Academic literature on the topic 'Out-of-plane connection capacity'
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Journal articles on the topic "Out-of-plane connection capacity"
1
Menichini, Giovanni, Emanuele Del Monte, Maurizio Orlando, and Andrea Vignoli. "Out-of-plane capacity of cladding panel-to-structure connections in one-story R/C precast structures." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 15 (October 7, 2020): 6849–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00962-5.
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Abstract The interaction between cladding panels and the main structure is a crucial point to assess the seismic response, and above all the structural safety, of RC precast industrial building. In the past, connections were often designed to allow construction tolerances and to accommodate both thermal and wind-induced displacements. The lack of specific details to allow relative in-plane displacements between cladding panels and the main structure often led to the participation of cladding panels in the structure seismic-resistant system with consequent connection failures. In the last decades, a lot of experimental tests were performed to investigate the in-plane performance of panel connections, and some design recommendations have been developed accordingly. In the out-of-plane direction, the connections were often considered to be infinitely rigid and not to suffer any damage by the seismic load. This work deals with the out-of-plane response of panel-to-structure connections for vertical panels typical of industrial and commercial precast buildings. Both standard hammer-head strap and new devices, called SismoSafe, were investigated. Tests were performed in the Structures and Materials Testing Laboratory of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of Florence, where a specific setup was designed to perform cyclic and monotonic tests on the connection devices. Standard connections showed a rather limited resistance, while the innovative connections exhibited a high out-of-plane resistance. Numerical analyses were also performed on a case study building to evaluate the distribution of the out-of-plane demand on the connections.
2
Patra, Pratik, P. C. Ashwin Kumar, and Dipti Ranjan Sahoo. "Cyclic Performance of Braces with Different Support Connections in Special Concentrically Braced Frames." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 694–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.694.
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Gusset plate connections between the steel braces and the supporting frame members play an important role in the performance of special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) under earthquake loading conditions. Extensive studies have been conducted on SCBFs in which the gusset plate connections are designed to ensure the out-of-plane buckling of steel braces. However, research on the cyclic behavior of gusset plate connections allowing the in-plane buckling of braces is very limited. An experimental investigation has been carried out in this study to investigate the cyclic performance of the in-plane buckling of gusset-brace assemblies. Tests showed that the gusset plate connections detailed for in-plane buckling of braces provided performance at par with those detailed for the out-of-plane deformation arrangement. A numerical comparative study on three types of connection arrangements has also been conducted, namely, a) out-of-plane buckling of braces using gusset plates, b) in-plane buckling of braces using knife plates, and c) direct connection of braces without using any gusset plates. Braces made of hollow steel sections having constant slenderness ratio and width-to-thickness ratio are used in all the numerical models. The main parameters compared are the energy dissipation capacity, displacement ductility, patterns of failure, and the sequence of yielding in the components. Both test and analysis results are used to quantify the performances of gusset plate connections in order to achieve an efficient and reliable concentrically braced frame systems.
3
Tomić, Igor, Francesco Vanin, Ivana Božulić, and Katrin Beyer. "Numerical Simulation of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings with Timber Diaphragms." Buildings 11, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050205.
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Though flexible diaphragms play a role in the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings, the effect of the connections between floors and walls is rarely discussed or explicitly modelled when simulating the response of such buildings. These flexible diaphragms are most commonly timber floors made of planks and beams, which are supported on recesses in the masonry walls and can slide when the friction resistance is reached. Using equivalent frame models, we capture the effects of both the diaphragm stiffness and the finite strength of wall-to-diaphragm connections on the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings. To do this, we use a newly developed macro-element able to simulate both in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of the masonry walls and non-linear springs to simulate wall-to-wall and wall-to-diaphragm connections. As an unretrofitted case study, we model a building on a shake table, which developed large in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. We then simulate three retrofit interventions: Retrofitted diaphragms, connections, and diaphragms and connections. We show that strengthening the diaphragm alone is ineffective when the friction capacity of the wall-to-diaphragm connection is exceeded. This also means that modelling an unstrengthened wall-to-diaphragm connection as having infinite stiffness and strength leads to unrealistic box-type behaviour. This is particularly important if the equivalent frame model should capture both global in-plane and local out-of-plane failure modes.
4
Skalomenos, Konstantinos A., Tadahisa Takeda, Masahiro Kurata, and Masayoshi Nakashima. "On-Line Testing of Steel Brace Connections Using Non-Linear Substructuring and Force-Displacement Combined Control." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.510.
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The present paper suggests an on-line hybrid test environment for evaluating the seismic performance of steel bracing connections. The test method combines substructuring techniques and finite element analysis. The behavior of the brace member is simulated by the finite element analysis program ABAQUS, while the bracing end connections are physically tested. Two actuators are used to simulate the physical continuity between the analytical and experimental substructures by controlling axial load and out-of-plane rotation. A MATLAB user subroutine is created as the interface between the main control program and ABAQUS to impose the target rotation and axial force to the connection quasi-statically. A gusset plate connection designed to behave as a pin connection is tested and its efficiency to accommodate inelastic rotations up to a 4.0% story drift is evaluated. The test method is reasonable and smooth operation is achieved. The test system ensures pragmatic loading and boundary conditions to the brace connections, which are tested in full interaction with the brace member until failure. The maximum strength and rotation capacity of the connection can be clarified under actual cyclic inelastic rotations and varying axial loads derived from the inelastic behavior of the brace member.
5
Palacz, Przemysław, and Izabela Major. "Strengthening the existing connection of steel beams with a column." MATEC Web of Conferences 313 (2020): 00032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031300032.
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The paper presents a solution that includes strengthening the connection of a support column with beams from both sides, placed in a vertical plane together with the pole. All the bar elements connected in the analyzed node were made of hot-rolled steel I-sections. Due to the need to increase the load on the joined beams to the pole, load-bearing capacity of the primary connection is lost, which necessitates the reinforcement of the existing connection. The analysis carried out in this paper shown exceeding the allowable stresses in the column web at the place of joining the beams. The calculations made in this paper showed the possibilities of restoring the safe operation of the connection node in question, by introducing elements increasing its load-bearing capacity. In addition to analytical calculations, numerical analysis was also performed using the ADINA program.
6
Lu, Bing, Cuihua Li, Cong Liu, and Lanhui Guo. "Numerical Study on Minimum Shear Connection Ratio of Tie-Bars in Steel Plate–Concrete Composite Beams Subjected to Out-of-Plane Cyclic Loading." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12041820.
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The failure modes of tie-bars under monotonic loading and cyclic loading are ductility and brittleness, respectively. They can significantly affect the design for tie-bars in a steel plate–concrete (SC) composite structure. A 3D finite element model of a SC composite beam was developed and verified through a quasi-static test. Two rules on the interfacial shear distribution were deduced and verified. Then, a total of 188 finite element models were developed to investigate the minimum shear connection ratio of tie-bars in SC composite beams, which can ensure the sufficient energy dissipation capacity of a SC composite beam under out-of-plane cyclic loading. The influences of the shear connection ratio, shear span versus depth ratio, stiffness, and number of tie-bars on the seismic behavior of a SC composite beam were investigated. Finally, a design method for tie-bars in the SC composite beam under out-of-plane cyclic loading was proposed.
7
Baraccani, Simonetta, Giorgio Dan, Angelo Di Tommaso, and Tomaso Trombetti. "Reducing Seismic out of Plane Vulnerability of Masonry Church Façades through Optimization of Capacity Spectrum by Tie Rods." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.325.
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The analyses of the structural damages detected on the Italian churches after the recent earthquakes (Emilia 2012, Umbria-Marche 2016) highlighted the high vulnerability to the overturning of the façades. The façades collapse mechanisms are strongly dependent on the connection details between orthogonal masonry walls, the windows, the construction techniques and the possible restraining horizontal elements, such as tie-beams, bi-lateral connected roof, etc. Several studies focus on the evaluation of vulnerability of the church façades using different approaches, from global analyses (FEM and /or Discrete Element Methods) of the entire building, to local analyses (linear and non-linear kinematic approaches). The aims of the present paper is to use the method based on capacity spectra to evaluate the vulnerability of the church facades and the optimization of specific devices as tie-rods to improve their seismic behavior. The non-linear approach is now accepted by several standards regarding the evaluation of risks of collapse mechanisms for masonry walls of the facades. Appropriate devices have been considered in order to calibrate the capacity curve and to optimize the interventions. The out of plane rotation of blocks can be modified with various elasto-perfect-plastic tendons with appropriate retentions (while composite materials could be used to preserve integrity of blocks). The tendons can be allocated in proper location and the length of each calibrated to best determine their stiffness. This procedure have been here applied to the study of the façade of Aula Magna S. Lucia of the Bologna University, considering also the problem of the interaction with the structure of the roof.
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Dai, Yi Min, Can Li, and Jian Xiang Ouyang. "Study on Flexural Behavior of the Steel-Full Depth Precast Concrete Panel Beams." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 1980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.1980.
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Based on twelve push-out specimens with different holes filling different materials,the paper compared and analyzed the capacity and the corresponding slip value of the stud shear connector.Meanwhile, tests were also conducted on three composite steel-FDPCP(Full-Depth Precast Concrete Panel) beams with different holes shape and degree of shear connection to investigate the characteistics of load-displacement,load-deflection,load-strain of the total cross section and monolithic action of the entire cross section in the paper. The results show that, as to the two different kinds of holes shape ,the strength of the stud shear connectors of square push-out specimens was huger than that of circular specimens with the same condition; the strength of stud shear connectors in steel-concrete composite structure was decided by the strength of concrete surrounding the shear in the holes, with increasing concrete strength, the strength of stud shear connectors improved greatly; the composite steel-FDPCP beams failed in bending,plane section was maintained in composite beams throughout the testing process.the composite steel-FDPCP beams have some merits :good bearing capacity, good anti-bend capability, fast pile-driving pace and perfect work behaviors as a whole;the ultimate flexural capacity of the composite steel-FDPCP beams with a full shear connection is close to that of a partial shear connection. The outputs of this study are very useful for further understanding of the characteristics of the composite steel-FDPCP beams,it is also expected that the results presented in this paper should be valuable for the design of the composite steel-FDPCP beams.
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Livaoğlu, Ramazan, Mehmet Ömer Timurağaoğlu, Cavit Serhatoğlu, and Mahmud Sami Döven. "Damage during the 6–24 February 2017 Ayvacık (Çanakkale) earthquake swarm." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 3 (March 23, 2018): 921–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-921-2018.
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Abstract. On 6 February 2017 an earthquake swarm began at the western end of Turkey. This was the first recorded swarm in the Çanakkale region since continuous seismic monitoring began in 1970. The number of earthquakes located increased during the following 10 days. This paper describes the output of a survey carried out in the earthquake-prone towns in the area of Ayvacık, Çanakkale, Turkey, in February 2017 after the earthquakes. Observations of traditional buildings were made on site at the rural area of Ayvacık. A description of the main structural features and their effects on the most frequently viewed damage modes were made according to in-plane, out-of-plane behavior of the wall regarding construction practice, connection type, etc. It was found that there were no convenient connections like cavity ties or sufficient mortar strength resulting in decreased and/or lack of lateral load bearing capacity of the wall. Furthermore, distribution maps of damaged/undamaged buildings according to villages, damage ratios, structures and damage levels are generated. Distribution maps showed that damage ratio of structures is higher in villages close to epicenter and decrease away from epicenter except Gülpınar, where past experiences and development level affect the construction quality.
10
Sitler, Ben, Toru Takeuchi, and Ryota Matsui. "Flexural Properties of Buckling-Restrained Brace Connections." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 916–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.916.
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Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) achieve large peak and cumulative ductility capacities by restricting yielding to an encased core, while maintaining global stability. However, stability is often governed by the connections and is sensitive to the end fixity provided by the adjacent framing and gusset, and flexural continuity between the neck and restrainer. This paper presents simple analytical methods to determine the flexural properties of these key components. Full-depth gusset stiffeners are found to be highly effective in increasing the out-of-plane rotational stiffness (KRg), equivalent to doubling the thickness. An equivalent connection is proposed to account for the adjacent framing (KRf), but this may be neglected if KRf > 10∙KRg. This is typically satisfied if a diaphragm slab and transverse beam are provided, but may exceed beam torsional bracing requirements. The restrainer end moment transfer capacity is extended to mortar-filled RHS restrainers, confirming that neck insert ratios of Lin/Bn > 2.0 are required for full continuity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Out-of-plane connection capacity"
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Menichini, Giovanni. "Seismic response of vertical concrete façade systems in reinforced concrete prefabricated buildings." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1220505.
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The design of “non-structural” elements, including the cladding panels for precast RC buildings,
plays a key role in the building seismic response. The large damages that occurred in precast RC
buildings, during the recent earthquakes in southern Europe were mainly caused by the collapse
of the cladding panels. Therefore, is required to revise, to revise the technological and design
philosophy the panel-to-structure connection devices in RC precast structures.
Starting from these considerations, the main topic of this thesis is the investigation of such
connection devices. Deeply understanding the working principle of these systems makes it
possible to open a way to solve the problem.
The influence of the panels to the global response of precast structure is studied for different
types of panel-to-structure connections (two types of hammer-head straps) and panels-to-foundation
connections (fixed and rocking panels). Numerical models for the in-plane response
of connection devices are developed using both existing experimental data from shaking table
test performed by University of Ljubljana and result of new tests carried out at the Structures
and Materials Testing Laboratory of University of Florence
A new connection device, which better uncouples the in-plane seismic response, is developed
and studied analytically and experimentally.
The study highlights that traditional devices fail due to their limited in-plane displacement
capacity while the new device has much better behaviour. The study showed that in-plane
direction was critical for connection compared to the out-of-plane one. It also showed that
fixed-base panels provide a better seismic performance of connection devices.
Book chapters on the topic "Out-of-plane connection capacity"
1
Nadeau, Robert. "The New Story of Humanity : Brains, Minds, and the Environmental Crisis." In Rebirth of the Sacred. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199942367.003.0005.
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While sitting in a window seat during a flight from San Francisco to Washington, D.C. about twenty years ago, I had an experience that changed the course of my life. On the ground below, vast numbers of trucks and mile-long strings of railroad cars were moving along extensive networks of highways and tracks that threaded out in all directions, like a circulator system in some giant organism. Products from factories and farms were flowing through these arteries toward distant cities and coastal ports, and raw materials were flowing in the other direction to processing and manufacturing plants. In my mind’s eye, the web-like connections between electric power plants, transformers, cables, lines, phones, radios, televisions, and computers resembled the spine and branches of a central nervous system, and the centers of production, distribution, and exchange and all connections between them within the global economy. This conjured up the image of a superorganism feeding off the living system of the planet and extending its bodily organization and functions into every ecological niche. I realized, of course, that the global economic system is not an organism. It is a vast network of technological products and processes that members of our species created in an effort to enhance their material well-being. But this system does in ecological terms feed off the system of life on this planet and extend its organization into every ecological niche. After my plane landed at Dulles International Airport, I asked a simple question that required years of research to adequately answer. How did members of one species among the millions of species that have existed on this planet manage to increase their numbers and the scope and scale of their activities to the point where the capacity of the system of life on an entire planet to support their existence is being undermined? The answer is that our species, fully modern humans, evolved against all odds the capacity to acquire and use fully complex language systems.