Journal articles: 'Outcome framing'

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Skovgaard, Jakob. "Learning about Climate Change: Finance Ministries in International Climate Change Politics." Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 4 (November 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00136.

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In the course of the last four years, finance ministries have increasingly become involved in the international climate change negotiations. Their involvement has to a large degree been an outcome of the framing of climate change as a market failure. This framing calls for an active climate change policy and is at odds with the framing of climate change policy that was previously predominant in finance ministries: that it constitutes expenditure to be avoided. The persistence of both framings has led to clashes within and between finance ministries with respect to climate change. The article calls for further research focusing on the role of the two frames and of finance ministries as actors in climate change politics.

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Kreiner, Hamutal, and Eyal Gamliel. "“Alive” or “not dead”: The contribution of descriptors to attribute-framing bias." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 12 (July 18, 2019): 2776–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819862508.

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Attribute-framing bias (AFB) refers to bias in evaluating positively framed objects more favourably than the same objects framed negatively. In most AFB studies, framing is manipulated by contrasting the positive and negative outcomes, using the corresponding positive (success) or negative (failure) labels as descriptors. This study examined the unique contributions of the outcomes of the scenario and the labels describing these outcomes by manipulating them orthogonally. In three experiments, framing scenarios were presented to participants with either positive outcomes rendered with positive (65% passed) or negative (65% didn’t fail) descriptors, or negative outcomes rendered with positive (35% didn’t pass) or negative (35% failed) descriptors. All experiments revealed a strong effect for the outcome with a weaker effect for the descriptor valence, suggesting that outcomes have a stronger influence on AFB than do descriptors. We discuss the results within a theoretical framework that maps the outcome effects onto attention mechanisms and descriptor effects onto association-activation mechanisms.

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Gamliel, Eyal, and Hamutal Kreiner. "Outcome proportions, numeracy, and attribute-framing bias." Australian Journal of Psychology 69, no. 4 (January 13, 2017): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12151.

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Scholten, Marc, and Daniel Read. "Time and outcome framing in intertemporal tradeoffs." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 39, no. 4 (July 2013): 1192–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031171.

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Fernández, Laura, Jose A. Moreno, and Alejandro Suárez-Domínguez. "“The Unbearable Green Demon”: A Critical Analysis of Press Representation around the Extermination of Monk Parakeets in Madrid." Journalism and Media 3, no. 3 (June 21, 2022): 382–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3030027.

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We examine the press representation of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) and their population management in Madrid city. To do this, we analyze mentions of this species in six Spanish newspapers for the case of Madrid. We apply a mixed methodology composed of framing, text analysis, and sentiment analysis. This multi-method approach allows us to further examine the framing and word choice of the newspapers, concluding that the press representation of monk parakeets has been biased and non-ethically led. We discuss this outcome by proposing a media representation guided by non-speciesist ethical framings and avoiding the objectification of nonhuman animals.

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Gamliel, Eyal, and Hamutal Kreiner. "Is a picture worth a thousand words? The interaction of visual display and attribute representation in attenuating framing bias." Judgment and Decision Making 8, no. 4 (July 2013): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005325.

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AbstractThe attribute framing bias is a well-established phenomenon, in which an object or an event is evaluated more favorably when presented in a positive frame such as “the half full glass” than when presented in the complementary negative framing. Given that previous research showed that visual aids can attenuate this bias, the current research explores the factors underlying the attenuating effect of visual aids. In a series of three experiments, we examined how attribute framing bias is affected by two factors: (a) The display mode—verbal versus visual; and (b) the representation of the critical attribute—whether one outcome, either the positive or the negative, is represented or both outcomes are represented. In Experiment 1 a marginal attenuation of attribute framing bias was obtained when verbal description of either positive or negative information was accompanied by corresponding visual representation. In Experiment 2 similar marginal attenuation was obtained when both positive and negative outcomes were verbally represented. In Experiment 3, where the verbal description represented both positive and negative outcomes, significant attenuation was obtained when it was accompanied by a visual display that represented a single outcome, and complete attenuation, totally eliminating the framing bias, was obtained when it was accompanied by a visual display that represented both outcomes. Thus, our findings showed that interaction between the display mode and the representation of the critical attribute attenuated the framing bias. Theoretical and practical implications of the interaction between verbal description, visual aids and representation of the critical attribute are discussed, and future research is suggested.

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Scholten, Marc, Daniel Read, and Neil Stewart. "The framing of nothing and the psychology of choice." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 59, no. 2 (October 2019): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11166-019-09313-5.

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AbstractZero outcomes are inconsequential in most models of choice. However, when disclosing zero outcomes they must be designated. It has been shown that a gamble is judged to be more attractive when its zero outcome is designated as “losing $0” rather than “winning $0,” an instance of what we refer to as the mutable-zero effect. Drawing on norm theory, we argue that “losing $0” or “paying $0” evokes counterfactual losses, with which the zero outcome compares favorably (a good zero), and thus acquires positive value, whereas “winning $0” or “receiving $0” evokes counterfactual gains, with which the zero outcome compares unfavorably (a bad zero), and thus acquires negative value. Moreover, we propose that the acquired value of zero outcomes operates just as the intrinsic value of nonzero outcomes in the course of decision making. We derive testable implications from prospect theory for mutable-zero effects in risky choice, and from the double-entry mental accounting model for mutable-zero effects in intertemporal choice. The testable implications are consistently confirmed. We conclude that prevalent theories of choice can explain how decisions are influenced by mutable zeroes, on the shared understanding that nothing can have value, just like everything else.

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Yeung, Saiwing. "Framing effect in evaluation of others’ predictions." Judgment and Decision Making 9, no. 5 (September 2014): 445–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500006811.

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AbstractThis paper explored how frames influence people’s evaluation of others’ probabilistic predictions in light of the outcomes of binary events. Most probabilistic predictions (e.g., “there is a 75% chance that Denver will win the Super Bowl”) can be partitioned into two components: A qualitative component that describes the predicted outcome (“Denver will win the Super Bowl”), and a quantitative component that represents the chance of the outcome occurring (“75% chance”). Various logically equivalent variations of a single prediction can be created through different combinations of these components and their logical or numerical complements (e.g., “25% chance that Denver will lose the Super Bowl”, “75% chance that Seattle will lose the Super Bowl”). Based on the outcome of the predicted event, these logically equivalent predictions can be categorized into two classes: Congruently framed predictions, in which the qualitative component matches the outcome, and incongruently framed predictions, in which it does not. Although the two classes of predictions are logically equivalent, we hypothesize that people would judge congruently framed predictions to be more accurate. The paper tested this hypothesis in seven experiments and found supporting evidence across a number of domains and experimental manipulations, and even when the congruently framed prediction was logically inferior. It also found that this effect held even for subjects who saw both congruently framed and incongruently framed versions of a prediction and judged the two to be logically equivalent.

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Kahn, Kenneth B., and Matthew B. Myers. "Framing marketing effectiveness as a process and outcome." Marketing Theory 5, no. 4 (December 2005): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470593105058825.

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Gardner, Dianne, and Robert Wood. "Errors, Feedback, Learning and Performance." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Organisational Psychology 2 (August 1, 2009): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/ajop.2.1.30.

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AbstractThe value of feedback about errors when learning a novel computer-based task was explored in two studies. The first study examined the optimal level of information to be provided in feedback about errors. The second study examined whether framing errors positively as opportunities to learn (which encourages error tolerance) or negatively as hindrances to learning (which encourages error avoidance) facilitated learning and performance. Both studies used a computer-based simulation of a management decision-making task. In the first study there were three feedback conditions: outcome feedback alone, outcome feedback plus error signal feedback, and outcome feedback plus corrective feedback. Corrective feedback produced better performance than error signal and outcome feedback but learning did not differ across the three conditions. Corrective feedback also facilitated the use of systematic exploration which was positively associated with performance and learning. Learners' self-efficacy moderated the effects of error feedback: learners with high self-efficacy showed high levels of performance in all conditions but for those with low self-efficacy, detailed corrective feedback was essential for learning. The second study explored the effects of positive vs. negative error framing and corrective vs. signal error feedback in a 2 × 2 design. Positive error framing produced more unsystematic exploration and worse performance than negative error framing. Positive error framing helped those with low self-efficacy but for those with higher self-efficacy it was of more value to frame errors negatively. The implications of the interactions between error framing, error feedback and learner characteristics are discussed along with implications for the study of error management, a positive error framing technique.

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El-Dakhs, Dina Abdel Salam, Jeanette Altarriba, and Ahmed Masrai. "COVID-19 Health Communication: Key Moderators of Message Framing." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 29, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): 30–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2021-29-1-30-58.

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Objective. Earlier studies on message framing in the health sector have often focused on the effectiveness of framing in terms of behaviour change and decision making. Much less attention has been paid to the influence of message framing on the emotional responses of the recipients. This neglected aspect is extremely important particularly at times of crises because health care professionals wish to persuade the public to comply with their health advice without causing unnecessary anxiety. The current study examined the effect of message framing on the affect of Arabic-speaking Saudi nationals and residents of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 lockdown. The effect of message outcome/severity and the recipients’ age/levels of depression and anxiety was also investigated. Materials & methods. A total of 348 participants of three age groups completed the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1996) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al., 1983), and rated the positivity of 48 COVID-19 health messages of different framing along a 6-point Likert scale. Results. The results showed a strong effect of message framing and severity and the recipients’ age on the recipients’ emotional responses. A limited influence for message outcome was also noted. Conclusions. It is recommended to use gain-framed health messages to the public in order to avoid anxiety and maintain their positive affect. This is particularly recommended with younger adults whose affect gets negatively impacted by loss-framed messages quite easily. Loss-framed messages are recommended for in severe situations that have desirable outcomes.

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Read, Daniel, Shane Frederick, and Marc Scholten. "DRIFT: An analysis of outcome framing in intertemporal choice." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 39, no. 2 (2013): 573–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029177.

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DeHart, William B., Jonathan E. Friedel, Charles C. J. Frye, Ann Galizio, and Amy L. Odum. "The effects of outcome unit framing on delay discounting." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 110, no. 3 (September 11, 2018): 412–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jeab.469.

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Petráš, Zdeněk. "Framing of Task Forces as an Outcome of Transformation of Force Using Scenarios into Capability Requirements." Vojenské rozhledy 29, no. 2 (June 8, 2020): 003–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/2336-2995.29.2020.02.003-019.

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Palmiotti, Grazia Pia, Fiorella Del Popolo Cristaldi, Nicola Cellini, Lorella Lotto, and Michela Sarlo. "Framing the outcome of moral dilemmas: effects of emotional information." Ethics & Behavior 30, no. 3 (April 29, 2019): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2019.1607348.

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Böhm, Robert, and Maik M. P. Theelen. "Outcome valence and externality valence framing in public good dilemmas." Journal of Economic Psychology 54 (June 2016): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2016.04.003.

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Ma, Qingguo, Yandong Feng, Qing Xu, Jun Bian, and Huixian Tang. "Brain potentials associated with the outcome processing in framing effects." Neuroscience Letters 528, no. 2 (October 2012): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.09.016.

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Roney, Christopher J. R., E. Tory Higgins, and James Shah. "Goals and Framing: How Outcome Focus Influences Motivation and Emotion." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21, no. 11 (November 1995): 1151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672952111003.

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Gao, Ruitong, Hui Guo, Yandi Liu, Yue Pang, Xin Zhang, Xiaoqian Lian, Tianyue Yu, Lanyu Zhu, and Feng Li. "Effects of message framing on self-management behaviour among patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial protocol." BMJ Open 12, no. 6 (June 2022): e056450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056450.

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IntroductionAccumulating evidence has indicated successful diabetes health education can potentially help to improve blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. However, with a rapid rise in the number of people with diabetes cases and the increasing burden on healthcare, it is often difficult for healthcare providers to find suitable time to provide health education to meet their needs. Thus, more novel and effective ways are needed to conduct education. The message frame provides a new perspective for implementation of a more effective health education in the form of changing information presentation, and the same objective content is described in either positive or negative language or outcomes. Gain framing emphasises the positive consequences of adhering to useful recommendations, while loss framing highlights the negative consequences of the non-adherence. The purpose of our research is to potentially explore the effectiveness of diabetes education based on message framing on the self-management behaviour.Methods and analysisA single-blind, three-arm randomised controlled trial involving 84 participants will be conducted. The participants will be assigned into three groups randomly in a 1:1:1 ratio and will receive 12-week intervention. Patients in group 1 will be provided gain framing education videos about the self-management skills for type 2 diabetes, patients in group 2 will be given education videos based on loss framing and patients in group 3 will receive education with no specific message framing. The primary outcome is self-management behaviour. The secondary outcomes will be self-efficacy, patient activation, diabetes-related knowledge and attitude, quality of life and blood glucose level. All outcomes will be measured at baseline and 12 weeks.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee of School of Nursing, Jilin University (No. 2020101501). The research results will be published in peer-reviewed publications and presented in international conferences.Trial registration numberChiCTR 2100045772; Pre-results.

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Nackers, Kimberly. "Framing the Responsibility to Protect." Global Responsibility to Protect 7, no. 1 (May 22, 2015): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00701005.

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The Responsibility to Protect (r2p), as enshrined in the 2005 World Summit Outcome document, aims to protect populations from the commission of mass atrocities. Yet both Sri Lankan government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (ltte) forces killed thousands of civilians during the conclusion of Eelam War Four in Sri Lanka, in spite of the adoption of r2p by the Sri Lankan government. In this article, I argue that these atrocities occurred with little involvement on the part of the international community to stop them, in large part due to existing international political dynamics, which the framing efforts of the Sri Lankan government played upon. The government was able to determine the dominant discourse on the conflict and portrayed it as part of the War on Terror. This facilitated states in supporting the government in the conflict, while diminishing criticism from actors that may otherwise have been more supportive of the invocation of r2p.

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Halpin, Angela P., and Felicia S. Hodge. "Framed messages effects on readmissions." Journal of Hospital Administration 5, no. 4 (June 2, 2016): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v5n4p95.

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Objective: As the eighth leading cause of death in the US, pneumonia (PN) is relevant to the health of the elderly and young. Accountability for readmission is part of the Affordable Care Act’s Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (RRP), which levies penalties for readmissions. We examined communication using framing effects which can motivate patients’ decisions collaboratively with providers for post discharge care and readmissions prevention. Communication strategies (CS) can facilitate decision-making (DM) about health care choices. The project’s aims were to (1) compare CS of framing effects (positive or negative messages) on the readmission outcome 30 days post discharge; (2) assess PN readmissions decrease 30 days post discharge when CS include the patient/family in decisions about transitions; (3) determine the impact of between patients and HCPs agreement for post hospital care, and (4) examine confounding effects between framing effects and readmission rates of age, PN severity index (PSI), and the number of diagnoses.Methods: A double-blind randomized control trial (RCT) used parallel assignment of 153 PN patients to one of three arms to test the communication framing effects using power analysis, odds ratio, Fischer’s exact and ANOVA. Arm A was the Intervention positive framing group (n = 44), arm B was the Intervention Negative framing group (n = 65), and arm C was the control group (n = 44).Conclusions: Findings suggest that framed messages aid in the reduction of PN readmission rates in hospitals. DM strategies incorporates education and understanding of risk by the patient, so the healthcare teams can encourage and improve readmission outcomes.

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Windmann, Sabine, Peter Kirsch, Daniela Mier, Rudolf Stark, Bertram Walter, Onur Güntürkün, and Dieter Vaitl. "On Framing Effects in Decision Making: Linking Lateral versus Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex Activation to Choice Outcome Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 7 (July 2006): 1198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.7.1198.

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Two correlates of outcome processing in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been proposed in the literature: One hypothesis suggests that the lateral/medial division relates to representation of outcome valence (negative vs. positive), and the other suggests that the medial OFC maintains steady stimulus-outcome associations, whereas the lateral OFC represents changing (unsteady) outcomes to prepare for response shifts. These two hypotheses were contrasted by comparing the original with the inverted version of the Iowa Gambling Task in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. Results showed (1) that (caudo) lateral OFC was indeed sensitive to the steadiness of the outcomes and not merely to outcome valence and (2) that the original and the inverted tasks, although both designed to measure sensitivity for future outcomes, were not equivalent as they enacted different behaviors and brain activation patterns. Results are interpreted in terms of Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory suggesting that cognitions and decisions are biased differentially when probabilistic future rewards are weighed against consistent punishments relative to the opposite scenario [Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39, 341–350, 1984]. Specialized processing of unsteady rewards (involving caudolateral OFC) may have developed during evolution in support of goal-related thinking, prospective planning, and problem solving.

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Bhandarkar, Damodar. "Framing Effects: Implications in Complex Problem Solving Tasks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no. 4 (October 2007): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100424.

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In decision-making literature, framing effects have been studied in a wide number of task and context conditions. In much of these studies, there is strong support that decision framing can result in inconsistent behavior among individuals. While much of the literature has been in static, one-time tasks, there is a dearth of studies in decision framing in complex problem solving tasks. This dearth in part can be attributed to an assumption that operators in complex environments are often well trained in decision-making routines, and as such, may not be vulnerable to framing effects. However, what is still unclear is whether trained operators are resistant to the effects of framing when they operate under non-routine conditions, and more importantly, what relation, information processing changes caused due to framing may have on the task performance of operators. The study reported here was conducted to answer these two questions. The outcome of this work is expected to have both theoretical and practical implication towards understanding individual's adaptive behavior and design of real time complex systems.

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Mandel, David R. "Gain-Loss Framing and Choice: Separating Outcome Formulations from Descriptor Formulations." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 85, no. 1 (May 2001): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2932.

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Slattery, Jeffrey P., and Daniel C. Ganster. "Determinants of Risk Taking in a Dynamic Uncertain Context." Journal of Management 28, no. 1 (February 2002): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920630202800106.

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We tested the effects of positive and negative framing on risky decision making in a simulated managerial judgement task. Until now the extensive research on framing effects has been characterized by static contexts, explicit probabilities, and hypothetical gambles. In contrast we simulated a more realistic decision making environment in which individuals chose more or less risky goals in a complex dynamic task that featured uncertain outcomes and meaningful consequences. Decision makers chose a series of performance goals under conditions of either potential losses or gains and also received feedback about their goal attainment. Our results failed to replicateProspect Theory predictions about initial gain vs.loss framing typically found in static decision making contexts. In addition, we tested competing hypotheses derived from Prospect Theory and Quasi-Hedonic Editing (QHE) Theory about the effects of performance outcome feedback on subsequent decisions. Consistent with QHE Theory, decision makers who had failed to reach their goals set lower, less risky goals in subsequent decisions. Our findings illustrate the need for further risk taking research in environments that more closely resemble managerial decision making.

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Cranford, Edward A., Cleotilde Gonzalez, Palvi Aggarwal, Milind Tambe, and Christian Lebiere. "What Attackers Know and What They Have to Lose: Framing Effects on Cyber-attacker Decision Making." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641102.

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Many cybersecurity algorithms assume adversaries make perfectly rational decisions. However, human decisions are only boundedly rational and, according to Instance-Based Learning Theory, are based on the similarity of the present contextual features to past experiences. More must be understood about what available features are represented in the decision and how outcomes are evaluated. To these ends, we examined human behavior in a cybersecurity game designed to simulate an insider attack scenario. In a human-subjects experiment, we manipulated the information made available to participants (concealed or revealed decision probabilities) and the framing of the outcome (as losses or not). An endowment was given to frame negative outcomes as losses, but these were not framed as losses when no endowment was given. The results reveal differences in behavior when some information is concealed, but the framing of outcomes only affects behavior when all information is available. A cognitive model was developed to help understand the cognitive representation of these features and the implications of the behavioral results.

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Bozovic, Bojana, and Vasilije Gvozdenovic. "Unrealistic optimism and decision making." Psihologija 42, no. 4 (2009): 567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0904567b.

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One of the leading descriptive theories of decision-making under risk, Tversky & Kahneman's Prospect theory, reveals that normative explanation of decisionmaking, based only on principle of maximizing outcomes expected utility, is unsustainable. It also underlines the effect of alternative factors on decision-making. Framing effect relates to an influence that verbal formulation of outcomes has on choosing between certain and risky outcomes; in negative frame people tend to be risk seeking, whereas in positive frame people express risk averse tendencies. Individual decisions are not based on objective probabilities of outcomes, but on subjective probabilities that depend on outcome desirability. Unrealistically pessimistic subjects assign lower probabilities (than the group average) to the desired outcomes, while unrealistically optimistic subjects assign higher probabilities (than the group average) to the desired outcomes. Experiment was conducted in order to test the presumption that there's a relation between unrealistic optimism and decision-making under risk. We expected optimists to be risk seeking, and pessimist to be risk averse. We also expected such cognitive tendencies, if they should become manifest, to be framing effect resistant. Unrealistic optimism scale was applied, followed by the questionnaire composed of tasks of decision-making under risk. Results within the whole sample, and results of afterwards extracted groups of pessimists and optimists both revealed dominant risk seeking tendency that is resistant to the influence of subjective probabilities as well as to the influence of frame in which the outcome is presented.

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Seery, Mark D., Max Weisbuch, and Jim Blascovich. "Something to gain, something to lose: The cardiovascular consequences of outcome framing." International Journal of Psychophysiology 73, no. 3 (September 2009): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.05.006.

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Colebatch, HK. "The idea of policy design: Intention, process, outcome, meaning and validity." Public Policy and Administration 33, no. 4 (May 18, 2017): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952076717709525.

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While policy design is a relatively recent term in the social science literature, the concept itself is ancient. The modernist incarnation, from the mid-20th century onwards, is grounded in the applied social sciences: the systematic calculation of problems, values, practices and outcomes. But in many ways, the confidence of the faith in systematic design was not borne out by experience. It became clear that rather than finding expert designers advising authoritative decision-makers and perhaps monitoring the activities of subordinate ‘implementers’, the world of policy was populated by multiple participants in distinct organisational locations, with divergent framings, continuing negotiation on practice, and ambiguity in the understanding of outcomes. There is clearly a tension between the image of policy design and the experience of the activity. The response to this tension in the literature on policy design has largely been aimed at reconciling the experience of practice with the norms of instrumental rationality. It has tended to give little attention to the interpretive significance of ‘design talk’ in the process of governing. This paper argues that ‘policy design’ is an exercise in giving meaning – framing activity in a way that makes practices and outcomes appropriate and valid – and develops a more comprehensive analysis of ‘policy design’ as a concept in use in both policy practice and the analysis of that practice.

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Ketola, Markus, and Johan Nordensvard. "‘Framing social policy and populism in a changing European context’." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 34, no. 3 (October 2018): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2018.1521864.

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This themed section focuses on the political and social policy discourses of resurgent welfare chauvinism and identity politics in contemporary Europe. The populist radical right, in particular, has utilised these discourses to great effect, reframing social policy and social citizenship through a heady mix of arguments evoking the nation state and ethnicity, often contemporaneously. Although the explanations for the outcome of the referendum on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, or Brexit, cannot be distilled to any single issue or cause, it is also impossible to deny the relevance of social policy to the outcome. For example, vote choice in the referendum was influenced by factors such as education levels and levels of labour market vulnerability (Hobolt, 2016), ultimately dovetailing with the well-known thesis about globalisation's ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ (Kitschelt & McGann, 1995; Mudde, 2007; Rydgren, 2007; Kriesi et al., 2012) and the structural failures of post-industrial economies to stop growing inequality.

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Suh, Doowon. "Outcome Framing and Movement Dynamics: Korean White-Collar Unions' Political Mobilization and Interunion Solidarity, 1987–1995." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.9.1.c234713127466580.

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This article investigates Tilly's (1978) long-neglected question of how collective action outcomes modify agents' interests and movement dynamics. A case study of the Korean white-collar union movement demonstrates how the framing of collective action outcomes influences movement trajectories in two ways. First, actors' subjective evaluation of whether collective action succeeds or fails to attain movement goals alters movement dynamics by changing goals, strategies, tactics, action repertoires, and collective identities. Second, to whom the cause of the collective action outcome is attributed mediates these transformations. The evaluation of outcomes and attribution of causes is ongoing. They occur throughout the development of social movements and dynamically shape their trajectories. The case study confirms these observations: in early stages of collective action, when union members considered union efforts to improve their economic well-being fruitless and blamed government intervention for their failures, union activities evolved into political protest against the state and struggle for democratization. At a later stage, when agents successfully achieved economic and political goals and credited their union activism for the victory, union movements progressed by intensifying interunion solidarity.

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Swirsky, Chloe L., Philip M. Fernbach, and Steven A. Sloman. "An illusion of control modulates the reluctance to tempt fate." Judgment and Decision Making 6, no. 7 (October 2011): 688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500002692.

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AbstractThe tempting fate effect is that the probability of a fateful outcome is deemed higher following an action that “tempts” the outcome than in the absence of such an action. In this paper we evaluate the hypothesis that the effect is due to an illusion of control induced by a causal framing of the situation. Causal frames require that the action make a difference to an outcome and that the action precedes the outcome. If an illusion of control modulates the reluctance to tempt fate, then actions that make a difference to well-being and that occur prior to the outcome should tempt fate most strongly. In Experiments 1–3 we varied whether the action makes a difference and the temporal order of action and outcome. In Experiment 4 we tested whether an action can tempt fate if all outcomes are negative. The results of all four experiments supported our hypothesis that the tempting fate effect depends on a causal construal that gives rise to a false sense of control.

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Koivisto, Juha. "Co-designing an outcome-based public procurement." Journal of Public Procurement 18, no. 4 (November 5, 2018): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-11-2018-019.

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PurposeThis paper aims to increase the understanding of involvement and participation in the co-design of an outcome-based procurement.Design/methodology/approachFirst, it presents a relational model for performing co-design activities. Second, it examines how the model might be applied in performing an outcome-based procurement. Third, it presents a Web-based platform for co-designing procurement, developed according to the relational model. Fourth, it illustrates the model with a concrete procurement where the collaboration is mainly performed face to face, but partly mediated by the Web-based platform.FindingsAs a conclusion, the relational co-design model seems to work well in framing the core tasks of an outcome-based procurement. In spite of that, the Web-based platform does not direct the user enough to perform procurement.

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Yang, Yujing, Natalie Brik, Peter de Jong, and Milene Guerreiro Goncalves. "Visualised Frames: How Sketching Influences Framing Behaviour in Design Teams." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.45.

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AbstractFraming is a crucial skill for connecting problem and solution spaces in the creative design process, both for individuals and teams. Frames are implicit in individuals’ cognitive thinking, but the creation of shared frames plays a vital role in collaborative design. Many studies have attempted to describe the framing process, but little is still known about how to support designers in framing, specifically in teams. This paper addresses this gap, by exploring the connection between sketching and framing within interdisciplinary teams. Following a qualitative and explorative approach, we have investigated the process and outcome of five interdisciplinary teams. We identified that sketching assists in the creation and elaboration of frames. Furthermore, in tandem with discussion and reflection, sketching helps increase the chance of a frame to survive within the design process. Our findings have practical and educational implications for improving the creative design process in interdisciplinary teams.

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Dolan, Timothy E. "Framing Indeterminacy: Dialectical Analysis and Futures Studies." World Futures Review 10, no. 1 (November 15, 2017): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1946756717739628.

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The dialectic is a very ancient device long used to comprehend historical process. Its versatility as a tool for informing on numerous issues of interest to those involved in futures studies is self-evident yet under-appreciated, not as a predicting device but as a framing one, much as with how catalysts work in chemistry. This piece first briefly describes the basics of the dialectical process and its application as an outcome framing method. Its connections with other forecasting methods especially with emerging issues analysis is discussed. The properties of dialectical processes are dynamic and do not necessarily conform to human-scale either temporally or spatially. Dialectical process related to social change and worldview are not subordinate to cyclic time except when artificially imposed as with political elections. The dialectical process being consistent with quantum mechanics especially as applied to technological impacts and legal enactment process will be discussed. In the latter instance, the dark matter and dark energy conundrum bear the hallmarks of a dialectical process thus far leading to an indeterminable resolution. While several examples of persistent issue contradictions to which dialectical analysis can be usefully applied are available, American health care policy is highlighted here.

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Lee, Yen-I., Yan Jin, and Glen Nowak. "Motivating Influenza Vaccination Among Young Adults." Social Marketing Quarterly 24, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500418771283.

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A common challenge facing public health practitioners and social marketers is how best to frame and present benefit–risk information in campaigns that aim to change perceptions and increase acceptance of health recommendations, such as vaccinations. Given that public service advertisements and brand promises are often core components of social marketing and health communication efforts, this study examined whether, and how, framing and the use of text or image support to convey influenza vaccination brand promises affected college-attending young adults’ beliefs and intentions regarding influenza vaccination. PSAs that varied with respect to gain or loss frame and type of support provided (i.e., image vs. text-supported) were used as the stimulus material. The findings indicated two pairings performed equally well with respect to the outcome measures used. A gain-framed image-supported PSA and a loss-framed text-supported PSA were both associated with the highest levels of positive affect toward the PSA, positive attitude toward flu vaccination, flu vaccination confidence, and flu vaccination intention. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of assessing both the framing used in social marketing or health communication materials and the approach used to support the framing. It is likely that the effectiveness of framing is affected by the visuals and text used to reinforce the brand promise conveyed by the framing, irrespective of whether it is positive or negative.

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Spence, Alexa, and Nick Pidgeon. "Framing and communicating climate change: The effects of distance and outcome frame manipulations." Global Environmental Change 20, no. 4 (October 2010): 656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.002.

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Khobzi, Hamid, Raymond Y. K. Lau, and Terence C. H. Cheung. "The outcome of online social interactions on Facebook pages." Internet Research 29, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 2–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-04-2017-0161.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of different ways of message framing on users’ engagement behavior regarding the brand posts on Facebook and to determine whether users’ thumbs-up and reply moderate this impact. Design/methodology/approach A panel data analysis was conducted on a panel with 11,894 observations on 850 unique brand posts from the Facebook pages of the world’s most valuable brands over a seven days window with two observations each day. A system of equations was estimated using ordinary least squares, Hausman–Taylor IV and seemingly unrelated regressions to test study’s hypotheses. Findings The empirical findings confirm that more positively and negatively framed comments result in increased users’ engagement. Also, an increase in thumbs-up ratio for neutrally and negatively framed comments results in less engagement. The reply ratio might also have a positive and negative moderation effect on the influence of neutrally and positively framed comments on engagement behavior, respectively. Practical implications This study provides an in-depth understanding of online social interactions on Facebook pages for firms’ managers and marketers. Online social interactions might be either harmful or fruitful for firms depending on the type of interaction and engagement behavior. Findings can help managers and marketer to improve their strategies for leveraging Facebook for electronic marketing. Originality/value This is likely to be the first study that examines the moderating effect of users’ thumbs-up and reply on the relationship between message framing and users’ engagement behavior. By providing robust findings by addressing issues like omitted variables and endogeneity, the findings of this study are promising for developing new hypotheses and theoretical models in the context of online social interactions.

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Wyszynski, Marc, and Adele Diederich. "Keep your budget together! Investigating determinants on risky decision-making about losses." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): e0265822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265822.

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The present study investigates the influence of framing, different amounts to lose, and probabilities of a risky and sure choice option, time limits, and need on risky decision-making. For a given block of trials, participants were equipped with a personal budget (number of points). On each trial within a block, a specific initial amount is possibly taken from the budget by the outcome of a gamble or the choice of a sure loss option. The goal was to avoid losing points from the budget for not falling below a predefined need threshold. Three different levels of induced need were included. Employing a psychophysical experimental approach, we furthermore tested a sequential component of human risk behavior towards a need threshold inspired by research on animal foraging behavior. Risk-sensitivity models and the Stone-Geary framework serve as generating hypotheses on need thresholds. We found that framing, need, and probabilities influenced risky choices. Time limits and initial amounts moderated the framing effect. No sequential component was observed.

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Makhortykh, Mykola, and Maryna Sydorova. "Social media and visual framing of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine." Media, War & Conflict 10, no. 3 (April 9, 2017): 359–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750635217702539.

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This article investigates the use of social media for visual framing of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine. Using a large set of visual data from a popular social networking site, Vkontakte, the authors employ content analysis to examine how the conflict was represented and interpreted in pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian online communities during the peak of violence in summer 2014. The findings point to the existence of profound differences in framing the conflict among pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian online communities. The former tended to interpret the conflict as a limited military action against local insurgents, whereas the latter presented it as an all-out war against the Russian population of Eastern Ukraine. The article suggests that framing the conflict through social media facilitated the propagation of mutually exclusive views on the conflict and led to the formation of divergent expectations in Ukraine and Russia concerning the outcome of the war in Donbas.

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Assouline, Philippe, and Robert Trager. "Concessions for Concession’s Sake: Injustice, Indignation, and the Construction of Intractable Conflict in Israel–Palestine." Journal of Conflict Resolution 65, no. 9 (March 17, 2021): 1489–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002721997543.

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In intractable conflicts, what factors lead populations to accept negotiated outcomes? To examine these issues, we conduct a survey experiment on a representative sample of the Jewish Israeli population and a companion experiment on a representative sample of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. We find that holding the negotiated settlement outcome constant, approval of the settlement is strongly influenced by whether it is framed as a negotiating defeat for one side—if and only if respondents are primed to be indignant—and that these effects are strongly mediated by perceptions of the fairness of the settlement outcome. Moral indignation produces a desire for concessions for concession’s sake. Such conflicts over political framing violate assumptions of the rationalist literature on conflict processes and suggest important new directions for conflict theorizing.

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Nimegeer, Amy, Chris Patterson, and Shona Hilton. "Media framing of childhood obesity: a content analysis of UK newspapers from 1996 to 2014." BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (April 2019): e025646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025646.

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BackgroundMedia can influence public and policy-makers’ perceptions of causes of, and solutions to, public health issues through selective presentation and framing. Childhood obesity is a health issue with both individual-level and societal-level drivers and solutions, but public opinion and mass media representations of obesity have typically focused on individual-level framings, at the cost of acknowledgement of a need for regulatory action.Objective and settingTo understand the salience and framing of childhood obesity across 19 years of UK national newspaper content.Design and outcome measuresQuantitative content analysis of 757 articles about childhood obesity obtained from six daily and five Sunday newspapers. Articles were coded manually for definitions, drivers and potential solutions. Data were analysed statistically, including analysis of time trends and variations by political alignment of source.ResultsThe frequency of articles grew from a low of two in 1996 to a peak of 82 in 2008, before declining to 40 in 2010. Individual-level drivers (59.8%) and solutions (36.5%) were mentioned more frequently than societal-level drivers (28.3%) and solutions (28.3%) across the sample, but societal solutions were mentioned more frequently during the final 8 years, coinciding with a marked decline in yearly frequency of articles.ConclusionsIncreased focus on societal solutions aligns with public health goals, but coincided with a reduction in the issue’s salience in the media. Those advocating public policy solutions to childhood obesity may benefit from seeking to raise the issue’s media profile while continuing to promote structural conceptualisations of childhood obesity.

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Zhang, Can, Ruiwen Tao, Hanxuan Zhao, Yan Xu, Yirong Zhang, Yuhao Li, Haijun Duan, and Sihua Xu. "Two inconsistent rounds of feedback enhance the framing effect: Coding two consecutive outcome evaluations." International Journal of Psychophysiology 182 (December 2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.09.012.

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Brown, Jeffrey R. "Income as the Outcome: How to Broaden the Narrow Framing of U.S. Retirement Policy." Risk Management and Insurance Review 17, no. 1 (March 2014): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rmir.12021.

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Purworini, Dian, Engkus Kuswarno, Purwanti Hadisiwi, and Agus Rakhmat. "The Naturalization Policy in Online News Media." MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 32, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v32i2.1931.

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Mediation by the government in the Royal Palace of Surakarta’s internal conflict was considered reasonable and appropriate policy by the media. The approach to the conflict did not emphasize a strong cultural aspect of that culture-based organization. This research aimed to examine how online news media reported on the Royal Palace of Surakarta’s internal conflict. Furthermore, this research used framing analysis as proposed by Stephen D Reese to analyze the news published in February 2014. The outcome indicated that there was framing construction of the government policies. The content of the news presented that framing processes occurred. Those started from the transmission of the various debated about government policy, then reinforced through elections sentence that supported certain policy and continued to the naturalization process. The final process was an important strategy to make mediation as an accepted policy that should be done by the government. In the conclusion, the perception to be formed was that government policies were appropriate, and so everyone should hold it. The conflict resolution could be achieved through the mediation as already conducted.

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Lueck, Jennifer A. "What’s the Risk in Seeking Help for Depression? Assessing the Nature and Pleasantness of Outcome Perceptions Among Individuals With Depressive Symptomatology." Health Education & Behavior 46, no. 3 (November 8, 2018): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198118811898.

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Despite a growing mental health crisis in the United States, empirical indicators of what could make a depression help-seeking message effective and why are currently not available. Even worse, some depression help-seeking messages can activate negative beliefs among depressed individuals that may make help-seeking even less likely than before. The current study is based on the premise that normative theoretical frameworks used for health promotion purposes might not work in populations affected by depression. Addressing a primary driver for health behavior change in gain-and-loss framing, the present research examines the nature of risk perceptions regarding help-seeking among those with depressive symptomatology who have not yet sought help ( N = 738) to inform more effective suicide prevention efforts. Previously, quantitative analyses revealed that the effectiveness of gain-and-loss framing, particularly on attitudes toward help-seeking, depends on the severity of depressive symptomatology. Whereas a persuasive gain-frame advantage was found for those with mild and severe depression symptoms, both framing strategies appeared to backfire and worsen attitudes among those with moderately severe depression symptoms. The present study enriches those results by conducting an in-depth analysis of risk perceptions regarding help-seeking to inform more effective depression help-seeking messages. Risk perceptions were primarily indicative of stigma and the related resistance to seeking help. Judgment and mistreatment were expected not only from the general public but also from the mental health professionals from whom help should be sought. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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Mellor, Steven, R. James Holzworth, and James M. Conway. "Individual Unionization Decisions: A Multilevel Model of Cost-Benefit Influences." Experimental Psychology 50, no. 2 (March 2003): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//1618-3169.50.2.142.

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Abstract. An important part of the unionization process is predicting the individual’s vote for or against union representation. We proposed and tested a multilevel model based on the relative importance of costs and benefits of representation. Regression statistics from within-person analyses were used to show the influence of perceived costs and benefits on judgment policies about intent to vote in a representation election. Using these statistics as outcome variables, between-person analyses were used to show the influence of decision frame on cost-benefit influences, in which framing a vote as one for or against the union was conceived as a contextual variable in an election. Results were used to extend prior unionization research and to suggest how employers and unions may attend to framing effects in an election.

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APPANNAN, Jeya Santhini, Ridzwana Mohd SAID, Tze San ONG, and Rosmila SENIK. "Framing the Direction of Environmental Performance Using Theory of Dynamic Capabilities." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v10.3(35).03.

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Considerable interest of environmental studies has appeared in the literature over the past decade. Environmental performance indicates a way to minimize environmental damages caused by business activity. It is evident that good environmental performance signals wise protection of the natural environment. However, it is still not entirely understood the factors that affect the environmental performance. As such, the purpose of this paper is to examine factors that contribute to the environmental performance utilizing the theory of Dynamic Capabilities and investigate the body of literature constituting the field. The outcome of this study is expected to provide useful direction for the policy makers and companies to combat environmental issues

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Vignieri, Vincenzo. "Framing the Sources of Image of a Local Area through Outcome-Based Dynamic Performance Management." Public Organization Review 19, no. 2 (February 3, 2018): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11115-018-0402-1.

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Dolgopolova, Irina, Bingqing Li, Helena Pirhonen, and Jutta Roosen. "The effect of attribute framing on consumers’ attitudes and intentions toward food: A Meta-analysis." Bio-based and Applied Economics 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/bae-11511.

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This paper analyzes the existing literature on the effect of attribute framing on consumers’ attitudes and intentions with regard to food products. Attribute framing includes a broader interpretation of gains and losses when a product attribute is presented in a dichotomous way, such as fat vs. lean or harm vs. benefit. Meta-analysis results for the whole sample indicate that product attributes framed as gains have a higher effect on attitudes and intentions than product attributes framed as losses. Grouping studies by outcome variables, the meta-analysis demonstrates a larger effect size for studies that assess consumer attitude while for studies dealing with consumer intention, the effect size is close to zero and insignificant. We observe from the meta-regression results that the gain frame, the use of interaction terms, a specific product, and a student sample significantly influence consumers’ attitudes and intentions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Outcome framing'

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