teachers in grades 4-6, to explore their intentions and objectives with regular teaching outdoors. Datasources consist of semi-structured interviews, descriptions on successful activities, and reflections on metaphors. The use of intentional analysis and Bloom’s revised taxonomy on teachers’ objectives show that the teachers stress the out-of-school learning that draws on the actual world and concrete material. Yet their objectives with these authentic experiences are diverse. Two teachers have mainly cognitive objectives with a holistic view of knowledge where outdoor and indoor interact. To become knowledgeable, each individual student needs teaching in this proper context. The other two teachers primarily have affective objectives, in a dichotomy between learning theoretical knowledge indoors, and learning practical, concrete knowledge outdoors. They consider the outdoor arena as crucial for students with learning difficulties.
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Morse, Marcus, and Sean Blenkinsop. "Being Outdoors: Lived Experience on the Franklin River." Phenomenology & Practice 16, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/pandpr29501.
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Being outdoors can provide experiential possibilities not readily available indoors. In this paper we draw on phenomenological research undertaken with participants on 10-day outdoor Franklin River journeys in Tasmania, Australia, to illustrate such possibilities. By exploring multiple aspects and variations of participant lived experience outdoors we focus, in particular, on the potential ontological implications of these experiences. We detail three key findings that emerged from participant descriptions: i) a feeling of humility, ii) being alive to the present, and iii) paradox and living with the irresolvable via anecdotes, experiential structures and quotes. In doing so we highlight and discuss what, we suggest, are profound possibilities for participants’ ways of being outdoors with/in this vibrant riverscape.
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Faria Júnior, Newton Santos de, Cláudio Hiroshi Nakata, Luís Vicente Franco de Oliveira, Gaspar Rogério Chiappa, and Gerson Cipriano Júnior. "Evaluation of the best environment for the six-minute walk test." Fisioterapia em Movimento 28, no. 3 (September 2015): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-5150.028.003.ao01.
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AbstractIntroduction The purpose of the six-minute walk test (6MWT) is to evaluate cardiopulmonary capacity using a low-cost test that is easy to administer, generally well tolerated by different populations and reflects one’s performance on activities of daily living. However, few studies have been conducted to determine the difference between performing the 6MWT indoors and outdoors.Objective The aim of the present study was to compare the distance covered on the 6MWT performed indoors and outdoors and evaluate the following physiological variables: heart rate, blood pressure and the subjective sensation of shortness of breath, using the Borg perceived exertion scale.Materials and methods A prospective, randomized, clinical trial was conducted involving eight healthy females not engaged in regular physical activity, with mean age 23.75 ± 1.67 years. Each subject performed the 6MWT indoors and outdoors with a 30-minute interval between tests. The order of the tests was determined randomly.Results The mean distance traveled was 578 ± 50.07 m on the outdoor trial and 579.95 ± 45.35 m on the indoor trial (p = 0.932). The mean physiological variables were 82.25 ± 11.02 bpm (indoors) versus 84.38 ± 9.42 bpm (outdoors) for heart rate, 121.88 ± 10.28 mmHg (indoors)versus 118.75 ± 19.40 mmHg (outdoors) for systolic blood pressure, 81.88 ± 9.74 mmHg (indoors) versus 80.50 ± 7.89 mmHg (outdoors) for diastolic blood pressure and a mean score of 12 on the perceived exertion score in both environments.Conclusions The present data demonstrate no differences in the distance walked on the 6MWT or the physiologic variables of participants between the indoor and outdoor trials.
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Fialkovičová, Mária, Silvia Mardzinová, Marta Benková, Jana Mojžišová, Monika Gaálová, and Edina Sesztáková. "Seasonal influence on the thyroid gland in healthy dogs of various breeds in different weights." Acta Veterinaria Brno 81, no. 2 (2012): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201281020183.
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The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of seasonal ambient temperature on the thyroid gland function in terms of serum total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (fT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), and canine thyroid stimulating hormone (cTSH) concentrations in healthy dogs of various breeds living outdoors and to compare them with those living indoors in flats and houses. The monitoring was conducted for 5 years and our study included 162 indoor dogs and 148 outdoor dogs of both sexes from 2 to 12 years of age, categorised into 3 groups according to their body weight: large (n = 17), medium (n = 16) and small (n = 17) breeds. Comparison of the seasonal serum TT4 and fT4 concentrations in both the indoor and outdoor dogs confirmed their fluctuation in relation to the ambient temperature in all weight groups with the lowest average of TT4 and fT4 concentrations recorded in summer and the highest ones in winter. In dogs kept outdoors, the fluctuation of hormone values was significant (P < 0.05). Seasonal serum cTSH fluctuation was found to be significant (P < 0.05) only in the medium breeds living outdoors, but their concentrations did not exceed the reference ranges. The 5-year monitoring of serum TT3 in indoor and outdoor dogs of large, medium, and small breeds clearly showed that its concentrations were not influenced by varying ambient temperature. The study provides for the first time evidence that serum TT4 and fT4 concentrations in dogs kept outdoors directly depend on ambient temperature. This correlation was also expressed by mathematical equations.
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Jordan, Rebecca, Amanda Sorensen, and Daniel Clark. "Urban/Suburban Park Use: Links to Personal Identity?" Current World Environment 10, no. 2 (August 24, 2015): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.2.01.
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Public greenspaces provide an opportunity for community members to engage with the outdoors. In many locations, however, parks are under used. In an effort to gauge the potential for outdoor interaction and ecosystem education, we conducted a survey of residents from a central New Jersey, USA, county. Our correlation analysis indicated that park use could be related to socioeconomics and in particular education, environmental literacy, pet ownership, outdoor enjoyment and preferred environment. Variables relating to mood and other personal characteristics were more strongly associated with individual identity characteristics. Through multivariate analyses, we offer an organizing framework that can help tailor outdoor greenspace improvement/restoration and programming to identity categories. These categories are a combination of where an individual lives, enjoyment of the outdoors, education and socio-economics, sense of community, institutional trust, and pet ownership.
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Roberts, Nina S. "Outdoor Adventure Education: Trends and New Directions—Introduction to a Special Collection of Research." Education Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11010007.
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This special issue on “outdoor adventure education” contains seven articles focused on varied topics in outdoor adventure education (OAE) from the impact of COVID-19, creating a mobile App and girls outdoors to urban programming, systems of privilege and more [...]
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White, Jan. "Cause and effect." Nursery World 2022, no. 7 (July 2, 2022): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nuwa.2022.7.14.
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Larson, Lincoln R., Rachel Szczytko, Edmond P. Bowers, Lauren E. Stephens, Kathryn T. Stevenson, and Myron F. Floyd. "Outdoor Time, Screen Time, and Connection to Nature: Troubling Trends Among Rural Youth?" Environment and Behavior 51, no. 8 (October 20, 2018): 966–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916518806686.
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Evidence suggests that contemporary children are spending less time outdoors than their predecessors. Concurrent reports also highlight the rise of electronic media use in the lives of youth. We explored relationships between self-reported outdoor time, screen time, and connection to nature in a sample of sixth- to eighth-grade students across rural South Carolina ( N = 543). We found that most youth spent time outdoors, but they spent more time with electronic media. The outdoor versus screen time discrepancy was particularly pronounced for girls, African Americans, and eighth graders. Connection to nature, linked to outdoor time, was highest among boys, White students, and sixth graders. Our study contributes to growing evidence highlighting the negative influence of escalating screen time on outdoor time and connection to nature during adolescence. Programs designed to address these troubling trends could focus on two groups at particularly high risk: girls and youth of color.
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Lam, Chung, and Huairui Guo. "Accelerated Life Test Modeling of Outdoor Optical Products with Time-Varying Multi-Stresses." Journal of the IEST 51, no. 2 (October 1, 2008): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.51.2.g751061r06t68867.
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The long-term performance prediction of optical products deployed outdoors is important. The accuracy of the prediction directly affects warranty cost calculations. In indoor environments, products are generally operated under controlled temperature and humidity. However, products outdoors usually experience multiple stresses that continuously vary with time. An outdoor-use optical product, such as a fiber distribution hub cabinet with splitters, connectors, and fan-outs built in, will experience temperature cycling effects and varying humidity. Therefore, time-varying temperature and humidity are considered as major stresses acting on outdoor-use optical products. This study proposes a practical method that uses design of experiment (DOE) techniques and generalized log-linear (GLL) life-stress relationship to predict the life of outdoor optical products. The proposed method can consider the cumulative damage caused by time-varying temperature and humidity and was applied to predict the warranty return of an outdoor optical product.
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Tofful, Luca, Cinzia Perrino, and Silvia Canepari. "Comparison Study between Indoor and Outdoor Chemical Composition of PM2.5 in Two Italian Areas." Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040368.
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Outdoor air quality guidelines have been constantly implemented during the last decades. Nonetheless, no international regulations have been put into action in terms of indoor air quality standards and standardized procedures for indoor pollution measurements. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition of PM2.5 collected outdoors and indoors at six dwellings located in two Italian areas. The selected sites concerned inland/central and southern Italy, including urban, peri-urban, rural and coastal settings. The seasonal and site-specific particulate matter (PM) variations were analyzed outdoors and indoors, by estimating the impact of the main macro-sources and the contribution of the macro- and micro-components. Outdoors, organic matter represented the main contribution at inland and coastal sites, respectively during winter and summer. A clear, seasonal variation was also observed for secondary inorganic species. A site-specific dependence was exhibited by traffic-related components. Indoors, organic and soil-related species were influenced by the presence of the inhabitants. Some specific tracers allowed to identify additional local source contributions and indoor activities. Although the sampling season and site location defined the outdoor air quality, the higher PM concentrations and the chemical composition indoors were influenced by the infiltration of outdoor air and by the indoor activities carried out by its inhabitants.
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Onat, Burcu, Ülkü Alver Şahin, and Nüket Sivri. "The relationship between particle and culturable airborne bacteria concentrations in public transportation." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 10 (April 6, 2016): 1420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16643373.
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This study aims to determine the in-vehicle and outdoor culturable airborne bacteria concentration, fine particle (PM2.5) concentration and particle number concentration for six size ranges (0.3–0.5 µm, >0.5–1.0 µm, >1.0–3.0 µm, >3.0–5.0 µm, >5.0–10 µm, and >10 µm) and to assess the relation between the culturable airborne bacteria and PM2.5 concentrations in different public transport vehicles. The measurement campaign was conducted in the morning and evening onboard of the Metrobus, red-bus and outdoors. PM2.5 concentrations in the Metrobus and red-bus were observed as 58.8 ± 10.2 µg/m3 and 76.2 ± 30.9 µg/m3, respectively, and the outdoor value was about two times more. For both types of public transportation, the amount of internal environment particulate matter and the amount of external environment particulate matter displayed a high level of correlation (red-bus/outdoors, R = 0.97; Metrobus/outdoors, R = 0.88) with the particulate matter size. The concentration of Staphylococcus aureus correlated with PM2.5 concentrations in the Metrobus and Staphylococcus spp. was found to be higher in in-vehicle. The number of commuters, vehicle ventilation type and outdoor air entering the vehicles probably caused the differences in in-vehicle culturable airborne bacteria and particle concentrations.
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Ferrao, Thomas, and Ian Janssen. "Parental encouragement is positively associated with outdoor active play outside of school hours among 7–12 year olds." PeerJ 3 (November 30, 2015): e1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1463.
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Background.Physical activity is important for children’s physical, mental, and social well-being. Outdoor active play is an important yet unstudied domain of children’s physical activity. The objective of this study was to determine if parental encouragement is associated with the frequency that children engage in outdoor active play outside of school hours.Methods.Participants consisted of 514 children aged 7–12 years and one of their parents. Parents completed a survey that included four questions that assessed how frequently they used verbal cues to encourage their child to play outdoors. Points were assigned to each response and averaged across the 4 questions, and based on this average participants were assigned to quintiles. The survey included seven questions that asked parents to assess how frequently their child played outdoors outside of school hours. Points were assigned to each response and summed to create an active outdoor play frequency score. General linear models assessed associations between parental encouragement and outdoor play while controlling for individual, family, and neighborhood covariates.Results.The mean outdoor active play frequency score increased significantly across quintiles of the parental encouragement score as follows: 6.0 (standard error = 0.7) in quintile 1, 9.8 (0.6) in quintile 2, 11.4 (0.6) in quintile 3, 16.2 (0.9) in quintile 4, and 23.3 (1.3) in quintile 5. After adjusting for covariates, the mean outdoor active play frequency score was almost three times higher in the highest parental encouragement quintile than in the lowest quintile (20.4 vs. 7.8).Conclusions.Parents use of verbal cues to encourage their children to play outdoors was independently associated with outdoor active play among 7–12 year olds.
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Salpakoski, Anu, Timo Törmäkangas, Johanna Edgren, Sanna Sihvonen, Mika Pekkonen, Ari Heinonen, Maija Pesola, Mauri Kallinen, Taina Rantanen, and Sarianna Sipilä. "Walking Recovery after a Hip Fracture: A Prospective Follow-Up Study among Community-Dwelling over 60-Year Old Men and Women." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/289549.
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Purpose. Recovery of walking outdoors after hip fracture is important for equal participation in the community. The causes of poor recovery are not fully understood. This study investigates recovery of walking outdoors and associated determinants after hip fracture.Methods. A prospective follow-up study, among clinical sample of 81 community-dwelling hip fracture patients over 60 years. Perceived difficulty in walking outdoors and 500 meters was assessed before fracture, at discharge to home (3.2 ± 2.2 weeks after surgery), and on average 6.0 ± 3.3 weeks after discharge. Potential determinants for walking recovery were assessed. Linear latent trajectory model was used to analyse changes during follow-up. Association between walking trajectories and potential determinants was analysed with a logistic regression model.Results. Two trajectories, No-to-minor-difficulty and Catastrophic, were found. Thirty-eight percent of the participants ended up in the Catastrophic trajectory for walking outdoors and 67% for 500 meters. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that use of walking aid and indoor falls before fracture and prolonged pain were independently associated with catastrophic decline in both primary outcomes: difficulty in walking outdoors and 500 meters.Conclusions. A large proportion of community-dwelling older people recovering from hip fracture experienced catastrophic decline in outdoor walking. Acknowledging recovery prognoses at early stage enables individualized rehabilitation.
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Arif, Zeba. "Great outdoors." Nursing Standard 26, no. 44 (July 4, 2012): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.26.44.27.s32.
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Embleton, Tony F. W. "Noise outdoors." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93, no. 4 (April 1993): 2281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.406546.
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Merritt, Eileen G. "Going outdoors." Phi Delta Kappan 99, no. 2 (September 25, 2017): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031721717734185.
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An emerging line of research suggests that a short walk in a natural setting may be the best way to restore students’ flagging attention. To help students recover from the inevitable fatigue that accompanies the deep attention expected in schools, educators have always built some breaks into the schedule. Now, researchers are suggesting that students may benefit most when those breaks include being allowed to take walks in natural settings, play in nature, study outdoors, and often by simply being close to vegetation during the school day. Around the world, educators are experimenting with new school designs that put natural features in the foreground.
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Din, Rubina. "Literacy outdoors." Practical Pre-School 2009, no. 103 (August 2009): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prps.2009.1.103.43467.
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Yeadon, Wendy. "The Outdoors." Work Study 43, no. 1 (February 1994): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000003994.
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Broda, Herbert W. "LearningInandForthe Outdoors." Middle School Journal 33, no. 3 (January 2002): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00940771.2002.11494672.
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Blatt, Dana, and Derrick Crandall. "Americans outdoors." Land Use Policy 5, no. 3 (July 1988): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(88)90034-8.
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Winship, Janice. "Women outdoors." International Journal of Cultural Studies 3, no. 1 (April 2000): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136787790000300103.
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Al-Bouwarthan, Mohammed, Margaret M. Quinn, David Kriebel, and David H. Wegman. "A Field Evaluation of Construction Workers’ Activity, Hydration Status, and Heat Strain in the Extreme Summer Heat of Saudi Arabia." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 64, no. 5 (March 27, 2020): 522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa029.
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Abstract Objectives Assess the impact of summer heat exposure (June–September) on residential construction workers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia by evaluating (i) heart rate (HR) responses, hydration status, and physical workload among workers in indoor and outdoor construction settings, (ii) factors related to physiological responses to work in hot conditions, and (iii) how well wet-bulb globe temperature-based occupational exposure limits (WBGTOELs) predict measures of heat strain. Methods Twenty-three construction workers (plasterers, tilers, and laborers) contributed 260 person-days of monitoring. Workload energy expenditure, HR, fluid intake, and pre- and postshift urine specific gravity (USG) were measured. Indoor and outdoor heat exposures (WBGT) were measured continuously and a WBGTOEL was calculated. The effects of heat exposure and workload on heart rate reserve (HRR), a measure of cardiovascular strain, were examined with linear mixed models. A metric called ‘heat stress exceedance’ (HSE) was constructed to summarize whether the environmental heat exposure (WBGT) exceeded the heat stress exposure limit (WBGTOEL). The sensitivity and specificity of the HSE as a predictor of cardiovascular strain (HRR ≥30%) were determined. Results The WBGTOEL was exceeded frequently, on 63 person-days indoors (44%) and 91(78%) outdoors. High-risk HRR occurred on 26 and 36 person-days indoors and outdoors, respectively. The HSE metric showed higher sensitivity for HRR ≥30% outdoors (89%) than indoors (58%) and greater specificity indoors (59%) than outdoors (27%). Workload intensity was generally moderate, with light intensity work more common outdoors. The ability to self-pace work was associated with a lower frequency of HRR ≥30%. USG concentrations indicated that workers began and ended their shifts dehydrated (USG ≥1.020). Conclusions Construction work where WBGTOEL is commonly exceeded poses health risks. The ability of workers to self-pace may help reduce risks.
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Höper, Jan, Kirsti Marie Jegstad, and Kari Beate Remmen. "Student teachers’ problem-based investigations of chemical phenomena in the nearby outdoor environment." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 23, no. 2 (2022): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1rp00127b.
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Learning science outdoors can enhance the understanding of theoretical scientific content taught in the classroom. However, learners are rarely afforded the opportunity to go outdoors to learn chemistry. This study investigates how problem-based learning outdoors can facilitate the understanding of basic chemistry in teacher education. A teaching unit was designed according to which student teachers at two Norwegian universities were asked to examine and identify corroded metals in the nearby outdoor environment and propose solutions to avoid this corrosion. Video data from this task were collected by using chest-mounted cameras for four groups of student teachers (N = 17). A thematic analysis of the videos yielded four themes related to the student teachers’ use of content knowledge and experimental competence. Based on these findings, three learning opportunities were deduced for how the nearby outdoor environment allows learners to use everyday phenomena for learning basic chemistry. First, the availability of different corrosion incidents allowed the student teachers to choose and solve one of interest to them. Second, the proximity of the outdoor location to the classroom enabled the seamless continuity of discussions when switching between the learning arenas, and allowed for different approaches to solve the task. Third, being asked to conduct analyses outside customary laboratory routines led to an unexpected awareness of health and safety issues among the student teachers, indicating that outdoor chemistry is an overlooked opportunity for teaching these.
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Evans, Kate, Kellie Walters, and Denise Anderson. "The Case for Evidence-Based Outdoor Recreation Interventions for Girls: Helping Girls “Find Their Voice” in the Outdoors." Education Sciences 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2020): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10120363.
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Females’ participation in outdoor recreation is often limited for a variety of reasons including social gender norms, a lack of exposure, and fear. Research has uncovered a wide range of positive outcomes for those females who do participate ranging from enhanced self-esteem and confidence to improved body image, indicating the importance of opening the outdoors as a welcoming place for all to experience. Finding Your Voice is a recreation intervention created with the focus of introducing middle school girls to outdoor recreation to increase the participants’ self-efficacy and self-empowerment. Empirical research focusing on participant experiences has demonstrated promising results and the best practices from Finding Your Voice and the broader research on female empowerment in the outdoors are presented.
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Hamid-Adiamoh, Majidah, Davis Nwakanma, Isaac Sraku, Alfred Amambua-Ngwa, and Yaw A. Afrane. "Is outdoor-resting behaviour in malaria vectors consistent? Short report from northern Ghana." AAS Open Research 4 (February 28, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13317.2.
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Background: Recent studies have observed vectors resting predominantly outdoors in settings where anti-vector tools are extensively deployed, attributed to selection pressure from use of control tools. This present study examined if the outdoor resting behaviour in the vector population is random or indicative of a consistent preference of one resting site over the other. Methods: Mark-release-recapture experiments were conducted with outdoor-resting Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus mosquitoes collected from two villages in northern Ghana during rainy and dry seasons. Mosquitoes were marked with fluorescent dyes and released indoors. The experiments were controlled with indoor-resting mosquitoes, which were marked and released outdoors. Species of all recaptured mosquitoes were identified and assessed for consistency in their resting behaviour. Results: A total of 4,460 outdoor-resting mosquitoes comprising An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (2,636, 59%) and An. funestus complex (1,824, 41%) were marked and released. Overall, 31 (0.7%) mosquitoes were recaptured mostly from outdoor location comprising 25 (81%) An. gambiae s.l. and 6 (19%) An. funestus complex. Only 3 (10%) of the recaptured mosquitoes were found resting indoors where they were released. The majority of the outdoor-recaptured mosquitoes were An. arabiensis (11, 39%), followed by An. coluzzii (7, 25%); whereas all indoor-recaptured mosquitoes were An. coluzzii. For the control experiment, 324 indoor-resting mosquitoes constituting 313 (97%) An. gambiae s.l. and 11 (3%) An. funestus complex were marked and released. However, none of these was recaptured neither indoors nor outdoors. More mosquitoes were captured and recaptured during rainy season, but this was not statistically significant (Z=0.79, P=0.21). Conclusions: These results suggested the tendency for the mosquitoes to retain their outdoor-resting behaviour. Further investigations are required to ascertain if emerging preference for outdoor resting behaviour in malaria vector populations is consistent or a random occurrence.
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Hamid-Adiamoh, Majidah, Davis Nwakanma, Isaac Sraku, Alfred Amambua-Ngwa, and Yaw A. Afrane. "Is outdoor-resting behaviour in malaria vectors consistent? Short report from northern Ghana." AAS Open Research 4 (November 16, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13317.1.
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Background: Recent studies have observed vectors resting predominantly outdoors in settings where anti-vector tools are extensively deployed, attributed to selection pressure from use of control tools. This present study examined if the outdoor resting behaviour in the vector population is random or indicative of a consistent preference of one resting site over the other. Methods: Mark-release-recapture experiments were conducted with outdoor-resting Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus mosquitoes collected from two villages in northern Ghana during rainy and dry seasons. Mosquitoes were marked with fluorescent dyes and released indoors. The experiments were controlled with indoor-resting mosquitoes, which were marked and released outdoors. Species of all recaptured mosquitoes were identified and assessed for consistency in their resting behaviour. Results: A total of 4,460 outdoor-resting mosquitoes comprising An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (2,636, 59%) and An. funestus complex (1,824, 41%) were marked and released. Overall, 31 (0.7%) mosquitoes were recaptured mostly from outdoor location comprising 25 (81%) An. gambiae s.l. and 6 (19%) An. funestus complex. Only 3 (10%) of the recaptured mosquitoes were found resting indoors where they were released. The majority of the outdoor-recaptured mosquitoes were An. arabiensis (11, 39%), followed by An. coluzzii (7, 25%); whereas all indoor-recaptured mosquitoes were An. coluzzii. For the control experiment, 324 indoor-resting mosquitoes constituting 313 (97%) An. gambiae s.l. and 11 (3%) An. funestus complex were marked and released. However, none of these was recaptured neither indoors nor outdoors. More mosquitoes were captured and recaptured during rainy season, but this was not statistically significant (Z=0.79, P=0.21). Conclusions: These results suggested the tendency for the mosquitoes to retain their outdoor-resting behaviour. Further investigations are required to ascertain if emerging preference for outdoor resting behaviour in malaria vector populations is consistent or a random occurrence.
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Niemistö, Donna, Taija Finni, Eero Haapala, Marja Cantell, Elisa Korhonen, and Arja Sääkslahti. "Environmental Correlates of Motor Competence in Children—The Skilled Kids Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 4, 2019): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111989.
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Environment, physical activity (PA) and motor development are tightly interwoven during childhood. We examined the associations of environmental factors with motor competence (MC) in children. Children (N = 945, 50.1% boys, age = 3–7 years, mean = 5.4 years) from 37 childcare centres in the Southern (n = 17), Central (n = 13) and Northern Finland (n = 7) participated. The environmental factors comprised the geographical location (Southern, Central and Northern Finland) and residential density (metropolitan area, city, rural area and countryside) of the childcare centres’ based on postal codes and the national population density registry. MC was measured using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD)-3, as well as by quantifying time spent outdoors and participation in organised sports via parental questionnaire. It was found that children from the countryside had better MC and spent most time outdoors, while children from the metropolitan area most frequently engaged in organised sports. Gender comparisons revealed that girls outperformed boys in locomotor skills, while boys were better in object control skills, had higher TGMD-3 score and spent more time outdoors. Time spent outdoors and participation in organised sports were associated positively with MC, but not in children from the countryside. In conclusion, higher population density was associated with lower MC and less time spent outdoors. The findings suggest that versatile outdoor environments may support motor development through PA.
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Olzinski, Stephanie, Joshua Beaumont, Meynard Toledo, Amber Yudell, Carol S. Johnston, and Floris C. Wardenaar. "Hydration Status and Fluid Needs of Division I Female Collegiate Athletes Exercising Indoors and Outdoors." Sports 7, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7070155.
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The purpose was to determine differences in acute and chronic hydration status in female student-athletes (n = 40) practicing in moderate, dry conditions (17–25 °C, 30–57% humidity) indoors and outdoors. Body weight and urine samples were recorded before and after exercise as well as fluid intake. Sweat rates expressed as median and interquartile range did not differ, but fluid intake was significantly higher during indoor (0.64 [0.50, 0.83] L/h) vs. outdoor conditions (0.51 [0.43, 0.63] L/h), p = 0.001. Fluid intake compensated for indoor sweat rate but not outdoors. When exercising indoors, 49% of the student-athletes reported urine specific gravity (USG) values >1.020, and 24% of the day after morning samples were scored ≥4 on the color chart rating. The percentages increased to 58% and 31%, respectively, when exercising outdoors (p > 0.05). Thus, fluid intake was higher indoors vs. outdoors but sweat rate did not differ among athletes. Yet, chronic hydration status was impaired in more than 50% of the student-athletes with a discrepancy between USG scores and urine color scores identifying underhydration. This suggest that 24-h fluid intake should be taken into account and that hydration protocols may need to be tailored individually based on urine USG values. Practice location (indoors vs. outdoors) may further complicate hydration protocols.
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Melton, Josie. "Pre-Service Teachers in the Outdoors: A Phenomenological Exploration." Phenomenology & Practice 16, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/pandpr29498.
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While a child’s sense of wonder is thought to come naturally, less is known about how adults foster or connect with their sense of wonder. For the purposes of this exploration, wonder is the openness that comes when one dwells with the present moment, allowing questions to arise, rather than using wonder as a tool to answer a question (Gadamer, 2004; van Manen, 2014). Spending time in the outdoors is a common way to engage wonder, but there may be differences in the ways adults experience their surroundings compared to children. If teachers or parents aim to foster a child’s sense of wonder then it is important to understand how adults experience and connect to the outdoors so they can model and promote the connection for children. This paper explores the experiences of adults in the outdoors in order to better understand the barriers and paths that may lead to wonder. Five anecdotes from outdoor experiences are phenomenologically analyzed to better understand the lived experience of adults in the outdoors. Themes from the anecdotes are discussed, as well as the implications for teacher education programs.
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Munroe, Elizabeth, and Alanna MacLellan-Mansell. "Outdoor Play Experiences for Young First Nation Children in Nova Scotia: Examining the Barriers and Considering Some Solutions." Journal of Childhood Studies 38, no. 2 (February 17, 2016): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/jcs.v38i2.15448.
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Despite the many known benefits of outdoor play, early childhood educators are often reluctant to take children outdoors. We have been examining this issue as part of collaborative school improvement work with early childhood educators in First Nation communities in Nova Scotia. In this article, we first present a review of related literature and then share information gathered from educators related to the barriers to taking children outdoors. Finally, we propose four processes that encourage and support educators as they reconsider the challenges and reexamine the potential of this crucial area of experience for young children.
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Thomas, John Richard, M. Vishnu Sreejith, Usha K. Aravind, S. K. Sahu, P. G. Shetty, M. Swarnakar, R. A. Takale, Gauri Pandit, and C. T. Aravindakumar. "Outdoor and indoor natural background gamma radiation across Kerala, India." Environmental Science: Atmospheres 2, no. 1 (2022): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ea00033k.
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The average annual outdoor background radiation dosage across the study area was ∼two times greater than the world average. Higher radiation dosage was observed in indoor environments than outdoors in the majority of the sampling locations.
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Sandvoll, Anne Marie, Ellen Karine Grov, and Morten Simonsen. "Nursing home residents’ ADL status, institution-dwelling and association with outdoor activity: a cross-sectional study." PeerJ 8 (October 19, 2020): e10202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10202.
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Introduction The Norwegian regulations for nursing homes consider access to meaningful activities to be an indicator for the quality of nursing homes. Activities of daily living (ADL) provide important basic self-care skills for nursing home residents. Due to the physical changes caused by ageing and comorbidities, nursing home residents may experience functional decline over time, which may affect their ability to perform meaningful ADL, such as outdoor activity, which is considered a valuable and meaningful activity in Norwegian culture. This study aimed to investigate the association between ADL status, institution-dwelling and outdoor activity among nursing home residents. Methods This cross-sectional study included 784 residents aged >67 years living in 21 nursing homes in 15 Norwegian municipalities between November 2016 and May 2018. The Barthel Index was used to assess the nursing home residents’ ADL status. Other variables collected were age, gender, body weight and height, visits per month, institution, ward, and participation in weekly outdoor activities. Descriptive statistics were used to provide an overview of the residents’ characteristics. A Poisson regression model was used to test the association between the outdoor activity level as the dependent variable and ADL score, institution, and other control variables as independent variables. Results More than half (57%) of the nursing home residents in this sample did not go outdoors. More than 50% of the residents had an ADL score <10, which indicates low performance status. Further, we found that residents’ ADL status, institution, ward, and number of visits had an impact on how often the residents went outdoors. Discussion The nursing home residents in this study rarely went outdoors, which is interesting because Norwegians appreciate this activity. Differences in the number of visits might explain why some residents went outdoors more often than other residents did. Our findings also highlight that the institutions impact the outdoor activity. How the institutions are organized and how important this activity is considered to be in the institutions determine how often the activity is performed. Conclusion The low frequency of the outdoor activities might be explained by a low ADL score. More than 50% of the residents had an ADL score <10, which indicates low performance status. Despite regulations for nursing home quality in Norway, this result suggests that organizational differences matter, which is an important implication for further research, health policy and practice.