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Journal articles on the topic 'Out-of-plane shear'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Hajgató, Balázs, Songül Güryel, Yves Dauphin, Jean-Marie Blairon, Hans E. Miltner, Gregory Van Lier, Frank De Proft, and Paul Geerlings. "Out-of-plane shear and out-of plane Young’s modulus of double-layer graphene." Chemical Physics Letters 564 (March 2013): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2013.02.018.

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2

Tsai, Jia Lin, and Jui Ching Kuo. "Strain Rate Effect on Out of Plane Shear Strength of Fiber Composites." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.725.

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This research aims to investigate strain rate effect on the out of plane shear strength of unidirectional fiber composites. Both glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy composites were considered in this study. To demonstrate strain rate effect, composite brick specimens were fabricated and tested to failure in the transverse direction at strain ranges from 10-4/s to 700/s. Experimental observations reveal that the main failure mechanism of the specimens is the out of plane shear failure taking place on the plane oriented around 30 to 35 degree to the loading direction. The corresponding out-of-plane shear strength was obtained from the uniaxial failure stress through Mohr-Coulomb strength analysis. In addition, the associated shear strain rate on the failure plane was calculated through the coordinate transformation law. Results show that the out-plane shear strength increases with the increment of the shear train rates. A semi-logarithmic function expressed in terms of the normalized shear strain rate was employed to describe the rate dependence of the out-plane shear strength.

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3

Tsai, C. L., and I. M. Daniel. "Determination of in-plane and out-of-plane shear moduli of composite materials." Experimental Mechanics 30, no. 3 (September 1990): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02322825.

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4

Derfel, Grzegorz. "Out of shear plane deformations in nematic liquid crystals." Liquid Crystals 10, no. 5 (November 1991): 647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678299108241732.

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5

Rahman, MD Tanvir, Mahmud Ashraf, Kazem Ghabraie, and Mahbube Subhani. "Evaluating Timoshenko Method for Analyzing CLT under Out-of-Plane Loading." Buildings 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10100184.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product made up of layers of structurally graded timber, where subsequent layers are oriented orthogonally to each other. In CLT, the layers oriented in transverse direction, generally termed as cross-layer, are subjected to shear in radial–tangential plane, which is commonly known as rolling shear. As the shear modulus of cross-layers is significantly lower than that in other planes, CLT exhibits higher shear deformation under out-of-plane loading in contrast to other engineered wood products such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and glue laminated timber (GLT). Several analytical methods such as Timoshenko, modified gamma and shear analogy methods were proposed to account for this excessive shear deformation in CLT. This paper focuses on the effectiveness of Timoshenko method in hybrid CLT, in which hardwood cross-layers are used due to their higher rolling shear modulus. A comprehensive numerical study was conducted and obtained results were carefully analyzed for a range of hybrid combinations. It was observed that Timoshenko method could not accurately predict the shear response of CLTs with hardwood cross layers. Comprehensive parametric analysis was conducted to generate reliable numerical results, which were subsequently used to propose modified design equations for hybrid CLTs.

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6

Yıldırım, V. "In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Free Vibration Analysis of Archimedes-Type Spiral Springs." Journal of Applied Mechanics 64, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2788928.

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The in-plane and out-of-plane free vibration frequencies of Archimedes-type spiral springs are computed by the transfer matrix method. Taking into account the effects of the axial and the shear deformations and the rotary inertia, the overall dynamic transfer matrix is computed up to any desired numerical accuracy by the complementary functions method. Since there are no restrictions for the number of coils and for the form of the spring (close-coiled or open-coiled), the presented method is general. After having verified the soundness of the computer program devised, the effects of the number of coils, of the axial and shear deformations, of rotary inertia and of the boundary conditions on the frequencies are also investigated.

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7

Gieschke, P., and O. Paul. "CMOS-integrated Sensor chip for in-plane and out-of-plane shear stress." Procedia Engineering 5 (2010): 1364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.09.368.

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8

NI, QingQing, and Shoichi KATAOKA. "Shear Buckling Analysis on Laminated Composite Plates with Out-of-Plane Shear Deformation." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 64, no. 618 (1998): 522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.64.522.

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9

Al-Gabri, B. N. A., A. B. Nabilah, F. N. A. Abdul Aziz, and I. A. Karim. "Numerical analysis of out-of-plane deformation of shear wall." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (November 25, 2019): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012001.

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10

Wu, Linzhi, and Penglin Gao. "Manipulation of the propagation of out-of-plane shear waves." International Journal of Solids and Structures 69-70 (September 2015): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.05.012.

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11

Theobald, Pete T., and F. Dar. "AE Sensor Calibration for Out-of-Plane and In-Plane Displacement Sensitivity." Advanced Materials Research 13-14 (February 2006): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.13-14.91.

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This paper proposes a method for both the out-of-plane and in-plane displacement sensitivity calibration of an acoustic emission (AE) sensor. In the method, a laser homodyne interferometer is used to measure the out-of-plane and in-plane displacement of the surface of a large test block excited by a repeatable source transducer. The out-of-plane displacement is measured by aligning the laser beam perpendicular to the surface with time gating of the receive waveform used to isolate only the direct arrival of the longitudinal wave produced by the piston source transducer. For the in-plane displacement measurement, the laser beam is aligned parallel to the surface to intersect a small optically reflective step with the time waveform being gated to measure only the direct shear arrival produced using a normal incidence shear wave source transducer. In each case, the interferometer measurement is followed by coupling the sensor under test to the measurement surface, which is then exposed to the same acoustic field and the sensor output signal measured. This substitution method allows the sensor sensitivity to be obtained in terms of volts per unit displacement for both the out-of-plane and in-plane surface displacement. The method allows a comprehensive description of an AE sensor response to different planes of displacement and offers the potential for a traceable sensor calibration to units of length.

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12

Melrose, G., and S. Davidson. "Out of plane shear of a cracked rectangular orthotropic block." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 29, no. 6 (January 1988): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(88)90166-x.

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13

Yoshihara, Hiroshi, Momoka Wakahara, Masahiro Yoshinobu, and Makoto Maruta. "Torsional Vibration Tests of Extruded Polystyrene with Improved Accuracy in Determining the Shear Modulus." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 13, 2022): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061148.

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Recently, extruded polystyrene (XPS) foam has been used as a component of construction materials; therefore, it is important to characterize its mechanical properties, including shear modulus. Despite the importance, it is often difficult to determine the shear modulus accurately by using many of the conventional methods; therefore, it is desirable to establish another method to measure the shear modulus with a high accuracy. Among various methods, torsional vibration test is advantageous because it can be performed easily under the pure shear stress condition in the test sample and both the in-plane and out-of-plane shear moduli can be obtained. However, it is difficult to find any examples performing the torsional vibration tests. In this study, the in-plane and out-of-plane shear moduli of XPS were determined through torsional vibration tests using samples of various widths. In addition, the shear moduli were also determined through flexural vibration tests and compared with those obtained from the torsional vibration tests. In the torsional vibration tests, the anisotropy in these shear moduli became an obstacle, and the in-plane shear modulus determined using a single sample was often dependent on the width/thickness ratio of the sample. In this condition, the coefficient of variation of the in-plane shear modulus value was often close to 10%. However, when using data obtained from the samples with various width/thickness ratios, both the in-plane and out-of-plane shear moduli could be obtained while reducing the abovementioned dependence. Additionally, the coefficients of variation were restricted to those below 2% and 7% for the in-plane and out-of-plane shear moduli, respectively, and these values were obviously lower than those obtained from the flexural vibration tests (approximately 20%). In the proposed method, both the in-plane and out-of-plane shear moduli can be obtained accurately without using any numerical analyses, which are often required in the standardized methods to improve the accuracy. Thus, for accurate measurement of both types of shear moduli of XPS, we recommend performing torsional vibration tests using a range of samples of various width/thickness ratios.

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14

Lemke, Benjamin, Marc Baumann, Pascal Gieschke, Rajashree Baskaran, and Oliver Paul. "Piezoresistive CMOS-compatible sensor for out-of-plane shear stress." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 189 (January 2013): 488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2012.10.014.

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15

Yogeshvaran, R. N., B. G. Liu, F. Farukh, and K. Kandan. "Out-of-Plane Compressive Response of Additively Manufactured Cross-Ply Composites." Journal of Mechanics 36, no. 2 (March 6, 2020): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2019.59.

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ABSTRACTDigital manufacturing was employed to 3D print continuous Carbon, Glass and Kevlar fibre reinforced composites in Unidirectional (UD) [0°], Off-axis ±45° and Cross-ply [0°/90°] layup sequence. These 3D printed composites were subjected to quasi-static, in-plane tension and out-of-plane (compression and shear) loading. The tensile strength of 3D printed Carbon, Glass and Kevlar UD laminates was significantly lower than that of 3D printing filaments used to manufacture them. The type of fibre (brittle/ductile) reinforcement was found to be governing the shear yield strength of 3D printed composites despite having the same Nylon matrix in all the composites. Out-of-plane compressive strength of the 3D printed Carbon and Glass fibre reinforced composites was independent of specimen size. Contrary to that, Kevlar fibre composites showed a pronounced size effect upon their out-of-plane compressive strength. A combination of X-ray tomography and pressure film measurements revealed that the fibres in 3D printed composites failed by ‘indirect tension’ mechanism which governed their out-of-plane compressive strength. To gain further insights on the experimental observations, Finite Element (FE) simulations were carried out using a pressure-dependent crystal plasticity framework, in conjunction with an analytical model based on shear-lag approach. Both FE and analytical model accurately predicted the out-of-plane compressive strength of all (Carbon, Glass and Kevlar fibre reinforced) 3D printed composites.

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16

Yang, Yue, Jingbo Liu, Xin Nie, and Jiansheng Fan. "Experimental Research on Out-of-Plane Cyclic Behavior of Steel-Plate Composite Walls." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 10, no. 01 (January 31, 2016): 1650001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431116500019.

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Three steel-plate composite walls were tested under reversal loads. The primary purpose of this experiment was to investigate the out-of-plane behavior of steel-plate composite walls under seismic actions, including the failure modes, hysteretic behavior, strength, and stiffness while emphasizing the effects of shear span, connection details, and thickness of the steel plates. All specimens showed some pinching effect in the hysteresis loops. Both shear failure and flexural failure occurred in the tests depending on the shear span and steel plate thickness of the specimens. All surface steel plates of the specimens remained unbuckled before yielding during the loading process, which indicated that the ratio of connector spacing to surface steel plate thickness adopted for the specimens satisfied the requirement of yielding before buckling. The test results also showed that the tie bars contributed significantly to the out-of-plane shear strength of the steel-plate composite walls.

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17

Choi, S. R., K. S. Lee, and Y. Y. Earmme. "Analysis of a Kinked Interfacial Crack Under Out-of-Plane Shear." Journal of Applied Mechanics 61, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901418.

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A kinked interfacial crack under out-of-plane shear is analyzed where a straight interfacial crack is kinked into material 1 out of the interface. Employing the Wiener- Hopf technique, the solution is obtained in a closed form. Discontinuity in the stress intensity factor as the kink angle to approaches zero is found, while the energy release rate is shown to be continuous at ω = 0. The limit case of the kinked length b approaching zero is also investigated. The result shows that the stress field has 1/r singularity and the energy release rate at b = 0+ is enhanced at some ω if the crack kinks into the more compliant material.

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18

KUMAGAI, Hitoshi, Yasushi NUKUI, Akira IMAMURA, Takeshi TERAYAMA, Tetsuya HAGIWARA, and Isao KOJIMA. "OUT-OF-PLANE ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH OF RC MAT-SLAB FOUNDATIONS." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 76, no. 659 (2011): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.76.131.

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19

deBotton, G., and I. Hariton. "Out-of-plane shear deformation of a neo-Hookean fiber composite." Physics Letters A 354, no. 1-2 (May 2006): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2006.01.046.

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20

Salem, Shady, Mohamed Ezzeldin, Wael El-Dakhakhni, and Michael Tait. "Out-of-Plane Behavior of Load-Bearing Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls." Journal of Structural Engineering 145, no. 11 (November 2019): 04019127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002403.

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21

Formisano, Antonio, Luca Boccarusso, Massimo Durante, and Antonio Langella. "Punch tool based out-of-plane shear behaviour of GFRP composites." Composite Structures 163 (March 2017): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.12.048.

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22

Kamil Tanrikulu, A., Yalcin Mengi, and Dogan Turhan. "Propagation of out-of-plane shear waves in an elastic layer." Applied Acoustics 37, no. 3 (1992): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-682x(92)90003-b.

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23

Shmuel, G., and G. deBotton. "Out-of-plane shear of fiber composites at moderate stretch levels." Journal of Engineering Mathematics 68, no. 1 (November 13, 2009): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10665-009-9352-5.

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24

Niederwestberg, Jan, Jianhui Zhou, and Ying-Hei Chui. "Comparison of Theoretical and Laboratory Out-of-Plane Shear Stiffness Values of Cross Laminated Timber Panels." Buildings 8, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8100146.

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The lay-up of cross laminated timber (CLT) leads to significant differences in properties over its cross-section. Particularly the out-of-plane shear behavior of CLT is affected by the changes in shear moduli over the cross-section. Results from laboratory shear tests are used to evaluate the shear stiffness of 3- and 5-layer CLT panels in their major and minor strength direction. The results are compared to calculated shear stiffness values on evaluated single-layer properties as well as commonly used property ratios using the Timoshenko beam theory and the shear analogy method. Differences between the two calculation approaches are pointed out. The shear stiffness is highly sensitive to the ratio of the shear modulus parallel to the grain to the shear modulus perpendicular to the grain. The stiffness values determined from two test measurements are compared with the calculated results. The level of agreement is dependent on the number of layers in CLT and the property axis of the CLT panels.

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25

Hong, Sung-Gul, Wonki Kim, Kyung-Jin Lee, Namhee Kim Hong, and Dong-Hun Lee. "Out-of-Plane Shear Strength of Steel-Plate-Reinforced Concrete Walls Dependent on Bond Behavior." Journal of Disaster Research 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2010.p0385.

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This paper investigates the out-of-plane shear behavior of composite steel-plate-reinforced concrete walls (SC walls) and proposes their shear-strength-models based on plasticity theory limit analysis. For speedy, modular construction, SC walls are fabricated using double-skin steel plates with welded shear studs and sandwiching concrete between them. A review of current design formulas provides better understanding of bond-stress-dependent shear behavior relying on studs of SC walls. We conducted experiments on bondstrength-dependent arch and/or truss action to verify proposed shear-strength models with test results. Test results, including those from literature, agreed well with the strength anticipated by proposed formulas.

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26

Yashiro, Shigeki, and Keiji Ogi. "Experimental study on shear-dominant fiber failure in CFRP laminates by out-of-plane shear loading." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 1337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318801454.

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Understanding the shear behavior and resulting fiber failure of fiber-reinforced plastics is required for better prediction of their behavior during the machining process, but knowledge regarding the shear strength of fiber failure is limited. In this study, out-of-plane shear tests were conducted to observe the shear behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic laminates subjected to high shear stress exceeding the shear strength of matrix failure. The longitudinal fibers in carbon fiber-reinforced plastic unidirectional laminates were cut by shear loading without severe internal damage and the maximum shear stress causing progressive fiber breaks was much higher than the shear strength of matrix failure. This result suggested the possibility of out-of-plane shearing as a machining method for fiber-reinforced plastics and shear tests were subsequently performed for carbon fiber-reinforced plastic cross-ply laminates. Delamination was generated by high shear stress to cut the reinforcing fibers, but the size of the remaining damage was small even in the thermoset carbon fiber-reinforced plastic laminates in which delamination likely occurs, without any optimization of the trimming conditions.

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27

Guo, Quanquan, Peiyao Zhang, Lieang Yang, and Elhem Ghorbel. "Experimental Investigation on Out-of-Plane Flexural and Shear Performance of Half Steel-Concrete Slabs." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (September 29, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8868826.

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Half steel-concrete slabs have been used in nuclear power plants and high-rise buildings as floor and roof panels. In order to study the failure mechanism, fifteen one-way Half-SC slabs with different steel faceplate thicknesses, stud numbers, shear span ratios, and volume tie bar ratios were tested under three-point or four-point loading. Mid-span deflections, strains of steel faceplate and concrete, and slippage between concrete and steel faceplate were measured. The result shows that Half-SC slabs exhibited four types of failure mode: flexure, shear, balanced, and interface slippage failure. Flexural failure was initiated by the tensile yield of the steel plate and followed by concrete crushing, which was similar to reinforced concrete slabs. In shear failure, when the shear span ratio is greater than 1.5, the steel plate in the shear-compression zone would achieve yield strength, and the ultimate failure is caused by the concrete crushing between the loading point and the support or by excessive plastic deformation of steel faceplate. This is significantly different from that of the reinforced concrete slabs. The increases in the volume tie bar ratio could postpone the occurrence of shear failure and even converted failure mode to flexural failure. The flexural strength was calculated. Based on a tie-arch model, the calculation equation of shear strength was proposed. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data. Besides, these formulas were a good predictor of the transition between bending failure and shear failure with the shear span ratio.

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28

Chen, Zhihua, Jingshu Wu, Jiadi Liu, and Chenghe Hu. "Out-of-Plane Bending and Shear Behaviors of Steel Plate-Concrete Walls for Nuclear Power Plants." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (May 11, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2765193.

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The steel plate-concrete structure, with its advantages of modular construction, good seismic capacity, and strong impact resistance, has been gradually replacing the reinforced concrete structure in the containment vessel and internal workshop structure of nuclear power plants in recent years. In this study, the out-of-plane single-point loading test and parametric finite element simulation analysis were conducted on five steel plate-concrete wall slab specimens with different stud spacings, shear span ratios, and steel contents. Results showed that the steel plate-concrete wall slab under the out-of-plane load had the same failure mode as that of an ordinary reinforced concrete wall. The out-of-plane shear capacity of the steel plate-concrete wall slab increased significantly in the case of numerous studs. With the increase in shear span ratio, steel plate-concrete members suffered a bending failure. When the steel content was low, they had diagonal tension failure, such as a rare-reinforced concrete wall. The out-of-plane bending and shear mechanism of the steel plate-concrete shear wall was studied theoretically, and the calculation formulas of the bending and shearing capacities were derived.

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29

Kim, Taehyoun, and Satya N. Atluri. "Interlaminar stresses in composite laminates under out-of-plane shear/bending." AIAA Journal 32, no. 8 (August 1994): 1700–1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.12162.

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30

Zehnder, Viz, and Potdar. "Fatigue fracture in plates in tension and out-of-plane shear." Fatigue Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 23, no. 5 (May 2000): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-2695.2000.00301.x.

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31

CONSIDINE, JOHN M., DAVID W. VAHEY, ROLAND GLEISNER, ALAN RUDIE, SABINE ROLLAND DU ROSCOAT, and JEAN-FRANCIS BLOCH. "Z-direction fiber orientation in paperboard." October 2010 9, no. 10 (November 1, 2010): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj9.10.25.

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This work evaluated the use of conventional tests to show beneficial attributes of z-direction fiber orientation (ZDFO) for structural paperboards. A survey of commercial linerboards indicated the presence of ZDFO in one material that had higher Taber stiffness, out-of-plane shear strength, directional dependence of Scott internal bond strength and directional brightness. Laboratory handsheets were made with a specialized procedure to produce ZDFO. Handsheets with ZDFO had higher out-of-plane shear strength than handsheets formed conventionally. Materials with high out-of-plane shear strength had greater bending stiffness and compressive strength because of their ability to resist shear deformations.

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32

LEE, BYOUNG KOO, TAE EUN LEE, ATHOL J. CARR, and SANG JIN OH. "OUT-OF-PLANE FREE VIBRATIONS OF CIRCULAR STRIPS WITH VARIABLE BREADTH." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 07, no. 03 (September 2007): 403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455407002344.

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This paper deals with the out-of-plane free vibrations of circular strips with linearly varying breadth. In deriving the differential equations for such strips, the effects of the rotatory and torsional inertias and shear deformation are considered. The differential equations are numerically solved to calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes. In the numerical examples, three end constraints, i.e. clamped–clamped, clamped-hinged and hinged–hinged ends, are considered. The five lowest frequency parameters and mode shapes are presented. The effects of the rotatory and torsional inertias, and shear parameter on the natural frequencies are evaluated. Parametric studies are carried out for the influence of following parameters of the strip on the natural frequencies: subtended angle, section ratio, thickness ratio, and slenderness ratio. Also presented are the experimental validations of the seven lowest predicted natural frequencies. The natural frequencies obtained by this study agree well with those by the finite element method for both the flexural and torsional modes.

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33

Wang, Wei, Qirui Luo, Zhuangzhuang Sun, Bingjie Wang, and Shanwen Xu. "Relation analysis between out-of-plane and in-plane failure of corrugated steel plate shear wall." Structures 29 (February 2021): 1522–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.12.030.

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34

Robazza, B. R., S. Brzev, T. Y. Yang, K. J. Elwood, D. L. Anderson, and B. McEwen. "Out-of-Plane Behavior of Slender Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls under In-Plane Loading: Experimental Investigation." Journal of Structural Engineering 144, no. 3 (March 2018): 04018008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001968.

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35

Wei, Hong, and Jun Yi. "The Relationship between Characteristics and Shear Strength of Structural Planes and its Effect on the Stability of Landslide." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.956.

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In this paper, the shear strength of different structural planes are tested with the hand portable shear tester in site. The study shows that the shear strength of the structural plane in the granite mass is mainly related to the roughness, the degree of cementation and interlocking of the structural plane. The shear strength of the smooth plane is less, and the plane with interlock partly is larger. In the tests basis, the paper posts out the relation between τ and σ, which can be used to calculate the stability of the landslide。

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36

Kong, Peng, Luyi Xing, Chuanwei Xu, Yanqing Liu, and Zhongteng Zhang. "Investigation of Shear Mechanical Behavior and Slip Weakening Characteristics of Rough Joints in Rock Mass." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 9654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159654.

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The surface morphology of a structural plane is an important factor affecting the shear mechanical behavior of a structural plane. A direct shear test of a rough structural plane is carried out, and the shear mechanical behavior and slip weakening characteristics of a structural plane under different levels of roughness and normal stress conditions are studied; the normal stress conditions ranged from 2 MPa to 14 MPa. The results show that the shear strength and shear stress drop of a rough structure increase as the normal stress and roughness levels also increase. The higher the roughness level, or the greater the normal stress level, the more elastic energy the structural plane accumulates before shear failure. Once the shear stress is great enough and shear failure occurs, the shear slip of the rough structural plane shows obvious stick slip characteristics, and it releases more energy. Under high normal stress conditions, the convex body of the structural plane is damaged earlier in the process of direct shear, and the duration of convex body damage and failure is longer. After direct shear, the roughness of the structural plane decreases exponentially as normal stress levels increase. The shear slip of the structural plane, which has a significant degree of roughness under high normal stress conditions, shows a significant number of slip weakening characteristics, which is the main reason that the stick slip of the structural plane releases a lot of energy.

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37

OKAYASU, Takashi, Yoshikazu TAKAINE, Hiroya MURAKAMI, and Takahisa KAWASE. "OUT-OF-PLANE SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE PLATE SEISMIC-RETROFITTED WITH POST-INSTALLED SHEAR REINFORCEMENT." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 86, no. 789 (November 1, 2021): 1507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.86.1507.

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38

Yang, Yin, Xiaoyan Cao, Zhiqiang Wang, Zhijun Liang, and Jianhui Zhou. "Evaluation of the Out-of-Plane Shear Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber." Journal of Renewable Materials 7, no. 10 (2019): 957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2019.07558.

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39

Sorohan, Ştefan, Dan Mihai Constantinescu, Marin Sandu, and Adriana Georgeta Sandu. "Design of commercial hexagonal honeycombs of equal out-of-plane shear moduli." Materials Today: Proceedings 12 (2019): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.03.129.

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Sandoli, Antonio, and Bruno Calderoni. "The Rolling Shear Influence on the Out-of-Plane Behavior of CLT Panels: A Comparative Analysis." Buildings 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10030042.

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This paper deals with the influence of the rolling shear deformation on the flexural behavior of CLT (Cross-Laminated Timber) panels. The morphological configuration of the panels, which consist of orthogonal overlapped layers of boards, led to a particular shear behavior when subjected to out-of-plane loadings: the low value of the shear modulus in orthogonal to grain direction (i.e., rolling shear modulus) gives rise to significant shear deformations in the transverse layers of boards, whose grains direction is perpendicular with respect to the tangential stresses direction. This produces increases of deflections and vibrations under service loads, creating discomfort for the users. Different analytical methods accounting for this phenomenon have been already developed and presented in literature. Comparative analyses among the results provided by some of these methods have been carried out in the present paper and the influence of the rolling shear deformations, with reference to different span-to-depth (L/H) ratios investigated. Moreover, the analytical results have also been compared with those obtained by more accurate 2D finite element models. The results show that, at the service limit states, the influence of the rolling shear can be significant when the aspect ratios became less than L/H = 30, and the phenomenon must be accurately considered in both deflection and stress analysis of CLT floors. Contrariwise, in the case of higher aspect ratios (slender panels), the deflections and stresses can be evaluated neglecting the rolling shear influence, assuming the layers of boards as fully-connected.

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41

Kwan, Y. K., I. R. Gomez, G. Y. Grondin, and A. M. Kanvinde. "Strength of welded joints under combined shear and out-of-plane bending." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 2 (February 2010): 250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-150.

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An experimental and analytical research program was conducted with the objective of investigating the response of welded joints loaded under combined out-of-plane bending and shear. A database of test results, including 60 tests from the University of California in Davis, eight tests from an early research program at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, and 24 tests from Université Laval in Ste.-Foy, was used to evaluate several strength prediction models and the current North American design approaches. This work was complemented by a reliability analysis to assess the level of safety provided by these design approaches. It was determined that both the Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) and the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) approaches provide remarkably conservative predictions of the test results, especially for cases where the welded plate thickness is large. Although a modified version of an approach proposed by earlier investigators in 1972 and based on the method of instantaneous centre of rotation provides an accurate prediction of test results, a simpler strength calculation model that does not require an iterative approach is proposed as a substitute for the current design approaches. The proposed approach provides the desired level of safety for the design of welded joints loaded in shear and out-of-plane bending.

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Abu-Alshaikh, I., D. Turhan, and Y. Mengi. "Propagation of transient out-of-plane shear waves in viscoelastic layered media." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 43, no. 12 (December 2001): 2911–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7403(01)00063-7.

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43

Ramírez-Torres, Ariel, Raimondo Penta, Reinaldo Rodríguez-Ramos, Alfio Grillo, Luigi Preziosi, José Merodio, Raúl Guinovart-Díaz, and Julián Bravo-Castillero. "Homogenized out-of-plane shear response of three-scale fiber-reinforced composites." Computing and Visualization in Science 20, no. 3-6 (June 29, 2018): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00791-018-0301-6.

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44

Cortinez, V. H., M. T. Piovan, and R. E. Rossi. "Out of plane vibrations of thin-walled curved beams considering shear flexibility." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 8, no. 3 (September 25, 1999): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.1999.8.3.257.

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45

Mosalam, Khalid M., and Selim Günay. "Progressive Collapse Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Unreinforced Masonry Infill Walls considering In-Plane/Out-of-Plane Interaction." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 2 (May 2015): 921–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/062113eqs165m.

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Reinforced concrete (RC) frames with unreinforced masonry (URM) infill walls are commonly used in seismic regions around the world. It is recognized that many buildings of this type perform poorly during earthquakes. Therefore, proper modeling of the infill walls and their effect on RC frames is essential to evaluate the seismic performance of such buildings and to select adequate retrofit methods. Using damage observations of RC buildings with URM infill walls from recent earthquakes, this paper presents a new approach to consider in-plane/out-of-plane interaction of URM infill walls in progressive collapse simulations. In addition, the infill wall effect to induce shear failure of columns is simulated with a nonlinear shear spring modeling approach. The research endeavor is accompanied by implementation of the developed modeling aspects in the publicly available open-source computational platform OpenSees for immediate access by structural engineers and researchers.

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Rand, Omri. "Interlaminar shear stresses in solid composite beams using a complete out-of-plane shear deformation model." Computers & Structures 66, no. 6 (March 1998): 713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7949(97)00127-2.

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Qiu, Cheng, Zhidong Guan, Xuan Guo, and Zengshan Li. "Buckling of honeycomb structures under out-of-plane loads." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 22, no. 3 (May 10, 2018): 797–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636218774383.

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The governing equations for the buckling of honeycomb cores with various cell geometries under combined compression and shear are established and three types of core including rectangular, hexagonal and triangular cores are under consideration. After invoking the Bloch wave representation form, the equations are simplified by the periodicity and the hypothesis that the out-of-plane displacement remains zero at the intersections. Different cell geometries and load cases are taken into account and numerical results offer validation for the analytical solutions. Moreover, the results of Finite Element (FE) models show that the fine results can only be acquired by models with appropriate cell numbers. Experimental study is conducted on the regular hexagonal honeycomb structures. Both the results of the numerical benchmarks and the experiments prove the effectiveness of the proposed analytical method and the hypothesis for predicting the buckling load of honeycomb structures.

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Jacques, Eric, and Jon Makar. "Behaviour of structural insulated panels (SIPs) subjected to short-term out-of-plane transverse loads." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 46, no. 9 (September 2019): 858–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0015.

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Structural insulated panels (SIPs) are a panelized building system composed of external oriented strand board (OSB) wood sheets bonded to a lightweight boardstock or pour-in-place foam core. This paper describes an investigation on the structural behaviour of OSB-faced SIPs subject to short-term out-of-plane transverse loading. A total of 35 panels with varying types of foam core, thickness and other construction details were subjected to partially distributed uniform loading. The results showed that the ultimate shear resistance of SIPs is proportional to the mechanical properties of the core, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the core. The observed relationship between core shear stress at failure and core thickness was used to calibrate a reliability-based design expression to predict the shear strength of full-size panels based on properties obtained from small-scale foam material tests. Sandwich panel theory can accurately predict the initial stiffness of SIPs when behaviour remains in the linear range. Finally, recommendations regarding panel design and construction are made to improve the shear behaviour of SIPs.

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Theocaris, P. S., and T. P. Philippidis. "Plastic stress intensity factors in out-of-plane shear by reflected caustics." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 27, no. 3 (January 1987): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(87)90148-2.

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Cicala, G., G. Recca, L. Oliveri, Y. Perikleous, F. Scarpa, C. Lira, A. Lorato, D. J. Grube, and G. Ziegmann. "Hexachiral truss-core with twisted hemp yarns: Out-of-plane shear properties." Composite Structures 94, no. 12 (December 2012): 3556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.05.020.

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