Academic literature on the topic 'Outcome framing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Outcome framing"
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Skovgaard, Jakob. "Learning about Climate Change: Finance Ministries in International Climate Change Politics." Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 4 (November 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00136.
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In the course of the last four years, finance ministries have increasingly become involved in the international climate change negotiations. Their involvement has to a large degree been an outcome of the framing of climate change as a market failure. This framing calls for an active climate change policy and is at odds with the framing of climate change policy that was previously predominant in finance ministries: that it constitutes expenditure to be avoided. The persistence of both framings has led to clashes within and between finance ministries with respect to climate change. The article calls for further research focusing on the role of the two frames and of finance ministries as actors in climate change politics.
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Kreiner, Hamutal, and Eyal Gamliel. "“Alive” or “not dead”: The contribution of descriptors to attribute-framing bias." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 12 (July 18, 2019): 2776–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819862508.
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Attribute-framing bias (AFB) refers to bias in evaluating positively framed objects more favourably than the same objects framed negatively. In most AFB studies, framing is manipulated by contrasting the positive and negative outcomes, using the corresponding positive (success) or negative (failure) labels as descriptors. This study examined the unique contributions of the outcomes of the scenario and the labels describing these outcomes by manipulating them orthogonally. In three experiments, framing scenarios were presented to participants with either positive outcomes rendered with positive (65% passed) or negative (65% didn’t fail) descriptors, or negative outcomes rendered with positive (35% didn’t pass) or negative (35% failed) descriptors. All experiments revealed a strong effect for the outcome with a weaker effect for the descriptor valence, suggesting that outcomes have a stronger influence on AFB than do descriptors. We discuss the results within a theoretical framework that maps the outcome effects onto attention mechanisms and descriptor effects onto association-activation mechanisms.
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Gamliel, Eyal, and Hamutal Kreiner. "Outcome proportions, numeracy, and attribute-framing bias." Australian Journal of Psychology 69, no. 4 (January 13, 2017): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12151.
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Scholten, Marc, and Daniel Read. "Time and outcome framing in intertemporal tradeoffs." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 39, no. 4 (July 2013): 1192–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031171.
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Fernández, Laura, Jose A. Moreno, and Alejandro Suárez-Domínguez. "“The Unbearable Green Demon”: A Critical Analysis of Press Representation around the Extermination of Monk Parakeets in Madrid." Journalism and Media 3, no. 3 (June 21, 2022): 382–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia3030027.
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We examine the press representation of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) and their population management in Madrid city. To do this, we analyze mentions of this species in six Spanish newspapers for the case of Madrid. We apply a mixed methodology composed of framing, text analysis, and sentiment analysis. This multi-method approach allows us to further examine the framing and word choice of the newspapers, concluding that the press representation of monk parakeets has been biased and non-ethically led. We discuss this outcome by proposing a media representation guided by non-speciesist ethical framings and avoiding the objectification of nonhuman animals.
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Gamliel, Eyal, and Hamutal Kreiner. "Is a picture worth a thousand words? The interaction of visual display and attribute representation in attenuating framing bias." Judgment and Decision Making 8, no. 4 (July 2013): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005325.
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AbstractThe attribute framing bias is a well-established phenomenon, in which an object or an event is evaluated more favorably when presented in a positive frame such as “the half full glass” than when presented in the complementary negative framing. Given that previous research showed that visual aids can attenuate this bias, the current research explores the factors underlying the attenuating effect of visual aids. In a series of three experiments, we examined how attribute framing bias is affected by two factors: (a) The display mode—verbal versus visual; and (b) the representation of the critical attribute—whether one outcome, either the positive or the negative, is represented or both outcomes are represented. In Experiment 1 a marginal attenuation of attribute framing bias was obtained when verbal description of either positive or negative information was accompanied by corresponding visual representation. In Experiment 2 similar marginal attenuation was obtained when both positive and negative outcomes were verbally represented. In Experiment 3, where the verbal description represented both positive and negative outcomes, significant attenuation was obtained when it was accompanied by a visual display that represented a single outcome, and complete attenuation, totally eliminating the framing bias, was obtained when it was accompanied by a visual display that represented both outcomes. Thus, our findings showed that interaction between the display mode and the representation of the critical attribute attenuated the framing bias. Theoretical and practical implications of the interaction between verbal description, visual aids and representation of the critical attribute are discussed, and future research is suggested.
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Scholten, Marc, Daniel Read, and Neil Stewart. "The framing of nothing and the psychology of choice." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 59, no. 2 (October 2019): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11166-019-09313-5.
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AbstractZero outcomes are inconsequential in most models of choice. However, when disclosing zero outcomes they must be designated. It has been shown that a gamble is judged to be more attractive when its zero outcome is designated as “losing $0” rather than “winning $0,” an instance of what we refer to as the mutable-zero effect. Drawing on norm theory, we argue that “losing $0” or “paying $0” evokes counterfactual losses, with which the zero outcome compares favorably (a good zero), and thus acquires positive value, whereas “winning $0” or “receiving $0” evokes counterfactual gains, with which the zero outcome compares unfavorably (a bad zero), and thus acquires negative value. Moreover, we propose that the acquired value of zero outcomes operates just as the intrinsic value of nonzero outcomes in the course of decision making. We derive testable implications from prospect theory for mutable-zero effects in risky choice, and from the double-entry mental accounting model for mutable-zero effects in intertemporal choice. The testable implications are consistently confirmed. We conclude that prevalent theories of choice can explain how decisions are influenced by mutable zeroes, on the shared understanding that nothing can have value, just like everything else.
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Yeung, Saiwing. "Framing effect in evaluation of others’ predictions." Judgment and Decision Making 9, no. 5 (September 2014): 445–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500006811.
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AbstractThis paper explored how frames influence people’s evaluation of others’ probabilistic predictions in light of the outcomes of binary events. Most probabilistic predictions (e.g., “there is a 75% chance that Denver will win the Super Bowl”) can be partitioned into two components: A qualitative component that describes the predicted outcome (“Denver will win the Super Bowl”), and a quantitative component that represents the chance of the outcome occurring (“75% chance”). Various logically equivalent variations of a single prediction can be created through different combinations of these components and their logical or numerical complements (e.g., “25% chance that Denver will lose the Super Bowl”, “75% chance that Seattle will lose the Super Bowl”). Based on the outcome of the predicted event, these logically equivalent predictions can be categorized into two classes: Congruently framed predictions, in which the qualitative component matches the outcome, and incongruently framed predictions, in which it does not. Although the two classes of predictions are logically equivalent, we hypothesize that people would judge congruently framed predictions to be more accurate. The paper tested this hypothesis in seven experiments and found supporting evidence across a number of domains and experimental manipulations, and even when the congruently framed prediction was logically inferior. It also found that this effect held even for subjects who saw both congruently framed and incongruently framed versions of a prediction and judged the two to be logically equivalent.
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Kahn, Kenneth B., and Matthew B. Myers. "Framing marketing effectiveness as a process and outcome." Marketing Theory 5, no. 4 (December 2005): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470593105058825.
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Gardner, Dianne, and Robert Wood. "Errors, Feedback, Learning and Performance." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Organisational Psychology 2 (August 1, 2009): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/ajop.2.1.30.
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AbstractThe value of feedback about errors when learning a novel computer-based task was explored in two studies. The first study examined the optimal level of information to be provided in feedback about errors. The second study examined whether framing errors positively as opportunities to learn (which encourages error tolerance) or negatively as hindrances to learning (which encourages error avoidance) facilitated learning and performance. Both studies used a computer-based simulation of a management decision-making task. In the first study there were three feedback conditions: outcome feedback alone, outcome feedback plus error signal feedback, and outcome feedback plus corrective feedback. Corrective feedback produced better performance than error signal and outcome feedback but learning did not differ across the three conditions. Corrective feedback also facilitated the use of systematic exploration which was positively associated with performance and learning. Learners' self-efficacy moderated the effects of error feedback: learners with high self-efficacy showed high levels of performance in all conditions but for those with low self-efficacy, detailed corrective feedback was essential for learning. The second study explored the effects of positive vs. negative error framing and corrective vs. signal error feedback in a 2 × 2 design. Positive error framing produced more unsystematic exploration and worse performance than negative error framing. Positive error framing helped those with low self-efficacy but for those with higher self-efficacy it was of more value to frame errors negatively. The implications of the interactions between error framing, error feedback and learner characteristics are discussed along with implications for the study of error management, a positive error framing technique.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Outcome framing"
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Harvey, Fatima. "The effects of outcome framing on impact investment choices." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/80441.
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Using an experimental design, we examined the effects of variability in outcome information
framing on the decision-making process of impact investors. Our findings illustrate that
outcome framing has a meaningful effect on the capital allocation decision investors, but does
not influence risk perception or sense of understanding of an investment choice.
Given the emerging interest and importance of impact investment as a mechanism for
addressing rising environmental, social, and governance needs, we believe that the findings
presented in our paper will appeal to socially conscious investors who subscribe to the Journal
of Business Ethics. Our findings will allow your readers to consider the ethical and practical
implications of outcome framing within an inherently dichotomous field of investment.Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
pt2021
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted
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Mnasri, Slaheddine. "Framing in Leadership Communication: Strategies, Breakdowns and Outcomes." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002556.
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Hosni, Nadine. "Mediation framing and its affect on two-party negotiation outcomes." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2000. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/192.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
Management
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MacKeigan, Linda Dawn. "Context effects in health state utility assessment: Etiology, framing, and delay of health outcomes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185266.
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This research examined the effects of two aspects of health state context, etiology and delay in onset, on preferences for health states. Research questions about the effect of etiology were derived from regret theory and prospect theory, theories of behavioral decision making: (1) Does etiology (iatrogenic versus natural) affect utility for a health state? (2) Does framing iatrogenic morbidity as a transaction cost reduce its disutility? Research questions about delayed health outcomes were based on the theory of intertemporal choice: (1) Does time preference for health differ for health gains and losses? (2) Does the time preference difference between gains and losses apply to both short and long-term changes in health? Each contextual factor was investigated in a separate mixed factorial experimental design. Subjects were randomly assigned to rate three hypothetical health states described in one of three frames: unexplained loss of health, iatrogenic loss of health, or iatrogenic cost of overall health gain, and to evaluate either health gain or loss profiles in which the duration and delay of onset of the health change were manipulated. One hundred and eight volunteers were obtained from a university staff population, and outpatient and volunteer populations of a Veterans Affairs hospital. Data for both studies were collected in one hour interviews. Utilities for health states and health profiles were assessed with the standard gamble and the category rating scale respectively. Inferential tests of hypotheses were based on mixed factorial analyses of variance. In the framing study hypotheses were tested with planned comparison t tests; in the time preference study they were tested with F tests of double and triple interactions. Conclusions were that greater disutility is assigned to iatrogenic morbidity than to natural morbidity, that time preference for health gains differs from time preference for losses, and that devaluation of a delayed health loss is dependent on its duration. The theory of intertemporal choice was supported in the health domain. Conclusions cannot be extended beyond preferences elicited with hypothetical health scenarios. Lack of support for a framing effect for iatrogenic health states was attributed to inadequate statistical power.
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Bossard, Elaine Ardis. "Examining the roles of frame, frequency, and relevance in performance feedback: exploring evaluative and behavioral outcomes of decision making." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2048.
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Feedback is often necessary to provide guidance for future decisions, and factors relating to feedback, including the way feedback information is framed, how frequently it is provided, and the relevance of that feedback in relation to one's decision, have been designated as influential for decision making tendencies. Unfortunately, research on what produces the most effective feedback is mixed, and the relationship between these factors and resulting evaluative and behavioral outcomes in less clear.
Four studies explored the relationship between feedback frame and frequency by addressing whether overall task feedback framed positively and receiving more frequent trial outcome feedback led to more positive performance evaluations and improvements in subsequent task performance (Studies 1A and 1B), how these evaluative and behavioral outcomes varied across different trial feedback frequency intervals (Study 2A), and whether more relevant trial feedback influenced the pattern of these results (Study 2B).
Across the four studies, it was noted that the frequency of trial feedback was more influential for task performance outcomes, while the overall task feedback frame was more influential for performance evaluation outcomes. In addition, more relevant outcome feedback was seen to influence the relationship of feedback variables more for performance evaluations than task performance. Taken together, these studies provide some clarity as to how different types and presentations of feedback produce different evaluative and behavioral outcomes and show initial direction as to when framing task feedback and providing trial feedback more frequently can lead to better, more normatively correct decision making. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as reasons why effects were not consistent across studies, are also discussed.
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Coe, Anna-Britt. "How social movements influence policies advocacy, framing, emotions and outcomes among reproductive rights coalitions in Peru /." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Sociologiska institutionen, Umeå universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-33483.
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Gallagher, Kristel M. "It’s the Thought that Counts: Framed Exercise Outcomes Differentially Influence Physical Activity in Young Adults." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1247600343.
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Umphrey, Laura Ruth. "The effects of message framing and message processing on cognitive and behavioral outcomes: An examination of breast self-examination messages." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290290.
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This study examined the effects of message framing, message processing and issue involvement on breast self-examination attitudes and behaviors. A health frame message processing model was developed and tested in the context of a detection behavior based on prospect theory (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981) and the heuristic-systematic model (HSM) (Chaiken, 1980). Participants were exposed to either a gain frame message emphasizing the consequences of performing breast self-examinations or a loss frame message emphasizing the consequences of not performing breast self-examinations. Women who were classified as defensive processors displayed maladaptive responses in the form of minimization or denial of the health issue in a thought-listing task following exposure to the message stimuli. The results of the study indicated that (a) women with less self-efficacy engaged in maladaptive responses; (b) there were no framing-related differences in attitudes for high involvement women who processed the messages objectively; (c) high involvement women who engaged in defensive processing responded more negatively to the loss frame message than the gain frame message; (d) attitudes were significant predictors of behavioral intentions; (e) behavioral intentions were significant predictors of behaviors; and (f) low involvement women who received loss frame messages felt more susceptible to breast cancer than low involvement women who received gain frame messages. Limitations, suggestions for future research, and implications for health care professionals are discussed.
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von, der Heyde Ananda Verfasser], Annette [Akademischer Betreuer] Kluge, and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] [Rietz. "Understanding the determinants of safety-related rule violations : Integration of ergonomic, organisational and cognitive perspectives and discovering empirical evidence regarding the impact of the framing of production outcomes, goods at stake, personality and the communication and implementation of audits on rule-related behaviour / Ananda von der Heyde. Gutachter: Christian Rietz. Betreuer: Annette Kluge." Duisburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1067055193/34.
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Heyde, Ananda von der [Verfasser], Annette [Akademischer Betreuer] Kluge, and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Rietz. "Understanding the determinants of safety-related rule violations : Integration of ergonomic, organisational and cognitive perspectives and discovering empirical evidence regarding the impact of the framing of production outcomes, goods at stake, personality and the communication and implementation of audits on rule-related behaviour / Ananda von der Heyde. Gutachter: Christian Rietz. Betreuer: Annette Kluge." Duisburg, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:464-20150212-152412-8.
Full textBooks on the topic "Outcome framing"
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Fouracre, Paul. ‘Framing’ and Lighting. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0024.
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Chris Wickham’s majestic account of the transition from Ancient to Medieval worlds cannot be matched, but it can be complicated. It is, as he makes clear, a framework which others can fill out with more explicitly cultural, social, religious, and regional histories. This chapter attempts such a filling, one which may clarify, but also complicate, Chris’s narrative of the transition from a fiscal to a moral economy. It deals with the material consequences of belief, namely the belief that all churches should be provided with lights. This belief became widespread at just the time that olive oil production plummeted. Oil for lights became scarce and in relative terms increasingly expensive as cash supplies also dwindled. Wax, the alternative fuel, was more readily available but almost as expensive in the quantities required. It was thus only the major churches/monasteries and the magnate class who could afford to buy into this belief or cultural practice. The prestige that came from doing so served to consolidate the social hierarchy at a time of fiscal downturn. A complication is that this common need was met in different ways in different parts of Europe. Nevertheless, the fact that it had a broadly similar outcome is an important reaffirmation of the Wickham model.
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Courtney, Paul R., Colin Baker, and Marios Goudas, eds. Social Value for Health: Understanding, Framing and Capturing the Wider Psycho-social Outcomes Of Health Interventions and Programmes. Frontiers Media SA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88971-309-7.
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Doyle, Julie, Nathan Farrell, and Michael K. Goodman. Celebrities and Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.596.
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Since the mid-2000s, entertainment celebrities have played increasingly prominent roles in the cultural politics of climate change, ranging from high-profile speeches at UN climate conferences, and social media interactions with their fans, to producing and appearing in documentaries about climate change that help give meaning to and communicate this issue to a wider audience. The role afforded to celebrities as climate change communicators is an outcome of a political environment increasingly influenced by public relations and attuned toward the media’s representation of political ideas, policies, and sentiments. Celebrities act as representatives of mass publics, operating within centers of elite political power. At the same time, celebrities represent the environmental concerns of their audiences; that is, they embody the sentiments of their audiences on the political stage. It is in this context that celebrities have gained their authority as political, social, and environmental “experts,” and the political performances of celebrities provide important ways to engage electorates and audiences with climate change action.More recently, celebrities offer novel engagements with climate change that move beyond scientific data and facilitate more emotional and visceral connections with climate change in the public’s everyday lives. Contemporary celebrities, thus, work to shape how audiences and publics ought to feel about climate change in efforts to get them to act or change their behaviors. These “after data” moments are seen very clearly in Leonardo DiCaprio’s documentary Before the Flood. Yet, with celebrities acting as our emotional witnesses, they not only might bring climate change to greater public attention, but they expand their brand through neoliberalism’s penchant for the commoditization of everything including, as here, care and concern for the environment. As celebrities build up their own personal capital as eco-warriors, they create very real value for the “celebrity industrial complex” that lies behind their climate media interventions. Climate change activism is, through climate celebrities, rendered as spectacle, with celebrities acting as environmental and climate pedagogues framing for audiences the emotionalized problems and solutions to global environmental change. Consequently, celebrities politicize emotions in ways that that remain circumscribed by neoliberal solutions and actions that responsibilize audiences and the public.
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Fernandes, Sujatha. Stories and Statecraft. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190618049.003.0003.
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This chapter is focused on the uses of curated stories in cultural diplomacy as a soft power strategy to absorb and defuse antiwar sentiment among women in Afghanistan and the Western women who read and engage with their stories. It looks at the Afghan Women’s Writing Project (AWWP), a series of online creative writing workshops conducted by US-based mentors with Afghan women in English. The mentors are genuinely motivated by a desire to share the stories of Afghan women widely and to make visible the abuses they suffer, but their framing of the project encourages responses and outcomes that often reproduce the structural conditions of subjection rather than challenging them. This chapter explores how stories can be drawn into strategies of imperial statecraft, can help to construct modes of Western liberal subjectivity, and, conversely, may contain strategically placed critiques of imperialist projects.
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Dubash, Navroz K., and Lavanya Rajamani. Multilateral Diplomacy on Climate Change. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.48.
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This chapter reviews India’s foreign policy on climate change, arguing that while it is marked by tactical virtuosity, it increasingly exhibits strategic vacuity. The chapter traces the evolution of India’s role in international climate negotiations, noting particularly India’s key role in highlighting equity and enshrining the concept of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities’ as a cornerstone of the negotiation process. The chapter then examines the turbulent phase from 2007 onwards, when India, along with other large developing country allies, experimented with new articulations of climate policy. This discussion explores the emergent drivers of Indian climate policy, including international pressures, shifting domestic political context, the emergence of ‘co-benefits’ as a framing concept, and the role of key personalities. The chapter concludes by suggesting that an exclusive emphasis on an equitable climate deal should transition to an approach that provides equal attention to equity and effectiveness in international climate outcomes.
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Robolin, Stéphane. Cultivating Correspondences; or, Other Gestures of Belonging. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039478.003.0004.
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Transnationalism is not the exclusive province of globe-trotting authors, but also includes the practices of those who could not access the means of transatlantic mobility. This chapter begins by considering Bessie Head's exilic life and her quest for belonging that motivated the grounded transnationalism she expressed. It then investigates one of its most exemplary practices: her letter writing, with particular attention to the set of letters between Head and her four African American correspondents: Nikki Giovanni, Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, and Michelle Cliff. Some of their epistolary exchanges and writing published around the same period feature repeated references to gardens, whose political and imaginative implications are considered at length. The chapter concludes by framing the practice of letter writing as a form of cultivation that re-centers our attention on the labor that transnational engagement requires, even as it yields a whole spectrum of outcomes.
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Gray, Barbara, and Jill Purdy. Designing Multistakeholder Partnerships. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782841.003.0005.
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Designing partnerships for success is challenging. Many partnerships succumb to collaborative inertia; that is, they experience slow progress or truncate their efforts without any tangible outcomes. Factors that contribute to such inertia include distrust, framing conflicts, identity, process, and power differences. This chapter identifies several important process design issues that partnership leaders need to consider. Eight critical tasks that interveners can undertake to shift these forces in positive directions are introduced: Convening, managing the process, visioning, intervening in large groups, conflict handling, visioning to facilitate partners’ learning, gaining buy-in back home, and institution building. Detailed advice is offered for how partners should engage in each of these tasks to steer partnerships in positive directions. Factors that motivate and block collaborative efforts at each of four phases in a partnership’s life cycle are also explored and their appropriateness for each phase of a partnership’s life cycle is assessed.
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Campbell, Andrea Louise, and Michael W. Sances. Constituencies and Public Opinion. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.015.
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Public opinion alone cannot explain the trajectory of American social policy, but it is crucial in explaining the nature of social provision. Although most Americans are not highly knowledgeable about or interested in politics, and although their opinions are often shaped by misinformation, misperception, and framing effects, public opinion can offer broad guidance to politicians. Indeed, American social policy reflects majority preferences in a variety of ways: in the differential generosity of programs for "deserving" and "undeserving" target populations; in the extensive use of hidden and obscured modes of social provision such as tax expenditures; and in the modest degree of redistribution the American welfare state achieves. In addition, attentive and well-resourced members of the public, who receive the largest benefits from the system, have successfully prevented retrenchment attempts. Public opinion typically operates in conjunction with other factors, such as interest group influence or the institutional structure of the American system, to shape social policy outcomes.
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Hawkes, Sarah, Julia Kreienkamp, and Kent Buse. The Future of Inter-Governmental Organization Partnerships for Health and Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0015.
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Over the past 20-plus years, there has been a significant rise in the “partnership model” in global health. Mainly involving collaboration between public and private spheres, some partnerships include only inter-governmental organizations (IGOs). This chapter explores how three types of partnerships—global public-private partnerships (usually focused on strengthening delivery or access to specific products and technologies), public-public partnerships addressing climate change (a key and growing determinant of health outcomes), and a public-public partnership of four IGOs working to eliminate mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis—protect, promote, and realize human rights principles in their work. Beyond a superficial framing of “protecting the vulnerable” or acknowledgment of the importance of human rights, there remains little substantive human rights–focused activity in the majority of partnerships. This chapter offers a forward-looking agenda for mainstreaming human rights more explicitly into the work of these key actors in global health.
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Gest, Justin. Majority Minority. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197641798.001.0001.
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How do societies respond to great demographic change? This question lingers over the contemporary politics of the United States and other countries where persistent immigration has altered populations and may soon produce a majority minority milestone, where the original ethnic or religious majority loses its numerical advantage to one or more foreign-origin minority groups. Until now, most of our knowledge about large-scale responses to demographic change has been based on studies of individual people’s reactions, which tend to be instinctively defensive and intolerant. We know little about why and how these habits are sometimes tempered to promote more successful coexistence. To anticipate and inform future responses to demographic change, Majority Minority looks to the past. The book entails historical analysis and interview-based fieldwork inside six of the world’s few societies that have already experienced a majority minority transition to understand what factors produce different social outcomes. This research concludes that, rather than yield to people’s prejudices, states hold great power to shape public responses and perceptions of demographic change through political institutions and leaders’ rhetoric. Then, in subsequent survey research, the book identifies novel ways that leaders can leverage nationalist sentiment to reduce the appeal of nativism by framing immigration and demographic change in terms of the national interest. Grounded in rich narratives and novel statistical data, Majority Minority reveals the way this contentious milestone and its accompanying identity politics are ultimately subject to unifying or divisive governance.
Book chapters on the topic "Outcome framing"
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Praxmarer-Carus, Sandra, and Marina Isabel Czerwinka. "Message Framing: How Source Credibility Moderates the Effects of Outcome Type and Outcome Valence." In EAA Series, 147–58. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02365-2_11.
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Ünal, Ali Fehmi, and Gül Gökay Emel. "The Effect of Framing and Power Imbalance on Negotiation Behaviors and Outcomes." In Operations Research Proceedings 2008, 407–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00142-0_66.
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Head, Brian W. "Debates in Public Policy—Problem Framing, Knowledge and Interests." In Wicked Problems in Public Policy, 7–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94580-0_1.
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AbstractThere are different types of public policy problems. In democratic political systems, policy problems arise in very diverse political and institutional contexts. These influence how the problems are debated and resolved. Policy decision-making is structured through organisational processes that reflect historical institutional arrangements. Complex policy problems often involve conflicting interests and divergent perceptions among various stakeholder groups. Disagreements about problems and policies arise from many factors, including material interests, socio-cultural values and political (dis)trust. The framing of problems and solutions is expressed in different ways, through the language of economic benefits, ideological outlooks, group values and political loyalties. Leaders of political, economic and social organisations argue for the priority of some issues over others, depending on their judgements about threats, rewards and opportunities. Leaders typically offer simplified and persuasive narratives about problems and solutions, in order to attract wide support for their preferred approach. Evidence and expertise are mobilised selectively by policy actors to influence the perceived credibility of their own favoured policy options. However, rigorous evidence is not privileged in everyday politics—policy debates are structured through the interplay of many forms of knowledge, values, emotions and interests. Expertise can assist in managing complex problems but never determines the outcomes.
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Conboy, Patricia. "Older-Age Exclusion and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development." In International Perspectives on Aging, 359–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_28.
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AbstractThis chapter explores how far the potential of the 2030 Agenda, a global framework for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), is being utilised to address multidimensional older age exclusion. The available evidence shows that, without a major shift in the coming decade, the pledge that the 2030 Agenda should be met for “all nations, peoples … and segments of society” will not be achieved in the case of older people, and the risks of failure are highest for older people in low- and middle-income countries. Across dimensions of framing, implementation, monitoring and reporting, recognition of ageing and older people is limited in the SDGs. Where recognition is explicit, it relates to the framing of older people as a vulnerable group rather than as rights holders on an equal footing with people of other ages. The major shift required in this context is the recognition of older people as rights holders, of States as duty bearers and the extension of a rights-based approach to policy design and implementation to counteract multidimensional social exclusion. Failure is not inevitable. Political commitment from key stakeholders, coupled with support from bilateral and multilateral donors, could result in better outcomes from Agenda 2030 on older-age exclusion.
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Listerborn, Carina, and Guy Baeten. "Struggling with Conceptual Framings to Understand Swedish Displacement Processes." In Socio-Spatial Theory in Nordic Geography, 207–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04234-8_12.
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AbstractResearch on displacement has a long trajectory in Western geography and urban studies. In a Swedish context theory formation around displacement re-emerged in the 2010s as a response to an increasingly heated housing market, increased gentrification and growing homelessness, and as a consequence of ‘renoviction’ processes. Learning from empirical research in Sweden, the Nordic experiences differ from the Anglo-American context, and set ground for a theoretical discussion on how to understand the specificities of displacement processes in (post-)welfare societies. In this chapter we investigate some Swedish manifestations of displacement that cannot easily be grasped by conceptual apparatuses often developed in an Anglo-American context. The process of displacement in a Swedish (and Nordic) context is often more indirect and slower but its eventual outcomes have the same damaging effects on its victims. The chapter provides both an historical and contemporary view of Swedish displacement processes and practices, and we argue that we cannot uncritically import a conceptual apparatus that grew out of other socio-spatial contexts and develop particular understandings of displacement based on Nordic empirical observations.
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Lansdown, Gerison, Roberta Ruggiero, Ziba Vaghri, and Jean Zermatten. "Introduction." In Monitoring State Compliance with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84647-3_1.
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AbstractThis publication is one of the outcomes of over a decade of work, under the auspices of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, to explore how to monitor and evaluate States Parties’ compliance with the obligations they undertook when they ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (the Convention). A full account of the project work to date has been provided in Vaghri, Krappmann, and Doek’s article ‘From the Indicators of General Comment No. 7 to GlobalChild’ (2019). Grounded in that foundational work, this book relies on that project work to provide a conceptual framing of the Convention, through the identification of the attributes of each right that provides the basis for the development of indicators against which to measure progress.
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Habib, Adam. "Seeding a New World: Lessons from the FeesMustFall Movement for the Advancement of Social Justice." In Knowledge and Civil Society, 275–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71147-4_13.
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AbstractThe author interrogates the empirical experience of #FeesMustFall—which is extensively detailed in the book Rebels & Rage from which this article flows—with a view to understanding social movements and in turn enhancing the effectiveness of social justice struggles in the future. He discusses the value of social mobilization in effecting change, but demonstrates that this is only sustainable if the protest is structured within certain strategic and ethical parameters. He then proceeds to interrogate the issues of violence, the framing of the struggle and outcomes, the decision-making processes associated with the protest, and the importance of ethical conduct by leaders and activists. He concludes by underscoring the legitimacy of the social justice struggles but insists that these have to be more effectively conducted if they are to culminate in the establishment of a more humane social order.
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Weinhardt, Clara, Karsten Mau, and Jens Hillebrand Pohl. "The EU as a Geoeconomic Actor? A Review of Recent European Trade and Investment Policies." In The Political Economy of Geoeconomics: Europe in a Changing World, 107–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01968-5_5.
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AbstractThe so-called geoeconomic turn stands for the increased tendency of countries to use economic policy instruments to promote or defend national interests vis-à-vis trading partners or rival powers. Scholars note a similar shift in trade and investment policies of the European Union (“EU”). However, there are few studies that examine whether this proclaimed shift at the policy level is reflected in outcomes. Against this background, this chapter examines the EU’s ability to position itself as a defensive geoeconomic actor. Based on three exploratory case studies—investment screening, Most-Favoured Nations clauses in Free Trade Agreements (“FTAs”), and the EU’s (non-)response to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (“BRI”)—we find that the EU’s ability to act in line with its own geoeconomic ambitions varies across the policy initiatives studied. In particular, lack of alignment of individual EU Member States with a common EU policy stance serves as a possible challenge for implementing defensive geoeconomic policies. At the same time, we also find that that the EU’s own framing of what makes a policy initiative “geoeconomic” varies widely, and does not always correspond to the legal design or economic implications of a given initiative. These findings contribute to debates on the EU’s evolving relevance as a global actor and shed new light on recent conceptualizations of the geoeconomic turn.
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Andersson, Ragnar, and Thomas Gell. "Vision Zero on Fire Safety." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_44-1.
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AbstractSince 2010, Sweden has a Vision Zero policy on fire safety: no one should die or be seriously injured as a result of fire. Compared to the traffic safety model, however, the preconditions for successful implementation appear more immature and less convincing in the fire area. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate, using the Vision Zero policy on fire safety as an example, how a Vision Zero initiative in a new area, where the conditions for governance may differ significantly from the area of inspiration, can be dealt with as a dynamic process to gradually establish credibility and effectiveness.Globally, fire is a significant cause of death and injury. The general trend is toward a slow decline, especially among middle-income and high-income countries. The decline may be due to successful fire safety efforts, but also to other conditions affecting it indirectly. Both risk-increasing and risk-reducing factors determine fire safety. Risk increasing factors include an ageing population, an increasing diversity of possible ignition sources, and a change in the composition and amount of combustible materials present in our homes. The risk-reducing factors include generally favorable socioeconomic and technological developments, including concrete societal actions directed against fire risks such as the promotion of smoke detectors and sprinkler systems.Fire safety is one of the oldest documented examples of societal risk management. City planning and construction were early influenced by fire safety considerations, while in contrast, the legal responsibility for residential fire safety has largely remained a private and individual matter. The situation is similar to the one that for long prevailed in the traffic sector, that is, the primary responsibility rests with the system’s users, not with its designers.The launch of the Vision Zero on fire safety in 2010 represented a clear boost in ambition. Along with the vision, a strategy intended to guide the work toward the visionary goal was also presented. The strategy included four items: information, technical solutions, local collaboration, and evaluation/research. Several actions were taken in line with the strategy, including a significant research effort and the development of a set of indicators to monitor progress.Ten years later, the research effort has brought new knowledge that puts previous perceptions into partly new light. The notion that survival depends on the individual’s personal capacities is strengthened. Adverse outcomes such as death and serious injury appear mainly linked to specific vulnerabilities of certain groups for medical and social reasons. Most fires are handled by the residents themselves without injuries and without assistance from Rescue Services; on the other hand, even minor fires can be fatal for vulnerable residents. This turns the problem framing toward social aspects rather than technical, since broad groups of residents lack the capacities needed, conflicting with the prevailing view that the individual should bear the primary responsibility.Other findings relate to the proven inefficiency of certain measures for groups at elevated risk and the need for re-thinking and innovations to meet the challenges ahead. This includes extended inter-sectoral collaboration on a broader spectrum of residential risks besides fire, threatening the same groups for similar social and medical reasons.This updated state of knowledge is now being used as a basis for renewing current national fire safety strategies. With reference to general principles of systems control, this chapter will discuss obstacles and challenges to establish a more robust and systematic national control of the fire problem in line with the Vision Zero policy. The appropriateness of launching Vision Zero policies in fields that are not yet ripe for systematic governance is also discussed. It is concluded that a Vision Zero initiative can still be meaningful and successfully pursued, provided that limitations in the ability to influence crucial elements in the system are openly identified and systematically addressed in a process in which strategical and policy developments interact with research and innovation.
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Andersson, Ragnar, and Thomas Gell. "Vision Zero on Fire Safety." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1143–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_44.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSince 2010, Sweden has a Vision Zero policy on fire safety: no one should die or be seriously injured as a result of fire. Compared to the traffic safety model, however, the preconditions for successful implementation appear more immature and less convincing in the fire area. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate, using the Vision Zero policy on fire safety as an example, how a Vision Zero initiative in a new area, where the conditions for governance may differ significantly from the area of inspiration, can be dealt with as a dynamic process to gradually establish credibility and effectiveness.Globally, fire is a significant cause of death and injury. The general trend is toward a slow decline, especially among middle-income and high-income countries. The decline may be due to successful fire safety efforts, but also to other conditions affecting it indirectly. Both risk-increasing and risk-reducing factors determine fire safety. Risk increasing factors include an ageing population, an increasing diversity of possible ignition sources, and a change in the composition and amount of combustible materials present in our homes. The risk-reducing factors include generally favorable socioeconomic and technological developments, including concrete societal actions directed against fire risks such as the promotion of smoke detectors and sprinkler systems.Fire safety is one of the oldest documented examples of societal risk management. City planning and construction were early influenced by fire safety considerations, while in contrast, the legal responsibility for residential fire safety has largely remained a private and individual matter. The situation is similar to the one that for long prevailed in the traffic sector, that is, the primary responsibility rests with the system’s users, not with its designers.The launch of the Vision Zero on fire safety in 2010 represented a clear boost in ambition. Along with the vision, a strategy intended to guide the work toward the visionary goal was also presented. The strategy included four items: information, technical solutions, local collaboration, and evaluation/research. Several actions were taken in line with the strategy, including a significant research effort and the development of a set of indicators to monitor progress.Ten years later, the research effort has brought new knowledge that puts previous perceptions into partly new light. The notion that survival depends on the individual’s personal capacities is strengthened. Adverse outcomes such as death and serious injury appear mainly linked to specific vulnerabilities of certain groups for medical and social reasons. Most fires are handled by the residents themselves without injuries and without assistance from Rescue Services; on the other hand, even minor fires can be fatal for vulnerable residents. This turns the problem framing toward social aspects rather than technical, since broad groups of residents lack the capacities needed, conflicting with the prevailing view that the individual should bear the primary responsibility.Other findings relate to the proven inefficiency of certain measures for groups at elevated risk and the need for re-thinking and innovations to meet the challenges ahead. This includes extended inter-sectoral collaboration on a broader spectrum of residential risks besides fire, threatening the same groups for similar social and medical reasons.This updated state of knowledge is now being used as a basis for renewing current national fire safety strategies. With reference to general principles of systems control, this chapter will discuss obstacles and challenges to establish a more robust and systematic national control of the fire problem in line with the Vision Zero policy. The appropriateness of launching Vision Zero policies in fields that are not yet ripe for systematic governance is also discussed. It is concluded that a Vision Zero initiative can still be meaningful and successfully pursued, provided that limitations in the ability to influence crucial elements in the system are openly identified and systematically addressed in a process in which strategical and policy developments interact with research and innovation.
Conference papers on the topic "Outcome framing"
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Malak, Richard, Rachel Smallman, and Heather Lench. "An Empirical Study of the Impact of Task Expectation Framing on Design Decision Delegation." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-90147.
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Abstract The delegation of decision authority is a routine part of engineering systems design. Examples include hiring an outside subcontractor and assigning specific design tasks to a subordinate engineer. In all cases, the delegator is responsible for describing the task to the delegate in a way that clarifies expected outcomes. Ideally, the delegate executes the task in a manner consistent with the preferences of the delegator. For systems design tasks, this means the delegate specifies an artifact with engineering attributes desired by the delegator. Whether such expectations are conveyed successfully can have a major impact on the success of a project. However, despite the central nature of such communications in engineering systems design and the potential consequences miscommunication, there has been little empirical investigation of decision delegation in design. This experimental study examines how the framing of decision task expectations impact task outcomes. Subjects participate in an engineering-themed computer game in which they make design choices. Subjects are assigned to conditions randomly, with some given instructions framed as traditional design requirements and others given instructions in a value-driven design framing (e.g., to maximize a figure of merit). A total of 472 engineering students participated in the study. Results indicate that task outcome expectation framing can impact task performance, with design requirement task framings exhibiting advantages over a value-driven framing. This suggests theoretical arguments favoring value-driven framings may not capture adequately the effect of human behavior.
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Paribelli, Luigi, and Marco Guarino. "Project Strategic Framing Approach - The Strategy Table." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207323-ms.
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Abstract Considering the different drivers and constrains of each party within a Joint Venture, the strategy table is an effective tool that provides a structured workflow to guarantee objectives alignment and to maximize value creation for all the Stakeholders during a pre-feasibility study. Eni used this opportunity framing approach to define alternative project development strategy options with the aim to create value for all the stakeholders. Thanks to this guided and structured approach each party, within a Joint Venture, can present and compare his view with others. Using the strategy table tool, as framing approach, allows to identify alternative development strategies (bookends) as a combination of strategic options applicable for a given strategy theme. Furthermore, a clear objectives (what) and rationale (why) associated to each strategy will be defined to support the evaluation. The range of strategy themes identified helps to test the potential tradeoff between various fundamental objectives. Through a structured process, characterized by the definition, framing, evaluation and decision phases, it is possible to streamline the alternative strategy themes options and rank them in terms of value creation for the stakeholders. Using the strategy table tool, as framing approach, implies a decision-making process that allows to choose the strategy that best achieves our goal while also reducing our exposure to risks. Frequently the decision structure of a problem is complex, especially when the decision being considered relates to a large of scale project involving many sub-decisions. The Strategy Table helps the project management team to achieve an informed decision since it allows to evaluate what we are planning to achieve, understanding what our options are and considering how each option performs with reference to our objectives and project risks. Once the bookends for all the strategy themes are defined (i.e. selected strategic choices for each focus decision), a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis is performed to qualitatively assess the identified strategies against strategic objectives and a short-list of strategies on which focus on more in details is defined. The final outcome represents the most promising development strategies to be tested during pre-feasibility and feasibility studies.
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Popa, Andrei, Ben Amaba, and Jeff Daniels. "A Framework of Best Practices for Delivering Successful Artificial Intelligence Projects. A Case Study Demonstration." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206014-ms.
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Abstract A practical framework that outlines the critical steps of a successful process that uses data, machine learning (Ml), and artificial intelligence (AI) is presented in this study. A practical case study is included to demonstrate the process. The use of artificial intelligent and machine learning has not only enhanced but also sped up problem-solving approaches in many domains, including the oil and gas industry. Moreover, these technologies are revolutionizing all key aspects of engineering including; framing approaches, techniques, and outcomes. The proposed framework includes key components to ensure integrity, quality, and accuracy of data and governance centered on principles such as responsibility, equitability, and reliability. As a result, the industry documentation shows that technology coupled with process advances can improve productivity by 20%. A clear work-break-down structure (WBS) to create value using an engineering framework has measurable outcomes. The AI and ML technologies enable the use of large amounts of information, combining static & dynamic data, observations, historical events, and behaviors. The Job Task Analysis (JTA) model is a proven framework to manage processes, people, and platforms. JTA is a modern data-focused approach that prioritizes in order: problem framing, analytics framing, data, methodology, model building, deployment, and lifecycle management. The case study exemplifies how the JTA model optimizes an oilfield production plant, similar to a manufacturing facility. A data-driven approach was employed to analyze and evaluate the production fluid impact during facility-planned or un-planned system disruptions. The workflows include data analytics tools such as ML&AI for pattern recognition and clustering for prompt event mitigation and optimization. The paper demonstrates how an integrated framework leads to significant business value. The study integrates surface and subsurface information to characterize and understand the production impact due to planned and unplanned plant events. The findings led to designing a relief system to divert the back pressure during plant shutdown. The study led to cost avoidance of a new plant, saving millions of dollars, environment impact, and safety considerations, in addition to unnecessary operating costs and maintenance. Moreover, tens of millions of dollars value per year by avoiding production loss of plant upsets or shutdown was created. The study cost nothing to perform, about two months of not focused time by a team of five engineers and data scientists. The work provided critical steps in "creating a trusting" model and "explainability’. The methodology was implemented using existing available data and tools; it was the process and engineering knowledge that led to the successful outcome. Having a systematic WBS has become vital in data analytics projects that use AI and ML technologies. An effective governance system creates 25% productivity improvement and 70% capital improvement. Poor requirements can consume 40%+ of development budget. The process, models, and tools should be used on engineering projects where data and physics are present. The proposed framework demonstrates the business impact and value creation generated by integrating models, data, AI, and ML technologies for modeling and optimization. It reflects the collective knowledge and perspectives of diverse professionals from IBM, Lockheed Martin, and Chevron, who joined forces to document a standard framework for achieving success in data analytics/AI projects.
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Singaram, Muthu, Vr Muraleedhran, Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam Sivaprakasam, and Shashwat Pathak. "Monetization Canvas Framework to Efficiently Assess the Impact of Research Outcome." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001509.
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In the current dynamically changing demands and aspirations of populations across the globe, nations are putting up impetus on innovations and entrepreneurship. There is huge disparity in demand as third world countries are struggling to fulfil the demands and developed nations are poised to fulfil aspirations while maintaining a balance with existing demands. Global economy has always been driven by innovation and in line with the Paris Agreement to create a sustainable business in different sectors while being responsible towards climate change. Inclusion of different policies such as Internal Carbon disclosure and policies to promote them through rebates at various levels. Adoption of science-based targets in sustainability is a buzz word these days. While these practices are creating a niche for the responsible organizations and nations, core still remains at development of innovative solutions to meet both demand and aspirations. Economies across the globe are spending a significant amount of their budget, after defense and healthcare, on research and development which acts like a pillar for this economic growth. It is significant to mention that the budget expenditure on research and development attracts a lot of attention and governments across the globe face wrath due to low percentage of return on investment. This happens majorly because the framework to assess the outcome of this investment is very vague and is scenario specific. It depends on many factors such as human resource, state of infrastructure, identifying needs, projection of need and many more. To understand the issue better we first need to gather information regarding the total spending by different nations from different strata of the economy. It helps us to understand that there is an urgent need to narrow down on outcome-based research, rather than lurking for some miracle to happen. A well-structured outcome-based framework, which is easy to adopt while framing the policies needs to be in place which can assess the impact and hence help in carving out the policies further. At least ninety countries around the world spent more than USD50 million based on Wikipedia (2022). The top ten countries spent over USD38 billion. The United States, China, Japan, Germany, India and South Korea amount to 70 % of the global Research and Development (R&D) spent, while the United States and China account for 50% of the spending. Based on The World Bank (2022) South. Korea and Israel are well ahead in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) spending on research the two largest economies U.S. and China are lacking in terms of GDP percentage. A report by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) (2015) reports not much impact on the economy of government funded R&D. Private R&D funding had an impact on the economy and University Research did have an impact. It also reports that private funding had a better impact on basic research compared to applied research. This paper describes a research monetization canvas to enhance research output in particular academic institutions.
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Asgarov, Murad, Ozan Arslan, Fidan Salim-Zade, Aghamehdi Aliyev, Turan Abdullayev, and Farhad Sadikhov. "Uncertainty and Risk Assessment Using Ensemble Modeling for Major Development Decision." In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207071-ms.
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Abstract This paper summarizes a risk framing and assessment exercise to support a major development decision in Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli field located in Azerbaijani sector of Caspian Sea, using at scale implementation of ensemble modelling technique. A multi-disciplinary team identified a comprehensive list of geological and mechanical uncertainties and their inter-dependencies that could impact the project outcome. 20000 subsurface scenarios with unique uncertainty parameter combinations, based on Monte Carlo approach, were modeled using reservoir simulation software. Match quality to the actual performance helped to select an ensemble of unique subsurface scenarios. With the non-subsurface uncertainties in the predictive stage, the ensemble was used to inform the investment case's incremental value range. The ensemble predicted a cloud of outcomes around the reference case with -25% and +12% uncertainty range. This cloud assumed the same (reference case) sequence and location of the wells. The team selected distinct scenarios from the cloud to communicate the risks on key project metrics. Incremental recovery and production ramp-up variation against significant uncertainties guided the selection of distinct downside and upside scenarios for economic evaluation to ensure the robustness of development decision. The initial cloud was considered to be unmanaged as the well locations were exposed to reservoir property, connectivity, sweep, and other uncertainties for a specific scenario in the ensemble. The team recognized the long duration of development activities and tangible subsurface learning opportunities from drilling through multiple reservoirs and other surveillances, particularly on the key uncertainties ("heavy hitters"). This observation was leveraged to manage uncertainties and make appropriate well location and sequence decisions. Overall uncertainty range slightly narrowed down to -20 % and +16 % while providing an appropriate downside and upside profiles for the investment case. Assessing the impact of key uncertainties on investment value helped refining surveillance and risk management plan with focus areas on well and facility design to ensure risk management measures are executable.
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Asgarov, Murad, Ozan Arslan, Fidan Salim-Zade, Aghamehdi Aliyev, Turan Abdullayev, and Farhad Sadikhov. "Uncertainty and Risk Assessment Using Ensemble Modeling for Major Development Decision." In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207071-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper summarizes a risk framing and assessment exercise to support a major development decision in Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli field located in Azerbaijani sector of Caspian Sea, using at scale implementation of ensemble modelling technique. A multi-disciplinary team identified a comprehensive list of geological and mechanical uncertainties and their inter-dependencies that could impact the project outcome. 20000 subsurface scenarios with unique uncertainty parameter combinations, based on Monte Carlo approach, were modeled using reservoir simulation software. Match quality to the actual performance helped to select an ensemble of unique subsurface scenarios. With the non-subsurface uncertainties in the predictive stage, the ensemble was used to inform the investment case's incremental value range. The ensemble predicted a cloud of outcomes around the reference case with -25% and +12% uncertainty range. This cloud assumed the same (reference case) sequence and location of the wells. The team selected distinct scenarios from the cloud to communicate the risks on key project metrics. Incremental recovery and production ramp-up variation against significant uncertainties guided the selection of distinct downside and upside scenarios for economic evaluation to ensure the robustness of development decision. The initial cloud was considered to be unmanaged as the well locations were exposed to reservoir property, connectivity, sweep, and other uncertainties for a specific scenario in the ensemble. The team recognized the long duration of development activities and tangible subsurface learning opportunities from drilling through multiple reservoirs and other surveillances, particularly on the key uncertainties ("heavy hitters"). This observation was leveraged to manage uncertainties and make appropriate well location and sequence decisions. Overall uncertainty range slightly narrowed down to -20 % and +16 % while providing an appropriate downside and upside profiles for the investment case. Assessing the impact of key uncertainties on investment value helped refining surveillance and risk management plan with focus areas on well and facility design to ensure risk management measures are executable.
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Udofia, Emmanuel, and Buduka Stanley. "Change Management: A Game Changer for Effective Digital Transformation." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206331-ms.
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Abstract Change Management is a process of adopting appropriate guidelines on how to manage change and meet the set business objective. Change Management could be extended into the realm of providing leadership for a group of persons or organisation alongside the path of change and embed the needed framework in actualising the set business target. Conversely, Digital Transformation could be described as the deployment of technology in a business process to amplify business benefits realisation that include fast decision-making, efficient business processes and significant reduction in risk exposure through managing the operational risk foot print. Failures of many Digital Transformation initiatives around the world is traceable to poor framing or complete lack of change management process embedment in the implemented digital solution, this paper aims at proposing effective framework for embedding orchestrated change process. Several research works show that worldwide there are high rate of project failures in most digital oilfield implementations. The reasons for such high failure rate in the solution of Digital Transformation is poor or lack of experience in change management in such projects resulting in poor framing of the change process that will ultimately assist in orchestrating the disruptions that accompanies the implemented Digital Transformation in different assets. This research based project will be reviewing how effective change management process was implemented in a digital solution by an Oil and gas operator in a field offshore in sub-Saharan Africa. Elements such as proper engagement of the workforce, defined business processes, clear business objectives and experience of the change agents in managing previous projects will be evaluated because these are components that has been identified as key reasons for failure of the change management process implementation in most digital initiatives. What companies need to do is to be strategic with the approach of implementation of digital oilfields transformation to ensure that the disruption brought about by the digital oilfields solutions are orchestrated through effective change management embedment. The effective change management process, when applied, shows that orchestrated technology disruption process is embedded which will ultimately not just lead to benefit realisation of the solutions but will assure continuous business improvement process, overtime. The result of this study, has shown that effective change management processes are beneficial to the effective embedment of Digital Oilfields Transformation solutions. Outcome of this study could form a reference tool for similar robust digital oilfields transformation, elsewhere.
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Wilson, Mark. "Keynote: Rethinking measurement for accountable assessment." In Research Conference 2021: Excellent progress for every student. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-638-3_13.
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The underlying model for most formal educational measurement (e.g. standardised tests) is based on a very simple model: the student takes a test (possibly alongside other students). The complications of there being an instructional plan, actual instruction, interpretation of the outcome, and formulation of next steps, are all bypassed in considering how to model the process of measurement. There are some standard exceptions, of course: a pre-test/post-test context will involve two measurements, and attention to gain score, or similar. However, if we wish to design measurement to hold to Lehrer’s (2021) definition of ‘accountable assessment’ – as ‘actionable information for improving classroom instruction’ – then this narrow conceptualisation must be extended. In this presentation, I will posit a simple model that reflects the simple one-test context described above, and then elaborate on it by adding in a) a framework for design of the assessments that is keyed to educational interpretation, b) further rounds of data collection that can indicate changes in a student’s underlying ability, and c) provision for varied assessment modes that will allow for i) classroom-independent tasks that operate at the summative and meso levels, and ii) classroom-dependent tasks that operate at the micro level. The former are designed to provide a basis for triangulating student responses across different contexts, and the latter are designed to closely track the variation of student performance over time in a classroom instructional context. This framing will be exemplified in a in a K–5 elementary school that is seeking to improve the quality of instruction and students’ understandings of measure and arithmetic. The different levels of data collection will be instantiated by two different pieces of software, which operate at the micro level and the meso/summative levels respectively.
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Mahaldar, Sahil, Jasbindra Singh, Abdullah Riyami, Nasser Mahrooqi, Mohammed Abri, Sulaiman Mandhari, Salwa Hikmani, et al. "Evergreen Forecast & Predictive LTRO Using Machine Learning – Case Study from PDO South." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200114-ms.
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Abstract Digital transformation (Dx) is increasingly becoming a key enabler in oil and gas industry to reduce costs, make faster and better decisions and increase productivity. The difference between leading the next innovation wave or being left behind may depend on how proficiently we embrace digital enablers, and how quickly we can test, prototype and scale these digital solutions to create value for the business. Digital technologies are not new to Petroleum Development Oman (PDO). In fact, the company has a track record of testing and adopting a wide range of new technology and integrated organisational capabilities to improve its business performance. Significant investments have been made into instrumenting its fields, including the IT infrastructure, Real-Time Operations, Exception Based Surveillance, Collaborative Work Environment (CWE), Smart Fields, NIBRAS, data management, analytics trials, to name a few. Yet consensus that Dx has significant further upside across PDO, led to the initiation of an asset-led pilot to digitally transform an existing PDO South Field – "S". The focus of the pilot was to identify new Dx opportunities while leveraging on existing PDO investments into digitalization, leading to quantified improvement in business performance of field –S. The project workscope was based on the outcome of an Opportunity Framing Event (OFE), in which a total of 27 opportunities were identified and ranked in terms of business value vs. feasibility or cost of implementation (Figure 1). Technical Subject Matter Experts (SMEs), asset field - surface, sub-surface, data management teams and other relevant support functions participated in the OFE so that business improvement synergies could be identified across the multiple disciplines in an integrated fashion. Following an agile approach, 5 Valuestreams (VS) were selected for Minimum Viable Product (MVP) implementation, in phase 1 of the pilot. Focus of this paper, however, is to elaborate further only one of the 5 VSs i.e. use of machine learning for "Evergreen Production Forecast for Field Development Plan (FDP) optimization and Locate the Remaining Oil (LTRO)".
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Singh, Jasbindra, Renato Borbajo, Behrooz Bashokooh, Aisha Sariri, Said Riyami, Bahjat Haddad, Al Anood Al Breiki, et al. "Working the Agile Way to Fast Track the Hydrocarbon Maturation Process." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211180-ms.
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Abstract The "Agile Development" process utilises fast track evaluation of discovered hydrocarbon reservoirs and fields using the analogue based evaluation, capitalizing on existing organizational know-how in development of existing assets. It provides flexibility in the process to be able to adapt any changes happening during the span of the evaluation. The scope of the process covers the technical evaluation and the assurance events leading to a decision-based roadmap forming the basis of final investment decisions. The fast-tracking "Agile Development" process has been designed to evaluate opportunities from appraisal to development phase based on the analogue data and the concepts. The process is utilised to characterize several different steps, starting from framing the opportunity to the delivery of the field development plan. Analogue assessment typically involves identifying the analogue[s], understanding the development concepts and utilising them for the estimating the production from the project development and the associated costs to evaluate the economic attractiveness. The assurance of the evaluation process has also been adapted to specific needs in project evaluation process. There are different tools - all developed in-house within the organisation - available for screening the analogues and then finally, selecting the analogue suitable for the evaluation of the project development planning. The outcome is also benchmarked on several parameters to ensure the project robustness. The process has been implemented in several projects involving depletion and waterflood flood recovery mechanisms. The approach has resulted in reducing the time saving by over 50% as compared to normal process of opportunity evaluation. The quality of the product is similar to the FDPs delivered using the standard processes. The process may bring in additional value as it accelerates the delivery of the FDP in a much shorter time while providing flexibility to adapt to any changes experienced during the evaluation process. This is a fast-tracking approach of evaluating the attractiveness of the discovered opportunities by implementing the experience and learnings from the development of similar reservoirs. The process is still maturing and has the potential to reduce the evaluation time further by additional 50% for the projects using similar recovery mechanisms. The approach can further be extended for testing and/or implementing in EOR process specifically polymer flooding methods.
Reports on the topic "Outcome framing"
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Vlaicu, Razvan. Trust, Collaboration, and Policy Attitudes in the Public Sector. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003280.
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This paper examines new data on public sector employees from 18 Latin American countries to shed light on the role of trust in the performance of government agencies. We developed an original survey taken during the first COVID-19 wave that includes randomized experiments with pandemic-related treatments. We document that individual-level trust in coworkers, other public employees, and citizens is positively related to performance-enhancing behaviors, such as cooperation and information-sharing, and policy attitudes, such as openness to technological innovations in public service delivery. Trust is more strongly linked to positive behaviors and attitudes in non-merit-based civil service systems. High-trust and low-trust respondents report different assessments of their main work constraints. Also, they draw different inferences and prefer different policy responses when exposed to data-based framing treatments about social distancing outcomes in their countries. Low-trust public employees are more likely to assign responsibility for a negative outcome to the government and to prefer stricter enforcement of social distancing.
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Ferryman, Kadija. Framing Inequity in Health Technology: The Digital Divide, Data Bias, and Racialization. Just Tech, Social Science Research Council, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/jt.3018.d.2022.
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" Since 2010, there has been an exponential growth in health data and health information technologies, such as electronic health records (EHRs), and AI-enabled medical tools. Despite the growth and investment in these technologies, they have had few positive effects on health outcomes, especially for marginalized populations. This review begins by addressing common rhetorical and ethical responses to inequities in health technologies, such as the digital divide and data bias frames. It then problematizes both approaches before proposing that examining racialization, or the creation and circulation of racial hierarchies, can contribute to a more comprehensive framework for facilitating health equity in health information technology."
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Lopez Boo, Florencia, Giuliana Daga, and Sofia Madariaga. Combating COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Behaviorally Informed Campaigns in the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004581.
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This note provides insights into understanding and combating vaccine hesitancy in the Caribbean. We draw on both qualitative and quantitative evidence stemming from IDB analytical and operational work. First, a household survey implemented in Belize in 2021 finds that lack of trust in vaccines and fear of side effects are among the main reasons given by the people that had not yet received the COVID-19 vaccine. Second, we evaluate the correlation between five behaviorally informed campaigns and vaccine uptake and digital engagement (clicks, emojis) and the effect of randomizing the framing of messages within one of such campaigns. We find that messages about COVID-19 vaccine safety and positive framing of side effects were associated with better outcomes. Finally, we describe how these insights are used in vaccination campaigns in Barbados.
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Keefer, Philip, Sergio Perilla, and Razvan Vlaicu. Research Insights: Public Sector Employee Behavior and Attitudes during a Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003388.
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New data on public sector employees from 18 Latin American countries shed light on the role of trust in the performance of government agencies. An original survey conducted during the first COVID-19 wave includes randomized experiments with pandemic-related treatments. Individual-level trust in coworkers, other public employees, and citizens is positively related to performance-enhancing behaviors and policy attitudes. High-trust and low-trust respondents report different assessments of their main work constraints. Also, they draw different inferences and prefer different policy responses when exposed to data-based framing treatments about social distancing outcomes in their countries.
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Cohen, Marc, Guillame Compain, Thierry Kesteloot, Madelon Meijer, Eric Munoz, Simon Murtagh, Hanna Saarinen, and Nout van der Vaart. Fixing Our Food: Debunking 10 myths about the global food system and what drives hunger. Oxfam, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.9394.
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Our unequal global food system is unsustainable for people and planet. We urgently need to rethink how the world feeds its people. The food crisis we are facing is not new. Extreme inequality and poverty, rights abuses, conflict, climate change and inflation – exacerbated by the pandemic and the war in Ukraine – mean that hundreds of millions of people do not have enough to eat. While millions of people are struggling to find their next meal, the world’s main food traders have made record profits, adding billions to their collective wealth. This paper debunks 10 myths about our food system and provides an alternative framing that will lead to better outcomes for the long term. We must shift our current food system from an industrial, exploitative and extractive model to a local and sustainable one that contributes to climate resilience and realizes people’s right to food – one that reduces inequality and poverty.
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Schneuwly, Sonja, and Caroline Chandler. Evaluation of transformational R&I policy: Lessons learned based on a retrospective review of food systems R&I investment in the EU. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.549.
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This paper shares our experience of developing an EU-level baseline for research and innovation (R&I) in food systems, in support of the European Commission’s transformation agenda, with specific reference to the Food 2030 initiative. Food 2030 relates to the EU’s mission-oriented approach to R&I, viewing it within the context of a dynamic food system with multiple dependencies and many different actors. This approach aligns with a growing recognition that, in order to achieve transformational change, the interactions and interdependencies of all components within a given system and its relationship to other systems must be considered. In a transformative R&I system, innovation itself is no longer the endgoal but is viewed as an enabler to solve societal and environmental challenges (the end-objective). Linking such broader outcomes back to specific R&I inputs is not a straightforward endeavour. Furthermore, the inter- and transdisciplinary nature of a systems approach, as well as the nature of systems thinking itself, make it hard to define evaluative boundaries. Traditional public sector approaches to supporting R&I do not align well with such an approach, with implications for evaluating R&I policy. The paper focuses specifically on the novel aspects of the EU’s approach to framing food systems R&I and the evaluation challenges this presents, as well as how we have worked to mitigate these.