Academic literature on the topic 'Outbred lines'
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Journal articles on the topic "Outbred lines"
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Phillips, Patrick C., Michael C. Whitlock, and Kevin Fowler. "Inbreeding Changes the Shape of the Genetic Covariance Matrix in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 158, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 1137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.3.1137.
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Abstract The pattern of genetic covariation among traits (the G matrix) plays a central role in determining the pattern of evolutionary change from both natural selection and random genetic drift. Here we measure the effect of genetic drift on the shape of the G matrix using a large data set on the inheritance of wing characteristics in Drosophila melanogaster. Fifty-two inbred lines with a total of 4680 parent-offspring families were generated by one generation of brother-sister mating and compared to an outbred control population of 1945 families. In keeping with the theoretical expectation for a correlated set of additively determined traits, the average G matrix of the inbred lines remained proportional to the outbred control G matrix with a proportionality constant approximately equal to (1 – F), where F is the inbreeding coefficient. Further, the pattern of covariance among the means of the inbred lines induced by inbreeding was also proportional to the within-line G matrix of the control population with a constant very close to the expectation of 2F. Although the average G of the inbred lines did not show change in overall structure relative to the outbred controls, separate analysis revealed a great deal of variation among inbred lines around this expectation, including changes in the sign of genetic correlations. Since any given line can be quite different from the outbred control, it is likely that in nature unreplicated drift will lead to changes in the G matrix. Thus, the shape of G is malleable under genetic drift, and the evolutionary response of any particular population is likely to depend on the specifics of its evolutionary history.
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Pérez-Enciso, Miguel, and Luis Varona. "Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping in F2 Crosses Between Outbred Lines." Genetics 155, no. 1 (May 1, 2000): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.1.391.
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Abstract We develop a mixed-model approach for QTL analysis in crosses between outbred lines that allows for QTL segregation within lines as well as for differences in mean QTL effects between lines. We also propose a method called “segment mapping” that is based in partitioning the genome in a series of segments. The expected change in mean according to percentage of breed origin, together with the genetic variance associated with each segment, is estimated using maximum likelihood. The method also allows the estimation of differences in additive variances between the parental lines. Completely fixed random and mixed models together with segment mapping are compared via simulation. The segment mapping and mixed-model behaviors are similar to those of classical methods, either the fixed or random models, under simple genetic models (a single QTL with alternative alleles fixed in each line), whereas they provide less biased estimates and have higher power than fixed or random models in more complex situations, i.e., when the QTL are segregating within the parental lines. The segment mapping approach is particularly useful to determining which chromosome regions are likely to contain QTL when these are linked.
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Bolder, N. M., L. L. G. Janss, F. F. Putirulan, and J. A. Wagenaar. "Resistance of broiler outbred lines to infection with Salmonella enteritidis." Avian Pathology 31, no. 6 (December 2002): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0307945021000024667.
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Weber, K. E., and L. T. Diggins. "Increased selection response in larger populations. II. Selection for ethanol vapor resistance in Drosophila melanogaster at two population sizes." Genetics 125, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/125.3.585.
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Abstract The effect of large population size on selection response was investigated using Drosophila melanogaster, with four "small" lines of 160 selected parents/generation compared to two "large" lines of 1,600 selected parents/generation. All lines were selected under similar conditions at a selection intensity of approximately 0.55 standard deviations, for 65 generations, for increased ethanol vapor resistance (measured in minutes required to become anesthetized). Two unselected control lines of 320 parents/generation were also maintained. A significant effect of population size was found. The final treatment means and standard errors were: 27.91 +/- 1.28 min (two "large" lines); 19.40 +/- 1.54 min (four "small" lines); and 4.98 +/- 0.35 min (two control lines). To estimate the mutation rate for the trait, two isogenic lines of about 400 selected parents were selected for 29 generations. The mean increase in additive genetic variance per generation was 0.0009 times the initial environmental variance of the outbred lines. This is comparable to other reported mutation rates. Mutation can explain part of the difference in evolved resistance between treatments, but it appears that even at rather large population sizes, a large difference in long-term response can be obtained in larger outbred lines, from more complete utilization of the initial genetic variation.
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MINA, N. S., B. L. SHELDON, B. H. YOO, and R. FRANKHAM. "Heterozygosity at Protein Loci in Inbred and Outbred Lines of Chickens." Poultry Science 70, no. 9 (September 1991): 1864–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0701864.
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Curtsinger, James W. "Quantitative wing variation in inbred and outbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster." Journal of Heredity 77, no. 4 (July 1986): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110234.
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Gonzales, Natalia M., and Abraham A. Palmer. "Fine-mapping QTLs in advanced intercross lines and other outbred populations." Mammalian Genome 25, no. 7-8 (June 7, 2014): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00335-014-9523-1.
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Haley, C. S., S. A. Knott, and J. M. Elsen. "Mapping quantitative trait loci in crosses between outbred lines using least squares." Genetics 136, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 1195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/136.3.1195.
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Abstract The use of genetic maps based upon molecular markers has allowed the dissection of some of the factors underlying quantitative variation in crosses between inbred lines. For many species crossing inbred lines is not a practical proposition, although crosses between genetically very different outbred lines are possible. Here we develop a least squares method for the analysis of crosses between outbred lines which simultaneously uses information from multiple linked markers. The method is suitable for crosses where the lines may be segregating at marker loci but can be assumed to be fixed for alternative alleles at the major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting the traits under analysis (e.g., crosses between divergent selection lines or breeds with different selection histories). The simultaneous use of multiple markers from a linkage group increases the sensitivity of the test statistic, and thus the power for the detection of QTLs, compared to the use of single markers or markers flanking an interval. The gain is greater for more closely spaced markers and for markers of lower information content. Use of multiple markers can also remove the bias in the estimated position and effect of a QTL which may result when different markers in a linkage group vary in their heterozygosity in the F1 (and thus in their information content) and are considered only singly or a pair at a time. The method is relatively simple to apply so that more complex models can be fitted than is currently possible by maximum likelihood. Thus fixed effects of background genotype can be fitted simultaneously with the exploration of a single linkage group which will increase the power to detect QTLs by reducing the residual variance. More complex models with several QTLs in the same linkage group and two-locus interactions between QTLs can similarly be examined. Thus least squares provides a powerful tool to extend the range of crosses from which QTLs can be dissected whilst at the same time allowing flexible and realistic models to be explored.
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Shackell, Nancy L., and Roger W. Doyle. "Scale Morphology as an Index of Developmental Stability and Stress Resistance of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-197.
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Growth and the stabilities of growth and development were examined in inbred, outbred, and interstrain hybrid lines of tilapia (Oreochromus niloticus) under two diet regimes. Developmental stability was quantified as the inverse of the number of deformed scale circuli (calcified ridges). Growth stability was measured as the inverse of the individual variability of circulus spacing (circulus spacing is an indirect measure of growth rate). Each line was fed an alternating diet of low-protein rice bran and high-protein commercial pellet or a constant diet of commercial pellet. Diet regime had a significant effect on growth, developmental stability, and growth stability. Genetic composition of line had a significant effect only on developmental stability. Inbred lines had lower developmental stabilities than outbred lines. Hybrid progeny had higher developmental stability than the average of the parent strain values. Faster growing individuals had higher developmental and growth stabilities and lower growth stabilities (only within the commercial pellet regime). Composite indices of "merit" can be constructed by combining the variables, according to the correlations among variables and breeding objectives.
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Daley, J. W., and R. K. Shepherd. "Utilization of F1information in estimating QTL effects in F2crosses between outbred lines." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 125, no. 1 (February 2008): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2007.00699.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Outbred lines"
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Moldovan, Ioana Doina. "Network Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Spread in a Large Tertiary Care Facility." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35700.
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an antibiotic-resistant bacterium of epidemiologic importance in Canadian healthcare facilities. The contact between MRSA colonized or infected patients with other patients, healthcare workers (HCWs) and/or the healthcare environment can result in MRSA transmission and healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) infections in hospitals. These HA-MRSA infections are linked with increased length of hospital stay, economic burden, morbidity and mortality. Although infection prevention and control programs initiated in 2009 in Canada and other developed countries (e.g., UK, France, Belgium, Denmark, etc.) have been relatively successful in reducing the rate of HA-MRSA infections, they continue to pose a threat to patients, especially to the more vulnerable in long term care and geriatric institutions. Historically, MRSA was a problem mainly in hospital settings but after mid-1990s new strains of MRSA have been identified among people without healthcare-related risks and have been classified as community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). Furthermore, the distinction between HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA strains is gradually waning due to both the introduction of HA-MRSA in communities, and the emergence of CA-MRSA strains in hospitals.
The purpose of this thesis was to explore the feasibility of constructing healthcare networks to evaluate the role of healthcare providers (e.g., physicians) and places (e.g., patient rooms) in the transmission of MRSA in a large tertiary care facility.
Method of investigation: a secondary data case-control study, using individual characteristics and network structure measures, conducted at The Ottawa Hospital (TOH) between April 1st, 2013 and March 31th, 2014.
Results: It was feasible to build social networks in a large tertiary care facility based on electronic medical records data. The networks' size (represented by the number of vertices and lines) increased during the outbreak period (period 1) compared to the pre-outbreak period (period 0) for both groups and at all three TOH campuses. The calculated median degree centrality showed significant increase in value for both study groups during period 1 compared to period 0 for two of the TOH campuses (Civic and General). There was no significant difference between the median degree centrality calculated for each study group at the Heart Institute when compared for the two reference periods.
The median degree centrality of the MRSA case group for period 0 showed no significant difference when compared to the same measure determined for the control group for all three TOH campuses. However, the median degree centrality calculated for period 1 was significantly increased for the control group compared to the MRSA case group for two TOH campuses (Civic and General) but showed no significant difference between the two groups from the Heart Institute. In addition, there was a correlation between the two network measures (degree centrality and eigenvector centrality) calculated to determine the most influential person or place in the MRSA case group networks. However, there was no correlation between the two network’s measures calculated for physicians included in MRSA case group networks.
Conclusions: It is feasible to use social network analysis as an epidemiologic analysis tool to characterize the MRSA transmission in a hospital setting. The network's visible changes between the groups and reference periods were reflected by the network measures and supported also by known hospital patient movements after the outbreak onset. Furthermore, we were able to identify potential source cases and places just prior of the outbreak start. Unfortunately, we were not able to show the role of healthcare workers in MRSA transmission in a hospital setting due to limitations in data collection and network measure chosen (eigenvector centrality). Further research is required to confirm these study findings.
Books on the topic "Outbred lines"
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Johler, Reinhard, Christian Marchetti, and Monique Scheer, eds. Doing Anthropology in Wartime and War Zones. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839414224.
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World War I marks a well-known turning point in anthropology, and this volume is the first to examine the variety of forms it took in Europe. Distinct national traditions emerged and institutes were founded, partly due to collaborations with the military. Researchers in the cultural sciences used war zones to gain access to »informants«: prisoner-of-war and refugee camps, occupied territories, even the front lines. Anthropologists tailored their inquiries to aid the war effort, contributed to interpretations of the war as a »struggle« between »races«, and assessed the »warlike« nature of the Balkan region, whose crises were key to the outbreak of the Great War.
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Wenham, Clare. Feminist Global Health Security. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556931.001.0001.
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Feminist Global Health Security highlights the ways in which women are disadvantaged by global health security policy, through engagement with feminist concepts of visibility; social and stratified reproduction; intersectionality; and structural violence. The book argues that an approach focused on short-term response efforts to health emergencies fails to consider the differential impacts of outbreaks on women. This feminist critique focuses on the policy response to the Zika outbreak, which centred on limiting the spread of the vector through civic participation and asking women to defer pregnancy, actions that are inherently gendered and reveal a distinct lack of consideration of the everyday lives of women. The book argues that because global health security lacks a substantive feminist engagement, policies created to manage an outbreak of disease focus on protecting economies and state security and disproportionately fail to protect women. This state-based structure of global health security provides the fault-line for global health security and women. Women are both differentially infected and affected by epidemics and, the book argues: it was no coincidence that poor, black women living in low quality housing were most affected by the Zika outbreak. More broadly, it poses the question: What would global health policy look like if it were to take gender seriously, and how would this impact global disease control sustainability?
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Lindenmeyr, Adele, and Melissa K. Stockdale. Women and Gender in Russia’s Great War and Revolution, 1914–22. Slavica Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52500/aqhm7741.
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This volume brings together scholars from Russia, Great Britain, and North America to examine women’s experiences and changing gender norms during Russia’s crisis years from the outbreak of war in 1914 to the early 1920s. Looking beyond rhetoric about women’s wartime service and ideo-logical proclamations of emancipation, the authors seek to understand how years of military com-bat, political upheaval, and social transformation affected lives and redefined concepts of citi-zenship, patriotism, and gender.
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Como, David R. “Lawless Tyranny” and “Destructive Accommodation”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541911.003.0006.
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This chapter explains how the outbreak of the civil war led to serious divisions within parliament’s camp. These divisions, over the nature of the war, the character and function of the king, and the propriety of negotiation and compromise with the royalists, reflected and further intensified shifts in the nature of political ideology. These emergent ideological shifts, first articulated in the petitions and pressure campaigns of hard-line supporters in the city, were bolstered by the publication of tracts and pamphlets, which revealed the increasingly radical tenor of the political thought gestating among pro-parliamentary militants. Examination of those tracts shows that, by early 1643, some parliamentarians were coming to reject Westminster’s official line on the war effort, along with fundamental features of the “ancient constitution” as it had been understood before 1642.
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Kruks, Sonia. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036941.003.0008.
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In the late 1940s, Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and other members of the team that edited the journal, Les temps modernes, advocated what they called a “third way” in politics: they sought to develop a democratic socialist path, to delineate a middle way between capitalism and Soviet-style communism. Given this project, the journal was anti-American but also kept a certain distance from the Communists, offering them only what it described as “critical support.” However, with the hardening of the lines of the Cold War, notably after the outbreak of hostilities in Korea in 1950 (which brought growing fears of a nuclear war), Sartre became convinced that no effective political space remained for a “third way.” From 1952, when he wrote the first part of ...
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Davis, Mark, and Davina Lohm. Pandemics, Publics, and Narrative. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683764.001.0001.
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Pandemics, Publics, and Narrative explores how members of the general public experienced the 2009 swine flu pandemic. It examines the stories related to us by individuals about what happened to them in 2009, their reflections on news and expert advice given to them, and how they considered vaccination, social isolation, and other infection control measures. The book charts also the storytelling of public life, including the “be alert, not alarmed” messages from the beginning of the outbreak through to the “boy who cried wolf” problem that emerged later in the outbreak when the virus turned out to be less serious than first thought for most people. Key themes of the book are the significance of personal immunity for people as they reflected on how to respond to the threat of an influenza virus and the ways in which universal public health advice was interpreted quite differently by people according to their medical and biographical situation. The book provides unprecedented insight into the lives of ordinary people during 2009, some affected profoundly and others hardly affected at all. By drawing on currents in sociocultural scholarship of narrative, illness narrative, and narrative medicine, it develops a novel “narrative public health” approach that bridges health communications and narrative. The book provides therefore important new insights for health communicators and researchers across the social and health sciences.
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Molloy, Sean. Emergency Law Responses to Covid-19 and the Impact on Peace and Transition Processes. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.24.
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The World Health Organization declared the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020. This global health crisis demanded a quick, decisive and efficient response by governments to protect lives, curb the spread of the virus and prevent public health systems from being overwhelmed. This report explores the way governments undergoing transitions to peace and democracy have triggered emergency legal frameworks to disable some ordinary (democratic) procedures and set aside standard political and legal accountability mechanisms as part of their Covid-19 response. It also provides information about where elections have been postponed or cancelled, and central governments have assumed enhanced responsibilities, which have often included powers otherwise designated to local or regional governments. While the impacts of both the pandemic and the responses to the contagion have been felt globally, they often have quite different consequences in countries attempting peace and democratic transition processes.
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Teller, Adam. Rescue the Surviving Souls. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161747.001.0001.
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A refugee crisis of huge proportions erupted as a result of the mid-seventeenth-century wars in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Tens of thousands of Jews fled their homes, or were captured and trafficked across Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. This is the first book to examine this horrific moment of displacement and flight, and to assess its social, economic, religious, cultural, and psychological consequences. The book traces the entire course of the crisis, shedding fresh light on the refugee experience and the various relief strategies developed by the major Jewish centers of the day. It pays particular attention to those thousands of Jews sent for sale on the slave markets of Istanbul and the extensive transregional Jewish economic network that coalesced to ransom them. It also explores how Jewish communities rallied to support the refugees in central and western Europe, as well as in Poland–Lithuania, doing everything possible to help them overcome their traumatic experiences and rebuild their lives. The book offers an intimate study of an international refugee crisis, from outbreak to resolution, which is profoundly relevant today.
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Elies, van Sliedregt. Part 1 Introduction, 1 Criminal Responsibility in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560363.003.0001.
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The reality of warfare has changed considerably over time. While most, if not all, armed conflicts were once fought between states, many are now fought within states. Particularly since the end of the Cold War the world has witnessed an outbreak of non-international armed conflicts, often of an ethnic nature. Since the laws of war are for the most part still premised on the concept of classic international armed conflict, it proved difficult to fit this law into ‘modern’ war crimes trials dealing with crimes committed during non-international armed conflicts. The criminal law process has therefore ‘updated’ the laws of war. The international criminal judge has brought the realities of modern warfare into line with the purpose of the laws of war (the prevention of unnecessary suffering and the enforcement of ‘fair play’). It is in war crimes law that international humanitarian law has been further developed. This chapter discusses the shift from war crimes law to international criminal law, the concept of state responsibility for individual liability for international crimes, and the nature and sources of international criminal law.
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Lynteris, Christos. Visual Plague. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14413.001.0001.
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How epidemic photography during a global pandemic of bubonic plague contributed to the development of modern epidemiology and our concept of the “pandemic.” In Visual Plague, Christos Lynteris examines the emergence of epidemic photography during the third plague pandemic (1894–1959), a global pandemic of bubonic plague that led to over twelve million deaths. Unlike medical photography, epidemic photography was not exclusively, or even primarily, concerned with exposing the patient's body or medical examinations and operations. Instead, it played a key role in reconceptualizing infectious diseases by visualizing the “pandemic” as a new concept and structure of experience—one that frames and responds to the smallest local outbreak of an infectious disease as an event of global importance and consequence. As the third plague pandemic struck more and more countries, the international circulation of plague photographs in the press generated an unprecedented spectacle of imminent global threat. Nothing contributed to this sense of global interconnectedness, anticipation, and fear more than photography. Exploring the impact of epidemic photography at the time of its emergence, Lynteris highlights its entanglement with colonial politics, epistemologies, and aesthetics, as well as with major shifts in epidemiological thinking and public health practice. He explores the characteristics, uses, and impact of epidemic photography and how it differs from the general corpus of medical photography. The new photography was used not simply to visualize or illustrate a pandemic, but to articulate, respond to, and unsettle key questions of epidemiology and epidemic control, as well as to foster the notion of the “pandemic,” which continues to affect our lives today.
Book chapters on the topic "Outbred lines"
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Hellman, Matilda, Saara Salmivaara, and Janne Stoneham. "Calm chess player or self-aware administrator? How the Finnish and Swedish public health agencies addressed the public during the corona outbreak." In Governing Human Lives and Health in Pandemic Times, 55–80. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003241157-5.
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Incera, André Carrascal, Esteban Fernândez Vázquez, and Mònica Serrano. "Is It the End of World (Trade) as We Know It? Changes in Global Trade Patterns after the Outbreak of COVID-19." In A Triple Bottom Line Analysis of Global Consumption, 51–61. New York: Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003256885-5.
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Iwabuchi, Kazuaki, Kouki Hodama, Yutaka Onishi, Shota Miyazaki, Sae Nakae, and Kan Hiroshi Suzuki. "Covid-19 and Education on the Front Lines in Japan: What Caused Learning Disparities and How Did the Government and Schools Take Initiative?" In Primary and Secondary Education During Covid-19, 125–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81500-4_5.
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AbstractWhile the COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges to the education system of Japan, the government and schools took necessary measures to combat the outbreak and ensure student learning continued. The temporary school closure, following the state of emergency, continued for 2 months, from April through May of 2020. Even after the declaration was lifted in May 2020, schools adopted the new-normal way of operations. By shortening the summer break and holding alternative classes, elementary, junior, and senior high schools, except for universities, returned to normal while the COVID-19 pandemic was settling down, and ended the semester regularly in December 2020. The temporary closure, however, led to a huge disparity in implementing online classes, depending on availability of personal laptops in schools. Many private schools, and a substantial number of public schools established by innovative local governments, such as Saga Prefecture and Shibuya Ward, were successful in transitioning to online learning. However, most public schools were unable to hold online courses due to the lack of facilities both in schools and at student households. Aware of the disparities, the government brought forward a policy initiative to distribute personal PCs to all elementary and junior high school students, and to supply high-speed IT networks to each school, with an expected completion of March 2021. In this chapter, we will explore various disparities in depth, particularly underlining the relationship between ICT environments in schools and the issue of school founders. Additionally, we provide an overview on how the government and schools coped with the crisis, capitalized on the policy initiatives, and utilized available resources. As a concluding remark, we aim to leave room for optimism by taking this pandemic as an opportunity to reconsider and reimagine education. Note: This chapter has nothing to do with operations of organizations that respective authors belong to, and the views expressed in this chapter do not represent organizations’, but are authors’ own.
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Armstrong, John. "An Estimate of the Importance of the British Coastal Liner Trade in the Early Twentieth Century." In The Vital Spark, 223–42. Liverpool University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780986497308.003.0012.
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This chapter attempts to fill in some of the gaps in data in the history of the British coastal liner trade from the beginning of the twentieth century up to the outbreak of the First World War. It explores the various vessels and cargo within the trade; estimates the volume of work performed by coastal liners; and seeks to determine the capacity and frequency of routes used. It provides figures that correlate with previous studies, and suggests in conclusion that the coastal liner trade was made up of three sectors - liner, coal, and the miscellaneous remainder - all of which thrived in Britain during this period.
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"Phokian Desperation: Private And Public In The Outbreak Of The 3rd Sacred War." In Private and Public Lies, 29–38. BRILL, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004187757.i-439.14.
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Heo, Angie. "Epilogue." In Political Lives of Saints, 237–54. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520297975.003.0008.
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The epilogue centers on the Libya Martyrs, the twenty-one migrant laborers who were beheaded in 2015, and the alarming rise of ISIS across North Africa and the Middle East in 2013–14. It shows how the terrorist execution of Copts and its immediate aftermath activated older strands of religious mediation that have been described throughout this book: the communal dynamics of martyr commemoration, Arab nationalism versus Christian Rome as competing referents of political belonging, the outbreak of contests and threats tied to church territory, and the cult making of contemporary martyrs in the Coptic Church. By recounting the Libya Martyrs' various contexts, the epilogue invites reflection on how acts of violence that exceed the Egyptian national frame—through impoverished Coptic migrants and pan-Islamic militant groups—exacerbate old structures of sectarian tension in a new era of post-revolutionary militarization and the global war on terrorism.
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Davies, Peter N. "The Reorganisation of the Company." In The Trade Makers, 229–54. Liverpool University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780968128893.003.0011.
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This chapter documents the establishment of Elder Dempster Lines Limited, a company under the control of Richard Holt, and follows the fluctuations in West African imports and exports in the 1930s. It examines the successes and failures of Elder Dempster in this period by assessing shipping tonnage and financial results, and comparing the data to the growth of rival lines. The chapter concludes with an introduction of Elder Dempster’s entry into commercial aviation as Elders Colonial Airways Limited, a venture that came to an end in the 1940s due to the outbreak of the Second World War.
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Huei, Pang Yang. "Conclusion." In Strait Rituals, 257–82. Hong Kong University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888208302.003.0009.
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Finally, Strait Rituals returns to the three main lines of inquiry: Why did the two confrontations erupt in September 1954 and August 1958? How did each crisis unfold, from outbreak to resolution? What do the two crises reveal about the foreign relations of the PRC, US and ROC in the 1950s? A short thematic approach will be taken to bring all relevant elements together.
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Levine, Philippa. "4. The inequalities of eugenics." In Eugenics: A Very Short introduction, 72–96. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199385904.003.0004.
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The goal of eugenic fitness was intended, at its most utopian, to improve lives, to help eradicate disease and disability, and to foster productivity. In practice, however, eugenics mostly reinforced rather than dissolved existing class prejudices. ‘The inequalities of eugenics’ shows that it was frequently the poor, ill-educated, and minorities whose reproductive capacity and lifestyle came under attack, and it was women’s sexuality rather than men’s that was closely policed. The disparity between falling birthrates in the developed world and rising rates elsewhere also created racial inequalities in eugenic policies. Reproductive fitness was being undermined as those considered unfit outbred their superiors. Class, gender, and race differences were thus all central eugenic concerns.
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Bayram Değer, Vasfiye. "Outbreak Management and COVID-19 Pandemic." In Teamwork in Healthcare. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96335.
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Humanity has battled with various epidemics, pandemics and natural disasters throughout history since it began to live in communities, still continuing to do so. In the past, it was very difficult to overcome many of these phenomena both at global and regional level, and even many people were killed. However, during the plagues, countries attempted to develop a number of strategies, tactics and methods within the scope of combating the epidemic. At this point, these struggles, measures and actions have facilitated prevention and spread of outbreaks, and sometimes they have not been sufficiently efficacious. On the other hand, struggles with epidemics, pandemics and natural disasters, which deeply affect all segments of the society in terms of social, cultural and economic aspects as well as mental and physical health, have been inherited to the present day, becoming a vast accumulation of practices to be re-applied in possible disasters humanity will face. The main point lies in the fact that here is that the struggles fought in traditional societies and modern societies have different characteristics. Especially in those traditional societies where medicine and technology are underdeveloped, the struggles carried out within uncertain constraints have caused pandemics and epidemics to last longer. The modern society we live in today, on the other hand, is on the verge of several risks and threats unlike traditional societies. When we consider the modern society within the risk society approaches, the present risks should also be thoroughly discussed. In this context, epidemics, which are a type of natural disaster, and the methods of combating them should be investigated within the framework of risk and crisis management due to the risks in modern society.
Conference papers on the topic "Outbred lines"
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Zhang, Nan, Xiaolong Wang, Zhewang Ma, and Chun-Ping Chen. "Wideband Bandpass Filter Using Coupled Lines With Multiple Transmission Poles and Good Outband Performance." In 2020 IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC 2020). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apmc47863.2020.9331401.
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Darapaneni, Narayana, Kappilan Chelvarajan, Balamanikandan Maheswaran, V. S. Arun Prasad, S. Kartikeyan, V. Surya Narayani, and Anwesh Reddy Paduri. "COVID-19 OUTBREAK IN INDIA- Flattening the Curve and Raising the Line." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applied Network Technologies (ICMLANT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmlant50963.2020.9355981.
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Adenekan, T. E., and C. Omoye Idiake. "Office Management in the COVID-19 Era 1Adenekan, T." In 27th iSTEAMS-ACity-IEEE International Conference. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v27p28.
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By the time the World Health Organization ("WHO") upgraded the status of the novel Coronavirus Disease (officially known as COVID-19) outbreak from an epidemic to a global pandemic on 11th March, 2020, the virus had already travelled beyond Wuhan, China, its point of original outbreak in December 2019 and crossed international borders. Given the rapid rate of infection and increasing number of deaths in the wake of the unprecedented spread of the virus, various emergency measures were urgently deployed by local, state, national and multilateral authorities to contain the outbreak. Besides being a public health crisis, COVID-19 continues to trigger severe social and economic consequences for individuals, corporates and governments across the world. Specifically, offices were closed for several months, during this period, the office management took another dimension whereby offices are operated on-line and virtually. This paper analyses the key socio-economic consequences of COVID-19 on office Management, and measures taken by Office managers for mitigating its effect on the operations of organizations. Keywords: Office Management, COVID-19 era, Organizations.
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Matić Bošković, Marina, and Svetlana Nenadić. "IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS ACCROSS EUROPE." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18307.
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Last year the Europe and world were facing with COVID-19 outbreak that put at the risk lives of the people and capability of healthcare systems to provide their services. To prevent spread of the COVID-19 governments have imposed restrictive measures, while some of them declared state of emergency. The response to the pandemic influenced on the functioning of the criminal justice system and daily operation of courts, but also on the substantive criminal law since some states are applying criminal law to violation of restrictive measures or to criminalizing disinformation on COVID-19 outbreak. Outbreak of COVID-19 revealed new trends in criminal law like accelerated introduction of new crimes during pandemic, extremely flexible interpretation and rapid changes of criminal laws, which tend to be threat for legal stability and human rights protection. In addition, populist governments tend to use that new trend as a tool in suppression of political dissidents. COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedent challenges to the functioning of judiciaries. Courts and prosecution services were working with limited capacities to ensure social distancing. Some countries introduced ICT tools and fast-track procedures to organize hearings, which raised question of procedural rights and protection of rights of defendant. In the article authors assessed whether derogation of fair trial rights was in the line with standards of international human rights law and if introduction of state of emergency and restrictions were proportionate, time limited and needed and whether they changed understanding of the fundamental rights protection, especially right to a fair trial. Furthermore, authors explore whether COVID 19 changed perception of criminal law and legal certainty. Authors assessed how restrictions in the organization of judiciary work influenced on human rights protection and citizens trust in judiciary. Consequently, authors assesses whether some of introduces changes, especially use of ICT tools made permanent changes in operation of courts and understanding of access to justice. Finally, authors are assessing whether these changes tend to erode judiciaries or put into the risk access to justice in the EU members states and candidate countries or whether they jeopardized EU principle of mutual trust.
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Ercan, Tuğçe Şimşekalp, and Gizem Günlü. "Risks of Construction Projects and Digital Practices in the COVID-19 Outbreak." In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021tr0054n10.
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As the COVID-19 outbreak affected the whole world, the epidemic had positive and negative effects on the construction industry. Epidemic; Information leakage with working from home conditions, problems of logistics chains for the transportation of materials to the construction site, has brought along special risks according to many new processes. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on construction projects, new risks that occur and applications used against these risks together with digital tools. In the literature, the importance of innovative digital technologies for risk management is emphasized. In this study; It reduces the epidemic-specific risks that occur in the construction projects of innovative digital applications; how, why and which actors were involved. In this context, one-to-one interviews and a survey field study were conducted with construction industry experts for data collection. This research; It will guide the future positions of the sector by identifying and classifying new risks that occur specific to the COVID-19 outbreak process in the construction sector, and analyzing which digital tools and methods to be used to cope with these risks. In line with the research, it will be ensured that construction companies are better prepared against the threats and opportunities posed by the risks.
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Rogaleva, Liudmila, Tatiana Iancheva, Victor Gail, Mikhail Boyarskiy, Rustam Valeev, Liudmila Boyarskaya, and Roman Vichuzhanin. "Psychological States of Students under the Quarantine Regime during Covid-19 Outbreak Period." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-78.
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The pandemic caused by Covid-19 has had a significant impact on all areas of people’s lives, including education. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of social and gender factors on the psychological state of students facing a situation of uncertainty, changing conditions of activity and communication caused by the quarantine regime. The article includes a theoretical review and the results of a study conducted during the period of social exclusion introduced in the country to contain the spread of Covid-19 in April 2020. The data collection took the form of an online survey in which students from the Ural Federal University and the Ural Technological College in Yekaterinburg participated. A total of 81 students (38 females and 43 males) took part in the study. The methods used were a sociodemographic questionnaire (Aurelio Olmedilla, 2020) and an adapted Russian-language version of the Profile of Psychological States (McNair, Lorr, Droppleman, 1971). Mathematical processing of the results was carried out with use of the Student’s t-criterion. The results of the study revealed a slight increase in negative states in most students, above all an increase in the state of tension. At the same time, the obtained results revealed statistically significant differences in the psychological states of students depending on the extent of their involvement in sport, gender and the number of people living together. Further research could focus on the role of personal determinants in influencing students’ psychological states.
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Kapadia, Ramesh, and Ayse Aysin Bilgin. "Learning From COVID-19." In Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. International Association for Statistical Education, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t6c3.
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People’s lives have been severely disrupted by COVID-19, with high numbers in hospitals and many deaths after the initial outbreak in China. If the efforts of many statistics educators were fulfilled to increase the number of statistically literate citizens who can make evidence-based decisions based on accurate data, we may have had lower infection and death rates. Unfortunately, the data is rather unreliable, especially with the use of self-testing and reporting. In this paper, we assert that statistics requires context to quantify risk. We present data and a summary of developments in Australia and England with the hope that case studies can be developed for students to understand risk better.
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Batailly, Alain, Mathias Legrand, Antoine Millecamps, and Francois Garcin. "Numerical Study of a Rotor/Stator Interaction Case Experimentally Simulated With an Industrial Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68173.
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Higher aircraft energy efficiency may be achieved by minimizing the clearance between the rotating blade tips and respective surrounding casing. A common technical solution consists in the implementation of an abradable liner which improves both the operational safety and the efficiency of modern turbomachines. Recently, unexpected abradable wear removal mechanisms were observed in experimental set-ups and during maintenance procedures. The present study introduces a numerical strategy capable to address this occurrence. After focusing on the analysis of the experimental results, the good agreement between experimental observations and numerical results is illustrated in terms of critical stress levels within the blade as well as final wear profiles of the abradable liner. New blade designs are also explored in order to assess the impact of blade design on the outbreak of the interaction phenomenon. The prevalence of three dominant parameters in the interaction onset is shown: (1) blade design, (2) abradable material mechanical properties and (3) the need for a global distortion of the casing to synchronize blade-tip/abradable coating contacts.
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ZHANG, YUNRUI. "STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH NEWS REPORT ON PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY FROM THE LEVEL OF SYNTAX." In 2021 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED EDUCATION AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (AEIM 2021). Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtssehs/aeim2021/35967.
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Abstract. COVID-19, which has spread rapidly and enveloped most of the world from the year 2020, is a global public health crisis the likes of which we have not seen in a century. Today, COVID-19 still remains to be brought under full control at the global level. Since the epidemic outbreak, various mass media report the COVID-19 timely and clearly, among which newspaper is a common and major one to report the epidemic situation. Randomly taking plenty of examples on COVID-19 from China Daily, this paper made a stylistic analysis on English news report of public health emergency from the level of syntax. Through analysing, the writer hopes that it can enlarges the research scope of news report, and deepens the people’s recognition on English news report of public health emergency.
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Dash, Bibhu, and Pawankumar Sharma. "Impact of Digitalization on Shaping Consumer-Centered Smart Healthcare System - A Comprehensive Study." In 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing and Applications. Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.122313.
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We are on the verge of the Fourth Industrial revolution, in which digitalization, data analytics, and insights play a critical role in our daily lives. The COVID-19 outbreak has created unprecedented uncertainty for many firms. Healthcare organizations across the care continuum were confronted with new difficulties, forcing them to learn swiftly, adapt, and reinvent the way they offer traditional care. As a result, the notion of cost-effective, anytime, and anyplace care has entered the mainstream, forever altering the rate at which we obtain healthcare. As a result, healthcare industries across the globe started to rethink their tactics to be ready for the future and this new breed of customer demand. With rapid technological evolution, this paper analyzes the trends and recent shifts in the healthcare industry and how it is trying to be more customerresponsive by using emerging technologies.
Reports on the topic "Outbred lines"
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Gallego, Sonsoles, Isabel Garrido, and Ignacio Hernando. IMF precautionary facilities and their use in Latin America. Madrid: Banco de España, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/29609.
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Between 2009 and 2010, in response to the global financial crisis, the International Monetary Fund created a number of lending tools to pre-empt and insure against crises. These pre-emptive facilities were intended for countries with sound economic fundamentals and policies, but with exposure to financial contagion risks. The use of these instruments (in terms of number of countries) was limited during the first ten years of their existence, but with the outbreak of the pandemic three Latin American countries applied to use them. An assessment of these lines suggests they have performed the insurance function for which they were conceived. In anticipation of the forthcoming review of these credit lines, and in the light of recent experience, possible reasons for the limited demand are analysed and relevant factors are suggested for the design of “exit strategies”, the aspect of their use that has attracted most attention.
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Lu, Tianjun, Jian-yu Ke, Fynnwin Prager, and Jose N. Martinez. “TELE-commuting” During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: Unveiling State-wide Patterns and Trends of Telecommuting in Relation to Transportation, Employment, Land Use, and Emissions in Calif. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2147.
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Telecommuting, the practice of working remotely at home, increased significantly (25% to 35%) early in the COVID-19 pandemic. This shift represented a major societal change that reshaped the family, work, and social lives of many Californians. These changes also raise important questions about what factors influenced telecommuting before, during, and after COVID-19, and to what extent changes in telecommuting have influenced transportation patterns across commute modes, employment, land use, and environment. The research team conducted state-level telecommuting surveys using a crowd-sourced platform (i.e., Amazon Mechanical Turk) to obtain valid samples across California (n=1,985) and conducted state-level interviews among stakeholders (n=28) across ten major industries in California. The study leveraged secondary datasets and developed regression and time-series models. Our surveys found that, compared to pre-pandemic levels, more people had a dedicated workspace at home and had received adequate training and support for telecommuting, became more flexible to choose their own schedules, and had improved their working performance—but felt isolated and found it difficult to separate home and work life. Our interviews suggested that telecommuting policies were not commonly designed and implemented until COVID-19. Additionally, regression analyses showed that telecommuting practices have been influenced by COVID-19 related policies, public risk perception, home prices, broadband rates, and government employment. This study reveals advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting and unveils the complex relationships among the COVID-19 outbreak, transportation systems, employment, land use, and emissions as well as public risk perception and economic factors. The study informs statewide and regional policies to adapt to the new patterns of telecommuting.
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Willis, C., F. Jorgensen, S. A. Cawthraw, H. Aird, S. Lai, M. Chattaway, I. Lock, E. Quill, and G. Raykova. A survey of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and antimicrobial resistance in frozen, part-cooked, breaded or battered poultry products on retail sale in the United Kingdom. Food Standards Agency, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xvu389.
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Frozen, breaded, ready-to-cook chicken products have been implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis. Some of these outbreaks can be large. For example, one outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis involved 193 people in nine countries between 2018 and 2020, of which 122 cases were in the UK. These ready-to-cook products have a browned, cooked external appearance, which may be perceived as ready-to-eat, leading to mishandling or undercooking by consumers. Continuing concerns about these products led FSA to initiate a short-term (four month), cross-sectional surveillance study undertaken in 2021 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in frozen, breaded or battered chicken products on retail sale in the UK. This study sought to obtain data on AMR levels in Salmonella and E. coli in these products, in line with a number of other FSA instigated studies of the incidence and nature of AMR in the UK food chain, for example, the systematic review (2016). Between the beginning of April and the end of July 2021, 310 samples of frozen, breaded or battered chicken products containing either raw or partly cooked chicken, were collected using representative sampling of retailers in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland based on market share data. Samples included domestically produced and imported chicken products and were tested for E. coli (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant E. coli) and Salmonella spp. One isolate of each bacterial type from each contaminated sample was randomly selected for additional AMR testing to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for a range of antimicrobials. More detailed analysis based on Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data was used to further characterise Salmonella spp. isolates and allow the identification of potential links with human isolates. Salmonella spp. were detected in 5 (1.6%) of the 310 samples and identified as Salmonella Infantis (in three samples) and S. Java (in two samples). One of the S. Infantis isolates fell into the same genetic cluster as S. Infantis isolates from three recent human cases of infection; the second fell into another cluster containing two recent cases of infection. Countries of origin recorded on the packaging of the five Salmonella contaminated samples were Hungary (n=1), Ireland (n=2) and the UK (n=2). One S. Infantis isolate was multi-drug resistant (i.e. resistant to three different classes of antimicrobials), while the other Salmonella isolates were each resistant to at least one of the classes of antimicrobials tested. E. coli was detected in 113 samples (36.4%), with counts ranging from <3 to >1100 MPN (Most Probable Number)/g. Almost half of the E. coli isolates (44.5%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 20.0% of E. coli isolates. E. coli isolates demonstrating the ESBL (but not AmpC) phenotype were detected in 15 of the 310 samples (4.8%) and the AmpC phenotype alone was detected in two of the 310 samples (0.6%) of chicken samples. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing showed that five of the 15 (33.3%) ESBL-producing E. coli carried blaCTX-M genes (CTX-M-1, CTX-M-55 or CTX-M-15), which confer resistance to third generation cephalosporin antimicrobials. One E. coli isolate demonstrated resistance to colistin and was found to possess the mcr-1 gene. The five Salmonella-positive samples recovered from this study, and 20 similar Salmonella-positive samples from a previous UKHSA (2020/2021) study (which had been stored frozen), were subjected to the cooking procedures described on the sample product packaging for fan assisted ovens. No Salmonella were detected in any of these 25 samples after cooking. The current survey provides evidence of the presence of Salmonella in frozen, breaded and battered chicken products in the UK food chain, although at a considerably lower incidence than reported in an earlier (2020/2021) study carried out by PHE/UKHSA as part of an outbreak investigation where Salmonella prevalence was found to be 8.8%. The current survey also provides data on the prevalence of specified AMR bacteria found in the tested chicken products on retail sale in the UK. It will contribute to monitoring trends in AMR prevalence over time within the UK, support comparisons with data from other countries, and provide a baseline against which to monitor the impact of future interventions. While AMR activity was observed in some of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. examined in this study, the risk of acquiring AMR bacteria from consumption of these processed chicken products is low if the products are cooked thoroughly and handled hygienically.
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Monetary Policy Report - July de 2021. Banco de la República, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2021.
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Macroeconomic summary The Colombian economy sustained numerous shocks in the second quarter, pri¬marily related to costs and supply. The majority of these shocks were unantic¬ipated or proved more persistent than expected, interrupting the recovery in economic activity observed at the beginning of the year and pushing overall inflation above the target. Core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) increased but remained low, in line with the technical staff’s expectations. A third wave of the pandemic, which became more severe and prolonged than the previous outbreak, began in early April. This had both a high cost in terms of human life and a negative impact on Colombia's economic recovery. Between May and mid-June roadblocks and other disruptions to public order had a sig¬nificant negative effect on economic activity and inflation. The combination and magnitude of these two shocks likely led to a decline in gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the first quarter. Roadblocks also led to a significant in¬crease in food prices. The accumulated effects of global disruptions to certain value chains and increased international freight transportation prices, which since the end of 2020 have restricted supply and increased costs, also affected Colombia’s economy. The factors described above, which primarily affected the consumer price index (CPI) for goods and foods, explain to a significant degree the technical staff’s forecast errors and the increase in overall inflation above the 3% target. By contrast, increases in core inflation and in prices for regulated items were in line with the technical staff’s expectations, and can be explained largely by the elimination of various price relief measures put in place last year. An increase in perceived sovereign risk and the upward pressures that this im¬plies on international financing costs and the exchange rate were further con¬siderations. Despite significant negative shocks, economic growth in the first half of the year (9.1%) is now expected to be significantly higher than projected in the April re¬port (7.1%), a sign of a more dynamic economy that could recover more quickly than previously forecast. Diverse economic activity figures have indicated high¬er-than-expected growth since the end of 2020. This suggests that the negative effects on output from recurring waves of COVID-19 have grown weaker and less long-lasting with subsequent outbreaks. Nevertheless, the third wave of the coro¬navirus, and to an even greater degree the previously mentioned roadblocks and disruptions to public order, likely led to a decline in GDP in the second quar¬ter compared to the first. Despite this, data from the monthly economic tracking indicator (ISE) for April and May surpassed expectations, and new sector-level measures of economic activity suggest that the negative impact of the pandemic on output continues to moderate, amid reduced restrictions on mobility and im¬provements in the pace of vaccination programs. Freight transportation registers (June) and unregulated energy demand (July), among other indicators, suggest a significant recovery following the roadblocks in May. Given the above, annual GDP growth in the second quarter is expected to have been around 17.3% (previously 15.8%), explained in large part by a low basis of comparison. The technical staff revised its growth projection for 2021 upward from 6% to 7.5%. This forecast, which comes with an unusually high degree of uncertain¬ty, assumes no additional disruptions to public order and that any new waves of COVID-19 will not have significant additional negative effects on economic activity. Recovery in international demand, price levels for some of Colombia’s export com¬modities, and remittances from workers abroad have all performed better than projected in the previous report. This dynamic is expected to continue to drive recovery in the national income over the rest of the year. Continued ample international liquidity, an acceleration in vacci¬nation programs, and low interest rates can also be ex¬pected to favor economic activity. Improved performance in the second quarter, which led to an upward growth revision for all components of spending, is expected to continue, with the economy returning to 2019 production levels at the end of 2021, earlier than estimated in the April report. This forecast continues to account for the short-term effects on aggregate demand of a tax reform package along the lines of what is currently being pro-posed by the national government. Given the above, the central forecast scenario in this report projects growth in 2021 of 7.5% and in 2022 of 3.1% (Graph 1.1). In this scenar¬io, economic activity would nonetheless remain below potential. The noted improvement in these projections comes with a high degree of uncertainty. Annual inflation increased more than expected in June (3.63%) as a result of changes in food prices, while growth in core inflation (1.87%) was similar to projections.