Academic literature on the topic 'Other-regarding decision'
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Journal articles on the topic "Other-regarding decision"
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Sun, Qingzhou, Peng Wang, Hongyu Liu, and Yongfang Liu. "Discrepancies in Risk Preference in Other-regarding Decision Making." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 45, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.5726.
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We explored the discrepancies in risk preference in other-regarding decision making from the perspective of construal level theory. We recruited 166 university undergraduates to participant in a 2 (other: close or distant) × 2 (role of the decision maker: deciding for others vs. predicting the decisions of others) × 2 (domain: gain or loss) experiment. Results showed that participants were more risk seeking in distant other-regarding decisions than in close other-regarding decisions, when predicting the decisions of others than when deciding for others, and in the loss domain than in the gain domain. Such effects were stronger in the gain domain than in the loss domain. These findings suggest that people's risk preferences in other-regarding decision making are changeable, depending on whom they decide for and which role they play.
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Dal Monte, Olga, Cheng C. J. Chu, Nicholas A. Fagan, and Steve W. C. Chang. "Specialized medial prefrontal–amygdala coordination in other-regarding decision preference." Nature Neuroscience 23, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-0593-y.
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Orlova, Olena. "Levels of other-regarding preferences and the structure of the interaction." Decyzje, no. 27 (December 15, 2017): 5–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/dec.1733-0092.93.
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The paper contributes to the literature on other-regarding preferences challenging the narrow self-interest assumption. Experimental evidence confirms that the same individuals might express different otherregarding preferences in different situations or contexts. The structure of their interaction, their relative positions in it might trigger different behavioral patterns. In this paper we propose a model of multi-level other-regarding preferences assuming that different levels are actualized depending on the context in which an individual has to take her decision. We analyze the experimental trust game letting the players have multi-level preferences. Under certain parameterization and asymmetric information assumption, we show that the share given up by the leader of the game in favor of the follower is strictly monotonically increasing with altruism of the former. It is also demonstrated that utilitarian social welfare is increasing with the leader’s altruism if the players are not extremely risk-averse. In the case when information for both players is incomplete, a separating equilibrium exists allowing to distinguish between leaders with different other-regarding preferences.
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Ghaffari, Minou, and Susann Fiedler. "The Power of Attention: Using Eye Gaze to Predict Other-Regarding and Moral Choices." Psychological Science 29, no. 11 (October 8, 2018): 1878–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618799301.
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According to research studying the processes underlying decisions, a two-channel mechanism connects attention and choices: top-down and bottom-up processes. To identify the magnitude of each channel, we exogenously varied information intake by systematically interrupting participants’ decision processes in Study 1 ( N = 116). Results showed that participants were more likely to choose a predetermined target option. Because selection effects limited the interpretation of the results, we used a sequential-presentation paradigm in Study 2 (preregistered, N = 100). To partial out bottom-up effects of attention on choices, in particular, we presented alternatives by mirroring the gaze patterns of autonomous decision makers. Results revealed that final fixations successfully predicted choices when experimentally manipulated (bottom up). Specifically, up to 11.32% of the link between attention and choices is driven by exogenously guided attention (1.19% change in choices overall), while the remaining variance is explained by top-down preference formation.
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Colman, Andrew M. "Love is not enough: Other-regarding preferences cannot explain payoff dominance in game theory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30, no. 1 (February 2007): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x07000659.
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Even if game theory is broadened to encompass other-regarding preferences, it cannot adequately model all aspects of interactive decision making. Payoff dominance is an example of a phenomenon that can be adequately modeled only by departing radically from standard assumptions of decision theory and game theory – either the unit of agency or the nature of rationality.
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Tavor, Tchai, and Sharon Garyn-Tal. "Risk tolerance and rationality in the case of retirement savings." Studies in Economics and Finance 33, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 688–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-10-2015-0240.
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Purpose This research aims to examine the decision-making process involved in saving for retirement and compare it with decision-making processes regarding other financial products (such as loans and savings plans) as well as real products (such as a car or a home). Design/methodology/approach This research is based on the distribution of 107 questionnaires. The questionnaire is composed of two parts: questions examining and focusing on the individual’s decision-making process and questions regarding socioeconomic factors. The average level of risk tolerance is calculated for each respondent with respect to the first four chapters. (These chapters include buying a car or a home, opening a savings plan and taking a loan). Afterward, the consistency (rationality) of the respondents is examined with regard to their decision-making concerning retirement savings plans. Then, an econometric model is used to further test the consistency of the respondents. Findings The results suggest that the level of risk tolerance associated with a retirement savings plan is consistent with that associated with the other financial products, but not with the real products. Majority of the respondents demonstrate high risk tolerance with respect to retirement savings, and their decision-making process is similar to a random thinking process. The level of deliberation and information-gathering regarding retirement savings is the lowest when compared with the other financial and real products examined in this paper. Majority of the respondents are less risk-tolerant toward the other financial and real products. Originality/value In this research, the authors examine how different individuals with different characteristics get different decisions about their personal retirement savings. The authors also examine these decisions’ deviation from the rational model, and compare it with decision-making processes regarding other financial products as well as real products.
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Witteman, Holly O., Ruth Ndjaboue, Gratianne Vaisson, Selma Chipenda Dansokho, Bob Arnold, John F. P. Bridges, Sandrine Comeau, et al. "Clarifying Values: An Updated and Expanded Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Medical Decision Making 41, no. 7 (September 25, 2021): 801–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x211037946.
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Background Patient decision aids should help people make evidence-informed decisions aligned with their values. There is limited guidance about how to achieve such alignment. Purpose To describe the range of values clarification methods available to patient decision aid developers, synthesize evidence regarding their relative merits, and foster collection of evidence by offering researchers a proposed set of outcomes to report when evaluating the effects of values clarification methods. Data Sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. Study Selection We included articles that described randomized trials of 1 or more explicit values clarification methods. From 30,648 records screened, we identified 33 articles describing trials of 43 values clarification methods. Data Extraction Two independent reviewers extracted details about each values clarification method and its evaluation. Data Synthesis Compared to control conditions or to implicit values clarification methods, explicit values clarification methods decreased the frequency of values-incongruent choices (risk difference, –0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], –0.06 to –0.02; P < 0.001) and decisional conflict (standardized mean difference, –0.20; 95% CI, –0.29 to –0.11; P < 0.001). Multicriteria decision analysis led to more values-congruent decisions than other values clarification methods (χ2 = 9.25, P = 0.01). There were no differences between different values clarification methods regarding decisional conflict (χ2 = 6.08, P = 0.05). Limitations Some meta-analyses had high heterogeneity. We grouped values clarification methods into broad categories. Conclusions Current evidence suggests patient decision aids should include an explicit values clarification method. Developers may wish to specifically consider multicriteria decision analysis. Future evaluations of values clarification methods should report their effects on decisional conflict, decisions made, values congruence, and decisional regret.
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Manne, Sharon L., Barbara L. Smith, Sara Frederick, Anna Mitarotondo, Deborah A. Kashy, and Laurie J. Kirstein. "B-Sure: a randomized pilot trial of an interactive web-based decision support aid versus usual care in average-risk breast cancer patients considering contralateral prophylactic mastectomy." Translational Behavioral Medicine 10, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/iby133.
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Abstract The use of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) is increasing among breast cancer patients who are at average or “sporadic” risk for contralateral breast cancer. Because CPM provides no survival benefit for these patients, it is not medically recommended for them. Decision support aids may facilitate more informed, higher quality CPM decision. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of B-Sure, an online decision support aid to facilitate informed decisions regarding CPM, and to compare the impact of B-Sure in increasing CPM knowledge, reducing decisional conflict, and increasing preparedness to make the CPM decision among breast cancer patients at sporadic risk who are considering CPM. Ninety-three patients with unilateral, nonhereditary breast cancer considering CPM completed a baseline survey, were randomized to receive B-Sure or Usual care, and completed a 4-week follow-up survey assessing decisional conflict, preparedness to make the CPM decision, and CPM knowledge as well as self-efficacy, perceived risk, worry, CPM motivations, and the surgical decision. Study participation was high. B-Sure was viewed by almost 80% of the participants and was evaluated positively. At follow-up, patients assigned to B-Sure reported significantly higher clarity regarding the personal values relevant to the CPM decision and higher knowledge about CPM. B-Sure had smaller effects on other aspects of decisional conflict. B-Sure improved CPM knowledge and reduced decisional conflict. Patients considering CPM may benefit from an online decision support aid, but may be sensitive to approaches that they perceive as biased against CPM.
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Moroni, Stefano, and Daniele Chiffi. "Uncertainty and Planning: Cities, Technologies and Public Decision-Making." Perspectives on Science 30, no. 2 (2022): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00413.
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Abstract Decision-making under uncertainty is sometimes investigated as a homogeneous problem, independently of the type of decision-maker and the level and nature of the decision itself. However, when the decision-maker is a public authority, there immediately arise problems additional to those that concern any other (private) decision-maker. This is not always clearly recognised in orthodox discussions on decisions under conditions of uncertainty. This article investigates the methodological, strategic and procedural challenges of taking public decisions in such conditions. It focuses mainly on decisions involving urban contexts, such as planning decisions regarding land use and building transformations, by trying to develop some pioneering research studies in this field.
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Samuels, Alec. "Advance decision." Medicine, Science and the Law 47, no. 4 (October 2007): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.47.4.288.
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In the UK, patients have a statutory right to refuse treatment. Parliament has authorised ‘advance decision’ whereby a person can specify his or her wishes regarding further medical treatment. Although the advance decision may give a person peace of mind, it could create real problems for doctors and other healthcare professionals. This article will examine the conditions and procedures surrounding the drawing up of an advance decision as well as some of the problems that could arise such as layman's language.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Other-regarding decision"
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Jang, Dooseok. "Two Essays of Other-Regarding Preferences' Influence on Social Decision Making." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556837.
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This paper investigates the influence of two representative other-regarding preferences on specified issues. The first chapter studies the preferred tax rate and labor supplies of voters in the presence of income inequality aversion in a two-stage redistribution game. The two-stage redistribution game consists of a first stage in which voters vote for a flat tax rate on income with the revenues redistributed evenly and a second stage in which workers, who are also voters, provide the labor supplies with the tax rate given. I specify inequality aversion preferences into two ways: The payoff inequality aversion represents people's preference to divide their material payoff evenly, and the income inequality aversion represents people's preference to divide their income evenly without considering their efforts to earn that income. In conclusion, payoff inequality-averse workers provide the same labor supplied as a worker who does not have any inequality aversions (a standard worker) but prefers a higher tax rate to a standard worker. The income inequality-averse workers, first, provide their labor supply considering their positions in a skill distribution and, therefore, adjust their labor supply such that the income curve becomes flatter. High-skilled workers tend to earn less income, while low-skilled workers tend to earn more income. Second, the income share of the richest decreases with the degree of inequality aversion up to a point. Third, inequality-averse workers do not necessarily prefer a higher tax rate to a standard worker, mainly because some level of income inequality is already self-adjusted in the second stage. The second chapter looks at how reciprocal preferences influence coalition size in international environmental agreements. Reciprocal preferences represent how a decision maker gains an additional positive utility when it responds to a kind action with a kind action or to an unkind action with an unkind action. I incorporate reciprocal preferences in a two-stage game that predicts the decision of each government to participate in an agreement that decreases pollutant emissions. The main result shows that bigger coalition forms than the standard preference does not include reciprocal preferences. Reciprocal governments that participate in the treaty (signatories) suffer from unkindness based on pollution by non-signatories so that the threat to retaliate by polluting becomes credible. Then, free-rider governments (non-signatories) on the margin surrender to the implicit threat and participate in the treaty. Furthermore, including reciprocity reverses the usual result that there is an inverse relationship between the marginal benefit and coalition size. In other words, the size of coalition increases with the marginal benefit of abatement in an equilibrium when the reciprocal sensitivity is sufficiently high. Signatories are more likely to retaliate against non-signatories because the benefit to non-signatories of refraining from decreasing emissions aggravates the unkindness to signatories.
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Acosta, Ortiz Alida Maria. "Other-regarding preferences and the decision behaviour of autistic people in the Ultimatum Game." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/21803/.
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When humans interact with one another, the decisions they make often appear to be irrational in a purely economic sense. People are willing to sacrifice resources in order to affect positive outcomes for others and they often forgo opportunities to maximise benefits for themselves in order to avoid disadvantaging others. Explanations for such phenomena remain contested. The current thesis seeks to shed light on some of the factors that contribute to social-decision making by comparing decision making in typically developing individuals and individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder - a condition characterised by difficulties in many of the domains that are suspected to play a role in guiding social-decision behaviour. In four experiments, variants of a paradigm known as the Ultimatum Game were implemented, which requires individuals to decide whether or not to accept or reject fair or unfair monetary offers. In Experiment 1, a one-shot UG was implemented in which participants provided one response as proposer and one as responder. In experiment 2, as responders, participants were asked to decide over intentionally vs randomly made unfair offers while skin conductance response was measured. In experiment 3, a cognitive manipulation was implemented, and participants were asked to respond with and without time pressure to fair and unfair offers made by human proposers. Finally, in experiment 4 participants played as proposers and responders a multi trial Mini UG. Here, participants decide over an unfair offer which is presented four times along with an alternative offer that varies in levels of fairness each time. In addition, across all experiments a number of traits, that are thought to play a role in regulating decision behaviour in this scenario were assessed through self-report and performance measures, including theory of mind, inhibition, empathising and systemising. The results from the Ultimatum Game task showed that there are no substantial behavioural differences between ASD and control participants (TD). However, in two of the experiments, differences emerged which suggested that the two groups differed in the cognitive processes recruited to respond to levels of fairness. Specifically, in experiment 2 ASD participants were less influenced by whether or not unfair offers were proposed by a human or computer counterpart and in experiment 3 rejection rates were more strongly associated with a measure of theory of mind than in the TD group. These results are discussed in the framework of cognitive theories of ASD and models of economic exchange suggesting that inequity aversion, e.g. Cultural norms, and fairness reciprocity are not stable preferences but differently motivate decision behaviour depending on the context. Further research needs to be undertaken to identify how executive control and dual theories of moral judgements affect decision behaviour in repeated interactions.
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Li, Zhuncheng. "The Behavioral and Neural Bases of Social Economic Decision-Making." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100483.
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Social economic decision-making considers the well-being and emotions of others. Unlike traditional economics which routinely assumes that individuals care only about their own outcomes, behavioral economics and neuroeconomics offer research strategies which help us explore our social motivations. This dissertation consists of three essays studying the underlying behavioral and neural mechanisms of individuals' social economic decision-making. The analyses focus on investigating experimentally how humans make decisions in three distinct social economic environments.
Chapter 2 examines how individuals react to hold-up when explicit promises are available. Hold-up happens when two parties can form an incomplete contract to cooperate, but the agreement may fall apart due to concerns about the other party gaining bargaining power. We propose that a belief-dependent frustration anger model can explain behavior about investment, cooperation, and costly punishment in a hold-up environment. We show experimentally that communication improves cooperation and increases efficiency. Promises lead to cooperation, and broken promises lead to costly punishment.
Chapter 3 explores threats' deterrence effect and credibility in an ultimatum bargaining environment where two parties can both benefit over trade but have a conflict of interests. We show that a belief-dependent frustration anger model captures the relationship among messages, beliefs, and behavior. Our design permits the observation of communicated threats, credibility, and deterrence. As we hypothesize, messages convey intention to punish the opponents (threats) changes players' expectations, that first movers are largely deterred by the threats and second movers' threats are credible. Threats lead to deterrence and greater propensity for costly punishment.
Chapter 4 investigates the neural basis of individuals' charity donation behavior in a modified dictator game. The right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) has been associated with social decision-making, but the exact neural mechanism of charitable giving remains unknown. In our experiment, participants allocate money between themselves and a charity in a graphical revealed preference task, that measures both parameterized other-regarding preferences and economic rationality (Monotonicity, WARP, and GARP). We find evidence for a causal role of the rTPJ in determining fairness preferences and economic rationality.Doctor of Philosophy
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GUARNIERI, PIETRO. "Cooperation, rules, and motivations. Essays on morality in decision-making, economics, and institutional evolution." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1012958.
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The thesis discusses the role of morality in decision-making, economic theory, and institutional evolution. Moral motivations are interpreted as frames for social preferences and norms. Deliberation and moral discussion are described as interactive cognitive processes that ground the formation of moral motivations and the collective acknowledgement of institutions. Besides the introductory chapter, which highlights the possibility of an ex ante theory of moral motivations, the thesis is organized in three chapters. The first chapter illustrates the role of deliberation and discussion in other-regarding and pro-social decisions. The second chapter aims at complementing Searle’s social ontology with a conception of the formation of institutions, based on the hypothesis of interactive intentionality. The third chapter is an experiment on the effects of ethics deliberation and discussion on risking on others.
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Green, Ellen P. "A Study of Human Decision-Making in Economic Games." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29505.
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This dissertation contains three essays on the impact of other-regarding behavior on human decision-making. Chapter II uses experimental methods to analyze the relative performance of a variety of compensation contracts. This study creates an environment in which individuals are paid via common payment mechanisms employed in the dual-principal agent relationships (Piece Rate, Flat Rate, Salary, Bonus and Socialization) and examines the effect that different incentive structures have on agent behavior. In Chapter III I explore the potential outcomes of blended payment structures in a dual-principal agent environment. I draw from the previously conducted experimental study in Chapter II and simulate agent behavior induced by blended payment mechanisms. In Chapter IV, I move away from studying payment mechanisms to investigate the impact of intentionality and responsibility on an individualâ s decision-making process. I explore the effects of direct and indirect responsibility as well as selfish and kind intentions using experimental methodology. Each of these essays provides further evidence that other-regarding behavior has a significant impact on the outcome of an economic situation; therefore, emphasizing the need to address such behavior in theoretical designs.Ph. D.
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Smith, Alexander Charles. "Beliefs and Emotions in Games and Decisions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194777.
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This dissertation studies models of belief-dependent motivations in three essays.The first essay studies the Koszegi-Rabin model of reference-dependent preferences in a laboratory experiment. The propose a model where the reference point to which consumption outcomes are compared is endogenously determined as a function of lagged, probabilistic beliefs. This paper presents an experiment designed to test some predictions of the Koszegi-Rabin model. The experimental design controls for potential confounds suggested by their theory. The experimental results support their prediction of an endowment effect but do not show the attachment effect predicted by their model.The second essay, coauthored with Martin Dufwenberg and Matt Van Essen, studies how revenge may mitigate the hold-up problem from contract theory. When contracts are incomplete or unenforceable, inefficient levels of investment may occur due to hold-up. If individuals care for negative reciprocity these problems may be reduced, as revenge becomes a credible threat. However, negative reciprocity has this effect only when the investor holds the rights of control of the investment proceeds. We explore this issue analytically, deriving predictions for hold-up games which differ as regards assignment of rights of control. We also test and support these predictions in an experiment.Revenge may be driven by anger. The third essay proposes two belief-dependent models of anger: frustrated anger and anger from blame, which correspond to differing views of the emotion in the psychology literature. Both models build upon the idea that anger occurs when outcomes differ from players expectations. They differ in that anger from blame also incorporates updated beliefs and a notion of other-responsibility. The models are compared with each other and with existing models of negative reciprocity in several examples.
Books on the topic "Other-regarding decision"
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US GOVERNMENT. An Act to Direct the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration to Reevaluate the Equipment in Medical Kits Carried on, and to Make a Decision Regarding Requiring Automatic External Defibrillators to Be Carried on, Aircraft Operated by Air Carriers, and for Other Purposes. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1998.
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Resources, United States Congress House Committee on. Protecting certain lands held in fee by the Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians from condemnation until a final decision is made by the Secretary of the Interior regarding a pending fee to trust application for that land, and for other purposes: Report (to accompany H.R. 3476) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. Protecting certain lands held in fee by the Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians from condemnation until a final decision is made by the Secretary of the Interior regarding a pending fee to trust application for that land, and for other purposes: Report (to accompany H.R. 3476) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.
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United States. Congress. Senate. A bill to amend title II of the Social Security Act to require that investment decisions regarding the social security trust funds be made on the basis of the best interests of beneficiaries, and for other purposes. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.
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United States. Congress. Senate. A bill to amend titles XVIII and XIX of the Social Security Act to expand and clarify the requirements regarding advance directives in order to ensure that an indivdual's health care decisions are complied with, and for other purposes. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1999.
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United States. Congress. House. A bill to amend titles XVIII and XIX of the Social Security Act to expand and clarify the requirements regarding advance directives in order to ensure that an indivdual's health care decisions are complied with, and for other purposes. [Washington, D.C.?]: [United States Government Printing Office], 1997.
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Kimchi, Eitan. Capacity and Decision-Making. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199959549.003.0009.
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Cognitive loss brings up crucial questions of autonomy and capacity to make one’s decisions. Capacity refers to an assessment of whether a person can make a particular medical, legal, or financial decision, and is commonly assessed in medical settings. Competency, on the other hand, is a global assessment of decision-making abilities and is a legal, not medical, assessment. Most persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) retain capacity to make decisions. As their cognitive deficits progress, this capacity may be lost, impacting their global competency. This chapter reviews the process of assessing capacity in older persons in outpatient settings. It incorporates information from chapters 1-3 regarding the routine office evaluation of cognitive impairment and adds assessments targeting capacity.
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Bonnie, Richard J. Fitness for Criminal Adjudication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788478.003.0009.
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This chapter addresses the emerging significance of decisional competence in the United States. The practice of assessing and adjudicating fitness to plead developed largely without assistance from the United States Supreme Court or other appellate courts for most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. However, the need for appellate guidance became evident in the 1980s, especially regarding the significance of mental or emotional conditions that can impair capacity for rational decision making without impairing the defendant’s capacity to understand the proceedings and communicate coherently with counsel. During the past twenty-five years, some governing principles have come into view, but important issues remain unsolved. The chapter then evaluates the current state of the law in the United States, focusing on two recent decisions by the United States Supreme Court, and offers some suggestions for future development.
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Shah, Monica, and David Waisel. Ethics in Pediatric Anesthesiology. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0066.
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Ethical principles affect daily decision-making in pediatric anesthesiology. These medical decisions are interlaced with the ethical components of informed consent and obligations to the child and family. Informed consent in pediatrics includes the concepts of best interest, in which the parents or other surrogate decision-makers choose acceptable treatment for the child, and assent, which enables children to participate in decision-making to the best of their ability. Of equal significance to informed consent, the process of informed refusal requires anesthesiologists to more fully inform children and their guardians about risks and benefits while respecting refusal of assent and avoiding coercion. Pediatric considerations regarding end-of-life therapy are slightly different than adult considerations. To help resolve these ethical dilemmas, ethics committees are available for consultations to assist the medical team, family members, and patients in order to make the best decision for the child.
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Stanger, Howard R. A Moderate Employers’ Association in a “House Divided”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040818.003.0008.
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Howard Stanger brings a broad temporal perspective to Columbus employers in the printing industry and their varied strategies regarding activism. Here he makes the case for how employer activism did not always lead to an ability to counter unionism. Columbus printers made a collective decision to recognize unions for the first part of the twentieth century, and then later made a collective decision to initiate a campaign to counter unions. This counter-campaign benefitted from the long praxis of anti-unionism in other parts of the country, facilitated a vigorous belligerent drive against them based on strategies learned elsewhere, and in other industries.
Book chapters on the topic "Other-regarding decision"
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Amelung, Nina, Rafaela Granja, and Helena Machado. "The United Kingdom (UK)." In Modes of Bio-Bordering, 119–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8183-0_8.
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Abstract The UK is the possessor of the world’s oldest and largest DNA database by proportion of population: the National Criminal Intelligence DNA Database, established in 1995. As a nation-state that holds one of the world’s largest DNA databases, the UK has been dealing systematically with the societal effects triggered by various ethical controversies. In terms of bordering practices, the UK serves as an example of an ambivalent mode of re- and debordering. This ambivalence derives from the UK’s changing position regarding the Prüm system. In 2014, the UK government, driven by the parliament, decided to opt out of the Prüm Decisions. In 2015, after a Prüm-style pilot project run with other EU Member States, the UK decided to opt in. This decision, nonetheless, included the imposition of limits on other EU countries’ access to the UK’s data. Consequently, the UK’s debordering practices co-exist with rebordering attempts aimed at restricting access to their own data.
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Blanga, Yehuda. "The Butterfly Effect: The Influence of the Nixon Administration’s Preoccupation with Vietnam on Sadat’s February 1971 Proposal to Reopen the Suez Canal." In Palgrave Studies in Maritime Politics and Security, 43–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15670-0_3.
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AbstractThe purpose of the present chapter is to investigate Sadat's February 1971 political initiative and the United States' and Israel's response to it. Its main objective is to examine how processes within the inner American arena have influenced the formation of the Israeli policy toward Sadat's diplomatic initiative. In other words, how the two-headed nature of the American foreign policy—the State Department versus the White House—regarding the Middle East and the Vietnam War influenced the decision-making process in Israel.
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Delnoij, L. E. C., J. P. W. Janssen, K. J. H. Dirkx, and R. L. Martens. "Designing an Online Self-assessment for Informed Study Decisions: The User Perspective." In Addressing Global Challenges and Quality Education, 74–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57717-9_6.
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AbstractThis paper presents the results of a study, carried out as part of the design-based development of an online self-assessment for prospective students in higher online education. The self-assessment consists of a set of tests – predictive of completion – and is meant to improve informed decision making prior to enrolment. The rationale being that better decision making will help to address the ongoing concern of non-completion in higher online education. A prototypical design of the self-assessment was created based on an extensive literature review and correlational research, aimed at investigating validity evidence concerning the predictive value of the tests. The present study focused on investigating validity evidence regarding the content of the self-assessment (including the feedback it provides) from a user perspective. Results from a survey among prospective students (N = 66) indicated that predictive validity and content validity of the self-assessment are somewhat at odds: three out of the five tests included in the current prototype were considered relevant by prospective students. Moreover, students rated eleven additionally suggested tests – currently not included – as relevant concerning their study decision. Expectations regarding the feedback to be provided in connection with the tests include an explanation of the measurement and advice for further preparation. A comparison of the obtained scores to a reference group (i.e., other test-takers or successful students) is not expected. Implications for further development and evaluation of the self-assessment are discussed.
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Pelikánová, Irena. "Soutěžní právo, podnik jako subjekt nebo objekt." In Pocta prof. Josefu Bejčkovi k 70. narozeninám, 143–74. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0094-2022-6.
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This article attempts to explain the concept of “undertaking” in European law, especially in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice. The problem is whether an undertaking should be considered a subject (person) or an object in EU Competition law. My contention is that the Court of Justice confuses these concepts. On the one hand it alleges that only enterprises are subjects but on other hand, it examines the responsibility of the parent company and its subsidiaries inside an enterprise. Companies are the exclusive addressees of the Commission‘s Decisions. The second problem examined concerns decisions imposing joint and several liability for fines on companies inside a liable enterprise. The Court has refused to rule on the division of fines stating that this is the exclusive competence of the national judge. However, national courts have raised many questions regarding competence and applicable law. This contribution also considers the Advocate General’s Opinion in Sumal, in which he states that although the Commission is free to decide who will pay the fine when an enterprise is sanctioned, in the framework of civil responsibility litigation, the national judge can decide that a company not designated in the Commission decision is liable. The judgement Sumal follows the Opinion. My article concludes by raising some theoretical questions relating to the topic.
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Lomos, Catalina. "The Relationship Between Teacher Professional Community and Participative Decision-Making in Schools in 22 European Countries." In Accountability and Educational Improvement, 41–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69345-9_4.
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AbstractVarious empirical studies have established the positive relationship between teacher professional community (PC) and participative decision-making (PDM) within schools. Considering that these relationships proved relevant to school improvement in different countries, a comparative approach will allow us to establish whether this positive relationship holds true for a wider range of European countries. This study presents results of this relationship using data from 35,000 secondary teachers in 22 European countries. Taking an exploratory approach, the study investigates the relationship between the presence of PC and the school actors involved in PDM. We are particularly interested in the level of active participation in decision-making by teachers, the school governor or counsellor, and by students, and the relative presence of PC. We find this relationship to be significant and positive, but varying in strength according to the actors involved in decision-making. Furthermore, the relationship is stronger across all countries studied when teachers are significantly involved in decision-making as opposed to when school counsellors or governors are more involved. Regarding student involvement in decision-making, its relationship with PC proved stronger when students could influence school rules or help choose teaching and learning materials. The relationships measured and compared across countries were tested for robustness by applying a test for measurement invariance of the PC latent concept and discussing its implications for the relationships of interest. After other relevant robustness checks, we conclude that, across all European countries studied, there is a positive relationship between PC and PDM in schools, with the involvement of some actors in PDM being more indicative of the presence of PC than the involvement of others.
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Dietz, Andreas. "The Surgical Approach to Elderly Patients with HNSCC." In Critical Issues in Head and Neck Oncology, 111–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63234-2_8.
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AbstractDespite the fact that elderly people are the main incidental and continuously growing patient group with head and neck cancer, prospective trials focusing on special issues regarding head and neck surgery in elderlies are missing. To avoid complications during and after surgery in that patient category, comprehensive evaluation of functional status, comorbidities, performance status, social support and mental condition is mandatory. Regarding functional parameters, cardiac and respiratory conditions play a major role for any primary surgical procedure. Nevertheless, other comorbidities, medication and patients view on self-determination have carefully to be taken into consideration. It has repeatedly been shown that fit elderly individuals may benefit from intensive therapies like reconstructive surgery with microvascular free tissue transfer, concurrent chemoradiotherapy in the locoregionally advanced disease setting, and even from the standard first- and second-line palliative systemic therapies. Since it is well known that tolerance of systemic nonsurgical treatments in elderly people is less and therefore death from noncancer-related causes in that population is higher, moderate surgical procedures can be even more effective regarding quality of life in situations facing higher comorbidities, or functional constraints with limited life expectancy compared to nonsurgical standard approaches. Older people usually are at increased risk of postoperative complications. In particular, organ failure progresses much faster in multiple organ failure. The preoperative clarification of comorbidity for the avoidance of surgical complications is therefore of major importance. Close coordination with anesthesia and rapid postoperative mobilization are essential for this. Decision-making and treatment based on specific assessment in an experienced multidisciplinary team is key.
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Lukeš, Petr. "Monitoring of Bark Beetle Forest Damages." In Big Data in Bioeconomy, 351–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71069-9_26.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we present a multi-source remote sensing approach for country-wise monitoring of bark beetle calamity to support government decision making processes. In the first part, we describe the forest health monitoring system, which is based on the analysis of satellite big data–Sentinel-2 observations collected every five days. We propose an automated processing chain for high-quality cloud-free image synthesis for user-defined acquisition periods. Such a processing chain is applied to yield yearly cloud-free images of the entire Czech Republic from 2015 onwards. Based on this data, we assess forest health trends using Sentinel-2 derived vegetation indices and in situ data of forest status. Finally, we demonstrate the benefits of multi-source remote sensing for timely and objective mapping of bark beetle spread by combining several data sources, including planet high-resolution satellite data, Sentinel-2 forest health maps and other maps of forest conditions. Detected bark beetle sanitary logging and dead standing wood polygons are used by the Ministry of Agriculture of Czech Republic in their decision processes regarding the management of affected forest areas.
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"Who Cares? Other-Regarding Concerns— Decisions with Feeling." In Evolution and the Mechanisms of Decision Making. The MIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9556.003.0024.
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Lloyd-Williams, Huw. "The role of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in public health economic evaluation." In Applied Health Economics for Public Health Practice and Research, 301–11. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737483.003.0013.
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Decision making regarding implementation of public health interventions (PHIs) can sometimes be heuristic (i.e. ad hoc) and it can be argued that decisions based only on a single criterion disregards important information about other relevant related outcomes. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) can help decision-makers make decisions based on multiple, sometimes conflicting criteria. This chapter looks at the definition and history of decision analysis as a field of study and at its application in various disciplines. It describes the different approaches used in MCDA and how these approaches help generate information a decision-maker can use to make decisions regarding resource allocation in public health. A case study is presented which shows a practical example of MCDA being conducted to evaluate healthcare policy issues in public health in The Netherlands.
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Díaz-Bustamante, Mónica, and Sonia Carcelén. "Consumer Behavior Regarding Luxury Perfumes." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 46–70. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9958-8.ch003.
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Due to the importance of the fragrances segment within the luxury market and the limited academic and professional literature available regarding the same, this chapter offers a detailed description of the basic characteristics of this segment. Therefore, based on the analysis of primary and secondary information (quantitative and qualitative) regarding the Spanish market, the key elements of luxury fragrance consumer behavior have been described, examining the principle explanatory factors leading to decision making processes for their purchase and use; in other words, the motivations to purchase and consume these products. This knowledge is decisive to permit luxury fragrance brands to appropriately design their global marketing strategies and formulate the appropriate marketing-mix.
Conference papers on the topic "Other-regarding decision"
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M. Yemelyanov, Alexander, Rahul Sukumaran, and Alina Yemelyanov. "Application of ExpressDecision2 in User-Centered and Shared-with-Expert Decisions Under Risk and Uncertainty." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001812.
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ExpressDecision2 is a general-purpose web application designed to support the individual in making difficult decisions under uncertainty, which are emotionally driven and typically solved by using rational intuition. This web app is based on the self-regulation model of the thinking process developed within the framework of the systemic-structural activity theory. This paper demonstrates the application of two customized versions of ExpressDecision2: 1. ED2StatinChoice – for making a patient-centered and shared-with-clinician decision about taking statins for cholesterol reduction to prevent a heart attack or stroke. The two primary resources regarding taking statins for cholesterol reduction are The 2018 AHA/ACC Cholesterol Guideline and Mayo Clinic Statin Choice Decision-Aid tool. These and other guidelines and decision aids, as well as information derived from a health professional, provide the patient with essential information regarding the pros and cons of using statins, while also empowering the patient to make the ultimate decision regarding whether they should take statins. Overall, such a problem is both uncertain and difficult for the patient and so requires them to establish both short- and long-term goals, as well as relevant options for selection. ED2StatinChoice is designed specifically to help the patient make the best choice in such a difficult scenario. ED2StatinChoice complements existing decision-support tools, such as the Mayo Clinic Statin Choice Decision Aid. Its method of assistance involves clarifying the goal and various choices with subsequent aggregation of all pros and cons, thus helping make a motivated decision regarding which statin therapy is most preferable. 2. ED2InsuranceChoice – for making a client-centered and potentially shared-with-agent decision about buying an insurance policy in order to reduce financial uncertainty and make accidental loss more manageable. People buy health, car, life, home and other types of insurance to protect themselves from financial loss in the event of illness, car damage, house fire and other accidents, respectively. For example, they make decisions when choosing from among liability, comprehensive and collision insurance types. This decision-making process is guided by tangible statistical factors regarding people’s risks of accidental losses and by non-tangible factors, such as “peace of mind” due to being protected against financial loss in the event of an accident. It is important to note that peace of mind is an essential and decisive factor when selecting an insurance policy. It reflects subjective justification of rate adequacy for the premium: the premium should be reasonable and coverage must be sufficient. Unfortunately, such non-tangible factors as peace of mind from being protected against financial loss in an accident, as well as anxiety from losing money while paying an insurance premium for coverage that doesn’t get used unless you have an accident are not sufficiently reflected in existing models of insurance choice.
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Saravanan, Pratima, Charity Hipple, Jingxin Wang, Christopher McComb, and Jessica Menold. "Decision-Making in the Prescription of Orthotics and Prosthetics for Partial-Foot Amputees." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97470.
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Abstract Prosthetists face a daunting number of decisions that directly affect an amputee’s ability to walk and indirectly affect the overall quality of life of that amputee. In addition, the lack of resources in low-income countries provides a barrier to receive care after an amputation, and approximately 80% of amputees in low-income countries lack appropriate prosthetic care. In this research, we are motivated to understand what factors affect the decision-making strategies of prosthetists and podiatrists when prescribing prosthetics and orthotics to partial foot amputees. This work establishes a decision-making framework as a step towards automated methods that may reduce the complexities and decision-making burden of prosthetic prescription, ultimately increasing the efficiency of prosthetic prescription in low-resourced areas. A decision-making model is proposed based on an extensive literature review of over 100 papers. The proposed model is compared to qualitative data regarding decision-making strategies during prosthetic or orthotic prescription collected from nine prosthetists, surgeons, and other healthcare professionals directly involved in amputee care. Changes to the proposed model are described and future work exploring the role of automated methods to support decision-making in the context of prosthetics is discussed.
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Mehranfar, Mahsa, Juan Mejia, Sherif Hassanien, and James Martin. "Integrity Mitigation Prioritization Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93621.
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Abstract In-line Inspection (ILI) tools are regularly used for inspecting transmission pipelines. However, it is challenging to use such technology for a large portion of pipes; e.g. terminals and pumping stations, because of diameter changes, tight turns, or other pipe/inspection characteristics. Non-contact pipeline magnetic testing (NPMT) is a well-suited technique to inspect potentially non-ILI pipes. This paper presents a new framework for selecting and prioritizing digs-based LSM high severity features. A multi-criteria decision-making approach was developed using pair-wise comparisons which stems from the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions to help the decision maker set priorities and make the best decision given available information. In addition to the application of AHP, a cost benefit analysis and evaluation of risk have been conducted in order to support a risk-informed decision-making for selecting the top priority digs. Pipe properties, LSM tool reported data and Subject Matter Expert (SME) opinion were utilized in order to efficiently render a decision regarding prioritization of dig sites. The developed approach can be used as a regular process to prioritize similar dig programs. This method is capable of ranking different dig sites based on SME opinion as well as construction information and LSM reported data.
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"Factors Influencing Women’s Decision to Study Computer Science: Is It Context Dependent?" In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4281.
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[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2019 issue of the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, Volume 16] Aim/Purpose: Our research goal was to examine the factors that motivate women to enroll in Computer Science (CS) courses in order to better understand the small number of women in the field of CS. Background: This work is in line with the growing interest in better understanding the problem of the underrepresentation of women in the field of CS. Methodology: We focused on a college that differs in its high numbers of female CS students. The student population there consists mostly of religious Jews; some of them are Haredi, who, because of their unique lifestyle, are expected to be the breadwinners in their family. Following group interviews with 18 students, a questionnaire was administered to all the female students and 449 of them responded. We analyzed it statistically. We compared the responses of the Haredi and non-Haredi students. Contribution: The main contribution of this work lies in the idea that studying the factors underlying women’s presence in a CS program in unique communities and cultures, where women are equally represented in the field, might shed light on the nature of this phenomenon, especially whether it is universal or confined to the surrounding culture. Findings: There were significant differences between the Haredi and non-Haredi women regarding the importance they attributed to different factors. Haredi women resemble, regarding some social and economic variables, women in developing countries, but differ in others. The non-Haredi women are more akin to Western women, yet they did not completely overlap. Both groups value their family and career as the most important factors in their lives. These factors unify women in the West and in developing countries, though with different outcomes. In the West, it deters women from studying CS, whereas in Israel and in Malaysia, other factors can overcome this barrier. Both groups attributed low importance to the masculine image of CS, found important in the West. Hence, our findings support the hypothesis that women’s participation in the field of CS is culturally dependent. Recommendations for Practitioners: It is important to learn about the culture within which women operate in order to attract more women to CS. Recommendations for Researchers: Future work is required to examine other loci where women are underrepre-sented in CS, as well as how the insights obtained in this study can be utilized to decrease women’s underrepresentation in other loci. Impact on Society: Women's underrepresentation in CS is an important topic for both economic and social justice reasons. It raises questions regarding fairness and equality. In the CS field the gender pay gaps are smaller than in other professional areas. Thus, resolving the underrepresentation of women in CS will serve as a means to decrease the social gender gap in other areas.
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Batzer, Stephen A., and John S. Morse. "Slouching Toward Disaster." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62934.
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“But, who cares, it’s done, end of story, [we] will probably be fine and we’ll get a good cement job.” This is an oft-repeated email quotation from one BP engineer to another on April 16, 2010, just four days before the Macondo well blew out in the Gulf of Mexico. Although these two men survived, 11 others did not. The well blowout also brought with it poisoning of the ecology and vast financial loss. This quote, part of a discussion about centralizers for the well (BP ended up with just six instead of the planned 16 or 21), seems to epitomize the attitude regarding a series of decisions made about the well’s design. The product of the decisions was complete loss and worse. However, the parties did not seem to be aware of the importance of their individual decisions or their consequences as they were making them. This disaster, like many others, seemed in retrospect to unfold in slow motion, and the players involved did not perceive the sheer cliff before them until they had transgressed its edge. This paper will examine decision-making processes in the Deepwater Horizon blowout and a series of other disasters, both high and low profile events. All of these preventable events stemmed from decision-making failures. These failures include disregarding existing information, failing to soberly extrapolate “what if?” when existing information contained uncertainty, failing to obtain vital missing information, failing to question decisions — particularly from those considered authoritative, and a cavalier attitude regarding rules because probably nothing will happen anyway. “Who cares?”
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Rosen, David, Yong Chen, Jonathan Gerhard, Janet Allen, and Farrokh Mistree. "Design Decision Templates and Their Implementation for Distributed Design and Solid Freeform Fabrication." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/dac-14293.
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Abstract In this paper, we describe issues arising in distributed design and fabrication, where fabrication of prototypes is performed by Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) technologies. The focus is on a design-manufacture collaboration problem, namely the transfer of design information from the design organization to a manufacturing organization. In other research, this has been called the need for a “clean digital interface.” In the context of designing and fabricating a prototype, we explore two factors: the types of design and product information to be transferred from design to manufacturing, and which types of decisions can be made by the manufacturer regarding the prototype. As a representative product design process, we focus on three main activities, including material and SFF process selection, geometric tailoring (detailed design for manufacture modifications), and process planning. Further we investigate three interfaces between design and manufacturing organizations, one interface before each main activity. We demonstrate that a series of design decision templates can be used to transfer design information between the design and manufacturing organizations in support of the main activities. Furthermore, we demonstrate the implementation of these decision templates in a distributed design and fabrication environment called the Rapid Tooling TestBed. An example scenario is explored to illustrate the usage of two of the decision templates. Results show that, for the decision templates utilized, the templates are sufficient to specify design freedom to the manufacturer, enabling the manufacturer to assume more decision-making responsibility during the development of prototypes.
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Emond, Bryan Raymond. "Human Factors in the Decision to Evacuate the Costa Concordia and Similar Maritime Incidents." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2022-002.
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The time-honored principle that “a ship is its own best lifeboat” is a foundation of large passenger ship design and operation. Given the significant risks inherent in the evacuation process, reducing the likelihood that a ship will have to do so because of an emergency is clearly desirable. However, incidents occur which can or will result in the loss of the ship and evacuation is unavoidable. Delays in the evacuation process can have a catastrophic effect on the outcome, usually in terms of human lives. The foundering of the Costa Concordia after grounding and holing five watertight compartments is an illustrative example of this. It has been widely observed that had the ship not fortuitously drifted towards land before capsizing, the loss of life would likely have been significantly higher. The decision regarding whether to begin evacuation was not made until over an hour after the ship struck bottom, which complicated evacuation and rescue efforts. The first question considered in this paper is, based upon the information available to the master, was this delay in deciding to evacuate extreme or typical of such incidents. The second question to be considered is what factors drive a vessel master’s decision whether and when to initiate evacuation. Factors regarding the severity of the incident make evacuation either more or less urgent and affect the time available for a decision. Other factors provide alternative solutions or deter the prospect for a successful evacuation, which can delay or preclude a decision. The third question considered is what length of decision delay in starting preparations for evacuation is necessary or expected.
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English, Faith, and Devon Greyson. ""You still have that fear": Policy constraints on informed decision making about legalized cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.46.
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Background: Cannabis is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy in the United States and use during pregnancy is increasing along with greater legal and social acceptance. Methods: We conducted a qualitative content analysis of 23 in-depth interviews with pregnant and lactating people in Massachusetts, a state that legalized cannabis for adult use in 2016. Our aim was to explore how policy constrains or facilitates people’s ability to make informed decisions about cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation. Our analysis was conducted using an ecosocial approach, recognizing that the implementation and interpretation of cannabis policy can be understood at multiple levels, which interact with each other and shape the health and experiences of individuals. Additionally, this analysis was informed by a harm reduction approach in which we acknowledge the complexity surrounding cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation, while attempting to identify ways to reduce potentially harmful consequences. Results: Findings revealed that, despite the legal status of cannabis, there continues to be a lack of clarity for pregnant and lactating people regarding the legal implications of cannabis use. Inconsistent state and institutional policies about drug testing of mothers and newborns leave a cloud of fear hanging over the experiences of cannabis users and inhibit their ability to obtain expert advice from healthcare providers. Conclusion: Decision makers in public and institutional policy should work to clarify and update policies regarding substance use during pregnancy following legalization of a new substance, and ensure that pregnant and lactating people are afforded the same legal protections as the general population.
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Ciucan-Rusu, Liviu. "Key Facts about the Decision-making Process of High School Students Regarding Career Options." In ATEE 2020 - Winter Conference. Teacher Education for Promoting Well-Being in School. LUMEN Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/atee2020/09.
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As a dynamic transformation of the economy, companies put pressure on universities and other educational suppliers to deliver the labor force with new knowledge and skills required, to ensure their innovation and competitiveness. Because of these dynamics, students are also under pressure when they must decide about future jobs. There is also confusion in the mind of young adult that needs to bear the influence of public media, social media, online communities about the personal development in regional, national, or global environment. In this case, universities and high schools have to inform about trends and perspectives of future career and support students in their choice but they lack of communication capabilities or marketing aspects are overestimated. Our study is based on an online survey with more than 500 participants from Mures county high schools during the 2018-2019 academic year. Most of the student wants to continue their study at university 83,2 %. As a preferential channel of information about university programs students voted as very useful, university websites and meetings with representatives of faculties. The main fields students interested in are: business, engineering, informatics, medicine, public administration and law. Around 13.4% of the high school students intend to continue their study abroad. Almost half of the respondents have clear idea of study program to be chosen. Regarding the influence factors of their choice, family and acquaintances who are already university students have the higher impact rather than colleagues, friends and professors. When referring to criteria for choosing the future university, they favor the number of tax-free places and international mobility. Generally, we can say that students consider university the most important next step in their future career and they proof themselves rather independent to decide about this step. Our study also emphasizes significant levels of indecision and we will deepen our further research for better understanding of the phenomenon.
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USZKAI, Radu, Cristina VOINEA, and Toni GIBEA. "RESPONSIBILITY ATTRIBUTION PROBLEMS IN COMPANIES: COULD AN ARTIFICIAL MORAL ADVISOR SOLVE THIS?" In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2021/05.12.
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The main claim of our paper is that managers should not outsource moral decision-making to Artificial Moral Advisors (AMAs) and that such devices should not be used as a way of offloading moral responsibility for business decisions. In other words, in the wake of the rise of Artificial Intelligence advisors, Chief Ethics Officers or business ethics consultants still have an integral role to play. In the first part of our paper we provide a brief overview of various examples of unethical behavior in business, followed by some hypotheses regarding why unethical behavior seems to be inescapable. We then proceed to present how AMAs could be used for the purpose of moral enhancement and analyze whether moral decisions could be outsourced towards them. Our main argument is that such a task is doomed to fail since AMAs are not responsible for their decisions/actions. We conclude by providing a positive agenda for the use of AI in the field of business ethics, by fleshing out how AMAs could be used as moral enablers.
Reports on the topic "Other-regarding decision"
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Fahr, Sven, Daniel Tschopp, Jan Erik Nielsen, Korbinian Kramer, and Philip Ohnewein. Review of In Situ Test Methods for Solar Collectors and Solar Collector Arrays. IEA SHC Task 55, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2020-0014.
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This fact sheet presents three in situ test methods for solar collectors and solar collector arrays, namely In situ Collector Certification (ICC), Performance Check for Collector Arrays (PC) and Dynamic Collector Array Test (D-CAT). A comparison is made regarding their scopes and use cases, methodologies and outcomes, which could serve as a decision-making aid for stakeholders in selecting the procedure that best suits their needs. The analysis shows that the methods do not contradict, but rather complement each other.
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Saldanha, Ian J., Andrea C. Skelly, Kelly Vander Ley, Zhen Wang, Elise Berliner, Eric B. Bass, Beth Devine, et al. Inclusion of Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions in Systematic Reviews of Intervention Effectiveness: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsguidenrsi.
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Introduction: Nonrandomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) are observational or experimental studies of the effectiveness and/or harms of interventions, in which participants are not randomized to intervention groups. There is increasingly widespread recognition that advancements in the design and analysis of NRSIs allow NRSI evidence to have a much more prominent role in decision making, and not just as ancillary evidence to randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Objective: To guide decisions about inclusion of NRSIs for addressing the effects of interventions in systematic reviews (SRs), this chapter updates the 2010 guidance on inclusion of NRSIs in Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) SRs. The chapter focuses on considerations for decisions to include or exclude NRSIs in SRs. Methods: In November 2020, AHRQ convened a 20-member workgroup that comprised 13 members representing 8 of 9 AHRQ-appointed EPCs, 3 AHRQ representatives, 1 independent consultant with expertise in SRs, and 3 representatives of the AHRQ-appointed Scientific Resource Center. The workgroup received input from the full EPC Program regarding the process and specific issues through discussions at a virtual meeting and two online surveys regarding challenges with NRSI inclusion in SRs. One survey focused on current practices by EPCs regarding NRSI inclusion in ongoing and recently completed SRs. The other survey focused on the appropriateness, completeness, and usefulness of existing EPC Program methods guidance. The workgroup considered the virtual meeting and survey input when identifying aspects of the guidance that needed updating. The workgroup used an informal method for generating consensus about guidance. Disagreements were resolved through discussion. Results: We outline considerations for the inclusion of NRSIs in SRs of intervention effectiveness. We describe the strengths and limitations of RCTs, study design features and types of NRSIs, and key considerations for making decisions about inclusion of NRSIs (during the stages of topic scoping and refinement, SR team formation, protocol development, SR conduct, and SR reporting). We discuss how NRSIs may be applicable for the decisional dilemma being addressed in the SR, threats to the internal validity of NRSIs, as well as various data sources and advanced analytic methods that may be used in NRSIs. Finally, we outline an approach to incorporating NRSIs within an SR and key considerations for reporting. Conclusion: The main change from the previous guidance is the overall approach to decisions about inclusion of NRSIs in EPC SRs. Instead of recommending NRSI inclusion only if RCTs are insufficient to address the Key Question, this updated guidance handles NRSI evidence as a valuable source of information and lays out important considerations for decisions about the inclusion of NRSIs in SRs of intervention effectiveness. Different topics may require different decisions regarding NRSI inclusion. This guidance is intended to improve the utility of the final product to end-users. Inclusion of NRSIs will increase the scope, time, and resources needed to complete SRs, and NRSIs pose potential threats to validity, such as selection bias, confounding, and misclassification of interventions. Careful consideration must be given to both concerns.
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Kislev, Yoav, Ramon Lopez, and Ayal Kimhi. Intergenerational Transfers by Farmers under Different Institutional Environments. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604936.bard.
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This research studies the issues of intergenerational transfers in general and farm succession in particular in two different institutional environments. One is the relatively unregulated farm sector in the United States, and the other is the heavily regulated family farms in Israeli moshavim. Most of the analysis is based on modern economic theory dealing with inheritance and other intergenerational issues. However, we start with two background studies. One is a review of the legal system affecting farm succession in the moshav, which, as we claim throughout the report, is of major importance to the question in hand. The second is an ethnographical study aimed at documenting various inheritance and succession practices in different moshavim. These two studies provide insight for most of the economic studies included here. The theoretical studies mostly deal with various aspects of two major decisions faced by farmers: who will succeed them on the farm, and when will succession take place. The first decision clearly depends on the institutional structure: for instance, Israeli farmers are limited to one successor while American farmers are not. The second decision can be taken in three stages: sharing farm work with the successor, sharing farm management, and eventually transferring the ownership. The occurrence and length of each stage depend on the first decision as well as on the institutional structure directly. The empirical studies are aimed at analyzing the practices and considerations of Israeli and American farmers regarding various intergenerational transfers-related issues. We found that American farmers' decisions are mainly driven by the desire to let the farm prosper in future generations and by a preference for equal treatment of heirs, and not at all by old-age support considerations. In contrast, we demonstrate the significant effect of old-age support on the value of the transferred farm in a sample of Israeli farms. Using Israeli census data, we find that the time of farm ownership transfer responds to economic incentives. A smaller Israeli panel data set shows that controlling for the occurrence of succession, farm size rises with operator's age and eventually falls, while intensity of production seems to decline steadily. This explains another finding, that farm transfer contributed significantly to farm growth when farming was attractive to successors. This finding supports our main conclusion, that the succession decisions are of major importance to the viability and profitability of family farms over the long run.
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Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum. War-Algorithm Accountability. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/fltl8789.
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In War-Algorithm Accountability (August 2016), we introduce a new concept—war algorithms—that elevates algorithmically-derived “choices” and “decisions” to a, and perhaps the, central concern regarding technical autonomy in war. We thereby aim to shed light on and recast the discussion regarding “autonomous weapon systems” (AWS). We define “war algorithm” as any algorithm that is expressed in computer code, that is effectuated through a constructed system, and that is capable of operating in relation to armed conflict. In introducing this concept, our foundational technological concern is the capability of a constructed system, without further human intervention, to help make and effectuate a “decision” or “choice” of a war algorithm. Distilled, the two core ingredients are an algorithm expressed in computer code and a suitably capable constructed system. Through that lens, we link international law and related accountability architectures to relevant technologies. We sketch a three-part (non-exhaustive) approach that highlights traditional and unconventional accountability avenues. We focus largely on international law because it is the only normative regime that purports—in key respects but with important caveats—to be both universal and uniform. In this way, international law is different from the myriad domestic legal systems, administrative rules, or industry codes that govern the development and use of technology in all other spheres. By not limiting our inquiry only to weapon systems, we take an expansive view, showing how the broad concept of war algorithms might be susceptible to regulation—and how those algorithms might already fit within the existing regulatory system established by international law.
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Rheinberger, Christoph, and Nicolas Treich. Catastrophe aversion: social attitudes towards common fates. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/882rpq.
Full textAbstract:
In light of climate change and other existential threats, policy commentators sometimes suggest that society should be more concerned about catastrophes. This document reflects on what is, or should be, society’s attitude toward such low-probability, high-impact events. The question underlying this analysis is how society considers (1) a major accident that leads to a large number of deaths; (2) a large number of small accidents that each kill one person, where the two situations lead to the same total number of deaths. We first explain how catastrophic risk can be conceived of as a spread in the distribution of losses, or a “more risky” distribution of risks. We then review studies from decision sciences, psychology, and behavioral economics that elicit people’s attitudes toward various social risks. This literature review finds more evidence against than in favor of catastrophe aversion. We address a number of possible behavioral explanations for these observations, then turn to social choice theory to examine how various social welfare functions handle catastrophic risk. We explain why catastrophe aversion may be in conflict with equity concerns and other-regarding preferences. Finally, we discuss current approaches to evaluate and regulate catastrophic risk, with a discussion of how it could be integrated into a benefit-cost analysis framework.
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Iyer, Ananth V., Samuel Labi, Steven R. Dunlop, Dutt J. Thakkar, Sayak Mishra, Lavanya Krishna Kumar, Runjia Du, Miheeth Gala, Apoorva Banerjee, and Gokul Siddharthan. Heavy Fleet and Facilities Optimization. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317365.
Full textAbstract:
The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is responsible for timely clearance of snow on state-maintained highways in Indiana as part of its wintertime operations. For this and other maintenance purposes, the state’s subdistricts maintain 101 administrative units spread throughout the state. These units are staffed by personnel, including snow truck drivers and house snow removal trucks and other equipment. INDOT indicated a need to carry out value engineering analysis of the replacement timing of the truck fleet. To address these questions, this study carried out analysis to ascertain the appropriate truck replacement age, that is different across each of the state's three weather-based regions to minimize the truck life cycle cost. INDOT also indicated a need for research guidance in possible revisions to the administrative unit locations and optimal routes to be taken by trucks in each unit in order to reduce deadhead miles. For purposes of optimizing the truck snow routes, the study developed two alternative algorithmic approaches. The first uses mathematical programming to select work packets for trucks while ensuring that snow is cleared at all snow routes and allowing the users to identify optimal route and unit location. The second approach uses network routing concepts, such as the rural postman problem, and allows the user to change the analysis inputs, such as the number of available drivers and so on. The first approach developed using opensolver (an open source tool with excel) and the second approach coded as an electronic tool, are submitted as part of this report. Both approaches can be used by INDOT’s administrative unit managers for decision support regarding the deployment of resources for snow clearing operations and to minimize the associated costs.
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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Sonoran Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294374.
Full textAbstract:
Type sections are one of several kinds of stratotype. A stratotype is the standard (original or subsequently designated), accessible, and specific sequence of rock for a named geologic unit that forms the basis for the definition, recognition, and comparison of that unit elsewhere. Geologists designate stratotypes for rock exposures that are illustrative and representative of the map unit being defined. Stratotypes ideally should remain accessible for examination and study by others. In this sense, geologic stratotypes are similar in concept to biological type specimens; however, they remain in situ as rock exposures rather than curated in a repository. Therefore, managing stratotypes requires inventory and monitoring like other geologic heritage resources in parks. In addition to type sections, stratotypes also include type localities, type areas, reference sections, and lithodemes, all of which are defined in this report. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to stratotypes that occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers and to promote the preservation and protection of these important geologic heritage resources. This effort identified six stratotypes designated within four park units of the Sonoran Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network (SODN): Chiricahua National Monument (CHIR) has three type areas; Coronado National Memorial (CORO) has one type area; Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument (GICL) has one type area; and Saguaro National Park (SAGU) has one type area. Table 1 provides information regarding the six stratotypes currently identified within SODN parks. There are currently no designated stratotypes within Casa Grande Ruins National Monument (CAGR), Fort Bowie National Historic Site (FOBO), Montezuma Castle National Monument (MOCA), Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (ORPI), Tonto National Monument (TONT), Tumacácori National Historical Park (TUMA), or Tuzigoot National Monument (TUZI). However, CHIR, MOCA, SAGU, and TUZI contain important rock exposures that could be considered for formal stratotype designation as discussed in the “Recommendations” section. The inventory of geologic stratotypes across the NPS is an important effort in documenting these locations so that NPS staff may recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS has centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring (I&M) networks established during the late 1990s. Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks and was therefore adopted for the stratotype inventory. The Greater Yellowstone I&M Network (GRYN) was the pilot network for initiating this project (Henderson et al. 2020). Methodologies and reporting strategies adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this report for the SODN. This report includes a recommendation section that addresses outstanding issues and future steps regarding park unit stratotypes. These recommendations will hopefully guide decision-making and help ensure that these geoheritage resources are properly protected and that proposed park activities or development will not adversely impact the stability and condition of these geologic exposures.
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Finkelshtain, Israel, and Tigran Melkonyan. The economics of contracts in the US and Israel agricultures. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695590.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research Objectives 1) Reviewing the rich economic literature on contracting and agricultural contracting; 2) Conducting a descriptive comparative study of actual contracting patterns in the U.S. and Israeli agricultural sectors; 3) Theoretical analysis of division of assets ownership, authority allocation and incentives in agricultural production contracts; 4) Theoretical analysis of strategic noncompetitive choice of agricultural production and marketing contracts, 5) Empirical studies of contracting in agricultural sectors of US and Israel, among them the broiler industry, the citrus industry and sugar beet sector. Background Recent decades have witnessed a world-wide increase in the use of agricultural contracts. In both the U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock commodities. The increased use of agricultural contracts raises a number of important economic policy questions regarding the optimal design of contracts and their determinants. Even though economists have made a substantial progress in understanding these issues, the theory of contracts and an empirical methodology to analyze contracts are still evolving. Moreover, there is an enormous need for empirical research of contractual relationships. Conclusions In both U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many agricultural commodities. In the U.S. more than 40% of the value of agricultural production occurred under either marketing or production contracts. The use of agricultural contracts in Israel is also ubiquitous and reaches close to 60% of the value of agricultural production. In Israel we have found strategic considerations to play a dominant role in the choice of agricultural contracts and may lead to noncompetitive conduct and reduced welfare. In particular, the driving force, leading to consignment based contracts is the strategic effect. Moreover, an increase in the number of contractors will lead to changes in the terms of the contract, an increased competition and payment to farmers and economic surplus. We found that while large integrations lead to more efficient production, they also exploit local monopsonistic power. For the U.S, we have studied in more detail the choice of contract type and factors that affect contracts such as the level of informational asymmetry, the authority structure, and the available quality measurement technology. We have found that assets ownership and decision rights are complements of high-powered incentives. We have also found that the optimal allocation of decision rights, asset ownership and incentives is influenced by: variance of systemic and idiosyncratic shocks, importance (variance) of the parties’ private information, parameters of the production technology, the extent of competition in the upstream and downstream industries. Implications The primary implication of this project is that the use of agricultural production and marketing contracts is growing in both the US and Israeli agricultural sectors, while many important economic policy questions are still open and require further theoretical and empirical research. Moreover, actual contracts that are prevailing in various agricultural sectors seems to be less than optimal and, hence, additional efforts are required to transfer the huge academic know-how in this area to the practitioners. We also found evidence for exploitation of market powers by contactors in various agricultural sectors. This may call for government regulations in the anti-trust area. Another important implication of this project is that in addition to explicit contracts economic outcomes resulting from the interactions between growers and agricultural intermediaries depend on a number of other factors including allocation of decision and ownership rights and implicit contracting. We have developed models to study the interactions between explicit contracts, decision rights, ownership structure, and implicit contracts. These models have been applied to study contractual arrangements in California agriculture and the North American sugarbeet industry.
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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: National Capital Region Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293865.
Full textAbstract:
Type sections are one of several kinds of stratotypes. A stratotype is the standard (original or subsequently designated), accessible, and specific sequence of rock for a named geologic unit that forms the basis for the definition, recognition, and comparison of that unit elsewhere. Geologists designate stratotypes for rock exposures that are illustrative and representative of the map unit being defined. Stratotypes ideally should remain accessible for examination and study by others. In this sense, geologic stratotypes are similar in concept to biological type specimens, however they remain in situ as rock exposures rather than curated in a repository. Therefore, managing stratotypes requires inventory and monitoring like other geologic heritage resources in parks. In addition to type sections, stratotypes also include type localities, type areas, reference sections, and lithodemes, all of which are defined in this report. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to stratotypes that occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers and to promote the preservation and protection of these important geologic heritage resources. This effort identified 20 stratotypes designated within seven park units of the National Capital Region I&M Network (NCRN): Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park (CHOH) contains three type sections, two type localities, one type area, and eight reference sections; George Washington Memorial Parkway (GWMP) contains one type locality; Harpers Ferry National Historical Park (HAFE) contains two type sections, and one type locality/type area; Manassas National Battlefield (MANA) contains two type areas; Monocacy National Battlefield (MONO) contains one type section; National Capital Parks-East (NACE) contains one type locality; Prince William Forest (PRWI) contains one type section. Note that two stratotype designations (for the Harpers and Mather Gorge Formations) are shared amongst multiple park units. Table 1 provides information regarding the 20 stratotypes currently identified within the NCRN. There are currently no designated stratotypes within Antietam National Battlefield (ANTI), Catoctin Mountain Park (CATO), Rock Creek Park (ROCR), and Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts (WOTR). However, CATO, CHOH, and GWMP contain important rock exposures that could be considered for formal stratotype designation as discussed in the Recommendations section. The inventory of geologic stratotypes across the NPS is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS has centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring (I&M) networks established during the late 1990s. Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks and was therefore adopted for the stratotype inventory. The Greater Yellowstone I&M Network (GRYN) was the pilot network for initiating this project (Henderson et al. 2020). Methodologies and reporting strategies adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this report for the NCRN. This report includes a recommendation section that addresses outstanding issues and future steps regarding park unit stratotypes. These recommendations will hopefully guide decision-making and help ensure that these geoheritage resources are properly protected and that proposed park activities or development will not adversely impact the stability and condition of these geologic exposures.
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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Southern Plains Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293756.
Full textAbstract:
Type sections are one of several kinds of stratotypes. A stratotype is the standard (original or subsequently designated), accessible, and specific sequence of rock for a named geologic unit that forms the basis for the definition, recognition, and comparison of that unit elsewhere. Geologists designate stratotypes for rock exposures that are illustrative and representative of the map unit being defined. Stratotypes ideally should remain accessible for examination and study by others. In this sense, geologic stratotypes are similar in concept to biological type specimens, however, they remain in situ as rock exposures rather than curated in a repository. Therefore, managing stratotypes requires inventory and monitoring like other geologic heritage resources in parks. In addition to type sections, stratotypes also include type localities, type areas, reference sections, and lithodemes, all of which are defined in this report. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to stratotypes that occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers and to promote the preservation and protection of these important geologic heritage resources. This effort identified two stratotypes designated within two park units of the Southern Plains Inventory & Monitoring Network (SOPN): Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument (ALFL) has one type locality; and Capulin Volcano National Monument (CAVO) contains one type area. There are currently no designated stratotypes within Bent’s Old Fort National Historic Site (BEOL), Chickasaw National Recreation Area (CHIC), Fort Larned National Historic Site (FOLS), Fort Union National Monument (FOUN), Lake Meredith National Recreation Area (LAMR), Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park (LYJO), Pecos National Historical Site (PECO), Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site (SAND), Waco Mammoth National Monument (WACO), and Washita Battlefield National Historic Site (WABA). The inventory of geologic stratotypes across the NPS is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS has centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring (I&M) networks established during the late 1990s. Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks and was therefore adopted for the stratotype inventory. The Greater Yellowstone I&M Network (GRYN) was the pilot network for initiating this project (Henderson et al. 2020). Methodologies and reporting strategies adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this report for the SOPN. This report includes a recommendation section that addresses outstanding issues and future steps regarding park unit stratotypes. These recommendations will hopefully guide decision-making and help ensure that these geoheritage resources are properly protected and that proposed park activities or development will not adversely impact the stability and condition of these geologic exposures.