Academic literature on the topic 'Outdoor recreation – Netherlands – History'

Abstract Early twentieth-century American outdoor magazines promoted sport hunting as recreation characterized by class, rather than gender. Women hunters were not harbingers of gender equality, and their “femininity” gave hunting a genteel legitimacy. During the mid twentieth century, sporting publications reflected a growing ambivalence of the hunting community toward women hunters, as hunting became increasingly viewed as a homosocial ritual tied to ideals of manhood and patriotism. Women’s voices virtually disappeared from mainstream outdoor literature. When the modern sport of bow hunting emerged as an alternative to firearms hunting in the 1920s, advocates again relied upon the femininity of women bow hunters to lend their new recreation legitimacy and gain public acceptance at a time when the public, and even firearms hunters, considered it to be a cruel and unsportsmanlike pastime. Women became allies in the promotion of the controversial new sport and, unlike the broader hunting community that came to marginalize women’s hunting experiences, bow hunting journals portrayed their recreation as fundamentally distinct from firearms hunting, welcomed women as hunting equals, and celebrated their hunting successes.

This study traces the development and evolution of Snake River use and management through an in-depth exploration of historic commercial scenic river guiding and concessions on the upper Snake River in Grand Teton National Park (GRTE) from 1950 to the present day. The research is based on a combination of methods including archival research, oral history analysis, historical landscape analysis, and fieldwork. I suggest that a distinct cultural community of river runners and outdoor recreationalists developed in Grand Teton National Park after World War II. In GRTE, a combination of physical, cultural, and technical forces shaped this community’s evolution including the specific geomorphology and dynamic channel patterns of the upper Snake River, the individuals and groups that worked on this river, and changes in boat and gear technology over time. The following paper presents the early results from the first year of this project in 2016 including the work of a graduate student and myself. This study offers connections between the upper Snake River and Grand Teton National Park to broader national trends in the evolution of outdoor recreation and concessions in national parks, the impact of World War II on technological developments for boating, and the cultural history of adventure outdoor recreation and tourism in the United States. Featured photo by Elton Menefee on Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/AHgCFeg-gXg

In this autoethnography, I read my history of and connection to outdoor culture, with an eye toward interrogating my complicity in historical and ongoing settler-colonial violence that has rendered my love of “the mountains” both possible and ostensibly unproblematic. In so doing, I unsettle (my) understandings of the connections between land, embodiment, masculinities, and able-bodiedness, exploring how settler attachment to the mountains is predicated on and serves to perpetuate, a(n ongoing) history of land dispossession. I also, however, consider a “different temporal horizon” through a discussion of settler futurity as it relates to outdoor recreation, complicating settler mobility in the process.

The tradition of school sports facilities has its roots in ancient civilizations, primarily in ancient Greece. The preserved ruins of gymnasiums at Delphi, Olympia, Millet, Priene, Dedina, Pergamon, Ephesus or Thermessos, document well that sports facilities were a major part of the education system. They served not only for students and sports training but were opened to the public, used for social gatherings, political meetings and disputes. Contemporary school sports facilities derived from the 19th-century concept of the school’s educational program. It also included the indoor and outdoor physical education classes and facilities used for ‘body-building exercises’ - as it was named. In Poland, according to the current basic curriculum of the Ministry of National Education, the goal of physical education is to shape the long life habit of physical activity. The school activities should develop the appropriate interests and attitudes of students. Therefore, school activities should meet the needs, interests and abilities of the individual student as fully as possible. The present regulations of the Ministry of Education demand, that such classes should take place in a well-equipped sports hall or on a school playground.

Orientador: Carmen Lúcia Soares
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T20:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalben_Andre_D.pdf: 69401915 bytes, checksum: c1622c6f46b17e83bd4234ee6a6b295b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: As colônias de férias escolares tiveram como maior suporte teórico antigos conhecimentos advindos da medicina que priorizavam uma vida ao ar livre, distante dos centros urbanos, para a recuperação e o fortalecimento corporal. Ao oferecerem uma substanciosa alimentação e práticas corporais realizadas junto à natureza às crianças de classes populares no decorrer das férias escolares, tiveram por objetivo principal, inicialmente prevenir o contágio de doenças, sobretudo a tuberculose, que debilitavam a saúde de muitos moradores de grandes cidades. Por meio de congressos, as colônias de férias foram divulgadas entre a comunidade científica internacional a partir de 1882, sendo frequentemente recomendadas como uma inovadora medida de assistência infantil que diversos países poderiam adotar para proteger a saúde de suas crianças. Ao tomar como fontes principais os anais dos Congressos Internacionais de Higiene e Demografia, dos Congressos Pan-Americanos da Criança e, ainda, revistas especializadas em saúde, educação e educação física, muitas publicadas por instâncias administrativas oficiais, a pesquisa centralizou-se em investigar as principais políticas de implementação de colônias de férias para as crianças de quatro dos maiores centros urbanos sul-americanos das primeiras décadas do século XX: Buenos Aires, Montevidéu, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. O recorte temporal foi definido de 1882, quando as colônias de férias começaram a ser debatidas no cenário internacional, até meados da década de 1950, momento no qual os primeiros medicamentos alopáticos para o tratamento da tuberculose passaram a ser empregados de modo mais efetivo no controle da doença, alterando as políticas de saúde pública de muitos países, que deixariam de adotar os recursos da vida ao ar livre para preservar a saúde de suas populações, e destituindo as colônias de férias do seu principal objetivo médico. A pesquisa procurou expandir os estudos realizados pela História da Educação e pela História da Educação Física, uma vez que as colônias de férias apresentam-se na atualidade como um objeto de estudos ainda pouco explorado pela ciência sul-americana, mas que, no entanto, nos narram processos históricos bastante inovadores ao se estabelecerem como uma instituição concomitantemente próxima e distinta da escola, onde foram gestadas e aplicadas novas práticas e modelos pedagógicos e onde conteúdos antes excluídos das pedagogias mais tradicionais encontraram a oportunidade de serem incorporados enquanto possibilidade educativa. Ao adotar a história cultural como principal referencial teórico para a análise das fontes, foram priorizadas as transformações das mentalidades e sensibilidades que deslocaram a vida ao ar livre de seus preceitos médicos para concebê-la como uma educação do corpo passível de ser sistematizada e institucionalizada pelas colônias de férias. Durante o período abordado pela pesquisa, foi possível concluir que as colônias de férias não se limitaram tão somente a uma medida de saúde pública, uma vez que organizaram em seu interior uma série de procedimentos que transformariam definitivamente as férias escolares em uma aventura do corpo que possibilitava que muitos desejos infantis se tornassem realidade e que demarcava novas possibilidades educativas voltadas especialmente à crianças que não tinham, até então, seus direitos à saúde, à educação e ao brincar integralmente respeitados
Abstract: The summer camps (vacation colonies) had the most theoretical support in ancient knowledge derived from the medicine which prioritized the outdoor life, far from the urban centers, for recovery and strengthening the body. By offering healthy food and bodily practices performed within the nature for the children of the working classes during their vacation, the summer camps had initially as their main objective the prevention of the spread of diseases, especially tuberculosis, which contagiated many residents of large cities. The summer camps were published in the international scientific community since 1882 through conferences and were often recommended as an innovative measure of children care that many countries could adopt to protect their children's health. Taking as the main sources for the research the annals of International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, the Pan American Child Congress and also magazines specialized in health, education and physical education, many of them published by official departments, the propose of this research is to investigate the policies to implement the summer camps for children in the four largest urban centers of South America at the first decades of the twentieth century: Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The time bias is defined from 1882, when the summer camps began to be debated in the international arena, until the mid-1950s, when the first allopathic medice to treat the tuberculosis began to be used more effectively to control the disease, changing the public health policy in many countries, which would not take the resources to maintain the outdoor life to preserve the health of their populations, and unseating the summer camps of their major medical goal. The research sought to expand the studies conducted by the History of Education and the History of Physical Education, since the summer camps are object of study unexplored by the South American science, even though they narrate the innovative hitorical perspective when they are established as an institution concurrently next and distinct from school, creating and implementing new practices and educational models and pedagical contents, when more traditional pedagogies previously excluded found the opportunity to be incorporated as an educational opportunity. Adopting the cultural history as the theoretical framework for the analysis of the sources this research focus on the changing of the mentalities and sensibilities that shifted the outdoor life from the medical precepts to conceive it as an education body capable of being systematized and institutionalized by the summer camps. During the period covered by the survey, it concludes that the summer camps were not limited only as a public health measure, once they staged a series of educational procedures that would definitely transform the school holidays in an adventure of the body that allowed many children's wishes come true and that marked new educational opportunities geared especially to children who had not hitherto their rights to health , education and play fully respected
Doutorado
Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte
Doutor em Educação

Ön is an island in central Ume River. Today Ön is a rural, green place with key habitats and historical values. In 2008 the municipality took the decision to exploit it by building city there. The decision was preceded by the emerging growth target, for Umeå, to become 200,000 inhabitants in 2050.               The research material for this paper consists of legal documents, reports, literature, interviews, and own observations. It can be divided into three main parts. The first part, which is the ‘growth discourse’, is investigated through documents concerning political strategies and influences from within the field in relation to Umeå as a city. The second part consists of research around the ‘image’ of Norrland and the third part focus on questions involving well-being through nature and the concept of Ecosystem Services, in relation to Ön.               In this paper, I advocate for an alternative plan concerning Ön and its unique set of qualities: the rural, historical, and nature dominated atmosphere adjacent to the city of Umeå. I argue that the value of this land is greater in its natural vesture, than it would be with added asphalt and concrete. The values of concern are non-monetary, but might as well become monetary in the more long-term scenario. There is mounting evidence of benefits derived from nature, when it comes to human well-being, and further that ecosystems provide services of major importance to us. Ecosystem Services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. Ön possesses many of these services today. It holds potential for further cultivation and capacity to become amplified as a recreation area in central Umeå.               The objective of this master thesis is to define and validate the qualities of Ön; and further, to develop a programme of possible interventions, in order to preserve and intensify the present atmosphere. This is conducted by identifying Ecosystem Services in the current context; and ways to enhance them, in order to propose an alternative plan for Ön.

Studies of outdoor recreation and the social construction of wilderness have shown how urban consumption of wilderness areas dispossessed rural residents from traditional land uses. Though essential for understanding power struggles over land use, these studies pay little attention to rural involvement in creating recreational areas. In contrast, this dissertation focuses on how rural non-indigenous people used, enjoyed and constructed their own recreational hinterland. Set in twentieth-century British Columbia, where wilderness adventure is popular and where mountains, oceans and lakes lend themselves to romantic and sublime aesthetics, the case studies here examine rural recreation by considering the forms that “rural” has taken in British Columbia, the relationship of civil society to government, conceptions of Crown and private land as a commons, the production and consumption of recreational spaces, and ethics such as woodcraft, “leave-no-trace,” the “good life” and postmaterialism. The sources include interviews with participants in these activities and archival sources such as diaries, newspapers, government records on parks, forestry and transportation, and letters that citizens wrote to government. This material is set within the context of historical studies of outdoor recreation, the social construction of wilderness, automobiles and parks, the informal economy, and the contested commons. The first two case studies involve the imaginative transformation of mountain landscapes into parks and playgrounds to attract tourists at Mt. Revelstoke and on Vancouver Island’s Forbidden Plateau. During the Second World War, the province was reluctant to create parks for local recreation, but at Darke Lake in the Okanagan, the Fish and Game Club lobbied successfully for a small park, challenging the supremacy of logging as an essential war industry. After the war, the state’s view of parks shifted. The provincial government promoted recreational democracy, and offered parks as part of the “good life” to working families from booming single-industry towns, sometimes responding to local demands as in the case of the Champion Lakes. Inspired by the American Wilderness Act of 1964, some British Columbians sought to preserve large tracts of roadless, forested land. The Purcell Wilderness Conservancy (1974) in the Kootenay region resulted from a local trail-building effort and a letter-writing campaign. Beginning in the late 1980s, retirees in Powell River started building trails on the edges of town. This group is still active in ensuring that their forested hinterland remains an accessible commons for recreational use. The rural British Columbians discussed in these case studies consistently engaged with the backcountry as their recreational commons where they could combine work and leisure, harvest non-timber forest products, and promote tourism. Rural residents who were willing to volunteer and enjoyed some leisure time forged networks among tourism promoters and applied for government funding to create access to recreational space, and protect it from uses inconsistent with recreation, such as logging. British Columbians have claimed the right to access Crown land as a commons for recreation in a variety of ways over the twentieth century and these case studies show how rural agency has played a significant role in creating recreational space.

This thesis is located at the intersection of several bodies of literature. While material exists on the histories of tourism, the automobile and the family, this combination of literature is previously uncharted territory in the history of British Columbia. By looking at the articles and advertisements published in newspapers and magazines, this work focuses on the dominant discourse surrounding the family and the automobile in postwar British Columbia. Conceptually, it is divided into two sections. The first discusses the role of the automobile in the postwar family, examining ways in which cultural producers framed it as a site of family togetherness and an essential component of modern fatherhood and masculine domesticity. This discourse correlated the automobile’s gendered dynamics with roles of modern parenthood and the experience of childhood, effectively blurring the distinction between the domestic and the public. The second section brings the family automobile into the natural environment, exploring ways in which the automobile and other outdoor technologies shaped the family’s relationship to nature. Through the gendered consumption of goods associated with the outdoors, cultural producers portrayed facilitation of the family’s access to the outdoors as a fundamental component of modern fatherhood.

One of the prevailing traditions in recent physical education theory has been the presentation of science based paradigms to inform physical education practice. Many other worldviews can be constructed, however, that can also contextualise what physical education is about. This study has focused upon the relationship of outdoor recreation and physical education in an attempt to demystify some of the implied assumptions of the debate.

The notion that only knowledge of a scientific nature is worthy of a centralised position in physical education is a focus that this study specifically challenges. Through a review of literature it will be argued that outdoor recreation can offer much to empower physical education practice. The debate in literature is recounted in Chapter 3.

The worldview that has informed this study, has been constructed around an investigaton of Michel Foucaults 'History of Sexuality'. This theoretical framework is supported in chapter 4 by the development of a methodological structure grounded in case study theory The development of this framework has been particularly useful in furthering an understanding of the influencing perceptions of both physical education and outdoor recreation university students. It has allowed the research project to peel back the layers that shroud perceptions of physical education and outdoor recreation. Student responses form the empirical study reported in chapter 5.

The final chapter uses Foucauldian strategies to analyse the finding of this empirical study Suggestions for further research are also made in this concluding chapter.

Scotland and Norway differ markedly in their approach to right of access to the outdoors, as well as in the history and practice of outdoor recreation. Historically vast tracts of Scotland’s wilderness areas have been owned privately; by contrast Norway has 43 national parks. The proportion of people using the outdoors in either country differs hugely both in the definition of, and participation in, outdoor sporting activities; a contrast is drawn between childrens’ experience of the outdoors in both countries and the thinking behind the differing levels of engagement. Comparisons are made between outdoor activity associations enabling access to the outdoors, and the chapter also looks at notions of rural life, accessibility, affordability, and the relative levels of confidence the populace in each country has in their access rights, touching upon cabin culture and the use of allotments. Idealised notions of rural life, health, sporting activity and outdoor pursuits are enshrined in the national identity of Norwegians – not so in Scotland. The conclusion is that Scots are uncertain of their rights in relation to the land, have less access to and ownership of land than the average Norwegian, and this is reflected in their lifestyle choices.

The chapter studies the tradition of allemansrätten, a right of public access to nature, in recently digitized documents of the Finnish Parliament (1907-2000) using text mining methods. Allemansrätten is a well-known and much used principle in the Nordic countries, yet, its history is little researched. This study use collocation analysis and topic modelling to explore the historical trajectory of the term in Finland. It shows how ‘allemansrätt’ appeared in the 1940s as part of a temporary everyman’s fishing rights and while the current meaning is found in the 1960s it came to be commonly employed in outdoor recreation debates in the early 1970s, somewhat later than previously thought. Furthermore, a significant shift is discovered from allemansrätten’s use in access right debates to being marked as a national symbol in the 1990s. Although the OCR quality of the digitised parliamentary documents is proven to be very good, they lack in metadata which would improve their usability; thus digital historians should actively participate in the development of such key historical corpora.

This chapter visits three large, unique, outdoor venues for musical theatre in the summer: the Mountain Play in Mill Valley, California, the Zilker Summer Musical in Austin, Texas, and the Open Air Theatre at Washington Crossing, New Jersey, focusing on each theatre’s production of The Sound of Music. The Mountain Play has produced of one show each spring since 1913 in a 3,750-seat amphitheatre on the top of Mt. Tamalpais. The Zilker Summer Musical, established by the local recreation department in 1959, offers an annual free musical on a hillside that attracts thousands of spectators, many of whom would not otherwise see a play. The Open Air Theatre, which opened in 1964, presents thirteen shows each summer to more than eighteen thousand spectators. Each one of these venues, all located in old and well-established state parks, also boasts a complex history in relation to state and local government. Coincidentally, these three organizations produced The Sound of Music in successive years—the perfect show for an outdoor theatre. When Maria sings, “The hills are alive with the sound of music,” it was true: The hills are alive with the sound of music, though not actually the Austrian mountains where the classic Rodgers and Hammerstein musical is set.

This book presents a history of the factory gardens and parks movement in Britain and the United States, from its origins in the early Industrial Revolution, to its zenith in the years preceding the Second World War and concludes with an overview of the evolution of corporate landscapes from the second half of the twentieth century to the present. Industrialists attempted to assuage the effects of mass production by embracing the historical, cultural and metaphorical meanings of gardens to refine corporate culture and to redefine industry as progressive and responsible. Industry contributed distinctively and significantly to gardening culture and to opportunities for outdoor recreation in the first half of the twentieth century. Analysing factories from the point of view of landscape has produced a significant new interpretation of factory design, society and culture, which draws out the meanings of time and space in the factory that are not related to the production line. The discussion draws on empirical evidence underpinned by sources from a broad disciplinary base, including areas of research within architectural, art, photographic, landscape and garden histories; cultural geography, social history, philosophy, gender studies and social science.